CAPITOLUL 2

FENOMENUL MICROECONOMIC

CUPRINS
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.

Sistemul ntreprindere;
ntreprinderea - sistem biosocial;
ntreprinderea - sistem cibernetic.

CONCEPTE
ntreprinderea

6LVWHPHYLLLQHYLL

Sistemul biosocial
Sistemul cibernetic

(OHPHQWHOHVLVWHPHORUELRVRFLDOLFLEHUQ

etic

/HJ WXULOHGLQVLVWHPHOHELRVRFLDOLFLEHUQHWLF

Procese efectorii

3URFHVHGHFRPDQG LUHJODUH
(QWURSLHMRDV

2.1. SISTEMUL NTREPRINDERE

=RQD GH VWXGLX L DF LXQH SHQWUX WLLQ D IHQRPHQXOXL PLFUR

ILQDQFLDU HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW  GH IRUPD PRGHUQ  GH RUJDQL]DUH L

GHVI XUDUH D DFWLYLW

Sistemul
complex al
ntreprinderii

LL HFRQRPLFH IRUP  GHQXPLW  FX WHUPHQXO

general de NTREPRINDERE.

3HQWUXDvQ HOHJHFkWPDLFODUIHQRPHQHOHHFRQRPLFHFDUHDXORF

OD DFHVW QLYHO LQFOXVLY IHQRPHQXO ILQDQFLDU YD WUHEXL V  QH

IRUP PRLPDJLQHELQHVWUXFWXUDW LDUJXPHQWDW WLLQ LILFGHVSUH

sistemul complex al ntreprinderii. n primul rnd, ne vom

familiariza cu un model tip index care va fi asociat pe parcursul
manualului cu conceptul de ntreprindere (vezi fig. nr. 2.1.). El
FXSULQGH

VFKHPD

VLPSOLILFDW 

D

XQHL

FRQVWUXF LL

VSHFLILFH

sistemului ntreprindere.
Fig. nr. 2.1

Q DO GRLOHD UkQG YD WUHEXL V  SUHFL] P FH IHO GH VLVWHP HVWH

ntreprinderea. n acest scop vom folosi mai multe puncte de

vedere. Cel mai general ni se pare a fi punctul de vedere
fundamentat de Teoria structurilor disipative (vezi Cadrul 2.1.).
Cadrul 2.1.
,O\D 3ULJRJLQH ODXUHDW DO 3UHPLXOXL 1REHO SHQWUX FKLPLH  3ULQ FRQWULEX LLOH

VDOH OD VWXGLXO WHRULHL VWUXFWXULORU GLVLSDWLYH 1DWXUD QX PDL HVWH vQ HOHDV  vQWU
FRQFHS LHOLQHDU FLSULQVHSDUDUHDUHDOLW

LLvQVLVWHPHGLVWLQFWH

-o

- sisteme aflate la echilibruVLVWHPHPRDUWHFXHQWURSLHPD[LP 

- sisteme aproape de echilibru, sisteme la care entropia este mare, dar nu

PD[LP DLFLVHFXSULQGHPDWHULDQHYLH

- sisteme departe de echilibru VLVWHPH FX R HQWURSLH MRDV

vii.

 VSHFLILF  PDWHULHL

&DUDFWHULVWLFD SULQFLSDO  D VLVWHPHORU GHSDUWH GH HFKLOLEUX HVWH

HQWURSLHMRDV

GLQPHGLXOvQFRQMXU

WRUSHQWUXDSXWHDV

LV HYLWHF GHUHDVSUHHFKLOLEUXVSUHPRDUWH

-LPHQ LQ

consumul de

RUGLQHDLQWHULRDU 

&RQIRUP DFHVWHL WHRULL vQ 1DWXU  H[LVW  WUHL WLSXUL GH VLVWHPH

la echilibru; aproape de echilibruL departe de echilibru.

Societatea, din care face parte att omul, FkW L

ntreprinderea FXSULQGH vQ SULQFLSDO VLVWHPH YLL GDU L VLVWHPH

QHYLL $FHVW IDSW DVLJXU  FDUDFWHUXO FRPSOH[ DO VLVWHPHORU GLQ

societate.
&XSULQ]kQG VLVWHPH YLL VRFLHWDWHD YD WUHEXL V  UHVSHFWH

Caracteristica
SULQFLSDO

D

sistemelor vii

FDUDFWHULVWLFD SULQFLSDO  D VLVWHPHORU GHSDUWH GH HFKLOLEUX L

DQXPHV DWUDJ GLQPHGLXOvQFRQMXU WRU(17523,(-2$6

IRUP  GH VXEVWDQ

VXE

 V HQHUJLH H L LQIRUPD LH L Q DFHVW VFRS

VRFLHWDWHD vL RUJDQL]HD]  DFWLYLWDWHD HFRQRPLF

 L R ORFDOL]HD] 

n ntreprindere. Scopul aFWLYLW LL HFRQRPLFH vQ VHQVXO FHO PDL

general, este GH D DWUDJH vQ VRFLHWDWH HQWURSLH MRDV  L D R

WUDQVIRUPD vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX QHFHVLW

GLQFXSULQVXOVRFLHW

LL

LOH VLVWHPHORU YLL L QHYLL

$FHVWVFRSJHQHUDOVDXFRQGXLW WHOHRORJLF WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHR

UHG PvQILJQU

Fig. nr. 2.2.

Organizndu-L

DFWLYLWDWHD HFRQRPLF  VXE IRUP  GH

vQWUHSULQGHUH VRFLHWDWHD FUHHD]  XQ VLVWHP ELRVRFLDO GH PDUH

complexitate n caUH VXEVLVWHPHOH YLL L QHYLL VH FRPSOHWHD]

GLIHULWHSURSRU LLvQIXQF LHGHSURILOXOXQLW

 vQ

LLHFRQRPLFHSUHFXP

LvQIXQF LHGHHYROX LDSURJUHVXOXLWHKQLFYH]LILJQU

Fig. nr. 2.3.

'DF  DFFHSW P F  vQWUHSULQGHUHD HVWH XQ VLVWHP DWXQFL HD YD

WUHEXLV FXSULQG HOHPHQWHOH

mUHOD LLOHRLSURSULHW LOHFDUHQH

P (vezi Cadrul 2.2.).

LQWHUHVHD] SHQRLLVRFLHWDWHDvQDQVDPEOX

Cadrul 2.2.
2PXO LPHGHRELHFWHHOHPHQWH

mIRUPHD] XQVLVWHPGDF SHHDVHUHDOL]HD] R

R GDW  GLQDLQWH FX SURSULHW L IL[DWH P 3HQWUX %HUWDODQII\ S ULQWHOH Teoriei
sistemelor, UHOD LDHVWHRFRQH[LXQHVDXROHJ WXU GHRUGLQH
UHOD LH

3HQWUX GLVFLSOLQD QRDVWU  VXQW LPSRUWDQWH WRDWH FRPSRQHQWHOH

VLVWHPXOXLGHDFHHDOHYRPSUHFL]DvQF GLQDFHVWFDSLWROXUPkQG
FD vQ FXSULQVXO OXFU ULL DWXQFL FkQG DFWLYLWDWHD ILQDQFLDU  HVWH

FRQGL LRQDW GLUHFWGHXQDVDXDOWDGLQWUHFRPSRQHQWHV UHYHQLP

cu aspecte de detaliu.

3HQWUX vQFHSXW HVWH QHFHVDU V  SUHFL] P HOHPHQWHOH m

care IRUPHD] RVDWXUDVLVWHPXOXLRELHFWHOHSHFDUHWUHEXLHV OH
punem ntr-R UHOD LH R SHQWUX DIL RE LQXWH SURSULHW LOH P care ne
LQWHUHVHD] 

2.2. NTREPRINDEREA - SISTEM BIOSOCIAL

Q HYROX LD VD LVWRULF  RPXO L-D FRPSOHWDW VLVWHPXO DFWLYLW
economice. De la un singur element, omul VLVWHPXO vQ FDX]

LL

 D

DFXPXODWVXEVLVWHPHYLLLQHYLLGRPHVWLFLQGSHUkQGDQLPDOHL

Completarea
sistemului
DFWLYLW

LL

economice

PHWDOHSODQWHLLQIRUPD LL7RWXLGHILHFDUHGDW FKLDULDWXQFL

FkQGHUDVLQJXUvQDFWLYLWDWHDHFRQRPLF VHJ VHDFLQHYDOkQJ HO
$FHVW FLQHYD GHVHRUL XLWDW GH WLLQ D HFRQRPLF  HUD L HVWH
0HGLXOvQFRQMXU

WRU

Elementele componente ale ntreprinderii ca sistem biosocial

VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH vQ ILJ QU  $FHDVW  VWUXFWXU  FRUHVSXQGH

paradigmelor WHRULHL YDORULL ED]DWH SH HQWURSLD MRDV , reflectnd

nivelul dezvoltat al conceptului de ntreprindere ca sistem, iar

VLPEROXULOHFXSULQVHvQVFKHP VHYRUUHJ VLSHSDUFXUVXOOXFU ULL

FDPRGDOLWDWHYL]XDO GHLGHQWLILFDUH

3HQWUX D FRQVWLWXL XQ VLVWHP HOHPHQWHOH PHQ LRQD

VXV WUHEXLH OHJDWH SULQ UHOD LL GH WLSXO

R (OH IRUPHD]

te mai

 OLQLLOH

XQXL FkPS GH IRU H SURYHQLWH DWkW GLQ LQWHULRUXO VLVWHPXOXL FkW L
GLQDIDUDOXLGLQVRFLHWDWHLGLQDQVDPEOXO1DWXULL

Fig. nr. 2.4.

/LQLLOHGHIRU

GLQLQWHULRUXOVLVWHPXOXLVXQWJHQHUDWHGHSR]L LD

GHSDUWHGHHFKLOLEUXDVLVWHPHORUYLLGLQvQWUHSULQGHUHLVRFLHWDWH

7HDPD GH F GHUH VSUH HFKLOLEUX SXQH VLVWHPXO VXE WHQVLXQH

/LQLLOHGHIRU

ale ecocmpului

GHFODQkQGX VH IRU H FDUH vQGHDPQ  OD SURGXF LH L RUGRQHD] 

consumul.
Societatea

LQWHUYLQH

FX

OLQLL

LQWHUHVHOHJHQHUDOHDOHHFRQRPLHLLVRFLHW

GH

IRU

JHQHUDWH

GH

LLSROLWLFHVRFLDOHGH

proprietate).

0HGLXO QDWXUDO vQFRQMXU WRU SUH]HQW vQ WRW FH IDFHP QRL RPXO

ILLQG SDUWH FRPSRQHQW  D QDWXULL YD LQIOXHQ D VLVWHPXO ELRVRFLDO

SULQ OLQLLOH GH IRU

 SH FDUH OH JHQHUHD]  DF LXQHD OHJLORU QDWXULL

GH OD OHJHD FRQVHUY ULL PDWHULHL L HQHUJLHL OD FHOH PDL VSHFLILFH

pe domenii (vezi asocierea din fig. nr. 2.5).

3HQWUX D DYHD XQ VLVWHP UHDO WUHEXLH V  DVRFLHP L JDPD GH

Scopul general
DODFWLYLW

LL

economice

SURSULHW
$FHVWH

L

P pe care le dorim realizate de sistemul ntreprindere.

SURSULHW

L

GHFXUJ

GLQ

VFRSXO

JHQHUDO

DO

DFWLYLW

LL

HFRQRPLFH YH]L ILJ QU  L DQXPH GH D DWUDJH L WUDQVIRUPD

HQWURSLD MRDV  QHFHVDU  RPXOXL L VRFLHW

LL $FHVW VFRS VH YD

FRQFUHWL]D SULQ FRQVHUYDUHD HQWURSLHL MRDVH VXEVWDQ

LQIRUPD LHvQ

produseLservicii (vezi capitolul 3).

 HQHUJLH L

Asocierea 2.1.
3HQWUX D vQ HOHJH DFHVW PRG GH D SXQH SUREOHPD DVRFLHP vQWUHSULQGHUHD FX

globul terestru care are prRSULLOH VDOHOLQLLGHIRU

VH VXSXQH L OLQLLORU GHIRU
OLQLLOHGHIRU

JUDYLWD LRQDO 'DUvQDFHODLWLPS

 DOH 6RDUHOXL SHQWUXFD vPSUHXQ  FX DFHVWD V  UHVSHFWH L

DOHvQWUHJLL*DOD[LL

Fig. nr. 2.5.

3H

'HILQL LD

IRQGXO

DFHVWRU

FXQRWLQ H

SXWHP

GHVSULQGH

175(35,1'(5,,FDVLVWHPELRVRFLDOGHILQL LD

GHILQL LD

NTREPRINDEREA, ca sistem biosocial, este un sistem complex, deschis,

FXSULQ]kQG GUHSW HOHPHQWH VXEVLVWHPH YLL L QHYLL UHXQLWH VXE LQIOXHQ D XQRU OLQLL GH
IRU

LQWHUQHDOHVRFLHW

L D VRFLHW

LLLDOH1DWXULLvQJHQHUDOFXVFRSXOGHDSXQHODGLVSR]L LDVD

LL HQWURSLH MRDV  SRWHQ LDO HFRQRPLF VXE IRUP  GH VXEVWDQ

LQIRUPD LHvQFRUSRUDWHvQSURGXVHLVHUYLFLL

 HQHUJLH L

0RWLYD LD

Am recurs la interpretarea ntreprinderii ca sistem biosocial ntruct acest mod

GHDSXQHSUREOHPDQHYDILGHIRORVDWkWvQDF LXQHDGHDILQDQ DIRUPDUHDHOHPHQWHORU

VLVWHPXOXLFkWLvQGLPHQVLRQDUHDLUHSDUWL]DUHDYDORULLFHVHRE L

au loc n acest sistem.

ne n procesele care

2.3. NTREPRINDEREA - SISTEM CIBERNETIC

2GDW  FRQVWLWXLW FD VLVWHP vQWUHSULQGHUHD vQFHSH V  IXQF LRQH]H

vQ

DQVDPEOXO

HFRQRPLHL

QD LRQDOH

L

FKLDU

DO

HFRQRPLHL

PRQGLDOH 6DX vQ VHQV ODUJ QWUHSULQGHUHD VH LQWHJUHD]  vQ

VLVWHPXO JHQHUDO DO SLH HL &D VLVWHP vQ IXQF LXQH vQWUHSULQGHUHD

Caracteristicile
unui sistem de
QDWXU

FLEHUQHWLF

VHPDQLIHVW FXWRDWHDWULEXWHOHXQXLVLVWHPGHQDWXU

FLEHUQHWLF

'H DFHHD YRP IRORVL vQ OXFUDUH L DFHVW PRG GH LQWHUSUHWDUH

LQWHJUDWLY DUHDOLW

LLHFRQRPLFH

&DUDFWHULVWLF SHQWUX XQ VLVWHP FLEHUQHWLF HVWH SH OkQJ 

HOHPHQWHOH FRPSRQHQWH L OHJ WXULOH GLQWUH DFHVWHD FRQH[LXQHD

LQYHUV  VDX FHUFXO YLFLRV GXS  FXP UHPDUFD 6W 2GREOHMD

- v.

Cadrul 2.3.).
&RQH[LXQHD LQYHUV

 IHHGEDFN

permite autoreglarea "din mers"

D VLVWHPXOXL vQ FDX]  DWkW VXE LPSXOVXO VW ULORU SURSULL FkW PDL

FX VHDP  FD XUPDUH D VHPQDOHORU SULPLWH GLQ PHGLXO DPELDQW DO

sistemului respectiv (n cazul ntreprinderii, mediul respectiv fiind

UHSUH]HQWDWGHSLD

Cadrul 2.3.
St. Odobleja - 3VLKRORJLDFRQVRQDQWLVW

YLD DHVWHXQFHUFYLFLRVGHDF LXQLL

UHDF LXQL UHFLSURFH 8Q FXSOX UHYHUVLELO GH DF LXQL L UHDF LXQL (O DILUP  YLD D QX
SRDWHH[LVWDI U FRQH[LXQHLQYHUV FHUFXOYLFLRV

3HQWUX D DMXQJH OD LQWHUSUHWDUHD VLVWHPLF  GH WLS FLEHUQHWLF YD

WUHEXLV VXEGLYLGHPVLVWHPXOvQWUHSULQGHULLvQGRX VXEVLVWHPH

- subsistemul proceselor efectorii, unde au loc procesele reale

GHSURGXF LHLFRQVXP

- VXEVLVWHPXOSURFHVHORUGHFRPDQG

LUHJODUH

Subsistemul efectoriu
&XSULQGH LQWU ULOH vQ VLVWHP QRWDWH FX

WUDQVIRUPDWRDUH QRWDW  FX

X, structura
A, L LHLULOH GLQ VLVWHP Y. Este locul

WUDQVIRUP ULLLQWU ULORUvQSURGXVHLVHUYLFLLLHLUL

Subsistemul de reglare
&XSULQGH OHJ WXUD GH FXOHJHUH D LQIRUPD LLORU GHVSUH UHDF LD

SLH HLOD UH]XOWDWHOH

Y EORFXO GHDQDOL]

OHJ WXUDGHFRPDQG VSUHLQWU UL

 LFRPDQG 

+/- X, A L

$H]DWH vQWU XQ PRGHO WLS LQGH[DFHVWH GRX  VXEVLVWHPH

0RWLYD LD

VHFRQGL LRQHD] UHFLSURFFRQIRUPFHORUUHGDWHvQILJXUDQU

2.

$PUHFXUVODDFHVWPRGGHLQWHUSUHWDUHDvQWUHSULQGHULLvQWUXFkWHOUHG VLVWHPXO

vQ IXQF LXQH $VWIHO

subsistemul efectoriu HVWH ORFXO GH RUJDQL]DUH L IXQF LRQDUH D

 cuprinde serviciile

VHF LLORU DWHOLHUHORU ORFXULORU GH PXQF  6XEVLVWHPXO GH FRPDQG

GH FRQGXFHUH LQFOXVLY ORFXO GH GHVI XUDUHD DFWLYLW

LL ILQDQFLDUH DFWLYLWDWH FDUHIDFH

obiectul de studiu al disciplinei )LQDQ HOHvQWUHSULQGHULL

Fig. nr. 2.6

Pentru disciplina

)LQDQ HOH vQWUHSULQGHULL

VXQW XWLOH L DOWH

PRGXUL GH LQWHUSUHWDUH L FODVLILFDUH D vQWUHSULQGHULL $VWIHO

IHQRPHQXOILQDQFLDUDUHQXDQ HGLIHULWHvQIXQF LHGHIDSWXOGDF R

vQWUHSULQGHUH IXQF LRQHD]  FD UHJLH DXWRQRP
FRPHUFLDO

sau ca societate

 VDX GDF  VH RUJDQL]HD]  FX FDSLWDO DXWRKWRQ VDX FX

SDUWLFLSDUHDFDSLWDOXOXLVWU LQ 3H P VXU  FHDVHPHQHDPRGDOLW

L

GH SUH]HQWDUH D vQWUHSULQGHULL QH YRU IL QHFHVDUH HOH vL YRU IDFH

ORFvQFXSULQVXOOXFU ULL

175(%

5,

&HWLSXULGHvQWUHSULQGHULFXQRDWH LGLQGLYHUVHUDPXULDOH economiei?

)DFH LRFODVLILFDUHvQIXQF LHGHSRQGHUHDVLVWHPHORUYLLGLQDFHVWHXQLW
3ULQFHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD] XQVLVWHPDIODWvQSR]L LDGHSDUWHGHHFKLOLEUX"

L

&DUHHVWH S

UHUHD GXPQHDYRDVWU  GHVSUH LQFOXGHUHDvQWUHHOHPHQWHOH VWUXFWXULL GH

SURGXF LHDPHGLXOXL"

'HFHLQIRUPD LDDSDUHFDXQHOHPHQWGLVWLQFWvQFDGUXODFHOHLDLVWUXFWXUL"
&DUHVXQWOLQLLOHGHIRU FDUHLQIOXHQ HD] IXQF LRQDOLWDWHDvQWUHSULQGHULL"
'H FH VLVWHPXO GH QDWXU  FLEHUQHWLF  VH SRDWH DVRFLD UHODWLY XRU
ntreprinderi nIXQF LXQH"
Cu ce alte tipuri de modele se poate asocia sistemul ntreprindere?

XQHL