rnai vizibiia-dependenfa dc fucto.ii interni. Modificdrile irr 'aceste trei direc!ii sc 1,r'odrrr, in rrrorl continrru, dar in riLmqr.i diferil,e.

Cel mai lenL csLc lrroccsul sistcmat,izirii. S-ar pulea spune <'I prin cl liutbu lrrclrrr.reazd irrLr-un mt-rd s1,ecific ceea ce clgligd prin funcIia ci onomaLologicd, rle irrvirrrl,ar de semne ale obiectelor realitSlii. Crlci sist,e rnatizurou se face tot mai necesard pe miisuli ce creqtc invcnt,nlrrl rlrr unitSli qi tipurile de sensuri care sinl, exprirnat,e ru irj rrl,or,rrl lor.

Progresul rn morf ologie

categoriilc'r. Datoril,I caraolcrulrr i ubsLrur:[ ryi sisLcrrrnIirt al rrcesl,ui scctor, trS.slturilc lui calqclcrist,irc porflisl,il o vrcme foarte indelungatd qi, de aceea, spre rlooscbirc dc vocabular, este mai greu de gdsit un etalon al aprccierii gradului de dezvoltare a morfologiei in limbi cu structuri diferite. Totodat5, materialul de, c"omparat este aici mai greu de dobindit, deoarece perioada textelor.scrise este rnult prea scurtd fald de ritmul foarte lent in care se produc schirnbdrile. Pentru a pul,ea desprindc rnodificdrile calitative care 6e produc in morfologie csto neccsar si urmlrim, atit clt ne ingdduie ma[erialul, felrrl in care iau naql,cre categoriile lnorfologicc ;i rallort,rrlilc Jol orr lexicul qi cu sin[axa. Arn vIzuL cii urril,ri[,ilo I'orrcIicc sint monoplane gi q{, evolu!,ia lrrr rrol'iirrrl rlcl,crtrrirrtrl,ir direct de evolufia gindirii,
95

europene a fost apreciat, aproape cxclrrsiv, pe baza observdrii evoluliei rnorfologiei qi, in spccial, a evolufiei flexiunii nominale. S-a doverlil, insii <.rii Ilcxirrrrou rrorninald, privit{ separat de catcgoriilc lnorfologicc 11i rlc sirrl,axil , nu poate constitui rrn criteriu satisfii<rr'il,ol dc apror:icrc rr direcliei dezvoltilrii nici nriloar in lirlrbilc flexiorrrrro. 'fendirrfele plirrr:ipalc rlo cvo lu (,ic a s l,rrrcl,rrri i rnorfologicc. se dezviiluic rnai grorr. l)a(,clc arlrrrrute ural,h or\ Iirnbilo so tleosebcsc lnl,ro clc t,trl rrriri rrrrrlL srrll usJruoLrrl lnrlrfologio, atit in ceea oo privcryl,c rrrrrrriirrrl, cll, rsi con{,irrrrl,rrl ,si foruru

In capilolul privitor ]a isLorir.rrl problemei s-a ardtat cd in tot cursul secolului al XIX-lca progresul limbilor indo,

osl,o gr'{)lr

sPcoificc, rriv.lrrl rlrr virr(,ii ;rl vorbitorilor. iar'evolrrl,ia lrri prr:J{lcsivri urlrrcnzii irrrlcrrpr,ol.rpe dezyoltarea girr,lir.ii. ^ Privitii sub ilctrsl, irsPcct,, rrroffblogiq arc o sil,iirrl,ic irPrrr.l,r,. Inc{-din arLichil,at,. iat,.goriile m6rlologiir, ,i,, f',,rr,'1,,,'1',,,,,, tate la categorii-logicc corcspunzl-rtoat'c.'i),,r, 1,,,,,,,lr,lisri rrrr lnseamnd dependen!d directr. Exprirrral'.. irr 'lirrrrrii ir rrrrr,.goriilor logice se. poate_realiza qi iu irjut,olrrl v,.irbrrlirr,rrrrri, fli aceasta se qi intimpl5 in faza ini{,ialil a corrsl,il,uir.ii lor,. Transformarea unei categorii lexicale i' oategoric gr,ar'irLi, cald se realizeaz[ in ritm diferit in funclie ?" ,noi um]l,i factori, intre care un rol important revine-celor structurali. repregintS. o anumit{ organizarc a con!,inutului sernanlio Ia qi aceastd organizare se realizeazl sub presiunea celorlah,e sectoare ale limbii, _in primuJ rind 'a sintaxei. Categoriile morfologiei slnt produse ale sirr [axci, care iqi creeazi] ilrsLrumentele necesare_ pe baza le-xicrrlui. Sc qLirr ci vocabularul gi sintaxa apar de la crearea limbii, de-la cea mai simpll comunicare. In cursul dezvolttrrii lirrrbii, o da[ii cu cres[erea numdrului de cuvinte qi cu complicarea raporturilo. clirrtre ele, funcliile sintactice pot sii irnpuntt o animitir organizarc a materia,lului prin care cle sirrL cx|rirtale. Sinl,axa cste, deci, cauza directd a acestei organiziiri (cauza rrll,iruji fiind reprezentaLd de nevoile de c,-rrrrrr',icarr'), iur vocabularrrl qste materialul asupra cdruia ea i;i r.xcrciLii ar:{irrrrca. Categoriile morfologice sc crecazl jr d ivcr.se linrbi la clruci diferite.'Dar chiar cele mai vechi diri elc sc forrneazd ire o treaptd relativ tirzie din istoria linrbilor', iar transformiril" care alcdtuiescacest proces se produc foarte lent. De acecr limbile celemai pu!in evoluate de asLrtzi sc afld abia in laz de constituire a categoriiJor gramaticale, ceea ce permite cercetdtorilor sI surprindd unele din cclc mai veclii ctaoe ln constituirea morlologiei. ln acelaqi tirnp, r,iLmrrl loaril,c lent al dezvoltirii in acesl, sector al limbii'li irrrpicdicir sir -lrr urmdreascS. evolulia unci categorii gramaticale isloriir unei sing.ure familii de limbi "9i ii %trligx srj ,.;.,;;i-i; compara{ii inl,re limbi nelnrudjLe. ln analiza principalelor aspecte alc l,r,oglcsrrlrri irr lnorfu, logte va lr necesar, aqadar, sd urmrlrirrr Ll,rrPtirtl\ Iornrarc a
96

rl. sl,rrlrilir, rrrr.rrP.r'L lntre modificdrire produsc lo rriv.lrrl f,rr.l,ir: rii r:1.11s1,1,j.1'1t lrecesitd(ilor dc cominicarc. lrr opozil,io,,u. l,rrrl,l,ir.rr,' v9r,rr511lur"t oltinarqrc, i"- i"*"i

folrrrtr rrrrri prr(,irr nisl,crtrttl,icc ltt rrrijlortrrrr rrrtti ttt'gttttizttl,c. 'l'ilrirrrl r{('rrrnl tlc r:t'lc lrnil,rrl,c ttuti sltnt, t't'ttt tlisl'irr'grl ltt l,l11 slil,rrli lrt'ltlti,,,r irlc rttt,'i r'trlrr1rrlf i1 111,'t'l'olollirttr rlrtprttttlt\tt(tl nuri lrlr,crrl,rru{,lr ;r rron(,itrul,rrltti li rlt ttt'trrlttt'i lrrx ilttlc f l I'ot'lntt lrrtti ptr{'irr olgrtrrizrtl,ii tlc (rxl)r'rnrilt'{'. In cclc cc rrt'rrtcazir vorrr irrt:ct'c:r si rlcspl'inrlclr rrrclo oorrcluzii privitoare la lcrrdilt[,clo tlc cvolrrl,ic ln morfologic, cerceIind isLoria catcgoriilor glarrrirticalc nominale qi verbale, procesul separdrii ptrr[,ilor dc vorbire qi direclia de dezvoltare a paradigmelor. Catcgoriilo gramatienlo apar irrlr o lazri rcla[iv avansa[5 a jstoriei lirnbii. Crearea Ior reprczitrt,ti trrt salt calitativ ln limbd, din punctul de vedere al absl,rrrlt,izirrii ,1i, mai ales, al sistcmatizS.rii. O vreme indelun gitl,ii cott r:c p ltr l tr cx llrimate de ele (timp, aspect, numdr etc.) arr fosl, folrttrtlttt,tr t:tt rnijloaco Iexicale. Trecerea de la lexical lit glrtrrrrrl,itrttl trorttttttltttttoztl , deci, nu cristalizarea in gindirc lrr fol'rrrii irri{,irrlri ll (:orr(ro[)tului, ci necesitatea vorbitorilor tlc tt sisl'r)ttrttl'izlt I'ttt'trtttl'<r categorie no!ional5, devcniti frccvott[,ii. (]ttlrtcl,rrt'rrl rtbsl,r'ttrrl, al cal,egoriei gramaticale se marrifostii lrr l':rPl,rrl rrii rrtt str Irttttl,tr ataqa la un numdr mare dc senstrri lcxittrlr'. .Ca{;egoriile gramaLicale sirrl' lrroprii l,trl,ttt'or pr\r[,ilor rlrr vorbire rro!ionale. f)in punctul rlc vc<lt,rc rt I r'olr [,irrtt t,rr ltr j lor semanlic, ele caracterizeazit srrbslttrrl,ivrr | 1i vrrrbul (rcflccfind insuqiri ale obiectelor qi proocsclor) ; rltrr, lrrin acord' ele 'aparl,in qi altor pdr{,i de vorbire. Ilxislii, rltrsigur, o diferen!5 ..Intre aspectul lexico-gramatical al cirl,cgoriilor gi aspectul ribr pur gramatical pi formal. Referindu-se la gen, J. I(ury'lowiczr face distinc{ia.inbre genul dcictic sau genul substantivului, care se raporteazd la un aspcot, al obiectului realitri(,ii exprimat prin substanl,iv, ,si gcrrrrl irtttrf,rric satt genttl allor pIr(,i tle vorbirc, dobirrrlit, lrrin ilr,urtl rrl ctr strbst,itnl,ivul, t lV sprur.,i,t g(rL(ztl rrxl.zu.itr (r(tlttultlczn('g,,, ltt .'Sllr:twr,z'lltttiit z czylrto*ci i posir:tlz(rrr l'olskit'j Akrrrllrrrii Urrliljtl,rroit:i",.1(rirktin', 11)it4, faic. 10, pp. l"r 1l , l,ritrl. r'rtsl'i , irr vol.,l . l( rr r.y lo w it:2,,,O'ttlltttt{ lro Jnlnlunclurro", 1!loscttvrr, 1r.)(i',1 , 1r1r.2()( ?011 .
97
7 - Progresul irl limtJtr

scnsrrrilor glanrat,icaltt, prirr spccializarea unor cetegorlr scnritllLicc, 1i l,rcpl,ttl,tr lot' clrrttnt:ilrtu'rl rlo lcxic,'prccurn 6i rrvolrr(,irr rrri.j loirrrclor rla cxprirrrrrrc tr rroilor.rral,cgorii, rltl lu

(lrrlrr rlorrr'i rtrilrltrltt rrrr lrrlilrrrrstl Ei l-a c,ategoria numlrului' din nunctul de vedere rr r:rrzrtlttr, it l){ll'r{oirllti- l'lrrl'r: "virlcrit cd, est'e aparil'ia hoidrit6are i, rrl 11r'ittrrttl,ir':rliz;ilr' "u'li ""r'i;1ol'i irllltlot'tr:' irs;irtrtl,rrltti rri l,lst,. rl. l,{)'ri',.irl, 1,,1,f ,,t rri, itr ciud-a tlivers.ililrii.,l"]"1.].:ii:j x *, de care dispun
:

serve

if' ;l: l i:; il,l ; " i l','J"ll; ;;i::liilTi. fill::l sr.i srr olrpcrmib_int,ot,rl0lrilrrir rru rrrrtr lrrr[,ttt ""r""ilt,or:ii o tut.gori. spcoiiiri,r.r rrt:i lirrrlri i' cc mS.surd
lll'
l

i";"

j,'J,,

avansabereprezintSofazLmai-vechctlirrisLoriirtttttrirritt'oevoluabe' Dar olria. irr sLtt;;;ti";p;t!t',.in.l "ttti lirnbi mai noottrc,.sc lccurros. lt'isi Lttt ut iioi"unoqLitiltlot "it"rir ,r,;-r"g"t"ti inbrc limbi alrarfirrirtd rrrr'r ;;*tl;;;i
t

rlc lrrrlrrrric; cttvirtl,tr cltl'tt itt'itl,ll lorrrrl si l,irrrpul; o lrttr'l,rl it tttttti irrt,rcg sl\u un irrl,r'rrg irr t'rtyror'1, r,rr pi'ir'( ilr' (r'rirliir;irril, l't'ttltztr 111,1:.); rrttrrrrr rlc ittrlrt'licl'ilrrirrl'c, porloitlrt', rtril,r'tttttt'ttlr'; rttttttr' tlc lrtittr:,it'ttt'i solitlc; ttttrrt(r rlc lir:lrirlrrl. l,'ot.rttr: rlczvoll,irl,c irll cl;rsr:lot'str irrl,ilrrlsr, lrr lirrrlrrlrr ttt'11t'tr afr'icitttc, irr spcciitl irr lirrrlrilrr lrittrl,rr. Irr lilrrlrir ztrltt, altttl'tinind acesLei l'arnilii, strbsLattt,ivclo sc grupcazI irr 1l] clasc,

mi,rrortczicnc srrllstantivclo sc impart in rrrrrrltoarclc olasc: tttttrtc tlc lriir'('i rrlc corpulrti ryi rnanifosl,riri I'izictt qi tttoritlt: (lrortlii, sllilrirtirrrrc ct,tr.); rtl.lftl()

ltilui etc. Aslfel in lirnllilc

dupl urmdtoarele

crjil,elij

"..igi ;;il;;ig:1"::1","":*;-**i:;:'ru1ffi pIrII IJ.uu\".'.':':"","'*"':"f,**li::;il; expllca comune se :*','::-^ ^^^r^."; tlife.i[e de anroximare' aceleaEr il;d';;;; reJie.te,'i"-gracle acclca;i legi trS.sirturi escn!ralc -i" it"iliilti,1't9t.'1tf ii l'rin o' r, i tr rc.c. II I il'." i. *."i"nT;;i ";"1;: iili l" r'"T,Ti""tJJJJ,.'hi ua, I rn l.), (n|.,' persoa It ul, .:I-d;j ii. t"."U"rrlto in aspcr'r'rrl); gcri'rl' i'o"'r'. lii.i"^;;t"'p"rl" ';:;5$lii" l.'ff#flil' ltl i T'1[,Tl :'l ;:':l lj
i sigu
q

1r

a. diferenl,a de naturd a obicct,clor din realitate (oameni, animale, plante, Jucruri cLc.) b. rn[rirnea relativii a obitltrl,clot' c. interac!,iunca canbit,at,ivri rlitrl,r'rr r'hirrc[,e d. pozi{,ia in sliat,iu e. critcriul viclii, al sLIlii iti'l'ivrr si lrirsivtr2' ln lirrrba ptllrulrL{'ici i\lrtsrri rlirr Alli,'ir rlrr.sl, rrxis[ii o clas5. Irr;rt'i ;i 1'rrl.l tri,'tr, 1,11,', ptlttt,nr nume 1rr:r1 Lltt Itttttitl tlt: ttlricr'1,,' io olricct,c rrrirri 1i slltlrr''r. Irr lirrrlrrt lttttct'irrrlirtlli :l[,lrapasca
:
;

:l*' #;;;}iu:*f interni. ija""irr"i-il'ri"

:

,'lrrsr',liIcli|,'4.

rrrrnrclrt rlrt olrirrr,l,c lrllrl,rr si ltrltr rlc olrir,r'l,r't'ol,tttttltl Srl itl'li"t llr
(it'trPrrlcrrc11vi1,1t'lot'1rr,

de factorii

;;;t;j;l;

"pro evolulriei lor progrcsrvo'. cipale'ale -Gonul. problema ;;rfijiii [",,ut,,1 :r r.,,rrsLiLrriL olricIlrr !,? gralna::l:l]j' unor studii numeroase' fdrS a-s.e PtrLtrrt'ajrrnq" Spre dcoscbirc dc.^ulLc caltgot'tt rlspindit[: sint "^"ti*."."eptaLe' genul nu este o categorie general ticale, cum sinL st dupS' limbi care ,r., E'-ut' tt"lt-g"""gtomatical' el' li $i formele jsLorici rcnunial a9 Io-r.' lintbi care, irr cursttl farnilie' la-o dc specifice trits[turi lui cle cvolu!ie prezintS dc limbi lir alta' -.r aparc' ^-^-^ .,,,t, sub rn.mr gcnul "form' ln faza lui lcxicalI sau tlcicticl' dcosebiLe fot'rnal unci arrurnit. g.uf iii^o t"tti"t"lor in"clase se evoluate' forrne ;t"iti'^at"*ttltrr clasc'' in acl'uale' Criberiilc pi'rtt itibale "tp.;t;l ir, intilnesc clast]o' virriaza: in general' se deci' il;;;f qruplrii qi, ^n3o'it*;;;ii;biitt sru trtai pulin cscnIill::]' iorireqte d" tu o'p"tid'mai mult' a"rr.r*it",- iittnx, dime'siu'c, natura natcrra-

ubrt.u.lirur.

Lut,rrr.,r so p0t, tlr:slrrinrlc - l'"t'tttr' 1r'tttVi sist,r'rrrrrtizrrt'r' -

rl

'',

rlr,,,r'glrrtizltt'rl lt rrtll irtlt'lttl'ltl'ttrlci litrrl \'{){lill)lllttt'ttl lt itl'itts tl irrrrrrrril,i l,r'1rrrrl,:i lrtttl,il,lrl'it:r. (ltrrlrllrrlisl'ir:i l,r'tltlrl,it'tl irlrlrrt,itltl :tr'r'sl'lt ltitt'tl lrcttl't'u ,rttvini,,,l,, rlitt ltr','r'ltrti slrrtli strttlltttl ii lr si l'i I'osl, grt'itttttl rrri,ilorr tl.' or';lltttiz;tt'c lt t'o,';tlttlllrrrllrri. In (rooiI c{) lrlivtt;;lttctrltr tttltivrrr'lrir,r'ilr'l ii lrlc grrr;riliiscnrarlLiCet clc 1lot,'l'i cu glrtrr I'rrcrtttst,il'riil,rr irr I)r'{'zrrrrt. Ilrrii. specialiqt,i in lirrrbilc ncgro-africittto t,ottsitltrt'r'l cii sirrl, vcchi clasele de cuvin[e grupa-te dupd criLeritrl lrozil,ici irr spa!,iu a obiectelor, qi cel al diferen !,ei dc rnirrirncs.

r'llrsrrIt'r:lrrlitsii lilrlriilrr(,tllroltlrnll

ili;;"t'"I";
9B

, N. \r. OhOtittA, fItn,n:;t,r1"tr1 , Mosrrovlr,'l 1)G1 ,1t. 17. 3 J. Vcn drycs, ['c lurt.14rt.lir: ,l'ltl'is, {l}:ll,;r. 11ll' 4 II. \t. V e I I o n, ,5t{./ I't\r'rtl.u.l.iotr. l.tt. i:t'tt.n:i rlr'r ('rrs 0l l(s. l)ilrtu's 4u tliscours, in ,,Bullel,irr tlo llr I'ocitil.r! tlrr l,irrgrrisl,irltlc rlrr I'ltris", vol' XXXIII, Iasc.2, p.219. 6 Cf . 'C. NI c i ri lr o t, I)i.t rrl'riltl.tti.stlrrrt. I( Itsst:ttsltrutlr,on .i.n.ilt'rcr Ilcdeuturtg Iiir tlic Gcsr:lt'itltk: tlt:r ,\prttltt',,,Sr:itrtrlia", vol. X,\V, ltr'
99

I J. F a rr b l6 c, Lurtgu,es t'naltttltt-pLtlyrtlll27111(t5, in vol. ,;Les langucs du monde", I)aris, igs?, 1r.680.

7'

W. Wrrrr,ll,l rrPr0,,iir Iir lrr l}irzir clasificlrii in clase nOrninalc a sLuI trri(,trri,,l g,,,,,:,',,i rrl rlilrrlrln!'ei de valori' al optizit'iei do rnirt'itrrtl, trltttl't[':tl'c trl't" itt"tltri\ itt trltt'tt O lazri rtlLrrl'iorrlii ltt ovrtltt{'irt claselor a fost' (1ll s('lls l]{'lr|'l l{1' ctlvirt[ elc au plirrriL 0it !.1(rtrilr rlisl,irrtrl,iv rtn lttr'r' Iitt ltr cirrc dirr lulgit lrriti glcril s0rl)&rrt'irr:'i exDrilnincl stltl ltll I)l'()lllllllc- [tt rttt'sttl ltil{rt l('l lllrrl)ll' lrtrrrltt ;rtrr "uitintrlrcspccl-iv' acesle elementc se l,ransforrni'r irr al'ixc. lrr lirrrltilt' trsl'c lor.rtrr'i' clc li.strlrsl'rrrtltv numelol clasei specific i*"it. tl. li.nitl. .sr,. ;fi;ffii ;:;;;;;;;, prefixut ctasei de.'rr.r. ('wc s(r])st'arrlirnba in m{t-. care a insemnaI irri{'ial ,,&p5'",,ia-r dinrirruLiv.2. _ ".";;i;'il;";"ir t"ii'.n at ciasei de din care' lace ilii"r "este ,n"t"* sferei semantice Cfutiiit^tirul c. ru.t"rroi a cornpar.ar n mod foarl,e plastic care "J;;;;;rL. ctauiricutorii cu chcile Sieroglifelor chineze, irrai.li'r"" omonrme' cuvtnte dourl a au rolul de a distinge hierdglifele A*tiii.*loti "*-o f[out din nrotive sintactice'

in sualrili ;ttttolo mzuri tva mgtaraltu, ameangulta, ,,acest copil frurnos al arallrrlui a ctizttl,"; lu plrrrrtl: w2\IoIo wnzuri wa waaralttt. r,t+,{zvnc.u.ttgttltrz. lrr lilrrlrrt Irgirll i nrl\lok.o ltltlrt.o ltttl/rrult: l\iLtl?.tn nttt.ttttrttsrtttthr:lr:,,tttrtltrrlrr lirrgrrl'i rrtllttltt\l'tt.l,tt lltr vot s.ttrt sl,rirrttl,". l't'itt t'ttPtrl,itt'rtlt rrl'ixrrlrri rlrr r:lrrrtii r{rt t'('lllizcrrzri Ii itrrorrlrrJ ltt ttttttt;it', t'tit:i rrxisl,i Ir'r'lixI rlrlr.l il,r' ltr rtttrllttltrt'
rrlttt()sc r:ltltttr tttttltittttltt manifcsLii terrrlirrfa sirrrPlifir;lilii. ttt:trsl'ttrtt- l'ltt str rrrttlizrlitzli Drln gruparea Inar rnrrltor clasc lrrl,r'-ttltit singurii: se ootrtoiresc ir"i intii clasele dc singrrlar ryi plural ale aceleiagi nomai iiuni, iar apoi are loo o contolriro 1ro baza unor criterii iargi.'Aqa cum au rernarcab c.crcctiit,olii, existenla claselor denlote otrds5.tur6 arhaic5, iar Jrroccstrl contopirii lor qi, deci Ei simplificarea acordului, sc.icttlizrrrrzii rrrai rcpcde ln limbile afarlinlnd ttnor poputn[,ii ttttti ttvtlttHtrt.cr. [istc aici un paraleiism lnt're graclril ilc <lczv,ll,itt'tt tt liviliz.{,i*i ryi nivelul ii*I.rii, ascmirrrll,or arrtlltria l)() oilr(r I t:ottsl'ttl,;ittr irr Pr0ccsul dispari{,iei forrneltlr ctitttrrcl,c ittl'trt'ttrltlittt'rr ltrl'r'c sirrgrrlrrr";i pluialr. Acolo urrtlu cl'i[,0]'irrl rcgrrrPiir.ii(rsl,0 ir,,r:lrr irl vi{)(,ii1i al g.enului nal,rrr.:rl, n{t t,ror:c rlrr llr r,ltrsl lrr ;,1crr. lrr lirlrlriltt t:ttt'tl au"clasc rlolttilrrtl{, t,t'il,rrrirrl grrrrrrlrri ttttl,ttt'ttl nrr irrl'lltrrlryl'rl adesea alirluri tlc tll,rt clil,rl'ii. lrr lilrrlrrl srrrrlrilirrxisl,r'i o rrlitgi"t cle numc de fiilrl,c llttlllll(); ttl,trrrr:i trllttl, llt l)llslll(t, rrrrilttttkrl0 silL clescrigc <tit irvittrl irrsrrsipi tttttcttt'sl'i (girrtlilc, lirrrbrrj etc.), nurnelc lol rr1llrril,ii,.i rr IoIrrl irrrlirrrlrri clttsci t:it.eitr ii ul u,,,,1,, irl'.lirs.i rlr, rrrrrrrr (1. ()lr'r()'i. ltr lilrrba ""oiii". CrelO ain'Iriberia srrlrsl,urrl.ivIlr,sr.iiil1rrrIl lrr rlorrri ttla8c: una Ientru nume de fiin{o qi dc'olriot'l'rr Irrrrri 1i Prrlerrtice, qi cealalt[ pentru nume de obierll,tr rnitri. Se observ[ ci, trepbal, nttntoltl tltr lttr:rttri tind sd formeze o sinsurd clas5,'tn timp cc tltttttclc drr fiinte se grupeazd in clase"Dobrivit gcnului naLrrrill. lrr lilillr0 zande exist[ cinci clasc:'oameni cle stlx mascttlitr, ttlttllctti tlrl sex feminin, oa' meni in genere fdrii spcei[ir.irlclr s,.rirrlrri, irrriilr{rlo,1.i oh.iecte. O clasifi6are asernllriitoltl'c s{'irrl'ilrrr';l. irt ttttt:ltt lilnbi cartCaziene. AStfcl irt Ittitjoli(,rrl,r'rr li,rrrlrilor t'rtttt,ttzirttlo rlrl cst

qi - lrr lrlrrt'irl. I,r ,rirrs,,.l isl,opici lor, lirrrlriltt t tttt'

x,I"#;- ;.i" ,tr.n*ii"i"o ntotaului, a transferului lor Ia ;i;;;^;'ai., qtil cuvinte care expnma ""iit"i ttgatc dc numele respecli" prtr'a lost a d".1't"ti'p.qt Btto ;;;i;il ;. iJJi' :''i,aceasta sau at'r'ibutulu'i' a marcarlr -."tJ"l'ii prJdicalrrltri formd '" situalia o constituie ipo.Lcze acestdi O'a"""Je i" upti1i""f c]tincza lru arO

ain timla chinez[. Fiind limbl izolanti, Dar in cltinezd ' i.rrroilat" at -ntt"tn a Bcorclrrlui *iif"""" -trl.tantiv inso[,ib dc un ttttrnel'al prirrro;[c. indit'elc AsLfcl "ti'." i. .;;i;ii "purf i"r obict.Lrr'l rlt'nrrnriL. clasificalorul "i,l;;i; primesc planf "i"r"i ."ptuiEtr numele ';i;;;,- de obiecte "" ob'iecie ''u inj.er' Pl b.u:1".::,ti" r;i"-ca.e ,lenu"'e'sc

$;i*"

cltlsrrrde animale au clasificatorul d7i cLt'. St arcr gerlel'al sens au care nolionale la origine cuvinte lcpctaltu i19,i: "uto"iiti"t In limbile ,u,I"r,*rr-ucorthrl marcat pri.nnumelut IrLl este .oiui ao usd la verb sau la determinatrt'ii arol'tlrrl sc irrtil"f coml'lt'lu lncL sencral rlsl,irrdltl-ln-iotrnu s. I'r'srrlri.t't irrrnrclrri ixrrl. Ai,,i. u"1,,. ;;$;"t1,;'i;;iit"'t Ast'l'cl ru toaic celelilte p.in ',rcf pdrl'i tlc propt-rzi{ic'

"i-rig,ito.

M'ii'il,+: ,!r'il,,l{, .li,'l'"T t, ' o!!' ,r,r,1,0, z D. Westermann, Plural-b.ilduttg ,,1/,lun,l,ll;,,1?*-#;,, ,,, "i;;;i;":4ri'tw' lrr t'rrtl' rusl ln vol' einigen afrikanischen .1.' {9(i3' I) ?2' sar,rxoadaune",'Moscova,
"eOiit"iit."oe
100

50. pp. 165- 173,

in tratl' rus{ ln vul' "Ai[rprrr'rullcltoc tlsl'rttorrralrrro"'

'1M.
2

graduelle, ln ,,llrrllrllirr llt' t;t Sor:tr!lri rlil l,llrFrtr:;lirlttt' d'r l'ill'ls"' vul' XXVII, laso. '1 , 1t. fil).

Dcf lrf ttsstr,

10u.

It:;tl,ts:"'stt,t1',r".ufrt.t'ri-rtrs,l'ur-litlt':,ritit'tt

Vezi P.
101

nominalc' care cu1)urrr(r (lrl birbtrteqti'. tlc ocupa!'ii lrrii'lrrrli tltt ttttr ryi ),,'it',f ' "ii lilil'i:: :i:: ll,llllll l' i1l' ll';;jli;"il ', lJ;li:l ;ili;i; l,xff,,lii'iiT#:;]l r'lrrsr'i sr' rlrr irltlit'rrlc aitl ,f irr li'r'bilc rrcgr',, rrlli,,rttr'. $i
(rrirlro rltr;-1lrr:Hltttlczr') sr, irrl'iltrtlso 1r clase

"i,f reuotilltirll'ilrrrt;ilrr1'r'r'tli'rtl-'Aslft'l.irrlrirIlrir':i:tt'ri'r l:tl;r;''1't'''tt" t-r' ' lriiirr,t ,i;rrj"h fti'*ii.;;i; : -r''";,r'"/ejulrttti'. sittt'" (Nl) ccItrttir ln ;;;;.';;;"hi, iar,,glca" : "t'tt stt!'|.l.tl' (lr) iar ,,cu silrL" tuo*u, "-T;;r*t"t;u..n lonrlnalc irr cllrstr c,trst'it'rriltr .prr
-

"torLtor &' i;"1' ffi:" ##J,';i nim fi"'."ri"-q;-i;;iii. au fosb; la originc'

ttl*tiutr
tlll,t
H'

: l'"ff :' *; .lf if pernume.de contopit ;;l;; f;;; i"ii*r'clasa in care s-au puter-*"1, ar rlinld de sex masculirr, de obiecle.mari-qi de fiin!'e de sex fe-

*:g

ffi ;i'T'iJ;Tli :.-:l Ji'Jl!

illt:l ii

ii':'ixif'i

lll;

{l

'']i::1"-"

""i... minin qi dc obiecte mici2' poalc f Pe o rrerioaae -ai-lnaclurrgatl cvolrr!ia gcnrrlui indo-curopcnc' limbilor isloria in ,r.*etith in numcroasc fa' Existent,a in tre.uf a clasclor norniiralc la trosLulat't'a cxisce'ceLirt.ri unii p" i-a,l;; milii de limbi a p.oLolinrbii i'il"1,,'ir,rut,i #;j;i";";il;. -:i i.i.-"" r"rl
i

i"t

femihlnut, clasti pentru nume

indo-europcne.S-aincercatchiarsiiserersLabileasc5sensu^ do rudc.ie' prrli'ale corili;"lTf;;r*it"r"ti"rne: nume tru-ntc colecti.vc' dc ,ruroc de insirumenLc, -1"- l*::l unor nal[erc tlaL au clasl dc indicii misuri "iti"r, -lor]ne 5i"^.;.'t" "" a. u.orJ-"tit g""" cle arltat'- dar,e pr.obabil cd ""*pfi""i" ;i'*i;f l;.turile s-au petricut aseme'i altor Iirnbi care cuclaie nominale. nosc ""F;r;;;; fi rcconstituitd penlru ritT,!1 -oi"\r."t,L'.are poate de oliiecte cunosc-opozllla numele comunS. este aceea ln care ;;;i;;;;;r1 oninioi ryi ccl inanir''at' Din puncLul dc vcdcrc 1 G. v a n B u I c h,
Langucs

",*i

Irl gcrrczci, opozi[,ilr irrrirrrlrl,/ilrlrrirrrlrl, trrrr.(.ritt'il{]1,(}r lrol,irlnll ,si rtrt osl,rr rlrros{.lrilri l.irlil,lrl.iv rl(! olrozi(iilrr cotrgl,ttl,ttl,rr lrr iilrrlrilc r,tt r'lltstr tt,tttittltl. rl.r'il, ;rlirr t ittltr'l't'tttl t'i Ittt'g r:tt. pr.irrziil,0r.. (llr tl|lll,irrr.(l,, l,,rr, irlir ,,rr rr ilr' lr Prrl,rrl, lrirrt'r1il, rrrrrt ,,,,,,, , ltrr 1,ir,r'tlrrl, lrr rrllr.rlrlrl,rtrr'In in r'n(lt'rrl llrrnr'lol rrorrrt rr11lc,;rrrlr.i,rrlrr,l {,lt 1ilil(,rrrrrr;,lrlrr.irr,r,ir rrr'o|rlulut. Nlr,rrfrrtr';'1,;, Si irrl,lir,ilr,lr ci trrt li,,rlttl,ot't'rir l)l'(:('ttlltll'tt(r't lt tl,r't lttlttt cirtl it tt,ii t,, lrirzii, ci unor. ( rrzr. rii 1i, l. llrrrrrrrl,r.rrlr. lrrll rtrl.viit', itt I'irzii. gXisLtlt(,rli tllitst,lol tlotttittillrl ltl,rl;1{,tit tl t:ttttt:ttltl,t'itl,ti asupra subiccLrrlui cttrtl, tlrrIii (rrrlll i'i it vr'tzttL, ili irttpriDra piir'{,iltr lrlopozi{'iei- Ulterior,-lns5., -at.u sa forrnalir Ia loaLo o datd cu cornplicarea raporl,trrilttr'lrl l'r'rtzir qi cu dezvoltarea sisLemului cazual, aparc rr(r('{'si I lrl,r';r rl islingcrtt clare -a.-subiectului de obicr'1, in corrdrIiilc rrrrr'i lof ici libcre. Meillet a explicat in mod convingiil,or lttrttl,t'tt rrc irr limba comund. indoleurorreanii nurnole tkt l'iin (r: irrr l'olrrrrr cir.zuale diferite la nOmirrativ qi la. acuza[,i.v, .$1rI'0 rlr,osclrilo rlrr rrttrnc]e de lucrurl. carc au o sltrglil,t'i rl()sirrr.rrIi'r: rrrrrrrclc irrrirrrate puteau funcLiona irr Il'azi ;i {.it strlrir', lc si ' rt 0lrit'r'l'r, ir;11 irlt:it' lipsa diSLiircli,,i l',,r.rrritl,,irrl.r.rr rr,rrrrirrrrl.ry l.i rrlttzltl.iv ptr[,ea CrCa corrfuzii. I)0rio0lrrl arrrlrigrril,ii {,ii rrrr cx isl,ir lrrsr\ lrr tlazul nu-. melol irtlrrtitrtitl,tr, rrirl'r, l'riir,,1,i,,ttlt,,,,l,' I'r'grrlii , trit o}.iecbo ale' verbclor tritttzi['ivc, irPiilirrrI itt t',1 rlrr stti'itrtrt' Iltltttui in rnod exCcpfiorrrrl. li-rl,r.iirrril, plirr lrri.i loirc0 llcxiortttt'0, gtlnul_dClrrorl'olirgirrii. I'll sc rrxl'irrrlrl 1rri.. acord la virrc',', t'irLeg'r'i,i .virr,iirlril, cit.rr iqi cl.ctrzti, ir.li'il,rrri dc parac'vi'tcle ,,,i-g,,,, digurc irr t.lar,t rlcsirrrrrrt,ir rrorrrirr:rl,ivrrlui csl,rr irlcntitr{ cu cea a icuzalivrrlrri, o illLii Pilr,irrligrrlli , irr r,irro r,irzul subiect are o marcI distirrcl,ivir ltr,oPrio. (iii |ilr.irrligrrrir animatului este mai noutr rczull[, dui'Lt ilil'cl'ea t't'l't'rrtii l,r'ilor, din trecvenla formelor cu desinen[,a iaro, ditt rroitt';irlcn{'a formalS' a mdr-

lJnin'.;;\tooi' "Lcs iangucs du

trtott-

^r^#S^#i'i:,i;;':i', "r^ ',',';a,f;.,1.' ,"1",0 o',,1,,xi 1." )oii'k;'i!:' tttts;i' n3 t; .t;,?f,l' r* rsprurg ttcr irul. gcr ntctniscren D ettlina'
,

cii acuzativului cu afixul dc rttltL(rt (-m, -n)'. Acest fapt confirml ipoleza lui Il. Ilirl. polriviL clreia neutruJ, privenit din inanimat, reprezitrl,ri d liirniryiIir din perioada iare ureccdI apariLia getttr]rri. L,dt-u faz5 irlLc;ioiu'ri tr lirrrlrii irr,l,,,,ril'{)l,,,nr', r,1,ozi(ilt bipartil,I dc gCrr Sc Ir.rrrrsl,'r'rilrr i11 r,.1,,rzitir, lIi;rrrr'l,il,ii . ltt r.'rt' drul atrirrrrrLriirri irr,,r'1rc sri rrlrlrni rlisl irrr'Iilr rlirrltl tttrtrrlttlitt

rion, Gottingen'
102

(J

1947.

I Cf. A. A. L (l {) ll I r ,' v, lJ't,trtrtt,rt't'it:ttttt' tt ttt'l)tttttttttL(lit ttttt: pd,asunntc JrJblttu, Mosrlttvlt, lll(;:1, 1t. ll{)103

sr ;trltlugli r1l'i.rrr sPlr,irtlrr Ptrttt,ru marcarea Ieminintrlui. S irr' pr'i lclr, lrr lrrirrur vcrlct'o, cd scindalea artitttitLtrltri irr nrilscrlirr ryi l'rrrrrirrirr trt'c Lt lrazl criterii sclltallt,icrl. l)ttt'lrt l'itzu. ltr (ir.\to ar'(i lot; ttt:t:st, l)I'oocs genul dcvtltristl o lttl,cllttt'ic 11l'anrtttici-tldi, stlbol'(lorltrI ltlgilor gl'arnaLitlIlc. r\sit ('rrrtr rJ i\ rnai qm[a[, defertrrittan[tr in accasl,[ prt.,.lrlt,rrr;i I'slc irlrlrliIirr genului arlaforic. Pentru distinclia gctttrltri tritl,rrlttl lrt srrlrstantiv'e erau suficiente mijloacelc lexicaltl, srrlrlrrl,ivisrrrrrl (mater bos - uq,cca) si moliunea. I)ovada rlr"r lu - pater, iubstantivt opozi[,ia masculin * feminin nu cl'a rnorf ologicd ne-o dI faptul cd. ea nu era marcabd nici prin t,ipul de ieml (in latind gdsim sti'ba M { si'Iua F, lrcrtus M qi /agas F, rer'M gi ler F, erercitus M qi manus Ii , rneridies lI gi res F) pi nici prin flexiune. Din punct de vedere gramatical genui unui iubstantiv indo-eurbpcan er& definit prirt acord:
bonus

;i l',,111irri,r. S,rl, tr:t1r.r:t,1;l l',,rmttlor animabul devine mascll' lirr, iitl irurrrirrrrrl,rrl rlrrvirrc ttoubru, La tema rnasculirrultri

rut mai intti la cuvintele cu gcn va,riabil a losI formu]a[it

adesea de cdtre indo-europeniryli. S-a corlsidcrat trllool'i

rer dar bona ler. Idoea cd marca opoziliei dirttre masculin qi ferninin a apdoi"t

nasticS. iar ne linS5. nume do lr.rcrtrli I'ctttirrittrrl lttljrrrrt,ivrrlrri nu avea lici o jusiificare sernapl,isL Nlui rrrrrl[,i .c1r.t,aL,r'i, printre care II . Steinthal, II. I'arrl, ll. Ililt,,'A. NlrrilleL arr considerat cd in indo-europeanl opozit,ia grarnaLicahi de gen s-a realizat mai lntli la pronunre, dc la care ar fi fosl' t"ransferatd. la adjective qi nume. Se remarc[ intr-adev5r cd sint limbi care nu au gen declt la prollulne' dupd cum sint altele (ex, engleza) in care opozitria M , F se pdstreazii numai la'prottume. Relulnd aceastl. problemtr, Martinel, exulicit nriorifaLea aparifi('i gcnrrhri la protrtrttrc dirl lIc{'csilatca d" {r nlur{.u fUIrrral gerrul urrei fiirr!c de scx [t,tttittitt al clrci ntlrl]c l]tl e llrczcttt in context. Genul ar f i fosl, rlot'aI rnai intii la demoristrative' apoi la pronurnele personal la I A. M a r l, i n e L, Le genre ftntinin ett itttlo-curult|tnt elutttetr l'onctionnel rlu problCnte' in,,Bullctin de la Soci6l0 dt' Lirrguistique de Paris", vol. LiI, fasc. 1, p.9.
104

rolul pfincipal revine adjectivului dar,. rlrrPi , rrrrr 1re l.rrtnir lirrgi'r rtrrr^. <1. I'ii.[,tt dreptate obiecteaz[ A. Marl,irrcl,r, irr li l',s1, 1rlrr,de iex feminin notarea genul,ri l. a<ljo.liv. 'c

rrlr'11r'r'r'rr irr lirrrbn irrrlo-crrrttPoittti ir sul'ixrrlrri (/ (';r nriu'r'rr rlr'llrttnrn l)llr'{r sii Iijrr. citt, tttt t'ol ilrrIot'l,rtrrl, 1rt'r'zcn(lr rtcr';llrrt r;ttltr ltt trrrtll,r' 111;y111r tltt liirr(,rr rlc scx lcttrirrirr. l'r'in ,ilrrlt'1'tt' ,,,',,,t,,rl.icrl, lrlotttttttr'lr' itt -c sr. r'itlrollcrrillr lrr rrll,r' ntrnr{'r'u rtlr'lrtrt rr'rrrr, rr;,ttt lirrltrrl trlLttt' f,r'rrrr' (tttrtlr'r, rrtrrrt:; ), i.rr grlrrr ttttttltt;'tt' lottltttltj, ltt IIunlo rlc lttr,t'ttt'i t'tt l,r'tttlt irr tl. I'r' l,rtztr trotrritrttl,rvttltti lrr-a sc rrlcoazii itcrrzill,ivul, trPoi r,trzrrrilrr olrlir:c. (lrrvirrl,rrlt: cu gcn variabil rrtai lioi dolrirrrlrrsc itt:uttt t,t'tri llaradignrc. Este greu de stabilit pcrioadir apariliei opoziliei masculin-feminin in indo-europeanii. l)uprl Meilletr, ea s-ar fi produs relativ tirziu, in epoca dcsprinderii ultimelor grup.e ile limbi din trunchiul comun. Sc obscrvii c[ aceastS. opozilie nu o lntilnim tn hit,itri, lirnlri crr l,cxtc din mileniul ql II-lea i.e.n. Ilitita cunoaqlc rtturtiti rlisl,irrc[,irr dintre animat gi inaninrat, dintre subiecl,trl ltt:l,iv rtl ,,tt,'1 lqrrf itlni verbale gi obicct,ul ei pol,enlria12. Sopi\r'ltlclt lrr rrtrtscrrlirr rsi fcminin csl,c realizttIir par[,ial ln ]irnbikr sil,rritl,rr lrr rrrii lrtl,rlrttlo; in arrncarrir e prrlin dczvolLatii, in latirrii o r'cl)r'(!z{rrrl,rrl,r\ ltrrntoi la adjcctivclo rtrs,i noi dtr doolinlrilo I ryi rr ll'tr, lipntrryt,rl lrr unclc folrlrc alc pr'orrurrrclor delnorrsl,rrtt,ivo ryi irrl,r:rogtrl,ivtl. lia osl,<l lrrtti trxt,irrsii irr linrllilo din ccrrt,l'rrl l,oril,olirrlrri inrloclrrol)oi\n, gct'rrr{Initrtt, llitll,irtc, slavtt, gt'ttitr:l\, tltsi lttt llr ogulil rnirsrrrri lt l,ortLc (rill,clloli ilc rtotrtittaltt. 'l'rrrrrlirr[,rr lirrrltilol' irttltt ttut'ttltctttt it foill, llt:ttclt tltl u lrrtrlri olrozi[,iir tlirrl,r'c rrtitst'ttlirr ryi I'crtrirtilr. l)rrpr\ A. Mrlillr:t, 1a1rl,rrlsg s.xplili p1i1 it(r{rsir r:ir rrlrqzi('itr itt'rt ltt ltuzii rrn t:riteriu nol,iotralr'. Irr fapt,, trxt,itttlcl'ttlr rcalizlrrrlrr-so ,si pe bazI de

pcrso{lnlr a

la adjrrcl,ivc si lir srrlrsl,irrrl,ivr', Irr

lll-ir

([r'or:1'(rrrl, I'ot'trr:rl,;rt' lritzrt rlcrtrorrstrtrl,ivrrlui),

1 A. M e i I I c t, Essai tle ckronol<tgie dcs longues ind'o'europcennes' 'la Societ-e dc Linguistique de La thcqrie du fcnr.-;itin,ln ,,Bulletin de Paris", vol. XXXI I, fasc. 1, pp. 20- 22. 2 Existi si tcoria dupi carb-situaLia tlin hititd e nou{, reflectind o reorganizaie a genului . Ct. L. ll j'cl ttr s I e v, Animc et inanim[, persott"nel et ron-/rrsonnal, ln,,llssaii lilrguistirltrt's" TCLC, 1959, p. ln vol. l'rurced.ittgs uf theE-ighth_Inter-. ifO 9i J. Itur-ylowicz national Congress'of Linguists, Uslo, 1958, p. 6lit. I. M. Tronski relevd c[ ge"nul cornun lin lrititn r:eprcz.int[ sttrna Mf tr', ln timp' ce anirnatul indo-european c o catcgorie cottr;rlexrl sub aspect sc-

p. -

marrtic, O6u.pttu,loeopottcticnue
60.

rrJLtnoaue

coctnoflHue, Leningrad, 1967'

3Cf.recenzialuiA. Meillct lulucrarealui Ir. GerlachIl o y e n, I)ie nonirrulen Klussi[ikations-systeme in d'en Sprachen der
105

Criterii formale, ca tluor) la o gfripfli"e'artificiald a numelori in.clasele numiie gert. Ilnolc limbi (romanice fdrd romiittii'

'risl,t'trz.rr irea tripart'itd a genului. ---n"otirtiu genul-ui se realizeazd in divorso_ lirlrlri Ir'irr.r.rrijloace dif'eril"e' cu toate acesl'ea se obscrvri '1i- rtrrrr'lrr l'.rrrlirrlrr comune. In limbile care cunosc clase nonriualc csLc cvtdcrrLd i""ai"ta de simpliticare a numdrului lor, -prin grul)alea mai multor clas^e dupl criLerii avind la bazi [rtisirturt -iunii" ii esenfialc ale obiectelor. O datd cu aceas[a se obli"u rl 6 simpllficare a acordului. Are loc totodatd gi o. evode i"ii"'" miilo'acelor de marcare a claselor, de la varialia cateacestei ln sistematizarea inainte pas Un i" i"i". realizeazd'prin morlologizarea ei' De la limbile cu ;;;li ;; "tixe. Elase la limbile cu gen numdrul cabegoriilor concrete se reindo;;;;. jil tititt""I # simplificd. 1n evolul,ia limbilor gen' dupa Lemelor unilicdrii qi euroDene se observd tendirr['a get' flexiunc de unoi tipuri deoi'a stabilirii . ,. Pc

".fti.". genul lntr-o cla.l,ogorie pur formald; ln [olrrrlirrri transformind strttrttl cri ,i ir-uaoa sirilplificarca e lrrsogibI de motivare, itt .o.Ht'rrll(rlt i' tirrrlr i'anirnab, ie revine la opozi6ie anirnul, rlivizirr ii ii^f it" g.r**n'ir" gi slavo co'birruI sir

balLicc, nlbancza) dcsfiin,teazd categoria nctrlrrr

rt

i,

E"t.g"rit lingvistici fdrd legdturd cu

o Eenului intr-o serie de lirnbi se explicI prin aceea cd' Irrnd

.Uniicercebdtoriconsiderlcdstmpltltcal'eaEldlspartlla

tual6. el nu este necesar limbii qi, ca a[are' prln dlsparl.tla lui, limba scap[ de un balasL inul'i]1' realit[{,ii2..criteriile --irir,,'*1iu cdrespunde numai. par!ial a" .ta*iriiure pe $etturi re-pre-z.int[-concopte' $poi'slsLelnul ry ":t: de inleles de ce atiU de mul[e limbi qi-ar fi incdrcaL de pini aic.i se desprinde ;; ;'ffi;g;;ie inutild- Din disculiasau-alta, d.in. necesitatea formd intr-o id";.';[ ;;nul apare, impune o de cuvinte numS.rului Creqterea a. ritt.*1t\zare. categori.i..s.qpantig"; ;;;;tffi-;pecializare'a temelor,pe ]iI prefixele d'e clasl apar atunci clnd, ln condtlttle rlncl lrazc
tr;;hr.yiena,1929, in ,,IJulIetin de la Soci6te dc Linguistique
.

calcgoTiilq,,"ol..".g-P-

evoluatd a clasclor trorninalo. l)rrsigrrl rrir siLrrlr[,iit pe care o prezinti ]inrbile e sLe nrai cotttplttxli, rllrt', lrr lirrii. lttari, cercetdtorul gerlnan are tlt'tr1rl'lrl't', ltt st'1's" l cii l'i1rrr I sl'rtrcLurii mOrfologic-e dclerrnirri-r, iir rnir|r, liliisrrr.r'i , rlir.rrrr[,irr rsi rilnttrl evolu[,iei genrrlui. Sprb dcrxebit'c rltl goll' lllttttrirtll itt't'its1t.r'l'r'ttltri.itstrlttltttittoare i1 divclst: liurlri, (ro()il (r(r ttlttt'trltzii ..lrtpttt'1t['ttt' ( 'l)()zllia de ntrrrtiir t:st,tl, lrritt (!ti()ll{,it rli, rtpozi[,it'r'otttrrtlrltltrlti,..ittr istoria accslei r,,al,cg0r'ii lirrgvirrl,ir.rr r0llrrr.l,ri rlr,rIrrl rlo lilrr-, pede evolu!ia progrlcsivii ir girrrlir.ii.lrr rlorrtr,rrirrl|'rrJr0rl,trril()r iantitativc. Accst,t: l,r'iisril,rrri l){)l'rtril, r:r'l'rrcl,i'rl,ot'ilot', llt lttui male InIsut'ii tlctril, lir irll,l} citl,cgttt'iirrror'l'ologitrtt, slt irt ('rtrPrctezc difcrorr(,clc rlilrt,r'c lirrrlri 'irr l'ttltttttlrtt'trtt tttttttlit'rlltri ca treptc mai ovoltruLc sittt trliti ptl(irr rrl'olrrirl,tt, r'u formc de exorimarc a lui rnui ut'lraicr, "'111 v11;1i lf idategoria numimlui a losI llr or'i;1irtc t'aLcgorie lexicali' La lncdput au cxistat, nurne diftrlil,o lrtttrt,ru obiecte individuale qi nume colective pentrrr ut,cliraqi obiecte in grup''
..

lui'inoi;riorr[,0 g0urrl 0or0sprrrrtlo rriv0lrrlrri rlc girrtlirc.al_vtr"rbitoriloi; r-rltei;ior, cl esLo supus sisl,r;ttttrltt i gramatical. In legriturl cu acest aspecL ul pi'oblt'rrrt'i, (l- Nlcinho[3 .q emis ideea tlependen[,ci g'enuhri de liprrl rrrorlologic al ]imbii: limbile izolante.sint timf i 'fiilii gcrr, Iirrrbile aglutinante au clase nominale, iar limbile I'ltrxiorrtrlr, rtrr H{)ll' ca o faz[ mai

pl.t)zrfltl,ti srrrr ltpnrr gr,trtrlrri 11t'rrrrrrrl,ir'ttl tttt ttl'rrr:l,trttzt'l rlrrlil,trl'otr irrmi lirrrlril. llrrIoll.rrl, ltt tttr',,lttl 11r'ttt'l'ttl trl rrrrr,i lirlrlri, grrrrrrJ nrr rrsl,c rriliil,,,.rrrrr rrrr irrrlir.l rrl rrl,rrrlirrlrri oi rlrr rrvoltr[,io, I,'irpLtrl csl,tt cxlrlicirlril tlttrrtr ttrr glrrrlittt.,'it ttttttttri irr lot'rrrtlltr

rrrli ,',rrrr1,l,'xtt rti ttll ttrtli l,opici lilrrrlrr, $() (:{rr() 111i llrtlglant rt,,,t',',,,',',t ttlot'tlttlttt ltrl't'rr l,ct'tttotlii ttttrli sirtt,ttgrlttl. Gr:nul rlislrrtlrr rr,,olo tttrll gr, It'ttttttl'ot'trrir lrrl,r' o ctll,tlgoritt.fortlalll , ;rlirr rr,'1,,,1.r'ivtlltt rlttrl t'rr r'l rri plt'rrttl tlttl,ttt'ttl, irrr rliullrrril,itt irri ,*ir,,irlil'r, rr rrlt rrr'l ttt'tt p1rrirr,,l.ir'rrliir. S1 prlttl,rt ttrltrril,rr r:tI

:.

de Paris"

XXXI, fasc. 3, PP. 4-14' vo!. '-'i ci.-r. F o d o l, Tht origin of Grammatical Cend'er in,,Lingua"' 2, 1.959, pp. 197-198' ?05' VIll, fasc. vol. -K';i't '"'; ii.^'i. t;'*^'i c z, L'cvollttion.d'es..ca-ttgoric^s^ gramntari' ,aZrriin vot. ;ftoniOmes du langage", Palis, 1966, p' G3'
106

'

I DluI nlrcr{ra urror. linqvillir:lr A. Nltillr.l, t)..1 csperscn, Haver' disnaritia ucnului ln,'nglr,z,ii t'sl,'o ttt:rtr:i 1'villlttl:i:l l)rograsllllti' Cfl ll,'S e'i tl c l, Gibt ,'s airt (J,'nrts Itt'r'st)tuth'.', ,, llrrllllirr lirrguis[it1ue"
Llro Prr:sorrcc or rlbstttttttr of grrlttlttt ltfftlr:ts in {rny way l,lto rlttlrlil,v ol'l,lro litttgtt:t1;o, tttlrkos i(, ltel,l'tll'. t.tt worstt',

vol. XVl, 1948, p. (i. 2 "l'lris is rroi, l,il slry l,lrirl,

0l). tLl.., 1t. 205. l.Ii'orlor', s I)ie Iin.tsit'lut.ng Iliktit'r1t111l.r,7,l1tr4dtcl, l]crlin,

107

1939.

aparl,inlnd lrttor rrolccl,iv i l,:i 1,i rl irtLre cele mai ittapoiulcr. Irapbul oi rli[clcrr{,rr rlr: trtrtttrit'c la originc o tI'iisit,rrlil srr manl,icd rczull,ii rsi dirr:rcrt'ir tri, in perioadi\ <rottst,il,rrilii clrrselor norninale, difcrcrt('a rltl'rrrrrlril' o lllt ct'il,rrlirr rlrr it,'t'litsi tip cu ceJelalte criterii carc difcrcn[,iazii cllrsclc. A;ir s{) ('xplic[ de ce numole de obieote la singrrlttt'pi rrrrlc rlrr olrit'r'l,rr in grup aparlin unor clasc diferite. Ast,fcl irr strllrili cxisl'ri o clasd. de nume de oarncni la singular cu prcfixul nt.- (nLl,LL ,,om'(, m,wana,,fiu", ,,fiicrl"), qi o clasI de nume de oarncrri in colectiv 0u prefixul wa- (watu ,,.oanteni", .ryana. ,,f.ii" ' ,,fiice"), o clasS pentru numele pdr[,ilor corpului la singular (mkono,,min5.") gi una pentru aocleafli nume la plural (mi kono ,,mlini"). Exemple sjmilare se intilnesc in rnajoritatea limbiior negro-africaire. ln aoest stadiu iru avem a face cu un afix de plural propriu-zis, ci cu afixc pentru colectivc. Varialia afiielor pentru nume de obiectc in grup e condi!'istrict de sensul lor. onatd "^gtt*"titui iret i i c:rt,c goric i nurnil^r lu'] af i xul t;i.;i;;a" de colbctiv devine marc5. a pluralului. Ircnonlcnttl s-a petrecut in istoria mai multor lirnbiqi a fost observat qi in indoeuropeand la desinen!a de ncrrLru plrrral in-4. Dovarla cri la origine afixrrlera ntarca colcclivrrlrli c drtli de fapLul t'ii in multe familii de limbi de pc glolt rtunrcJc de obiecle nu au plural, iar acordul ou colectivul sc facc la singular dupl binbcunoscuta reguld. cd (Qa rp4-aet, existenttr ;i ln vedicl qi avesticd. qi in multe limbi ncindo-europene. Dupd I. M. Tronski, formele de plural a.u apdrul nai lntii la

f,'olrrrrr rlc rrxll'irnru'r1 (,r'{r srr;rlcl,ivistnul (tipul onL - poporl col)dc -- ltiirl ru'r). Alcrrsl,r'i Iirzii ir Lisat urme in istoria unor lirnbi ryi sc rnrri irtl,ilrrrrlil,rr si rrsl,iizi in unele dialectc l,ribuLt

PlnI in prezent nu a {ost inci studiati, pe planul lingvisticii gencrile, rela{,ia clintre nlrmeral.qi rtunlr. Ca partc de vorbiie, numeralcle sc corrsl,il,uie tlrziu; mrrltir \/reIno dct,erminarea oarrtitaLivl a obiccLclol' s-a realizaI lrlirr l'or'rrro sptlciale ale numclor trare dcsernrlau douh, trei sau palt'u obirltrt,rl Asemenea nurlc aveau lorme diferit,e dupl clasele tlorttittu'
monde", Paris, 1952,
108

an

ima[e2.

(rilorrr lc irlritr'l,incarr crrvint,olc. A;a se constituie categoriile rlrrrlrrlrri, l,r'irrlrrlrri ;i r;rrrrl,r'irrlulrri, carc au supravieluit tn rrrrr[c lirrrlri I,r'ilrrrlrr rlc,lrsl,;izi. Ascrrrcrtcit forrne se intilnesc irr lirrrlrilc rrrolrrrrczi{'no) rusl,l'rrlictrc, irr lirnlliltl polineziene rlirr Noi lr' l lclrlirlrr, Nourr ( lrrilrrrr, tl irr rrrlriltclrrgul Bjsmarck lirrllvisl,ir:rr lrrl,ottnrito de 1i insrrlllc Solorrrorr. l'r' lrrir'(ilrr W. Sr,lrrrrir.l l, zolrclr, lirrtrlr rsli( ('i u ;rscrrrl'ttcit I'ortttt: r:ttrcslluntl ariilol cll 1r111[11y'1q (](]ir nliri irrrrlroirrl,ii. Arlcscir, ca lrr limbile aust,r'alicnc qi paprrusc, clc trJ,ttr ltr o spetril'icare a formei dc colectiv. Pe rnlsurd ce se corrst,itrric rrrtmcralele, asemenea forme devin inutile, iar opozi{,iir Icxical{ individual-colectiv se transforrn{ in opozil,ilr grrrrrrrrt,ictrL\ abstractd singularplural. ' Fprmele de dual au cottt,itttrul, irrsri rli pu'sisl'e o vreme lndelungatd, cu frrnc[,ia sptltriirlii rt trtlru'ii olritcl,rrlor Jrorechi. Se qtie cti limba ittdo-crtl'rt;t,'rtrt:t .orttttttrl ltrl,rrt'it llr rrrotl rogulat drralul la rttrnttt,si vrrt'lrr'. l'l I rr rr lrrlrrlrrrl ltr rlirrlcr'l,rrlrr vechi indo-iranicttc, irr sllrvrr vr,r'lrr,, irr rltrrl.r'lr,trlr, lirrrlrii grccc;t,i (pirrI lrr fol'tttttl't'tt lirrrlrrrvrlt.vit), itt lrlttrrttti, llr llrlr' din got,irrti 1i it'lrtrrrlr,zrt \'('( ll(', lrr llxlr'll t.r'ltt tttrrt'rrlt ;'trrt'i in sct:oltrl rrl X lll llrr, trrlrl rrtlll :rtttr trttrr Itr{ttt .lltltrr ltr sullsLtrrrtivr', lrrljcr'livt', g,tottltrnl'irt vlllrl li tr rrrtl,lttttttl tt,lt' $ea t){-\r'olclisrrrrrl rlirrtlt t tltrrttl t'ltttttttttt tt lt'ttttt'l.t tttlt'tlltt' ditrrit irrl,r't' sirrgrrlrrr' 1i ;rlrrlrrl rrt lrltrrtrl rllzr',,llfrt ll vr('lrr 'r(l cillg ryi it rrivlltrlrri llirrrlirir' S rr ('l)'rt't\rrl trrrllr'l r':i tltttllr'l'r'lr' gt'cttt:sl i cttlrl ttrr lrillrlrrl rlrrrrlrrl lrrr';r rlrtr r'lro{ lt l)li'lrlll}l l{ li slrrl,;ri ggltt lttiti t'v6lttlrlp rtt , t,l,,sJtlttt,l t,'11'rrlltlttt't tt 1 t tvtltlrttttiltttt, tttt Za!,ie lnai irrllolil,oitt'c (r'olotrirlrrr')t.I'tttttllltlrlttl lost eviden{,ialtr ryi irr lirrrlrill ttgt'o lttttll st slrrtiLit,tr, ttttde dualul a disltdlut dc Lirnprrrirr rlirt rrsit i:rtrii ryi cbluicii, dar s-a pIsbrat in clialecLerlo aI'ttl)o itlt, ttrtttt't,ribrri tnai lnapo-

I e. Lo u k o Lka, I*s langues papoues,ln vol.,,Les langues p. 'J27. 1I. M, Tronski, op.cit.,p.68.

ln evolu!ia categoriei IIllIr)Irlrlu i st' obscrvtl Lendinla constantS. spre abstractizaro qi sirrrplilit'trrrr; csl,c evjdent cd stabilirea ollozil,iei bintrtt trltll - rr()rr rrrllt csl,c rtlzttltuttll abstracl,iziirii glrrrlirii, rrl lt'cctrt'ii rlc lrr t'()llr'oz()rrltiri corttlt'tlt,t,' ,1lc rrrrrIl,i1rlirril,lil,ii l;t o I{'l)r'(rz(rlrIitrc ltlrsl,t'itll,ir:. t .l. V (, tt (l r y r':i, /,r' Iutt(:tti:t',I'irlis,lg2'l, p. /r1{i ryi A. M o i ltlltt'r1:rt d'uru' ltistoin rlr lu lungur: gn'tqtttr, l'ttris, 19:lt)' p.273. 1., .y "t ' V. V. I v lt tt \t v, I'tutttlttntt.c t'punt,nuttnul(,c|oito cD,pola Pycc6oeo ,ror'rtu, Moscova, 19G0, p. 4lr.
109

iate.

ltspcll ''s''r'(ial al obiecteior. rcalil'ri1ii -t'i .t'rt trrlLi gcnera'lI - cat'egotlil lltllllrl I't.rt'tttit itt cantitatea tturnai tla o ca[eg.ritt,.tlrrir:l'ttrrr ' r"i"i"a "iisLaL rlrrrlt,li vt'(rrrro 'i rr ilfara rela!,iilor lor dirr l'r'irzii . Ar; ,i""iti"e ""nrelor., clriirr, ,ll"i Li"i', pri' ac,r'<l' ltr .r,lrrIi:r :H;il;"J;;i;";i,;;',; fat'tr-'r'ii .xLI'itlirrg'v.isL.i.i .j':r.i rrtr t'l tttttt ;;;t;;i .r,,'ir ( r' l,t r\r'Llr' "*r,"eo,'ii i."oorLo"L d"ccit cei grunrirli,,uli, rrrai lrl,,s irr
1{eflecLitrtl lrtr
nuLu I cal"egorici' conli ""^l-L;;;|"
l11r.i1rnl0 o" uip.i**re variazd.gi clc rl0 llr r,0Lrpcttlt'tt rt (rcdulrlicur'{')' sintacLii'e Ia l',.otctlcc 1*rpf"ii"it-i il,t#;,il,t il";J; il:i,i'.1 iil ii,i'" i :.# JJ : i i:l i "1";'i' fazd lexicali, iiind o a'o rru. el i.".", qi^a" ,lu"io'J.lpi""ie

;[

[i]l':i'$'T;?f; iTiJt.t;;lllill;?;r'if":'11'"trJ:"""'1: rcducerii sau a dispari!-iei lui'. ca;;ii;'Jt"il i"-;rririt"t.a rnorfologica qi' :u ui-n1,tl o i"rl""-*i*ti decit ca categoric arc urt corrlinut abstract qi o lornta de
;hi";;;'i;o.lgl'1" el organizaLS' exprimare ""F;il;; t"1e"le gerea apar i
fJili#
i
1,i

i accs
l;,

Lc

i t,aLcsnl'

i i es l,e r)

eocsar

s t-I

analitismului

"* I t;:lll' i lll i;i' li il .) i li,:,' Ji t iiili: *;*,i l.f rlt, concrel,. I..raza cslJo tltlrttltttsri rlirrt,t'-o srrit,ir
ttxPrtttritl,. care se succctl irr ordinda id0ilor'<lc tlcoscJrcsc irrt'r'o clc rrrrrnlri sttlr
r

""ii"lr_rXJecini ln aceasLI iure..rrrlii.r"-r,

;r;;;;-l..i""f
s-a p5.sLral,

ii

..reE,

l:l;;' : " lr;lll t 1" ;' i ; "i r ii i: ru:l il tql i ii!1.\'l |",iifi ii*e.' A.ntt din urmS' procedeu-impttrrc sirrt'ncLic ccl mai imtacltrul. ur ;;;;;;;iit"i' " '.iI"eniot' l'o nu'u tlezvolLlrii mtirfologiei. ('ar(' sLaL
i
"

"u'iJ

I rr i sint-actic. Accas Li Lr.cir'Lit ir rrr u I i t i srrr rr tlirrLlc r Iinrbi a rr t'iLe sfarea ei Jrut'rr' .i

a L uorLatt t'"L.,rj"ri,:i,"fq,l.ii

' tlc *; il a intona,t,iei ca urtice nrijloaoe t-'oLrtlritt rturtrai ,r,;;;;;,ih,i,..ltiito,'si'l,iclice a fosLposibilir c* lrr!'irri rtretrrbt'i'
,

se ittpe rnlsurJ ur, ruIorLurilc'ttiirtrt' cuvirrtc irl prolrozi(ie tru a-lirnbii e-tisbentd ;;i;;;r-;; ," Jii"t:""iiaz5', structu.a capabile Procedeele'noi' mai corespnrto",tuiio'iJJ"tiilli' ap[r' irt cadrul struct'urtt # ;";;i;;n"..i"1'ti" "ornuniclrii' influcri!a'LoDi0ii f ixe qi u func!,ici gramaticale i. ace ea;i f "*irtnr.,i".-sub lor sintacti".' o ,t'it'a' cuvi.tc l'i'lt'vti'l t' 'losiIb
110

t,iile u'ei,,o',t,r,ti,,i,,'i

;fi;i;;;i;illlili""

rt"tl.l'rttiitlirir,11,rlr,rr,' l,r'r.pl,;rl, rlr,,(,.ritl l,r'.1,'ri.rrl iri 1'] l.rrllltl('ltlrllll)lllll)(\(: 1,,,,,,,i,""'tlt'lttirotlrttl lrrilt'\l)1 zcttzl'i i;11t.r1;1, l,rrl irrl,olt:t(tt't 1'11 t ttr:ttrlllr ltllrrl'' lrlrl' lllt lttl '1r ' 1r r't'lJlll\('ll!' tt'tlrllrtr\ ltttt lrr l''lttl;tlt'ltltl lt:rzct' lrtrrl,1tr,,,,,,1,'*l,ttl | )r'rrtf'ttlt'tl ,,r,,', ,,y1lill irrrrl,r' l;r t:'tllt''tlll | llrllr lrltzr'l'' l'lIr tttrltt ltltllt'tttl't|t' t'rtr' :lll'' lll , 11r It"' l't rrli*,11,' ( itzlritl{r ll iltl r''''rl lttt' 1t( lr{'ll ( illl' l\ir:i irtrr ttvtrl, itl \'('(ltlll'llllllllll lllztt ll'lt 11111t vl't l'l xl'lr.rtl'r;r rrt.l''xtr:' rlirr sirrlittit iii't,t',ig,t tt,,rrri.i l,rril,.t'igirr.ir (:()rIfirl,.ttl., il'r' .rtzttt I'.t'ttrrtttrtt adcrivalir ,.rrt,r'rr a!i" "ili tle unii cercci,ittori oa l'iirrrl rrtiti vrrtrlti2''l'ranslormarca d".at" *o,t.'tJii;tt;ti trr p'rtpozi!'ii qi afixe cu valori unor cuvint" "., in irffi o iti,,l t,,,,i I i rir lr i.,'l rr etape diverse.'. Ea locale e abestatii rrglirIirr..ie' unde afixepoaLe fi urrndritd -;i;;;l;tiirrrl'il" lrr cst'ond teel in' Asi'l'r'l l' Iorrrrrr urpo"ritl it"lql pnttt"u"l r',rrl,'"'ittlt'r'io1"'5i.,'in'i scamttd,,calc" q,,'pnn;,-i'r Liitlrlir lil ' f1 1'r:l"irr[estin"' iirrtb;;;g;iorelD'err,,iri';1'r'ovir"''lir'+.!tt'Irrt ' zosa :;il;;;;ff;l d.,'o ot,,mai'jos", itr litrrlrrt lrrrIirrl'i dtstT' {lJrir"); rrlrrrzsr;,,trr irrr,siv,(r'x. .j;.I;;;;;,,oa""1"i'i,-.r,rfi",f,', r.sl,c irlcrrl,irr in timba dravidiand i,,;;;;,;,-.i; Iixrrl rlr, 1,,,;rr,iv rrl irrrl() (ltttrtlirrrlrilc irr ()xrrrrrPlo . SinL 1i ,,, ",*r,ir,ui,,irit,,,.io"1; t,ohari0ir sufixrrl rlri irrslr.ilrn('nlirl.-r7o I)r'ov.r.n() ;;;-";;il,'irr iar ctrl do s'.iitliv'rri(ril rlitt 1r'r'',zt['rit fitt;il;;;i"'y, l-st'b'l'arr t'iv rrl rtt tttl lt tltt l'L.."rrr ij l,." ',li;' Slo,, orr",,,imprertui'ii,'i irr lirrrlrilr, irrrli.rrrr rtttl,ransf.rrnrr(,, s-* ,iirr'irui-iouii vc'c1c si tt1r,i itt sttJ;;:,,;;; irrt,r-' 1,urt1,"'if it".tr sorrsrrl"i" t"ijl.rr" rltr lotlat,iv 'rttu, -rttAit' fixrrl "'Cl,]igi'n,rlcxi,,rrl,i ir'r,lrz,rililolctt l'ttrttr['it'. 1,r'rtlii cxlrlirrii lllarca oil trclc ugrolor variclaLc i,r rlrvo|s,r lirrrlri. lrr rlrrr'1" lirrrlri, sistem foarte un ie,,.,,,,irr,,,, i l* 1,.*1. . l.i t,rr i.s. il"i_, El indo-europ"t{' irr t." "",icar sr ramrlrcai; i"-ttlt'rll'l:. dezvolbat caz'local' Posibilit'utca nermanentS' a ltm,ingr,. ;; ;a;i; de Ioc a perbilor de a exprima t-iil;i;;""9i;i" ;"in a'lverbe incarce nu--Ei sr [ltrxio'a.ti iliJ't""ri*'it*bi t'o dit""ttitii dezvoltarea cii rl() r,0rnflrr:irt, . E*t,, sistemul cazual ,u ruLi" "ul

furr.l,i.

it'lto-N'Lrut'lul) tl g l' () r o v il , ll lt't6tr'"rttt rttt(ttt('('lltttt'ItJtr .6tl1t't'tt ll tlilo'tll1)l'{) tll}l'lIl,itP't:t,t irt vrtl.,, u,r,rtiu., u""on"ri'n,,rrinn ti,,,d uool'''i'r'l"p' It,'i,'i' i'|t Ir(tIttIt /'i's,istrr:'r' "l'irtT;'i";li:' l)lli;tll;,

|l'.

A.

guu,'illt'vr'rtiti;
1958,

'i'r,ll':i,t,!,1,'i,,,,'i,t,'li"',,,,("t(.'.i.(.'sof t'ttrt14uu14t:s'llclsi.ki'

vol. I Ccn'crol'l'cn'dcncits' 1rp' tJ7 u9'

11r

ctrzrrril()r lor,rtlo s(r Ir'o(lrri c fll)rotlpe exclusiY in,limbilc aglul,ittttttl,tl, citl'o $() Plr'7i111,|i , ntilr aspectul general- al.strtrct'rrrii lor,0a irrl,urlrrr,,lirrl(} lnl,rc rrcl0 izr]lante gi cele flexiorrrrrrr. Irr elc llosttr()z.i(,iilo so rrt,irry0irzii uEor la tcm5, prrIirrrl ltlrrii Irri ,rn sistorir. Niv(llrrl ,l0zvrill,iir,ii limbii ln accsl, sco(ot' l,t'r'lrttirr Cercetat asIfel rtrr srrlr ltspr'rr[,trl f ixdrii trntti ttrttttrir rtttt i ttt ir: sau mai mare dc cazrrri i,,,,rrlc, ci su} noillit itl rllrr(,irrrtl,rrlrri, udi"X ut varietd!ii Lipurilor dc raPolLrrI.i trx Pt'itrr:rl'c irr lirrr.lrrr cu mijloacele spbcifi6e struclurii ci nror'l'ologirrl itt tttrsittrrlrltt. sirrCazurile cu v;lori abstracte sinb ilnprrsc tl. t'tt1r.t't'tr.ilrr , lt'r' t,ri'1 sin.taclit'ii lor Originea taclice ale frazei. ''',,',';1 rd.snindire gi .conslan[5. Multd vreme subiecLulc tl{|osr'lril, rlr, obibct prin'topicd . El caplbd forme proprii acolo trrt(lo. s.o creeazd^ distinblii noi la nume (genul) qi la ve.be ([rartztlrvitatea) gi unde se instaureaz[ o topic[ liberd' Materialele comparative irlsuficiente nu permit sd se formuleze concluzii sigure cu privire Ia felul in care s-au creat cazuri. E"probabi'l r.:5 unele din ele au dezvoltab vreme printr-rin adjectiv tlcr.ivat <lin tema rtttrnel.t poscsorului. Folosirea derivdrii pctttrrt trxIrittlttn';I aParlctr.rl(cl rr lnbilnim in fazele vechi ald Iirnbilor itlrlo-ottt'oPe lttr. ltt ltttJ'touh" t*titt*i arhaice circularr <loncotnil'tlttI forrrrrrlo trlt filirt's erilis qi filius eri, regia tlontus ryi rcgis donttts' lVI iti vct:lri slnt' formeie cu derivate"qi ut" s-ilrr 1ti\sIrrtt, irr llr{,inii ni itt grortcii la nume de persoane in sintagme 0a rirv'lIp.1z),eLrrv 0J-),apr,v, lroltt. Lar fum'ilia1-opy e[r, iega\"i'1, S aturnia por la 1 cd'tn p us ]lI ar tirts, conslruccurent.{ devc.iL greaoir gi a lrisi.'In ii*p .e ln labinI adjectivufolosirca a prcvalat vcche slava in [ia cu scnitivu], iui der"ivaLz. ln iimba lighneascl in loc de genitiv se foloseqLe sistematic un adjectiv derivat. Astlel aici ,,tatd" se spun adjecd,ad,u, iar,,al tatdiui" d'ad,csleo (M), dudeslti (F), cu suf ix bival otr forrne varia.bils dup{ gen. In !iglinelt'o, ,,tritlttl titt6l;i" sc spuIIe o rltttlesll;o g.a?, iat ,,iapa lal'irlui" - i tlutleslti

"ur"t*tt" il;;lii;;i;-potni"a''au la valorile caz'rilor locale' ln ceea ce rriivegte'raporturile abribul,ive, cle s-au exprimat mult[

grr^:srr,i.t. lr' ,livltttr' lrrrrl,i l.x isl,ii rroirtr:irlorr[,r1 forrnalil -.lntrei srrIixrrl rr,l.j1r'l,iylrl 1r rllrrittrrtt(:t rlrr,.'lrril,ivi Asl,l'gl, lrr firr6zrl afixrrl rlr 11,'rril,ir,' l)l'()\'tttl rlirrlr rrrr rlrlllr rtrljrrr:l,ivttl l:ttrtt inrlilrr lt,rlsitlttt'tt, itt rtt'ttttl;t rlrrrttttt'rrttt i tt tr"'ltil'ivrrlrri ll al)l'()rl){' trlctrlir';r ltt littltrrrl ;rrl.;r'r'llvrrl rr1; ltr lirrrlrtl,, lrrl'rl,ri 1i li,lr,,rilr ir,.r,lrrjr r,l,.rrrr.nl / r'rr|rrr'lr.r'tl,{,itz:i Irrlo rlorrri lot'rtttrr. Slrrlrrlilr';r llr,\rrrnrr rr,ulrltirl,' tttttt, ltt'ltzir irr llltll)il lltl l)llll irrrl1l,r. l)r. ( lrlr,it {rtllnltz:1 rt. l)r':rrrl,rrli'lr, I nzutrl(, rri1l, trlrxrr llrrtrlrll.r'trr,l, 11r'ltlrrlrl,il;tlt,,lrlr:rl,r'rri.lr,:ltltl)r,(.tirlrzttl,c.(lrttltll,t't'rll 'lrr rltttlttgo sttlttttil'irrrr{ii rrrr rrrurriir'rtitt'r'tltl crrlrlirrrlir sii lrtrlrrril,c lnUrogi tttticc oatogorii sirrl, l!lc iriil,ial. lor din sonsrrl lttrttLru de cuvinte. Iiolosirca lttr a ltrrrttt is cxlrrirnarea unor raporturi sintactice comlllexc qi vlrriul,l. 1n cursul isiorici lirrrbii, {,vttltt ( i;r litzrrrilor se produce ln doud tlirecfii: 1n lirrrbilo irulUl,ir[rrrl,c cilz.rrrile locale t.!i c.onstiluie sistolntt rllttiIitritl,rr (rr:rl,fr'l Irrrtgltilrrit iqi creeazd, aldl,rrri rlo vct,lrirrl litl,iv crtt'rt ilv{'lt rrll r{('rrfl \'{ttl, rrrlrlifercnliat, fortntt pttttl,rtt illlrl,il', ;rt'olttl'ir', lllltrl tr', r;ttlrlr'lrrl'iv):t; r'aztrr.ile abst,r'nct,rl riitrtin lrr rrrirrrlll't'r'(lttrl , itrtlto;.';1{rrlrlrr si rlorrIirttr[ttl cu sorrttlifir,rr['ii rroi. SPt'rl tlt:ortlltttl rl" r'ttzttt'ilc lortrtlc tsi tltt i r,inr lrr lrttzlt <:olttltrpl,tt 1lt.c1tozil,ii, r'irr.c, ,,r1,,.i,',irrrl riryrrrr'l,rrlr( l. rtlrlrl,t rtr'(,rt ttlr:inzr.i rrlr', rl,,rir'lr sisl,r'rrr. *1,,ri,i,,1,i, l',,,.rrr,,,r2,, t,iriris,, sisl,trtttI irr..ltilir'. I'oltsotttitttl illllllll ('ilzlll'ilot', [t'rrttv.,ttl' tlt'(r':illitl,r'rtlrttr;rrrlPt'rtr:tzltl'tlit.Vrrl0rii irf lirnlrilr.llcriottttt't',it Ior.pr.rrr 1,r.r,P0zi{,rr i Pr.irr irrl,r.orlrrrt|r.r,n ilrrr,i l0pi|i rrttti lixr-.. 1,, ,',,,'u,,1',,r',,lut i,'r lirrilrti str tttorlil'i,,:i I'rrlror'l,rrl rlirr[,r'o rirrsittcrr(,rr si Ir'rrlrrtzi('ii ; rtlrrsl,r'tt rlitt ttt'ttt:i rlolrirttlcsr: r'o1rrl lrrirrt:i1,;rl,',l,isiit,',i1,,,1,,,1,'r'i,, itls()l,ll,rlill('ill{ril(('$l'()l'it,t'ttlttll0rsctttltt, itrrsl'ir'lil,ttlrlcr,rtvirrl,,Pirrlzirrrl l'rrrrrr{'irrgrirrrlirl'it:tllri'o.l)rolltlll(.t, slrtir. lrtl,.t'virr;i ,ii'trtstr l)ro(r(ls() I',rtet,i.tt.tl&ro-ducr mai iluu.aur" sarr rnai l,ir,zirr, lir siricrc{,isilrrrlclrzrrrilor, la simplificarea gi, in urrelc liirrbi, olrirtr' lir rlcsliin!'area flexiunii norninale.' ln felul acesla au evolttttl, limbile indo-europene
11

A " l.

parde iles langues classiques, Paris, {953,

r J, W ac k e r n a g e l, Vorlesungen iiber Sgtt'tur',vo1' II' 1924, p. 75. ---t'd. Meille t, J. Vendrycs, Tru'ite dcgrunuttdlre(ottl'
p'
586'

Uasol'

XXXIII,1932, fasc. 2, pI).22'J \2]. (i'tr'LrttinK tltt: l)q'tloprttrtl t1.[ 3 L. I) c Itt tl, Orl thi"l,,lt,t,,,,,t l,r^t's t ongigr, ,,Act,1 liugrrist,icir Aclrrlr:rrrirrr: Sr:irttl.irtl'rrttt llrtttpEttricilrr", vol. VI, f asc,. 1--:J, 1$5ti, P. 121.
113
8

" d.utl.iscotrrs,.,llrrllolirr rlri l:r S,rr'ir'rlr'r rlrr l,irrllrrisli'lllr'(lt'l):trts", vrtl'

I Introtl,ucer.e in.j ting,vi.stic{t, rlrr rrrrlr:rrl0cl,iv srtb contluceroa acad. G r a u r, Itrtcrrre$ti; l ltl;5, p. l til ' ll. V. fi n I I r: n,' ,\rtr l',tt',,itttt,,tt tltt (t''tr(, r/r's r'"r tt dr.s yarlies

n2

lit,isrrrulrri rrrr Ir'iv,r1l,t} rrilrr|iti flexiunea nomirralh...l)tlsP|rr ir$rr0r;t,.,ltr .,i g,ri,,'r.irl,r Vlr li vo|ba rnai depart,c. Ntl lirrril'iirrr :riiri lu,'t,rrsi,ii'r'rr1ii :tsttl,trt lvolrr!iei- cazurilol" Asa('lltll ,t,,,,,,',,lltl',,':rl,r1|rt'i;tfazulttinttr:slt',itt :ttts;rtrllrltll eiiotcategoricct'rrrcr'pl'rr;rlrr"l"1'rttriottLir tlrltrivr'lrrlrl''z'r'"llrr'ir ,'r','ltr:tltr lrrt:r si;dirii."Ata r" exp'lir.i de ,,r''l)oI cxisl.rt lirrrlri rrrr rr,1tsl,it,rril, 1111 5i .. d*'ii 3"1""i ri a"'ce exisi[ limbi carc, rlr:. rrrr lrrgirl,rr N.l'iilrrl la cl. renun{,a pob ,irir-'tt."ionqr, ;;p;;; durabil al'rcalitI!,ii,' cazurile, dtl] :t" ",11. ']:illi::l'i' abitract, nu sirIL stabile' Cat,egoria cazulut-c dcl)orI(l.ctILit ai."ct de raporl,urile sintacl,ice, ea se-dezvoltS pe.rndsulir ior qi dispare aLunci cind devirte un.cadrrr pl'cc al "o-oti.ntii t;;;"t;t;;;iru;'le puiuu crrprindc' Din puncLrtl de vedere nu exist[ o difercn!d caliLal"ivl intrc. mt;loace "oitinutului sintetice de exprirnare a rapor[urilor sintacLice. ;;;iiti;r;; 'I rcccrea Diferenl,a dinLre ele conslil fn modul de orgcntzaro' -dela'flexiunelamiiloacearraliLiccabst,rat'|cirtscamnistma lormc]or sioiifi"*r* u sistenrulrii mor.folrgic ;i inlirLu'are cazur.i exis[i ac.elcali PcirLru con[,inut" f;;;il;;i.-u"tr"luci ilc.cla$r rlc Lernr\ ']l' itJ desinente diferil,e in f uncIic tlTp' existS. forme omonime la cazrrri difclitc. lrt ltmbtle anallLlce mobivat' I""^.U tint mai pulin nurneroa$e si atr caracter rleci progret',dnf Ilxisbd rnernorat' ;;;;;; ,i.tt mai .iqot a* RitmuJ^ ql irrtt-ott singur asp'ect al. sisLcrrrtrlui morfologio' rle la o vaIiazii modalitdtilil de rdalizare a accsLtti 1't'ot'cs ca ,si Dc aceca, slrricLurali. facLori de r"."it iffi;,il;ii; i" ia-"ui"n""iu genului, evolu( ia cazului - .caLcgoric caraclgristicd irnui anumib tip IingvisLil qi lrncr perroade relaulv limibate din isboria limbilor care i I reprezin Ld - nu consLlLure al limbii' indice al nivelului general un -'-lnlinatira cvoluIiei 'categoriil'"'r gramaLicale alc vcrbulu i at'orel este neocsar sii se,fi*tint{i, FaLcgoriilc dobirrrlil.o ;'rirr (numrir. Dcrsoltti, ttneori gclr) dr: accl.'it t'ltt'r'it silrl ltt'tt;tt'tt ttlrrl' rlirri^lirliir,[" t",tt,,1,,i,,'r,nlili'ri'ndu-l (aspct'!, tirrr1." illLllrrcs{r.,rrl sc fiind produse.alc..sirrtaxcl' tezd). Primelc, forme similare in cclehai multc Iirrrlri 1i au, dc. la altut't(tit lor. o forml gramaIicald de exprirnitrrr' (iulegorla porsolll(rl qi sirrl s-atexprimat"mulLd vreme prin prorrutntrlt' pct'sottalc l'rou|t:sL as[izi pind p5sirat au Pt'occdctr' care multe'limbi
114

rlrr lrr [oltttclrr lot'vr'r'lti lrt rr,,lrr ttloderner de la sbrucbura siIIt'ol,icri lrr $l,r'utl,ultt trttrtlil'ir,ri. l)r'oblcma sintet,ismului qi a allir-

Irr sLtrrl i i lc vrrclr i itll l rrrrlr r t vrtt'irr l r,lr, lr rrrr rr{,c ir lrr rrr:(,irrrt i i vurbalc erau oxlllirtrill,o lo-r it,rrl, Prirr vcr'lrtr ,rrr scrrsuri upropiaCe. Gdsirn aici urra tlirr rrrorlirlil,ri{ilrr rlc cxplit;are a bogatei sinonimii lexicalc din l irrrb i lo t,r' i lrrr lc. l )rr pii'l'.A. Degtereva aceastd bcgd!,ie de cuvinl,o cu srrrrlrrri irsrrrrrirrriLoare s-ar datora

rlrPlrlirl, irr rri r,lrl, lr'l rrr rlolurlrrl,r,l,r vollltlo rlirr lirrrlrrr irrrlo,,1;11p1p1,1rrrii, r'rr l,olrll r.lr rrrr.r, rltrl,or.rl,ir l'rrzirrrrii, l'ot'ttlt trrililrllr lr tlt'rltttt'ttlr.lot lroltl.r, lt t'r.r'orlrl rl,rrrl.rr rrrru Fr.{tn. l,irrrlrrlr, r:tt'r' nu nrirt rlrrl rrr;1 irr 11i.trr.r'rrI ,lr,rrrnr,rrl.r. l)r,r'Jlorll{. llt yr,t.lr (r'rry'11,r,,, lr.lrrrr.t,zlr, ni)1.\,r,lrllnir r,l r. ) r.,,r,rrr lrr pr.rrl'i .ritlclI rtlr l t;lrt l,olic ll lrt'r )n u rrrf l()t' lr(,r'jr( )llt l(!.
rllll'{}l)(rnisl,i irrr

,,cs,,i ,1,' rr11lrrl,irirr,. r 1,1,,,,r,r,rr,,1,,,' lr('r,r{r}nnl. lrr l,rrrrtrl vor.brrl,l :t losl, lrtts itt ttt'trlrttt[:r irr tttttllr'ltrrrlri rlr'1rr, !'lplr. l'r'irrrii irrrll

urtele vollrc lrlxtr'[,irrirrrl rrrr,'l,rttlrri l,rrr,lrrlrri l,r'rrrcilrrrl lcxirrttl a$oIrI()ltoa I'ot'tttc sttlrlcl,ivc I :ttt 1r:iullrrl, o vlr,rrrl l'otrt'l,rr ltttlrtItrrtqatir, plirr l,r'rrrli{,ilt lrr:r'is;r si rrzrrl lirr;lvirrl,ir'(r:rr, tllrtxturtJrlrt, la vcrbttl,,it I'i" lrr lirrrlrilr irrrlo lrrlopcrtrr). Irr Iirrrltilc lrtt[,irr cvrrlrtitl,c r:i1l,r'1"1v1',ilrr r','r'lrrrlr slrtl, tttttttttt'ot\sc, tlit[,rtriLii rrl,il, I'ot'rttr,l,rl crlttplictrl,c rlr,ttlot'rl, r:il, yi rlrorlrrlrri rrottclcl, tlc i1 r,,trrtcprr ltrr(,ittrrr'rt vr,t'llrl;i lrr Loltl,rr rlrt,rrliilrl. $g 11if,citzi it-il,lrrl rrrzrrl rrrrrll,rrl lirrrlri rrrrrr:r'irrlir,rrr lrt r:ltt'c vt)t'brrl i;i rrrotlil'ir:ii Ioltnl plttl,r'rr rt itrlt,'rr pt't'solttttt, rtttttti'irtll, gcrrul qi st,aloit sttlriccl,ulrri (rlircr'i c itt lririoiu'(), itfozaI Bau cLrlcaL), l)ro(ilrIII si porrt'r'rr rr Pt'trrtizrt tlltrrli ltrrl,itttloa s-a produs in mod inbcn!,ionai situ itt:cirlurl,irl. 'l n crrrsul evolutibi ior, limbile au selectat un nllrlli"lr lcrlus rlc cralegorii dintre cele mai frecvente qi esen[,iale. CltirroLrgiit rclativd a constituirii tccstor calegorii esbe greu rk-' tltr l,rrlnr i rt at,. DaLcle comparative sLabilesc cu lllccizio doar I'i.r.pIrrl cr'i t,irlrlrrrl s-a oonstituit in lrrrna {rsl)()(rl,rrluisi rr Ittttrlttltti, cir:i sirrl, lilrtlri rlitrrl qi asLiizi cxplirru'i [,irrrprrl itrrlitrrrii lrlin lrti.j loirrc llxir:itlrl. Irr (i(](){t oo privcsl,rr rrclclrrll,t r:lrl,r'golii, sirrl, irrrlicii ltt lttvoitt'tttl illttt,rrztli
ll()lll)o(tl,l I IIpo(tLt,t'.tt.tt. Cttut.ll,t)0.tlt'lltlJ(, itlt(l,.4t.llu,ttIu.ttr(:r;(,?0 t:!llpotL,llifr,lfA, llt VOl. Most;ttvlt, 1960, p.15, rl6tr(r'r'0 il ,rlrc'frrol'0 ilill,il(olllliilillrt",

conbactului dirrtre lirnbit. llvirltrrl, cii ;i I'lrctorii externi au putut juca un rol, ditr nu rrsl,o rrr!c{,lllu'si-i considerdm ca fiind hol,dritori. Sirroriirttrtlc vr,r'lrrlo lrr sr:rrsrrri apropiate, care exprimatt fir-'ct\ro iposl,;tzc rlilr,r'rl,r,rrll trrrrlrrilrsi rrcfiuni au losb foltlsiIrt, itt Pttt'iotLrllt t'otnrl,il,rrtt'tt crtl,r'!'oriilot'Hritrlr{rbicale, tir l'ortlttt srrlrltl,iv() l)cnl,t'rr r,x 1,r'itrrrrlr,rl {r:ttgl,rtt'u. l,it

,,

115 8r

dupii crrrc rrr,rrlrrril,,, rlirrl,czrrlc ryi aspectele au func{,ional, o vrernc frirri rlisl,irrc[,irr clirr';i , irr scnsul cd nu iqi constit,uisrlll'i sisIernc a;ralt,rr rlri ,r1,,,zi1ii. ln ]imbile ugro-finicc srrfixrrl de conjurir.:l,iv coirrtrirlr) (rrr qlrI'ixul deverbalivclor, (ioo{l (ro rl dps la concluziu <,ir cl cst,c o lot'nrd derivatir, (ial'c ir rrvul. irri !ial sens de irrcoativ sitrr rlczitleratir,. ln lirrrlrilc rrlrilrrrr,' existd un conjunciiv, [rcapLir aspeclualii olrrrsri :rorisl,rrlrri si perfectivului, care include nuarrtc ce col'olJl)lurtl corrj rrr()l,i v u lui, optativului qi irnpentivuluir. Distinclii clare intre moduri qi dialczc nu iur (r.\isl,rrl, nici in fazele mai vechi ale limbii indo-europertc2. Aici vcr:hitrl injunctiv cumula, uedistinct, valori nrodale, aspcoLualtr qi temporale, iar opozil,ia diatezelor continul opoziIia verbe de slare. dintre verbe 'active procesul delinritdrii acesIstoria limbilor consemneazir tor categorii gi al constituirii lor in sisteme. tr4ai lesne, pentru c5 se produce in epoca istoricii, poate fi urmdrit procesul perfec!,ionirii acestor sisteme, prin precizarea valorilor termenilor qi reducerea distinoliilor irrrrLile. Pt:ntnr limbile indoeuropene este semnificativir cvohr{,ia distinc{,iilor Itrodale. ln timo ce indicat,ivul o clur disLins scrrtattl,ic rlc cclrtlirlttr moduri, conjunctivul qi optuLivrrl ili ltttpt'tlttttrLt"t rcr:i1tl'or: nuanl,e qi se constituie gi ca tttodttli altl sttbot'rlorriirii. l,ilrsrr unor opozilii nete intre ele a avtrt, ctl rrt'lrrirr'c lrtpl,rrl ,'r'r tttt,ttl din moduri preia gi valorilc cr:lrriltlL, sco[lrrrlrt-l rlirr rtz- Irr cele mai vechi texte distincIia dint,r'c opt,tt,iv 1i rrorrjrrrrol,iv
atestatd numai in grupul indo-i l'arr iarr ry i irr gt'cutrit. Sttrtsr.:ri [it clasicd ins5. are numai optativ, pehlr-rvi ryi sogtliarra au rtttrttai conjunctiv. ln poemele homerice colc dorrl urt.rtluri sirrt {olosite in egald misurd, dar treptat optalivul dispare. (lnNoul Testament e intilnit numai in formule care exprimI dorin!a.) Ncutralizarea opoziliei dintre conjunctiv qi optativ se producc mai trrtli in propoziliile subordonate, apoi irr principule care cxpt'irrtir posibilitatea. De fapt, prin iltlirt,trl'aI'{1, llu
e

triut.lrtc rroll.j rrrrr,l'ivul srrrr.r;rl,rrl,ivrrl (rlr,r:rr, r:rr for.rrro), r:i rrrl ttttttl cllt'c. l'tttnrrrsl,c sr'rulrrr.il,i rrrrrlrr,lpr. 1i rrsl,l'r,l tilrrlfiig rrjrrlrg lir o1ro7i(ilr lrirtrr'r'lr irrrlir.lrl,iv rrlrr irrrltrirrl rv,. OPozi(,ii lrirrrrlc rrl rrl,rrlrilr,rrc 111 rrr.rrrrr rrrrli lrrrlr,lrrrrlfrrl,o ovo Irrl ii si lrt rlirtl,lzr,(rrr.l ir' prrrrrr,) yr lrr rrrrlrr,r.l (rrrlr,,,l rriir pr,r.
lirr'l,rrrrr).

M. Dclaf r-rsse ct A.Caquot, Languesdu 'loutlurLel de la Guinic,lrr vol. ,,Lcs Iangqcs du monde", Paris, 1952, pp. 743-"ancien,

cale (parbicule sau verbe arrxilirrr.). (iramaticilizarea lui se realizeazI in nrulte lir'bi. ;''irr l,r.rrrrslormarea con]inutului sernantic .al unor categorii cxisl,tnl,r. l)rrpI pdrerea lui M. Brda12,. timptrl a lrrnt, r'\ryt,.r,. rlirr rrrrrl: litrrtcctul ar fi fost Ia origine lrn prcz{)nL irrl,rrrrsiv, irrr.r,irl,oi.ul rr avut diverse valori modale. Atlostrt t,irrP.l . l.y.1rrr. rlr, rrsPrr.r,. Aocsb lucru poatc fi r:vid.rr(,ilrl, irr isl,.r.i:r lrrrrlrrl,r' ,,ri1,,,,,,r,)p,rnc. S-a ar{t,at, cii (r(){\ tttiri vcrrltrr rliul,rrrr.(r{r l.(,11 1,6r.tr l11 (lrrrrzrrrrl,aorist,) a fosl, irr ilrrl,-r,rrl,l,r,;r.;i rl*il,rrrr.[,rr.irr,,rlrtli.r,i. l,ilnlrrt conrurti'i tIV(llt urr sisl,r'rrr ruipr,r.l.rrrrl r.lrrr., (.1u.(r rt rr p:isl,t.trl, rnai lrirrc irr 1l'r'lrr.rr vr,r.lrr'. (ilrlrrrrr:ri.r, I,rrrrrii rlrr rtrlrisl, cat'c lrol,r';rzir 1rt,r'r'srrl v.r'lxrl irr Hurrr l'irr.r'r rrir'i o rrrrPIi, r:ltlic. Srrrrsrrl lrri r.ir ui lils:r or.ir:;lr.ci rrrr'i r.,ri 1o1.1111q1,. l,l.n rlrltrz:i t'ltrltr:ltrt'ttl lrrr lrllr;rit:. Artllil,li l6r'rrrrr iH6 6ltrrrrrr l,crtlt rlrr lrr'(,zclr | , r.lrt'rr rrol,rlrz;i rl ltrr{,irrrrrr irr r:rrrs rlrr 'rllg frilrillr|r, rri ..|rr rlr lrrrr'lr,r'1,, r'irr'o in(tir:ri rrrr l)r.{){:cll r.|rtlizrrl,. l.ttrlrlPrrrrrl.rrIlr,r'i11i.il'ii ll l.r'rrr.l,r,trs1rr,,'l,rrrrlrr P,irl,rr Ii rl.rlrtsl'r 1rc lt:rz:r rlxisl,rrrr[,r,i lqpl'1,,,,1,rr srr1rlcl,it,c (l,iPrrl Prcz. gdpoi, itot'. iive"lxa I l,r'r.'t . i.,r}i.o, rror'. dgay,,v) ryi t yrrlori lor lor' lri texl,clc ltorrrcricc. 'l'r'c|{,trl,, irr lirnbil' ilrrlo-crrropene vechi se introdtrc valor.i temporale; rezult,al,e adcsea din reinterpretarea aspecfelor, ele s-au exprirnal prin formele acestbra, modif icrindu-le con tinutul. In-latin5, sistemul temporal, boga[ ryi simetric construit, s-a dezvoltat in cadrul temelor aspcc[rralc dc infectum pi perfectum, mostenite din indo-europcanh.'I'crrrclc irsl,ecLrruie

l,]vr,lrrl,iir r:rrl,r'1'r;1.;t,r lilrrpulrri Polrlr,lr rrr.rruirrl,ir r.lrirrr.rlirr pcrio.'rrlir lrIrrr.i(,ir,r. l)u1rlr {.ulr 11 il ln{rrlt.:ll,irl,,lrrl,r: o crrl,ogor.irr le.lirl,iv tttiti ttotli. Olrl,cllrr.irr corrcr,pl,rlrlir , l,irrrprrls-rr 6x'r:.irtr'1, i'"rnulLe ljr'bi ryi oorrl,irrrrii s,'i s. rixPrirrrc Priir procede'e lexi-

' Cf.S. W. F. MargadanL, Iletnartlu'essurlescttt{gories erammaticales dans /es langucs inrlo-europfurtnes ct sp{cialelnent en grec
in vol.,,Actes du deuxidme Congr'fs ilrl.l'rtuiional des lirrguistes", Gen0ve, 1931, p. 201, $i I.:M. 'll r o trs k i c'p.cil,, pp.88 - 95.
116

44.

.^^r^ A. M e_i I I e t, AperSu d'une histoire dc la lo.ngue6rar"qua, paris, 1930, pp.214-276.

2 Ess

I. M. 'f r o n s l< i,

ai

de sCtnatttique,

op. cil., p. 95.

paris, 1924, pp. g41-l4.g. '"

t17

Suservil,latlxJlr.ittrrrt.r'lrl'itrtlrrtlrriryiin.lirrrbileugro.finicc. ['rlItpuIuI este relal'iv nouir; i" li*lif" ,",riit,i,,,, rrill'ttgttlttt urr sisl'em verbal dominnt' tlrr de arri a" S tiOO 1,,,,'si,t,i'iri"i
,l'ii,',',J,l,li',li ;i'ill'Jl'"1: Ii,'1r11'lllll,ii" timp s-a crcal in {' it'dltara 1i t'igli.rrit ' | )ttl';r itl'irrtr"tt""tt, silrl culn modernc, tice nu lroirl.r: li I,rrsrr 1,r' t,irrrpulrri ;il;;;;";idotogito., aPar:i{,iir srt rlrrl',t'r'll'{r rrrr()t' tri strirsLrtrt,rrlui, a sau 5;;;-";;t*tu1ii glirrrl.i I ii rlr' lrr cvolrrIi:r , tendin!,e interne, ca.e mar"hcazili itrrrrlizrrr' lrr jtrdctlat'a.glolralri la cle abstract, la "tlrr v i il',r' s irr I' "o.t."i f^ aur"oll,area .at,'g'r'iti Lirn'rrlui lot'ttt.l. cxpr'irttlrl' s-a viiboIrrl PI'irr rrr i.i cele mai recont,c. lf ,,if,,i u",rttre ltt.ttttr plirt i;;;;i;"i.;lc, prirr complirti.i ltt ['ctna tlc prelerll'
de

qp"liii" di.rrc ,-i1":il;:;l:,

ffi;;i;';;;oi,'*-a*ia.*riv s'''or,cnliat.
i'?t.?i f
:

t,imJra i'cl'-cur.-

?fulii::#il"iliilii\l;:
l

JillT' .l;'5::l;ii:,i Ji

ii.rrot i"ao-european' rnodul voin['ci' l'irnbile indo-europetrc lor lext'c' rr'r)r. iII ,r"ttii au foa'tc i rr do-cu i lo i IIr lr I i r "" "i.tieti vii Lo,.,l s-&. ex'ut'irrr'' 'rirnele ro lrctt c lrri Irr:t I C;t;il;;;;ie, ficcult'irr' prin' procedec spccifice rrrr irrdicc itl Fiirrd o cabegorre';;"t"pi;'i'lr".-l.irrrprtl .sLtr o di* Iipsi rril til .,nei iimt,i. 'ici "i"*i"l"ialr"oiierli 't't{,e ttTlT;"ttJ.i,1ic cu calcsoriilc r'rrrritritlr', r'rt,l:'i:l:'t.ll:,::l'b"i:: pot pd s t ra o vrcmc mai indcl u t gu Lri t t or I il;,,'lJ'":.:l:' letid. Dupl A. MeillcL, fapt'ul se cx1rli.i, ^irlLol'ileaull{l caracterizat estc qi'acLsta proces un exprim[ acl'iunea verbalS orintr-o serre {le pn.ti"Jotlilii, astfcl inciL pur53' ci iii fo'rno' niciodabr il;^;;";;;t;p;'i " ;"i siab ile, tori bri at' i r' raptu u i
r r
r

l.:;:"1';, i; ll'ii; il$:l iLlf {\ll ii r *:f, t ? ?.H : 1* "ln viito.rl sc bazeazii'pc subjo^clatinii In te',xtez. i;;;;;;""se

lfi;,:ill
J

cil exprirnl "*po.t,,.l nuLur.ilc Ior'.

1 M:
C O1 g

ti;;;;il;

;;,'b"i;;i;;
1,

;t;;;;;;i(}, cit ;i

.da
f

cgir t'rrli

rl i rr

['rc con [' i-

Lcsysti:nlc rcrbalsCntitirlt.r't:

tl l'crl'trrssion rl tr tr'ttt1ts' ut
rirr.

l,lv,rlrrf irr Prolglcsivr'i rt,,ttl,,,11r,t'iil,rl grlrrrrlrl,ir,itlo rlnl,tr lnnrtlttl,fi rlc tlorrir l,r'lil;;il,rr1i itrtprrt'l'ltttl,tl: l.tt't:t'tt'tt '1" llt t:otttll'rrl' lrr rrlrSl,t.lr|1,, irr r:0r,ir Ir, Ir.iVIlrl,I r'orr( rrrrrl,rrl, rir {l(. lit jtlll)(tt:1,(l ll(l()l'f.'llrtiztrl,c ll, tttt lit'tl,,,rit, itt rrt't'tt rrr' pl l\'r'lrl(' l()l lllll l,rt'tlr,r'xl)t lttllll'l). Sr,Po:rl,r'trttttlllill;t Ilr l,,lrl,ri ltrrrlrtlI l'\'itlttltl't', trtl l'r'trrlt('rrr lil,r,r':rIrr, Jlil lriil.lltl, nuilli.to;t;t(,lr' ( ]|lIlir)t tl t rtttt tt'l.tt lll\ { lll(! l(, ()l)ii{'r'v;rrrr ilt lttttlttl,' Jrt tttttl l\'(' lll lll ittt ltrttl tttt tlllltllll' I'rrrlttli rlI t:ltl,t';'1;1'1t r':ttt' tl'll''r'l';t lttlitt:rtt t rlttrltl' I t'1" ttt;tt lllltllf I,lrlc 1i r.tllrl,ir i111,111 1'ot'lttl.ttt'rrt tr';tltlirl,'. lrr lttltlrat tttr rtlrllct'Vii irt Ptlrlra.rr,irr(,ii tlorrii r:ttt lrtl: rtr:ll(l{r tlrrttrirt rtl r:ttl'trgttt'iilot' r:ortcre'[e, orcqlc rtutrtiirttl cirl,r:goliilol ltlrsl't'itcl'cr' Caiegoriile absblacLc r:otttrlpl,tt:tlc sc. tltlzvoltd o datd cu evolulila. progresivir a lirrrltii;;i'rr girrrlirii. (laIegoriile gindirii *-a,, o*piintit ini;iut ltt'irt ttli.i l'r;r"' l"r i"'t1", fapt.care a ldsat urme iri formelc suplcLiv() irrl,i l rr i l r' lrr,,rr v r rr l r.l0 cclc mal Ye0h.l. SuplOl,ivisrnul a pirbtrt, sirt,isl';rr,r, r'r,r'rrrIr,lo,',,ttttttti<li"trii numai rrotlr:cpl'cle exinirontlit,iilc irt ,,it't: vttrli\lrttlrtt'ttl ,'tit :irit:tr:, ilrr 'l'l'c1rl'trb, 1nstr, orimaLc rrtt llpirtrittt [l'tltlvtlttl, itt cotttttlttr';rt'l l'r'r'li,lttrttz';'t rrr' r';rl'r'l rrli'lrlllz;ll. ll sisl,r'tttrr, 1tt't ic consl,iLrrirr mercu. l)g rttiisrrrti 1111 1,otrIirrrrl,rrl rir':rlrtll,tttr'ltzrrttzl't ittt'l'rlrtltttltt se constiLrric irr sisl,rrrrrr'] r'rrl,r,11o1ttlr'11t'lrrrrltl,tcltlr, r'v,,lttcttzti nfUlL rnifi irtccl,, i;rr rrrrr'lr, ltrip('r'1,(, lrrlrtrrr',' :rl,'lot'1rol.;rrrlttlnlr\ o vrefiIo irrrlrllrrrrll;rl'ii. Aril'tttlltrrll llr;ll)i'( lll tlllliltr:rr ttlltl' t'lrttlll'ttuilctlr:Lcr.lrrcrrii,,,,,r1,l,,,'1i,r'ut'rrirr,,lrrrl vrrlortutixl,otiltttiltt,trt' UrediarO tll t,iPrrl rlrrii lrrlrri, o,.U.(l {r irtl,r,r'r.rrr'rlrtt' lttl,r'o rrirrllrrlttL ttltt'. ittr:lrrtl. vtrlt't'ilrt ttrt'.rttsi trltt'.1. sir,i,tl ,'l,lrl,i'ttllti, i,iui,l,,i 1i 1,,,r,l,,,,,,rr.jrrn,.l,ivrrlili:r. l,rrrrlrrlr Lrrrrl sr'r ryi sl,rrlri lrtllscir si.s1,,i,,,,, rlrr opozi(,ii lrirrrtr',': rrrrirrrlrl./rtt;ttttttlltl,, silrgrrltr/ irrtlir':tl iv/tt,,t, 1,,,1 it lrl'ir', :rr'l tr'/1';t:rt r'' 'lrlttral. Cauza prirrriJ,,ilu,..volrr{,iri 1.r.,;gr','rri.v,, lr r,rrl,r,gttriilor gramat icale'sc aflI irr rrct;0sil,iil,r,rr lrrrrlrri rlr, lr I'risPunde intr-Un rnclcl cit mai adcovab rrOccsil,ril,ilor corrrrrrrieilrii. un factor i-oo.t"nl cstc qi sisletrrtrl g'irrrrrrli'':rl irr ansamblu-,. tipul sLrircturii morfologicc, carc'o:r l.r' i rrr'u'c, anttmrtd drrecl,re a evolu.tiei tau r,i anuntil, iit,rrr. $i irrl'lrrcn['a unor sisteme lingvisLicc sLririrrg lirsi ut'rtrc, r'tr Lol, r'rtt'rtrrl,t-'t'ttl gl'otl l)onCtr,rit.rit itlst,r,rrtl,ur,ii rrror'lologir,r,. A$r'nrcrrt'rr rrrllrrlrrIr';tot, tttrt;tl-

c n d rJ e s, "otjt'rr1,',rl'*t'i ,'"'/, j;: ,1":",t:,::,:l;,:''f,i':;,,illf;,]lili,li*,i'lli,,',, "'Y guistiquc-gOn6rale", Paris, 1921, vol' I, p' 111 '
118

jluv

.r,r,rirt ttr gr,rtrruir( t,)ttt

rrisr,r,irrue

t f I. V. V r I Ir'rt, ttrl. rtl., p. '.|05. I V. lf t'ii lt rl lt l, /r',; t)Jtl,tt:;tltt)tt:i lirtilrtt:;ttrlttr':;,1tt yt'; linguisIitltrc gtittrirltlr:", (lt]trt'rllr:rllil, li]rr:1, p 4l 4tl'
119

,,1')1;';11isrIr:

lera sau i.birzia o cvr,lrr(,ir, :rlr,,.i.t:i cau2e ultirne se aflir irr rir[r""t u.oi lirrrSi tl;r1,,'' ryi irr lrtlrorIttrile acesteia cu ttcvoilo de comunioare alt v(,r.1)il,r;r.i1,,r.,'irr.o o folosesc. S-a allil,irl, rrii influenla slavl asrrpllr lirrrlrii |()rrtine a jrrcat utr rol tltr scitrtti ir g|ril,il ln nd.sLrarca ncrrLr.rrlrrir si ,:i srrbsLraiul rotllilrri, Irr lo i,':,:. I urr:rli lim;i irr i;;;rf"";rea limbi i bulgirr.,, tr-r-r {:rrl,('ll()r'rrl i us1'crlrtltt lr irrir.r,, ufro-f JrIirr cuirea. in limbile timUuiui, Ca si sinciebismul t,uzurilot' itt rrtr,'l'' rlirr rri ('ril{' limtri au' fost' atr.ibuite in[luen!ci linlhilttr itrtlo trttr'ol)trrr(]' --^ f"1" p"i"eqte forrna 4e evol'!ie a,oaL0go.i i l'r' gr tr trrrtl, i.tt l* s-ar ndrea CI, in un0le OAzuri, arO IOC O migoulrl itt ctlt'tl, tr ...roriir" la lormcle i'i{,iale. Astfel de la stadiul itt cat'c tttt ;;tJil-;; gramatical se ajunge la faza in care limbi-lc ,l.Fi con'trulesc"un numflr yaria"bil i1e genuri. Ulterior, u'ele.din oi"'o"t pierde dislinclia grarnaticaltr a gcnului, prisfrlnd doar sufixemo!ionalc. De asemcrri' s-a v;izuL.t5' p9 planul t,st'.ort?c] limbii, categoria aspecLului prccedc catcgorla tllnpulul' In cursul istoriei limbilor irrdo-curopcne -oPozr!'.a .dc asp.ect a trecut pe plan secundar, locul prirrcillal rcvcntttd opozlltet temuoral'e. Tobugi unelc linrlri (r'rrsit, lloofir('flca) au revolrlL .ottJtlgfil'll. la ripozitrii aspecbualc dorrrirrnrttr, lrr sislt'trtttl rlc rltl r.ott{ittttl.rrlrri 1i .nrtld.ul Dac5.'se !inc seama de evolul.iu lrlliolcB(t tt't'lrttle lrlcsl [t'I rlrr exerttplt'1c formelor, orSanizaie a irr slri*rlri, ttrt fel rl. ;"".;;;;;;ind n" o evoluii" ltt t'c.rr'.r'itlirr lirrrbilt' Irt'tl.t'ttrr us'.r'Lttltlrr ;;;il a negatiei. l-ormelc lr'grrl,' lr, ,r',ziIii lutttoigul'ie cle slnt ."^iln|t'nou, ,""""
porale.

V(rortllrrlrrlrtl cort[,irrcrt,,l,,t,t,',,1',',lil'r'1'r'rr1ilrl,'rrrrrrrnisttlrttHlttrt:1,
s0tnillll,l(1. lsl,olilr lrlrt'l ilor' 'lrl 'u'otlrit l cr;l'r' ;trrl'lll tril'ot tlr l't'o1rl'rtll't llrr tlil'ct',,trl,i0t.i, i;tr.lrIr,lrl, lrl'or'r.tl :lI li,lrtr)ilt1r'r, 111 Iltz,tr tlttttltttittit rlr'lrrr 1'lr1l;, irr lrrrrr'[;1' 111r 11lvl! l,oltt'r irt r't'lt: rttlti rlrlllll,r'llrrrlrt lilnl)il rr rlr' I tlrttl rrl,tttr'lrlr'll r'1. rlr,zV0ll,;rIir lrl ylrlr|l,r.rtl lrrl l'lrr'lill rlg y6r'lritl lt,'' lttit, lt't izt'ttztt ltt lrr lrr{rl trtttll,r' Ittttttll'ttt t. trt t ttlt'F'ot tt tttt,t lol,,p't,'l! ttllll'. li0ilS lrtXir:ttl, ltttrrrt,it,lttttl,;tr'l.tltt

comltnu irr r:eclt lrt It'ivrrsltr It'itrt,'1,'11o11i1 ,tlsPr'r'L_rt ryi se deosobeso rnai atcs sub aspeoLrrl tttot'l',rl,rHir'. lrr[r-adcvIr, ele re('oIIt,inut nolioxel) f lecbii accleaEi aspccLe aln rr,:tlit.iIir ('ir'l'r {'rr sau cxprim[ lrr^Irazl alllcrr;i tttp'rr'l ttti, iur din punct de

Oal,c

l)rin irirlili [or.lrrrrli. l,]lc

rrrr

irr,lrr,,'r'rr,.lrrnlrr

l,r'ris;1l,rrri

tii care

! pfrfi ils vor' unet decursul ln formal qi funclional biro s-au diferen!iat t'recut' ln le urmlrim cil Cu ihdelungate. foarlo nerioa,le cvo[;-;ii;;,;';rrul lor csl.c"tnai mic, iar ln lirnSile pul,in tt:o-grul{|x r'lltsc i lrt vocabularulu luuIo de asLizi $(,lr{lr,ilr'ca estc abia lu lrrccput. corrstfttririlc acosl,oa ittt rltttl -oii.ur" ircsc la e urre'luzia'ctr, irr fazelc lui celc rlrui vc|lri, f mod in
Claselo de cuvinte cunosoute sub numcle dc

vol. lII, nr. t, 195/r, PP.33-44' 2 S. M I a cl e n o'"i'iiJniriti tt*

Leipzig,
120

lAl.Graur,Genulneutrutnrotntinelte,,,Lirnbarolttanl..,
1929, PP. (-5.
butgurischen sprache, l3erlin-

vcdele'sin[acLic intlrrIlirrr'sc itt 1'r:"1"'z' I ir" irr gcnera]t func' aDar identi.ic r,,,, rrs,,r,i,'i ,,ii L0rr|r. 'i rr 1,()&[e limbilel. lnlre as1,ccl,ul lcxical, ccl sirrt'rr.l'i. t .r'l rrrot'.1'oktgic ql pdr1,ilor clc iorbirc exisIii () st,r'irrsir lr,llrrlrrIrr rrr |rrlrt[,ii rlrl tlcpendcnl,r-r.Asl,frl.t,orrLirrrrLrrlscrrr;\rrlicrrlurruttttvlttl,illrlrrrlisptrlO trtt irlt:ctt tltl 1r",,1.,,,,,,t,,,,,,i1:i frrrrrr['io rrittlit''l'ir';r (irr lrr;rot'l' tttrttttl'tt tlrl 'oxyrlirrrrrl,), i111' [11rr1r[,.i, sirrl,rrr.l,r'ir ir;r'r'r'tzt'ttzti '1i0ir1,,, rrottsitlIt'lt t::t l)l()( ('rlrrl rlrlIr'r'rr{'rcrii ltlrttls,rr"s. S,, , 'ttsl,il.ttit.tt ft'rrz.i li,,,,r,l,r ,,',r,,uirrl,rrl'r' lrr.r.lrrr . rl.rl,rr. r'rt t,,r,,,1,i ttrttll, rl(] rrrr rrrr,rrrlrrjrr. lrr I'rrz|1il r'r'lc ltttli v{lr'lri, r:ltrtl lirrrlriltg{}:rllri irrslitrlirrl iTollrrrl,,$rnfluIir()l){}ztlicglrrtrlrrl,itrtrlrl ( lnl,r'('! (rttvitrl,r'rtll,rr :l{'l'l'll rlilll'rrr:l'il'ir- ) ttrtIlttt'trItt slttlt: str ltllll irrll'rtrt rtl,ttrlttt Ioitllrr _ltrtr;roittt. irrt,ilr|(,;1,r, ln lirrrl,i :rtlrrl,r, tlrlttstt lrr,lrrrir,irrlr,r'llr'ltrlr't'rltttlltllo lr,l lii irr;rcr,r;l l,r,ol,irlril rlc A. S0rrrrrrcr.lrlll, rlrrr lirrrlilr rrr.rrrrl,ir rtnrlr. (rr,)/lr lltnrlurtt.ttir, tlttpii gttttt,t:K1,, ,,1tt1tltl"' ltlttl ',lt tttt'l l"t", /'4 ,,t'ii irs", ,,{t hliatt ryi ..lu'cru LiriaL", irri'il,itrl ttsl,tr,,14ttttt'ir" stttl ,,trtlittt:", dupI cum e " cuvjlrL dcLcrmirraI slrtl tlt'tt'r'ttrittrtttl':anumitS funclie til;;;i";, specializarea cuvitrt'(rlor' lrrt'r-o la ele a unOI cateirl,irs*rt,it urmnre drept sintacticd a ivut ll.ot,ii mor,Iologir'c st]ccili(1c. lilt'rrr('rrtrrl Jrotiiritor in separarea lor irt frazrl. Caracn;:,;"lii n plt,'gito. do volbilc u losl, l'uttr['irr(l(!.rrt'ld() Ir(rrltijlocit r:rrvlrrt,.r r..i u ;;;,l;ii,;, drurirat,icalr-r I tif. r'lisprrrrsrrrilrr rlrrl.tr rl* rrrltjot'il.ltl.lt lrltI'l,ir i;'rrr.r.t,'i,','t,.ltl -t'll,1l:,.:f llt Il'ol)lrtlllll: s:rst:1,':t (jorl14t','s itll''lllirIiotlill;rl Irrrtlr'illtlor (l':ttt:;' l1]/'8)' lirrrlril,r" l'ttl'rtt.t' t:ottttltttr li* i"l'i ,,"i.itiiutt'g"r'ii r':ilt sr'r('urut'lln:; (l'utt I('t[Itt'tlr tqpt ur' 2 Lo lrnrgue ii hr sotirttl'sttt irrtt'r' chutque, Oslr-r, 1l)lttt, 1t. 7''1
11
.

721'

sintactic[1. Aceeaqi nof irrnr: poate li exprirnal,ii prirr rlivolso pdr!i de vorbire (de cx. ntr:r.s qi a merge), dup{ crrrr itcccitsi par'[e de vorbire poal,c tlxpt'ittrrr obiecte, insuryiri sart itll, i tt tr i (tx. masd.,' frurnuselc, I'rr 11ri). P5rlile de propozi(,itt irsi rrt'trcilzS forme dc cxplirtrlrl{r l)t{) prii, astfel incit,-prcdioaLrrI sc sllecializcazl trit vct'1,, sttlrit,,, tul - ca substantiv, atribuLrrl * ca adjrlrrl,ir" lrrrttr(rlirl Hirtl pronume, iar circumstan{,ialele-ca advtlrlrtrlr. 'l'r'tlt1r(,lr tttot'lrr iogizdrii pdr{ilor de vorbire, a scplriirii lor. I'olrrlrlc rlplrirrrl. nu numai de nivelul goneral al linrbii ryi rrl girrrlilii, r:i si rlrr tipul structurii morfologice a limbii' Ea esLo lu ttrt rtivrrl t'ctltrs inlimbilc izolarrt,e, in timp ce tn limbile llexicltarc ca'"0 IIIi\rcatri irr modul cel mai clar. Mult dezbdtutd a fost problema cronologiei pdr{,ilor de vorbire, pus5. adesea in forrna: ce parbe de vorbire s-a creab mai tntli? Este evident cd, in acest fel, tnsugi modul de a pune problema este eronat. Nu putea sd. se creeze.o singurd parte de vorbire, aqa cum nu poate sd apar5. un singur gen iau un caz. Cdci dacd o parbe a vocabularului s-ar fi specializat ca parie de yorbire, rcstul ar fi devenit q-i el, prin opozilie,-tot parte de vorbire. O ascmenea abordare_ a problemei se explici prin limitarea discu!,iei fic numai la cril,erii lexicale, fie numai la cril,erii morfologice, oonfundindu-se astfel originea pdrlilor de vorbire cu insirryi oliginea lexicului sau cu.inceputul marcdrii formale a. unor cuvintc specializate intr-o anumit[ func[ie. Mulgi cercetdtori,'intre care qi NI. Br6al, au sus!inut cd vorbirea a fost inilial alcltuit[ numai din pronume, intruciL acestea se intilnesc in cele mai multe limbi qi reprezintd o categorie lingvisticd atit de importantd, incit e greu de concepu*t vreo fa;d a limbii fdr[ existenla lor. Pronumele s-ar fi creat instinctiv qi ar fi fost la origine un inso{,il,or al gestuIui. Ultcrior, ar fi aplruL opozilia dintre pronunrc Ei rcstul lexicului3. ln[rrrciL la o anumiL[ pcrioadir PLor'rrrnrcl0 nrr ft mai putut fi folosil, singttr, ln jurrrl ltri s-atr ct'rlitl, sttltsl,itrtI'rrrrc{,iir
nau,na

din sensul lrri, r,i rlin

tltllll ,,trl,,ir,,r'i,r {rtttt(}ltr'ttl.lt llttlt lt( ('i1l lltttttr', r'lttttl itt lottttt:ll'tli ltl'r'11r1t'tr' {' l.'t'rtlttlttt"lt'r'.or ttliri ;rrtl,irr Ir'olttlrlr',ll)()l,r'zil FTtIj]ll,ir. lrt trtt it ;llrlttlll rlr' lrr lrt llrllll'll lrrrrlrirjrrhrr. 1rr lt,lrrstr;ri1i,,tr1tlrl l)trr.;r li1 ilr{,r,1,,1' lill} itr.r,iil 1111t,( llt,tttll r'tt l;r'tt:l tlt'ttrllt', ittttl ttl'ttttIl lt Irttil'ltl, {il,0ltto ltlr. Ilr'til,trlttt, , ttttt 1't0lr:rlrtl .t'"t lrt tttt rlr' ;';rt(t 'l'' r'rttlrttr'' i,r,,,r'llir tlt'o r';tl('rI()t tr' lrrt,:tllt (]11 lil N'ltrl(, rrrlri ttttrttrll,rlri ltittl, i,'t't 0l;tIttt lt t:rtr' { illllll(l(ltil ( irirtlrrtl,icri irrtliotri, t(rrl)llliilrrr tltlltt(rl(! irrr sl,lrl vorlrilii baza grCci Si scr1i1,i e ,)rrsirlgr.irrr lii 1l11r1rrl,cl1 pt'itttgt'tlillc alO vOrasernlnltoare 6irii d,., fosL riitliici*ilc vcr.brrlrr- l,rr o rrrcmbrelc unice ale s-a sil,ult lI . Schuchar:tl[,, t,rtt't,;rlit'rrr;t 'ri 'ozit,ic

l,ivr., lrrl,icrrl'ivt', r'r'tlrr'. |):r' ri Ir'ill ll()tlllllr(' sc lrl['rrlrrgc irirli

frazei prirnil,ive au fosI tlo ttltl,trt'ri Vrrt'lrrtlrir. Sc conlunda in ura*"ti"u tcze prediclal,ivit,ul,0ir, clcrrrcrrl ('srrrrIirrl.al vorb-irii, cu vcrbul ca oiategorie rn<lrl'ologi,';1- 1't'tt ltozi['ic opusl,s-a situaL in ant,ichiLalc N'L'l'erc,rl,itts Virlr',,, r:tt itt t'Itttr'll trrclclernd w. wunclt,, carc corrsitlc1.i111 r'ii voIlrir',':r rr Iosl, rrrililrl crlrr-

A. A. L c o n t i c v, Boettunnaettt.Le u. ttellott(tttaJl'btLoc puJatttttu( n. 10Cr. t V.'M. J i r mu nsh i,O npupo\c qocnteii Pc'|urLLutt;t'accul)tt' Naquu, in vol. ,,Bonpocr't reoplrl{ 'lacreii l)o'lll llit l\'tll'l'optlaJIc tlSIrl(olt paBrrr{rrubrx'r'rrnol", Leningrad, 1965, pp. t 5. - s.Essai de sCmantiquc, l'aris, {924, |. llt:1
1
.

agluIinarea ]a ele a pronuruolot' l].1's1)rrillr':r. Penl,ru a in,Lelegc lelul curn s-illl (rl('irl' lrt ttrtr'lr.' Irrt{r- rlrr ,rorbi.O trebuie'sI plrnim de lir ()lrocir irr r';tt'r' ll.r i, trl c rrl,'rrl,rril, din cuvinbe raclicale, nedeoscbitb lttt'tttit;. |11 llrrzrr lrirtrlrrrlrlri se opun sub aspect siutacli0 (Irvirtl,rrl r:ltt'r':ttt't'rtl ,1,' strlritrr'1, si cil care este prcdi.at,. NlultI vr,{rr.{! ,1,,,2i(i:, rlirrl,r'rr .trlt:.it ttuLub ti exprimatd nurnai pl'irr irrtottttlit' 1i LoIir:ii, ill)or lll'lIl iompliniri iexicale, in per,i,irrlir lrr .rr.r, r'rrl,.g,r'iiltl g.amafunclia iili";; aflau la incepuLu.il. lrr,. S.rrsrrl l.xical-;i condrept avut au l,trt'rtrrrtti doi a c;lor 4iferitd sintacticii *..i"il "t"ru..o, la fieoare tlirr ci, ir.'or c*tcgorii gramaticale specifile. Depcnderrt,a oriqitrar.tj lr girl,qggr'iil,t' !-ll'ittttlrl irraltl fle func{,ia silrt.iri'1,i,'i ,,',1,,v,',lil.:i 1,r'ill :ti t'r'll '':r, itt tltrtll" lirrrlri,. ori|c' attvltrl, r'tr lol rlr'Pr.rrrlir,lrl, rlolrirrrltslc r:ltl,r'11ot'l;t l)ol'soll.llolt (lilro ryi rrrr a s. ;t.rtl,:1:r l'i llr ,i.itlirr. rt .rtl,'l"rt ir' :t

sLifuitu rlitr ttutrtc. AccsL punot clc vctlcrc a fOsl, irrrlrr.rr(ir,rrrl rir ,ll| rrl(r ,( {'r'{ t' b[tOri, cire it sus!,inCau orr al'gltilt(]lrlrrl r':r, irr rtrrrll,,' lirrrlrr, Iormeie verbale sc crecazii lltl llltz:t lt'tttt'l.t rr.ltrlllitlr" Pt ttr

't''''lir':rl'i'rl'i{'ii

l"'trt l'tttlt'ttt(l;t(ttt thr uLlgttrtt:i'ttcrt lirtrttr, lltti,,tt ,\',-ltttlltrrll ,\7lrr,/r,r,isslrtsclt.,rlt, rrl. I I :r, llrrllr', l1))11, 1r :lill' t ll,. U a r. ir c ( 1., !'ltr L,tL,,ilic,t I /'.ssrtt7s, l,olrdra, 1859. I
123

L22

sit,rrrr(,ia in limbi amerindicnt,, samoode etc,, urrrlrr irrlcscir rrrrrrrr'lrr predicaLiv are qi t.irng,. ln.trucib l,ormcrrii pl',rpozi(ici sc rr[]i ln leg[turi strirrsr,, r,lrl.irgoriile ata;ate la ouvirrl,rrl-srrllicct, (numdr-, gerr, rrncoli pi rrrrz) slnt transferate prin acor.rl ryi lu ouvintul pt'cclittrrl,, rr;,ri irr,,li, multd vreme ei continul sii nrr se deosc-bcas,.ii l,,r.rirrrl. lrr acelagi timp, categoriile spcci l'ice predicatu l rr i, r,rrr.c sc r:orr s l,i. tuie,treptat,.pe mS.sure ce qcesta igi sprrcirrlizcrrzri r.orr(i, nul,ul semantic pentru a denunri un l)l,t)(.r's, n rr sirrl. I.r.lrrisferate asupra cuvintului-srrbiect. ln felul acesta se rcalizeazl ,1i tlifercrrIa forrrrrlii rlirrlr,c cuvintul-subiect, devenit numo, gi cuvintul-prcdicaL, dcvenib vorb. D-upl cum obseryt A.A. Potebnea, direcfia principald ln evolu!ia propozi!iei indo-euro;rene a conitat- in iritdrirea distincliei dintre nume Ei verb, prin concentrarea la verbe

vcrbului. Aga o 1i'osl,rizi

lrtri,, trfix,1,, ;,lrrlrrl lrlrrltrr r,trr,,,, ryi v,,r'1,,r. Crlgirrrl ttici cxcrltplrl ltt: " Itrr ltr tttt,tt i. ,, prrryl,rr" ,,r,1 | r,1 ltlr'r'rtt'l ti" httlttl tttttti ! ,,1)ttfl,t". r,('i lf tttttti.si,,t'l ttt' trtlr'p1r"' ,,tt t'l rr tt'tt" l)rt tt lllt'll.tst | ,,1'l lll' lllt'l fil'" ,,ttt'ltrtt't" ltttrt I
I
1 111 1

'[rr

Opozilia nume-verb se gdseql,e, cel pulin in formele ei incipiente, in toate limbile de pe glob, ea-constituind ninimul de structurd, gramaticald, intllnit qi in limbile izolante. In cursul evolu,tiei lor, chiar in condi[iile reducerii forme]or flexionare, limbile pdstreazd o oarccarc distinc!ie intre aceste
dou5. clase2.

a predicativitdlii1.

Cercetdtorii au remarcaf adesea idenlitatca salr asemdafixe la nume qi verbe, ca dovadl a originii Ior comune . J. Vendryes semnaleaztr yraralelismul fralianb din arabd intre cele trei cazuri ale rrumelui (subiect - obiect direct - obiect indirbct) qi cele trei moduri ale verbului la aspectul imperfectiv (indicativ corrjunctiv - trebuie raportatd -condi{,ional). Existen,ta unor afixe comune nu insd in toate -cazurile Ia perioada separdrii primare a numelui qi verbului; ea se poate datora acordului, fapt carc explicd de co se lntilneql,c mai frccvent la categoria riunrirului. f!-rcrnple numeroase de acesI fc] rrc ofcrl lirnbi]c tglrrt,irrrrrrl,c (ugr,ofinice, turco-ttil,are eLc.). ln unele dialectc Iinczc cx isl,ri rrrr
narea unor
espo-neticmuhu,,,14orecrlrxArragerulrra HayH C C (l I,", rrr. iJ, lgrr0, p. 7i|. t 4. M e i I I e-t,-,Sur lescaractdresduenrbe,lrr vol.,,l,irrgrrisl,irlrrc -. histo^rique. et Iinguistique gdndralc", Paris, 11)21, vol. I, 1r. til, E. Sa p i r, Language, New York, 1921, p. 120.

,,voi iubi!i". Existefga genului la vct'bc str lrottt,tt cxplica ln unele limbi prin acord, iir in altelc pt'irt ttttt,irrioriL{tlne Bau simultanei' iatea constituirii genulrri gt'ttttrttl,irrtrl I'rr[,ri de. sopararea formald a celor doud ptirf,i do vttrbit'c. nume-verb ser ittl,tlrtrst,rr ltt tlct'ttl''rtrl isl,oriei lim-' Opozi!ia -pe mdsura consbituitii tl i vttl'rrr, lot' r'trl,l13rri i grumaticale. bii" Inmul,tirca rnijlotrceltir dc rl i Irrl'lrrr ['iorrr l'ot'rrrrr lri ttsl'tr t) oonsccinld h translornriirii s[,]'rirrl,rrlii rrror'lolol1ictr. tlc lt tipul izoiant la cel aglrrfinurrt, gi, tltr ltirri, ltr lcl l'lcxiottttr. Prin irrsrrrsi colt['irttrl'rrl slirr llx irrttl rrlrsl't'rrr:t' r:nlil'rtt'cn privitiL in sirro, ilttlttPtrtttltrttl, rl0 olrir.r'1, tlrlJotll,lvrrl str. tlovetieEte a l'i o 1raIl,o rlir voIlri|t: (:rlr(' $ ll rll.sltlirrn.r'r'lrrl,iv l,lrzirr dilt irtrrnc, oPtlrtitttltt-t+rr sttlr$l'ttttl'ivrrlrri' l't'olrltrltttt gollozol lui e rnai clurt"t, lrrt,r'rrrrlt, trt'tt lotl ltt trllrtrri tttttt t'otlutll,t). rrrr I'ol irrrlror,l,rrrrl, rrrr jrrctrt, rtln[,iilo 1., creAreu itrijcr'l,ivrrlrri -rlcl,rrr.rrrirrririi. N4rrlt,ii vt'rtrtro, rlrrl,trrtttittttrou sintacLico ulc urrui nurnc s-a rcirlizrrl, lrrirr rrpozi(.itt tttttti ttlt, ttttltttt, rlll)OrIUrile dintrc tlcLerlrrirrirl, si rltl,tllrrinrrrrl, r'r.ilrrirrrl rlirr ullllurareA sensurilor lor qi a Lr-'|icii li'rrr' (l11lrr' ttttri vtr.lri.rrdjotlt'ive slnt' sub aspecI lexioal, aoclou trttt'tr tltrrivti rrcrrr ijlocit dintr-.un subsLanIiv, puLind expl'ilrrit rlll rrrrrrriri srrbsIan!a, dar qi o lnsuqire a ei. Unele din asentcltoil llltIIIo, folosite fr.eqvent ln aceeaqi funclie, devin cuvint,o el,ulotr ale comqaraliei,.iar ln faza in care gindirea olrrului aj urrgc sii dtrsprindd insugirea ca o rrof ittnc aparl,e, clc iryi prtlciztlttzt't st'ttsttl. Aqadarr. adtr .jrrrr[,iy11l, r,r,cirl,'1rtr lruzn l'rrrir,1,irli sirrl,rrct,it:c

solo voast,r'ir",

firrrlrrr Lurrrir lr,rrr,,r'rrrrr Ltt" rlt,t'ittt,lrr Ilrrrrtl rvitLi.z ,,t',tt' itu' .sr'r,t'l.$t/t,,l,tt irrlrlnl,i" r' lrr Plrrlrrl sl vttt'sittiz

rlrrt,tlrtnitrtrrii, re-

r S. D. Kaf nelson,

Ifpoepecc

rLabLNa

0 notill.crul.tlu,r

u.trt)o-

irlczirrl,r'i l,ol,orlrri,ii l'rrzttll,irl,trlrrnprrrriLi"rl,ii rlc rt rlrlulrrirrde lnslrryili rrlrr olrir,,,l,clrtt' Jrc lrttztt rroltllrttt'tt[,itli2.

I ,f . V l tt rl r J' {r s' L,' lungrtl4t:, l'alis, 1924, 1t' 1lr0' I V. V. I v lr tt o v , I'rutrttllttutt t'l)(t,u.MQrttatqcct;oeo clnloJa pAccnoeo r,!t,Lt;u t Nlost:ttvlt, 1 1)(i0 , p. l-ril
.

t24

125

bire do srtbst,itrrl,iv, irici strrtsul lcxical propriu se forrnrlitzit relaliv Lirzirt. Aryrt ctrttt rrttt itt'it,at, adjectivttl tt ftrttc{,iorrirl, mult,rt trrclno prisLlirrtlu rsi strrrsrrl nurrtolui tlitt tlitt'tr s-lt tltrs-

fl,r;i ,,it,,, lrrir'[,i ,1,, r',rll,it'o, rrrJjectivul se distingc prin tr'Isiit,uri lcx ic;rlc, sirtl,;rrl,irrc ;i rnorfologice. Spre dcoso-

ajuforul compara{ici inLrc dotti ttutttr';l !rtt'r' s'' zi''t';t "( ir piatra", iar rotund,,,ca luna". lrllr-o Iirttlrli rrrr,lltrrrrzi;rrrii rlirr lrhipelagul Bismarck numele de ctrlori $tr t't:tllttt 1rt'itt tltrlrttmirije unor obiecte purl,d[oare ale culolilor (tlc trx. lrtlttlt'tt

SinL qi ast.Izi lirnbi cal','rrtt art ajutts sJ-si lt'rrlzt rrrl.ir:' livr'. Despre limba tasmanianii s-a atirrnab oit t'trrlrt irrsrr;ililc crr

prrns.

limbi mai evoluale.

ln timp

negru se folose;te subsbantivul ,,corb"). AccsL pt'otlcrltltt clc exprimare se iritilnegte gi in lazele cele mai vcclii alc urror
ce separarea

al evoluliei giridirii, 'flexiune

separarea
de

lrcndenl,[ de slrucbura rnorfoscpaiarca izolante limbile ln logic[. .corrcepLuall a adjecl,ivullui este inso,titl mai ales tlc artr.rrrtil,e Lrhshturi sintactice. Astfel in iimba chinezl adiccIivrrl sc tlcostlbcqLe <ltl strbsLantiv prin faptul cd poale juca rol rlc lrlcdicaL (avind irrsuryiri apropiate ile cele ale'verbcl.r) , sc ,,irL. irnJrirrir rtrr ..git(,itr ba, poate crea verbe prin irnbirrtr'o ()u rrrr0ltl rn0r'l'crrr0 (cx. yltloltt't do, ,,ittare", dala ,,a cresl,e!'), i1r rtltirrpligiLt'clt ltl'rr itirti ol. t'ctltt. irr l,irrrlr de SUperlatiV (eX. man /ne,n,,,fon|10 irrc0l,"), lrt vtrr'Ittr irrI tlisl,r'ilrrrl,iv, plicarea la substantive are I'ol rol inLensivr. ln u'ele limbi aglutinanLe l)roLios'I rl.s'r'irrrlc'ii adj'cLivului se afl[ abia in faza lui incipicrrLri. S-a obscrt'at;' astfel' cd ln limbile bantu adjective propriu-zisc sint pulirie, iar irr multe cazuri exprimarea calit5lii unui obiect sc realizeaz[ prin alte pl'ocodee: printr-ttn substarrt,iv allsLracL (ex' arborele estc ,idri,nt sav omul r:stc putcre), PIirrl'r-rtrr srrbslanLiv cu prepozi[,ic (0mul cslc cu putcre), pr,irrtt'tttr t'rtIot'1, iLl,r'ib:oLtv (omul, ui.clii -. onnil viu) sau l)ritI ll'alIsl'orIIlitl'()il st)bste in mare mdaur[

lexicall a adjectivului este un indice lui-lormali prin afixe sau

mantiotr a urror verbc irle calitil Liir. In lintbilo aglutinante a cilror islolic poirl,o l'i rrrrrrilil,ii 1tc o lrtrt'ittatlir lrrtri llrtlclurtgut,ii sc ollsct'vri I)t'()oosrll rlc cortl,ill1l;i ;11rpltl'itt'rl rt rrrljtlrll,iv.ttltri iru o 1l;tll,o rlc vot'lrit'rr rllosr'lrilri. ["r'ttottttrrlrrl lr l'osl, llrrrir:riH ltt lirrrlrilrl rrglp-l'irr i,,rl qii I'rtt'r'1 l rrl,;tt r'. I'r l rrr,l,i, l.ttt'rrii vrttrllrr nrr cxis{,lr o rlil'r:r'rtt(lr Iot'tttrtlr'r lrrl,r'r'littlrltlttttl,ir', ltrljrrr,l,iv Hi irrlvcrlr. (luvirrl,r,lc lrolirir,rrrlrtrl,i,'r', lolorrrl,r,t.rt ltt rtttlrltl,trrrl,ivrr 'irr lirnlrrr 1i c;r lrrl.jcr'l,ilc, sirrl, in 1,r',.zr.rrl Irr.[ irrr,. l,] lr.girrl, r,r'r'lrr r:tt;tl'ttttlJttt lrrrrlrtl. Iltltltt ryi ittl sl't'rtcl'ttt'ii ttr';ttr;llrzrrlrillrtr' lrr iatt,t s-a irrt,iilil, l,rrttrlirrl;t t t't'ltt ti rlc lrlrx('rrlIr'( rlrlrr rltljrlrrl,ivttlrl. PersisbI insii anurrrit,0 lirrril,irr.i sr,rrr;rrrl,ioc irr cc privcryLe lrnbinarea ad,iecl,ivclor dert'ivttl,o r,tt rrtttttttit,tl clasc de substantiveAsbfel oal . ott;ttt,,ittLcligrrtrl," rlct'ivitl, tlr: la akil ',minte", s.e Doate im6ina cu subst,itttl,ivc itl t,rtt',tl scrrs adrnite apest epiie t (ex. adam attilti,,t)ttI irtt,rrlillr'rrl,"), rlrrt'.tttt poate fi fglosit figui'at sau rnclal'oI'ic lirrgr"r ot'irrl Ir'l rll rrttlrsl,itttt,iv- Mai'-perSiiti fOlOsiroir llnOt' srrl'ixc |{)ltiltil(, 1rr,nlIrr rrrrlrsl,itrrt,iVCle qi adjr-'c:L ivclc tlcvtl'brt l, i vrl:r $i irt l'irz,,l,l vtlrrlti ltlrr Pt'ol,oi1ltltt t'ttl,P('\llr'1, ''ltttl tttt llr: t:ott$l'it,tri',scsl,r'rrr,l,trlit ci lltxi,irrltt';r, rtrl;,'r'1.t,''il ,11, lotttttt lttt ii o Ittt'l,tr tl6 V()t,lli'rt rlt'9s1lril,rr. l1(l() r,qt{rl)t,rrtlrl rr rllt rtr.' ()llll Itilr'ttl, t:l,iItt rlc ltlor.rl lrr it t.t.i.ltn{);lil('ilt.l)luittr';t lrrr llllt',r 1,t't'tlrttrlii I'0lirl,iv I,irzir,. (]rrvirrlr,lr,r'1; lrttrr'l,tl rlr'lcttttttrrrl ivit trl t'ltlt'lttl ,l,ittt irtsrtsiri rrrt lt,'rlr'rrrtr'lrt'lttt ,1,' :,,tl,tlltrtltvl tlll l l,l'ltllltltl'i, rrrir:i lrr.irr ll('rirrrr,,. l)rrr Ir|ll{,1, (l(\ r,r,rl,.r'r'rr.ilr]rtll,rr', rrtljl,r,l,ivglc s lt1 (t('ltl, 1r1 llrz;r rrrrlrr,lor'{{tlr' r'xl)tlttl{ltt, lrr ttr,rllttiri l,itttp, ltttlr:ll,lrrr(;r rrt,'ltltl;tlcit Irttl';lr'lltolltll'rr. Sl pitrrr cii prtt'i' t,rt,lrt s,'t,t,t',iltt lot' lot'tttlrll t' lllill I ilzr,' rlr', ll lot'tttltt't:tt gt'ltlr'lirrllr'prr'llir/..r llllrilrrt'rlrll.i"rl,ot'i rlclor.rlrlcotttpltt';tIir';lttlrlr'lil cx.ist,rtrr[,lr gt,lirl.lrl rlr',.,,rrr1rrr':rl r. l:r rirrl'rl.;rrrl,tv. itt l'itzir voche 1,,.11;-1;111'olrcttr': rlr' ('r. I,';r'l ttl . v. sclrcdcr (de la a unor'lirnlli schude), zorncr (cltl lrr Zorrt)'t.
-

1 V. .M. Solntcv, Ilpo6neuu uactttcii l'letvu 0 NrtnQlu:Ho"tc trsbl'e 0 pa6ontan nu*riu"^ou Kitnan,,,I3onpoct't tlsl,Ilto3llltll'a", nr' 6,
1955, p. 110. 126

, r D. K eli I e r -M e y ttr, Zu.r(it'rtt:ttlttyliedcs Adjbkt-ius irn Bantu, '1It, irr tlad' rusd ln vol' ,,Afrikanische Studicn", llol'lirr, 11)51-r, p1r' 65 ,|1){;it, p l}15--i}21' ..A,lrprrt,atrcrtoo fl3btt(oslIillltrtl", Mttstlovit, , I,j. V. S t,v o r I i it lt, l( rt1t,t6.ncxt tttt(tttt'ii I)('L(a 0 lttnpNcliur' JLJr,Lt;d:t, ilt V0l.,,1]0rr[)o(:lJ t.l)iU\,|\Lt,t,ll,rc(]ri0l'0 c'r'1r01t", MrlStltlVlt, 1(il-15. 3 /f1. I. (l r tt rr i tt , Ilnst lll)u.tltli(LltlcrLt,lLt,( i tttto!)t;(:r:u:t; JLitLLl;(l':l' ,,llottltoct,t JIltt,lr{oilltilltl!,1" tll'. /r,11}55, P1r' 15ir iil ltrlll. c l. I). l(:r I rr tt ls. tt, llttttrtltut;tt-i 1tuilil'ilntu,cc,Itc ttt:cLtedttouLun,'{ol. l, Moscrtva-l,cttittgt'rtrl, I949, pp. 262'-26(i.
t27

:Limba indo-t'ttl'oprttlttti trttrttrt rtl nu cunoql,ca adjective primaro atema[icc; ciist,,i trtt tlttlttt"tr redus de cuvinte cu vo' ,cal5 tematic[ tlrtro 1rol, ii rrrrrloIi interpretate gi ca adjccl'ivtl, ,,u*. ct. copd6 .,carc ltrio", t'r].xd6 ,,care e trastt, $ct. uardfu ,,1tt't'' tend"ent",' Sohtill ,,sLrtrl tttril,ot". Marea majoritalc a lrrl.io|l ivelor propriu-zisc sirrL frirrrrtrLc cu sufixe, ccoa 0tl (tsl'0 trtt indiciri clar al apari!,ici lor rt,luLiv Lirzii. De altfel, limbile indo-curopene vechi -arr rrroyl,rr rr i l, ; r (,i rrI adiective din limba bazd. Din 320 de adjool'iv0 cttttscilttt;tl,tt
rr

care devin o categorie specificli adjeelivului rii udvcrbulut' Prin funcIia lui sinlacticrl , ltrtttrtrrtllttl se Ascttttti"tttt't ctt adjectivul., deoa.e"e qi el exprirrrir o dct,crrrtitrltro tt strbgt,trtt':'"; tiriului, Ei'".trr-" o dbterminare ctrrt'it'trl.i r',:i Plt" isi',.Jt', (:'| lir' lolrrl Zent nu Se Cunoaqte nici O lirrrbh tlo ltrr glolr {'irl'{'| lipsitI de numeialO, Ceea ce csL. ittt st:rttrt itl rr.t,rrsil,iifii aJostei categorii conceptualo trr' viit(,it trrrrri rr'ltrtrl,iv. Irr timp ce deter"minarea cafitativil sc poal,0 oxPI'itttit.tr.vl'trttttt tltrs tul de indelungitd prin apozi(,iil rrrrrri rrrrttttt, tlol,trt'tltittllt'ttit r:trvitttr: avirtd.tr numericd trn p|ate fi exprimatd det'iL pLul dc rrttmlr.csLe 'r'irt sens numb.rul] De aceea, poatc, dcsi t.t,t-Ioe abstract, el iqi afl{_exp-r.imar.ea ltnp;vtsLtcd' proprle mal rcoede declt conceptul caliLdtii. ' Din punctul de vedere al con{,inutului, evolulia numeraltlIui a c6nstat ln desprinderea sa de obiectolc 4eterrninate cu carc inijial era giniit lmpreun[... Acest [)rtr(lc$ l,nrliuie si^ fi durat mii de anii. Urrnc aie slhrii ln oaro nunlofirlrrl orir glnr Difcrentelc in flt-:xiune sinf cu tottrl ,Jngl ilul,ilc' r,,Pcntru'a numilra estb nevoie nu nurtrai <l,r obilc{,tr cal'o s(j lr)l t'ittrl numei'i. fl31 gi tlc c0pc('il,atea de a f at'r' ulrslr:tr'Lio, atuttrri consideii aceste obicctc, de toal'c celclalt" firsuqiri l)e .( urr'. lu :tll ^Ill afar{ de numSrul lor, iar acqas[h capacitate t'ste rczultatul uller Ill128

de"A. Ernout gi A. Meillet in di0{,i0n0r'rrl rrl,irrrologi0 lrrtin, numai apioximativ 35 au fosI irrlj..l,i'.. irt. irrrl.euroneanS. iar^ aproximativ 98 s-au cl'0i\l' llr litl'irrir (r{l tlin riitlrlcini indo-eulopcne. adieitive "ln istoria limbilor indo-europene vechi se observi"r lcndinta de separare formald a adjectivului. Un rol important a iricat aici genul. ln latinl adjectivul e deosebit de substintiv ournul prin 1aptul cI are gen variabilr. ln uncle limbi el a dobindit o tlexiunefdeosebitti. lnb5rirea distincliei fald de subs[antiv e realirdtn qi prirr gradcle de comparalie,

fo;rtte pul,irrc. Dosigrrr, csl,tt I't.rirr'lrr gr'ott rlr slrccil'ir:;rl, Pc c1r l,v'1111Jyl,ri n civiliza[,ioi {tl)ltr'o rnrnr(l'irlrrl. Sil,rrrr(,irr rlirr lirrrlrilc l,r'ilrrrlo rrrr csl,o scltttil'irrrrl,ivli , lrrl,r'rr,il,;rici rrr,:rlliirrr lorrr'lc rlr'lrru'l,r,rlo st,itt'cit Pl'irrrrrrri, iirt'l,t'ilrrrlill trriri lrrr(,irr lvoltt;rl,r'rrrrl'r,r'ri irr l'lrrcrr[,it ttrrot' colcr,l,ivil,;r[,i rrrrri rlcz.r,oll,irlr'. Ilrrrr rrr,r'r'r,l,ril,oli iur ornis Pii l'rllcrr cii rrrrrrl.r';rlrrl u;r (rl'r,!rl, i) rlrrl,i rrrr rr;rrrlil,irr scltitrtlrttlrrirlc lrriir'lrrli rri clr rr lttirl, r) ruur,rllzvoll,lrrrr lrr co. leotivitir[,ito (]ilr'o rJc ()('ulriur ('u r'r'r,rl,(.r'(,:r vil,r,lorl. l,'iini lt lrrcerca paralelisnre sarr r:orrtlil,iorrirli rlrr irrrr'sL 1cl, sc pouIe afirma totusi cI, spre deosclrilc rlrr rrll,c lrir(,i dc vorbire, evolu[ia numeralului a lost irr ccir lrrri nurrc ul;isrrrir determinatd nu de cauze lingvistice, ci rlc rrrrccsil,;'i (,ilc vic{,ii sociale. Aceastf, evolu{ie consbil in crcry[,olri1 l,r'cpl,rrlri rr r:lrrr{il,n(,ii de numerale si, o datI ctt accast,a, rt r'ottsl,il,rrirrir,r r pr,'r'l'lr'('iorriirji sistemeIor de nrunlirii t,oirto. Sint linrlli itt triu'c l'ot'ttri rllorrllrrl,rr rur nuln{ri Prirrrolrt r.ltlttd ttutncralc, iru' pcrrl,t'u t'csl i'ji' l)unr' ,,ulrrll'". Arrrr l rril,rrrr[,iir lrt trnelc l,r'ilrrrri rlr, irrrlilrri rlirr'l';rlrr rlo lor', r'lu(\ rrtrrllri lrrl,r'rrtr st,trrl irr l''ttt'l,r' ;tt'ltrt i, l)irr rrrlrl,rlltrlt'lrr trrlrttrrtl,r'rlc lr'r'r'r'1,:rl.olt lt'tt'lr, r'il tcl ttttti lttlt'ttrt silrryllrrsisl,t'ttttlcttutnrtrrl.oiu('r'irllir(r'lu,ttl,ttzrtrlot. itsotncilcit si:ll,crtt lritutl r'\ till;r l()r'nr ill)r'r'utl,' 1',,tt1,1 11 ,,1111t1" tri ,.rlrtitt, iltt'tlsl,rrl rrtttrt,'tltl,'1,,r',,1,, t',';'rrllr nrr lrr'r'tl tttttllt', Htt I'olrttcttz:i pc lrltzrt lot r\rrl I'r'l irr lttttlr:r :ttrtltrtltrtttrt lrt'l\rtltt I Itt'rrtttrr!,'r,,. It, lirrrlrilo Itrtrrrrrrrtitttrr, /r tt.i,ttlrt,,') lrt'tr, 'i ;tlt'rrl, l;t , ttt, r, lrr rrll.clrr pllrii itt rnorl pitlr sc rrtttnlit:r l)irl)uirsc i,, ry,tr,', iitt'1,cttl,t'tt tt'rtl, r'li'iil)rrtrrr.,rttttll,". lrr l'ol'rtrir lrli lirrrii, sisl,cutrrl bitritl sr, irrl,ilrrr'11,r'irr lirrrlri rlirr Arrsl,r'irlia, l)olirrezia qi Atttct'it,rt rlc srrrl. O datI cu crefLcroir rritttl,il,rr[,ii rlrr tttttrttrlilltt sisLcmul binar se dovedeEte prea grcoi. 0 rttirlrr t'iispintlilc au avut sistemele de numiirS.toare create pc b{rza r,lrlctrltrltti cu degetele cel quinar si, mai ales, cei dccirrritl. lrr rnull,c lirnbi numeralul 5 esle denumit cu sllbsban(,ivrrl ,,rnirri", 10 ctt ,,tlotri mlinitt, iar 20 sc spune ,,onr" sau ,,tttiitr i ;i lrir,iolu'rr".
11

dit lmprerrnii cu nrrmcle obicctulrri dc[orminat slnt

astdzi

dclungal,o rlozvoll,ili islrit'ir:r' l):rzrl{r l)(r ttxlrrlri.ltl,ir", 1.'. I,l tt g o I sr ArLt.;- l)iihrin l:, crl . 1 1){i(i, 1r. rr l. 1 \,V. S c lr rrr irl 1,, l)ir' ,\'prurhfturt.ililn untl Spraclutnkreisc der
"lJrde

, Ilciclclbcrg,

192(',, 1r. :|71

1.29

I r

Progresul in UmbI

lntr-o lirnbir lrolirrrrzirrrrrr rlirr Norra Guinee termenii pentru numeralo irr<.lici l'orrr'l,rr cllrl l'clrrlcum se numdr5.. Aici t: tarangeza ,,dcgct,rrl rrcl rrrirr rlc la rnina stingi", 2 : ttale, hina,d,egeLul urrrril,or"', il . ttdginleta ldna,,deg,eLul rrrijlociutt, I*: topcu ,,iIlit,riLor"', l;: tnand'a ,,degctr-rl Iniu'{)", $: gaben,,inCheicIrrra rrriirrii" cLc.1. In ]ilnbilc cscltitttosc numeralele au o l,imologic olaril. St,uditrl c()rrl)itlrrliv rtl limbilor esohimose volbibc irr Asia, Alasoir ryi (it'outtlitrtrltt a dovedit cd numeralele s-au oroal, in pclioltrlit trrtt'c 1rt'trltrrltt dezmembrarea Iimbii colnunc. Nurrtttt'itlclrr 1. -1) plovirr r.lrr la nume ale degetelor rniinii sau do lu pozi{irr lot': 1 -. atasilt,,degetul gros al rniinii sLingi" 1 5 : tul,iuutt -< tulilt. ,,nin5." ; 20 : iughtalt, provcnib din iult,,om" qi ina(lt),,1,o1,", ,,lntreg"z. Etimologii asemdndtoare se inttlnesc in rnulte limbi de pc glob. Lirnbile sernitice qi indt-r-eru'ol)elrc au, de la cele mai vechi alestdri, iistem decimal. Irr liuba conrunli indo-europeand sistemul de numdrS.toare era foaltc dczvoltat,. Nurneralele 2-'10 au fosl,.cuvinte cu serls cottor'oL, carc, lrltcrior, prin abstracl,izarea sensului qi schimbarca lrrno!ici, atr tlevenit numerale. Sensul lor originar ntr poal,c f i rcconsLil,r.rit,, dcoarcoe func!ionau ca numerale cu rrrtrll, l,irnp irrairrt,oa tlivttt'siliolrii lirnbii-baz53. Numeralele I-4 crarr ttd.iecl,ivc valiabilc <lupl gen;i caz. Ele si-au pisbrat accsL oatit0t,trt'si irr Iirrrbilc irrrloeuropene vechi. Cele de la oinci Ia zcctr sirrl, [,tttrtc trontittlrltl lipsiie de flexiune qi tle gen. Nuntcraltlc itrLr,r 1t si 111 .t'ittt imbindri paratacticc dintre r.r niLa[c 1i tttttttct'alttl ,,zcc,e", iar zecile sint imbiniri de cuvinl,e de gen Itcttt,t'tt? oillc s-alr trartsforrnat treptab in cuvirrLe contJ)tlse, niai devrerne in lirnbile ibalir:e, cellice, gfeaci"r, si rnai lirziu in limbile germilnioc, baltice ,1i slavea. Numeralul ,,suti" era ;i cl subslanl,iv cornllus neut,ru, declinal, in sanscritii, avest,icd, vechea
r -r\. l\. l,ctlItl,ittv, o1t.cit.,p. 109. 2 (i. A. ff tr tt tt 5 t: i li tl v , tr'[a ucDt.o])uLt oSputrttrttru:t
'nr,u;c,,,llottpool'l
'tttr:'r'tt'

slayli, lit,rrani; lrr gr..rr.i ;i lrrl,irri rlrrvirrrr rlrr l,irrJrr.r'irr i.valiabil, irr .l,iltp cl srrl,clc isi prrril,r.r'rrz;r l'or,tnrr rlr; irrljr.r.l,ivr.. Nrrrrt.r'ltlrrl | ()O() r..;lr,r, r'r'i;rlrr, .r,r;r, llr|,1, r';rr.r, ,.,,r,ill,ii ,1i,, Iot'trtclr,lrri rlr,orrr,lril,'irr,lr\r,r,:rr,lrrrrl,r r.rr rlrrr r,lirrrr,lr,1.j;1 111;11 cfrtt';i itr ttrrr,lr.rlrrr r.lr,(rlr.r'r :;l,r .':rrltrr.stirl//,,I O()()" irr(rt rlr, .sriltrtlt ,,lor'Irr' , irr lrl. Itilrr;,,.rrrrrrrr.r'ori' , l,,lr r\ rr',r//:, r, irrr.rr rlil, r,rr rrrl.jr,r'l ivrrl,,rrr:rlr.' r'1, ). lJtt.l. lrrrrlri irrrl,r r,rr.r,1rr,r1r. (r'r'll,rr,r', l;rl rrr;r, lrllrlrrt,zrr) 1riur l,t'crtzri ulnrc irlr. rrrrrrr lllllr.rrr \ rlr('r;rrrr;rl, r.r;,1r,:rl, r.ir rlirl,ot.irrdtr-st: ittllttcrr(,r'i lrll,or' lirrrlri (ur, irrl ilrrrl.lr. lrr lrrrsli, Iirrczi,

,;;:r,,;:j:;;."tiLL./tLoccti\"rL
indo-europCert.zes,

trsr,rI(o3rtilrtttrt", ttt'. rr, 195(i,

' 3 I(. I) r u g III a n n, tlltrtgC de. granurtu.irt: crttttpurle dcs lutrgttr:s I)aris, 1905, p. 38,2. 4 V. P. M a j i u I i s, trIn1oeoponericr;asr, ilrtrltt"rLQnbttd{1, cuotteua quc.q,unne'nur,bta, ,,Jlottpoctr rrgr,rlto3iIaIIl{JI", nr. /t, 1956, 1tp. 53-59.
130

Evolu(ia nurncraIclor, irr lirrrlrilc irrrlo-cur,o]rcne se caracterizeaz[ prrin Lendirrlit corrlirrrr;r rlr.sr,l)illilr,{r ri lor ca o parte de vorltire densebit,ii, Plirr I,r'rrrr;lolrrnrlr,lr lol t,reptafl in cuvint,e invariabilc; ace sl, l)l'{)( (,s rir, r,r,ir lrz,r'tt,it irr-ril.rnuli diIerit,c itr f irtcarc linrllri. Irr'lirrrlrir lrr;,, r,lr, Iolrrrr.irzri o clasl-r de cuvinl,c aparLc alrirr in sclolr,lr, \ lll \ l\/. l,)rrrrrrrr,ilrlrlca nutrtortrlrtlrti trsl,l rrrr lci:rrll.lrl. lrl rrlrllliu l rz;rr.rr lrri ur,rrr;rrrl,icc. Exis[,onllt lrri cl srrlrsl,rrrl iv rrrrr :rrl.;r.r'l iv rrrr r,,' rlirlor.ir lrrrrr., l,itti sirtl s('ttstrltri, r'i l;tlrlrrlrri ,:r rrr,,,,r'r ,l,.r'i\;r n('nri.jlo,,il, rlin eltt. l)rrsi, t':t r-ri rrrl.i r,r'livrrl, lrlrr'lrorr,;rzrr irr Ir';rz;r lrr rlr.lll mittitIiv, rl rru cslr,sulrlj rrrllrrr,rrlr,r ir{,()t(lrrlrri. l,lr lrr.lrurlir ptlirl,rrsri Iir,orrl.r'ilrttil lrr l1r,, r1rrl:r l,l,:l1r, lr lrrr rrr.it*;,l il, rl. sttlrslirrrl ir'. llrtpor'l ur'rt(' l)irr' ;l r;(, lr\ r,l.riir ; nlr r,l (.()trrl)li tt0sl,tl tur nuul') ('r utr('ot t rrrrrrrr,lr,itl)iu.('t:t o lr;rr.t.rlir.ttt.c lr rrrrtuclirIulrri. O rllrl,ri ( tt ruul'r'irlr,ll r,tllrrlrrz:r jr lll;llrrrr,lr,rlc rtrrrrri'il'iil,ttttl'tt, t'lltl isr lirrgr,l;r' lrlrzrr l;t ilrr rrrrtl rlir loltrl,lr'Vrllbirrrl rlr,s1,r'r'rurr{'r'irlr,rrr,irrrr lr'lclil rrurrr:ri l:r cirlrlirtalc, 0clo tllui vtrt'lri rlirtllc r'lr'. l'r, llrz;r,lrlrlrrurlr,lol s iru ct'oal, ull,eritlr sis[,rttttc lcgrrlirltr rlrr rrunr'r'irll olrlirlrlrr, rlrst,r.ibut,ive qi rrrrrlLiuIi.utivr'. Categoria pronuntolor a l)r'o\'o( irl, rrrrrrrct'oirse disculii printre lingviqt,i, rnai ales irr crco{l (:{r ln'ii,rrs{,rr l'clrrl irr care ele s-au (llea[,. (la part,e de volbilrr sptcililri] l]t'onurrrr'lc sc corrst,it,uie itt ttt'trta rrttttrrrlui si rr vrrrlrrrlrri. Irr lr, lrrivcslr,r'r'orrologiir r.cIirl,ivrl rr rlivclsclol llrlr,lSrlii 1lc prlorrurrrc, r'rri rrrrri rrrrrl{icrlr'lr:l,il,oli sirtl, rlr, llircll clr rrrri vrrr,lri sirrl rlr,rrrorrsl,r'rrl,ivrrlc, itdttrittrllr'tio (ril iu'gunrr'nl irlil lolrrl irrrpor'Lrrrl. Pc cirlc llau rrrla{,iilrr slrtrl,itrlc irr girrrlirr,tr si lirrrlrir lrolrrrlirl,iilrrr.h'ibule , ciL si rrritlclilrlr'll clirrrologir.r,r':rll irrrlir,;i irlrirr.ilitr rrntrr. l)roJtumc
131

ose(i).

rt

'bersonale ditt tIt:trrotrsl,r'trl,ivrr 1i a posesivelol {i1 personale' Foate cd. e urai birr.' si s0 rrlirttt' .ii a existat inifial o categoitt sPtlrit a" cuvinl,o, o[)rlso ltttlttrrltti 1i vcrbului, cu func('ie rLrslrIirrs s-ftrr opozi!ie., ull,r,r.i0r.,-1rlin citr,0 <liri deict,i"ir, cial dc trtotrs Lt'it.l, i v tt t, p t stl tlelor persortalt:' pronumelc t ln legll,ru,ii cu t,r'igirrcir-1,1'orrrrnrelor.s-alr I'.r'tttttlitl, rl.rrii uuncLe ie vedc.r: ttrr'i i ,','r'' i'lr'rLori strslirr ll-r l)l'{)lrrrlrrt'lt' .:rrl fost la orgine e uyitiLc deit'Lir.rr (Z.igc.w;r'L.r'), irr ltrrrl,) r'" :rlltl considerl'cd ele derivi din ouvirrt,c rlcrrttttt i rr ltl, i vr' ( N c rr rrrviir'
t

ier). primul puncl, de vedere * 1.s1, oxl)ts rl. l(. lliilrltrr', ittl,t'.tt E.'Cutrirar, iI. Ja,,rrn. AccSl,a dirr rr|rrri itlit'ttt;t rrrt, :rllt'():tperioadir indcpiirlaLlt a iirrrbii' vo''abttl;tt'ttl ll'lt lot ltt;rl iu-"""i"ri" ilin purtieule deicLice, care se oat'act,crizrtrt Plirr '*i-bolir,,, [orrcLiu. IJILerior., cind oamcnii au dcost'bil .l'r''lc ot" Ait r,nrr l c i, lc-au expri mal li rrgv ist ic 1lr'irr rrl ijloac.'.si rrr lr.lt'' in care de ascmt nea csLe llerce|l,llltli nloIlYftrea lolleLlcil (i"to"u1ir, clurat[ etc.)1.. S'e coriSiderii cri eleme.tele deicbice nu avcau cara,,Lerisli,'i rrrurlologicc qi IuLeau inrlcplirli func!ii sirrtacLice diferiLc. I)irrt icrrlclc dcictice s-ar l.l Lruttsformat in pronurne clupl ce arr dohlndil flcxiune, adesea dide cea nolninaliiz. feritf too.iu opus[ tr fost suslirrrrlii. dc A- Sorrtmcrfe-lt' 1i dc alli lineviit,i, dare aduc tn sf i'ilirrrtl Lczt'i l-()roxorl)plcrlirr. tl.ivelst' denronsl.ativ,rie c.r,i1L baza ttlt,r,,ttvittl,' ttrtii"ini, ctt trlr'.i ""ao 'cave'r a Jacc ii;;*i.-t;sens local. E probabiI c$ llirg rlirt ,'ttt'ittl.r' Itoilf"ait". C"i care srrs1i,, ",'i 1,,'n,r,,t,rtrlc s* tionale se rcfcri la o pclirtutIll I't'lul iv Lilzit" rlorltrla.('ltlllr]i"-1, .f"rL u-f.o,run.'"ior Lle it('cst fcl li s,'ttsrrl l.r's'r','i;rlizrrl, in"limn ce cei lalLi t'ercetlLori uu itt vt'rlr'l'r' litza ct'ir' lrritl \'('('lI(' .i.'l'ut'ttttttele llu s-q pronrrrnclur'. EsL. rl. u ".allii Ircr-rtzitldu-st scttsul;t cl inLr-oduL,r, e i irrcIo.'i tlifr:l'ilr', 'rcstt'rts crcab
sisteme de forlne' consl,il,uirtdu-si "-

cI elcnentele fVi"i mult,i'tlercel,itori atr crrtis ipol'cza (,lrlrsIr., tlirr. r'ure t.tt i,'ttsttt'i ,f"i,,ii,,,, i,,if i,,t,, rrl,.irtrirrrr rl,rllr,,trslt'ulit,'l'., rrll.,.r'i,,r' Plt'sottitlclrr si ird*1,t,,',1,,*l,r.ilrs ','r,rrr'lri
I II- .l o tr s {,1t, l)itt llntrvit:liltutg dts sltru.r'lrLir'ltttt lrr:;,lrrtllis.l.iir j'r'"r"itil (irttrgt'ir:; ittl'trrltltl'ioltltl rlr:s littRaurttvt:rlttil.tr'trssrr itt ,'rri,r'i'tlJtt guistes i la llttYtr", 1928. '
Uentr,,tX

verbolc rlc loc: rt,ccsla, cu,, ai,ci,, in,coace. f acela, cI, acolo, tnlrttcol,ot. lnl,r'-lrrlcviir', lrr rrrai rrrrrll,c lirrrlri lrtrrrrrrrrrrilc <lo l)()r'soiulir I c lcgrrl, rlc irlcr,lr. rlc,,rr1rroir1rr:", irrr.cclcllrll,c l)rrs(xur() rlc irlrrc;t tlrr ,,rltr1rtu l,c". Si lr'f ii l,rrr':r rtrlvr,r'lrr,lor rlr, lor: r'rr rlcn;orrsLt'itl,ivttl c vizilrilrr irr rrrrrll,r' lrrrrlrr. I )cspt'irrz,irrrltt sr, I lr';,1,;rl, rlirr ;rrrr'l,rrrrlr,lr, rlrrir'l,icl r.rr o r.lrrrrri lllritt'1,t, rlt'tttotltl,t'ltl,t\'{ll{, l,l r lrrt ltr.ll, irt,1lr,11! { 1 lrilt 1tttll,6 l,r'o1rl,r, lrr lulrr'[,tr,rllrrrtl,rrlruil)clilr{]iu'rlor rlr rlr, l)r'('(.rzrrlir (ll,r l,irrr(,ci. Asl,lcl irr lirrrlrrlr. rrrurrrllr (rrrrrlrrl llrrrrrrlrr.yr,r lr lrol.rlrrl lrrdiei), ltt'tttttttttrllt: itl'tt I'tlt l,t'rr;tl,lrlrrlpi rlisl,rrrr[,lr,si l'1t'rrrg slrgciale pri n oaro so irrrlicii rl;rr';i olrilcl,rrl ocrrpii, lrr raporI cu subiectul, o I'ozjtio fronLirl,ti s:rrr lrrl,cralii, daci e vorba de o fiintd sau un obiecL, dc rrrr lrrcnr vrrzrrl,sau nu. In alte limbi se spe0ificii dao[ obiectulc lrrczcrrl, srru irllscnt, cunoscut, sau necunosclrt. Mai importarrl,c sirrl. r;prrcil'ir:iirile distan{,ei, intrucib ele Iin de trabrrra rlcrrrorrsI,r';rLrvllor'. ,[rorrnc rrurncloaso ilrr tlcrrrorrsl,r'll,ivr'lr lrr lirrrlrilc alcute rsi esohirlloso. Ast,l'ol itt trsclrirn,rsrr rlirr i\rri;r r;r'irrl,ilrrcgr: fortne ca:. unl.,)il(roSLit) irli"rl,rrli rlrr r',rr'lrilor"'; i.,;ll ,,;rlcrrl,rr rrl'l:rl, lrr o oarocitro rf isLarrfi r.lrl vol'lri,.rn'";tn(ttt(t,,ir('i'ril,r irllirl, lrr llrrlr'cj rrrirttit'; tt,gtt,tt, ,,;trtll (rilr'{, sr irrrlr'p:rr'l,r,irzrr rlr, r,ollril,or"; Irttt,rt l,iltr1rl;1 .jos, lirrglr lrlr:i"; 7rr/r //i/ ,,ir( r'lit irr Not'rl" ; ttlttttt ,,ttrrcltt oilr() s(| rtlrt'olrir.rlrr vor'lrilrtr"; ikrtrt.,,ir{'(,lir rlr,prrrl,c riri', ttrtg/erl ,,iltrtrlit itr iltl,r'r'ior', rlrrIrttlc rll t,lrrrtt"; l)tlrnn.tt. ,,itr:rrltt llt stfs"; /(r/lll/rt ,,;tcr'lrt crur()ji(:ul, rllrr' ( irr'r, nu rr) vcrll" ; ittttLtt ,rilttttIi[ (]ilr'(: Irtt srt vltlt', rlr'Pltt l,r', nt't trttttst ttl,(' 111,1r.:1. I lrrcl(t l)r()tltlttl{l tltltttottsl,tltl,ivrl:ttt r'l,irrrollf i1,r'lrr1ri. l'llrr 1r19r'irr rlirr crrvittl,o cll s{'ns lor':rl (lorrrl rlr,.j o:r, locrrl rlr lrrli ll,r.)slru clriirr rlitt 0uvirrl,rr crr srns ruri , on, r','1, (rrrurrl.rr, (:ill.rlr, tttill'o ol,o.). Iixis[ir tlrlci litttlri ctt sirrl,r'rrr'' rlli, l,ilr rrrrrll,ip[c; tlar majorit,al,ea s-arr IixuL lir sisl,r,rrrr lrirrirrr,srrrr l,r:r'rurrr). Adesea ele au ramilica!ii. Ast,fcl irr lirrrlrrr longrr rlirr l'arrrilia bantu existd un sisbern ternar', itt carc rrrr;r rlirr l,r'rr1rl,r: se subimparte in

trci:

A.

tihontu lcll ,,itceryt,i Lroi rlc rriri" ( ' urrrlc'sini crr) R. tihomw lel.o,,l.c,r;sl,i lroi rlr::lcolr) " ( rrrrrlo cryti [u)

K. l')." Ml'rit'iltskaia, 'Cf. C,ltui U Jl,JtnhUt: l,UJtIbIfr CItClltt-v..,li('lllrtrr'l'l nr. {, 1966, P'. 15.
732

/i

ttlrttltt'r:t'rtctt'ttLtttt -tttt'tttt)Lt'
Jl:tl'll(r':tll;tlllllt"'

r(:f. IL .l crrsr)r, ()/). r'rl., l).'17:1, l,). llcrt vorr is l,r:, /,o dcs pronortts,in vol. ,,1,'or liorrrittt ,lirkobsott", llirgir, 11)5(i, p. ii6, 2 (i. . .l\{ r tt o ;i r; i li, o v, Y t'rlttt.rtrr:tt,r,ttL,r,t: Jttrcctnou,^t,(nur, o acnu,l4,occh:o"rI .,r,rr,lri;c, ,,[]otrl)o( r,r ,riJr,ll(o3rrurr.ul",.1, 1955, 1ll). 2B'-29.
n.o.lu,rr:

133

ri.batea

C.r' tihomu lctitla ',iIrrr:11,i lroi :r"ttIo deparle" C.i tihomw.leli4ft' ,,irrx',sl i lroi lt'rolo foarte departe" C.i tihomu lctitlu ,,ir'',:1f i 1111i ;lrrolo la orizonl" sugdratd prin modificiiri l0rrot,i0c (lungirea vtloltloi, ilt:trttttl,, indl!ime). I,,limLa indonezia'ti bisaya, vorbit,ir irr lf iIilrirrtr, tltrtttttttstraiivele sint organizate inbr-un sisl,cttt Iittitt','i tt tritt'rt litttritt'tr qlembru al opozi!ici are Lt'ei brepte l) aproape de vorbiLor 1') deparlc de volbiLor Zi u'oto"ir" de ascult{tor 2') deparbe de ascull'5'lor 5j uitoui,u rle arnindoi 3') departe de amindoi Analiza sistemelor pronrrmelor demonstrative in multe tamitii de limbi l-a dus-pe I-I. Frei la coDcluzia c[ se poate deictic $\Sra,o"ri"t* o legdturd intre^st.rctnra sistemului in c5., a"l-a. civilizalie al vorbitorilor r.r.ci limbi sensul evomai sooietate o serveqte limbd o ln tinii mari, cu cit mai simpld il"t5" cu atit sistemul ei deicbic are o sLruoLur5 se ('alacIimbi rrrrci vollritolii elt if i"".af . si. dimpobrivS, cu tip..ard.c sittt i.itpoial.ir rnai civilizalie i;;i;;Ji'o;inftlo sistemul lor deicLi,, cstc tniti lomplical,(let'ir;i;,;"tit nar sau complcx)1. Aul"orul consLalil rrri rtta.lot'rt"l:" l]t"Lil:.i indo-europene moderne au un sisteln clctoLtc bIlraI" t'rpur ternar si huaLcrnar glsindrr-sc in itl iornuri ir[lale irr irrii lulimLri. u ;;;;1" s'u,"Jirof uf,". li tirnba bazl irrdr-r-crr.o'eanii carc. I llurnar stsLt'rtt utt tribale --.a cxisLal unei. societd!i 'de sI provi'd parc teme, de multitudinea oirrJ *."-a concrete' dcbcrmintit'r ctl cornplex, mai sistem .di.ttr-,..t in vechea slav[, in lttsa veche' Sistemulternar a persisbat 'si a fost rcl'rrt'rtl, ittccr|indu-se axarca celLic,r armeand si f"i^""-r"f; f.er pc.sdare, in labi.5. si 14rcar:X. Ist,o.ia limbilor

ln multe lirnbi tli. I'*r^ilia bantu treapl.

<lis{,irrr(,rri

rr

limbi literare * nu sisl,()rrr() rlcict,irro Jrinllru (tu1r\ dc vecfucaegiptolrrrri (rllt,o irvtil rrrr sisl,crrt rlcirrl,ic tlttttl,ct'lrttt', t'lt1t[,tt ige sisl,cirr' lrirutr,) ; irr conl,r'u, lrr lirrrlrilc srrrlrrrrrzrr ryi lrrrrtl,rt Htt l1l,llnrlryl,c rlr llrrrrrsl,rrr: rlc S'islorrrc lrirrru'r, ni l,rl'nltr'r', ltr t,ttlr;r r,g lrr srr,l, ilt lirrtlrilc llol,crll,ol,r'si ltotlilttttttrr, lrrrrrloltritrti risl,trltto

iii"lo*r,."c ui:oLir lorrriinla conLi rirrI a rtltlttrrot'i i sis['.trtclor ternarc. '"'IrJi"rt tl{, tttUlru rrgro-l'irrir,ir r,oruuttlr au c-tislut- oPt lrrrtltr rlt'. () si.nr'Iil'i,irt''.. , *i.i loc si are ut;ai;; t,r,,,ii,s,rl is['riei l,irrr;i;;;iiJ aostut tlc olarri se intilneqte pe t.riLt.rritrl A[r'i,ii. rrt{Ijosemil'-ltantitice familiei apar!i'ind nord ii" fii. vol' lV' liirgrrisl'ica"' I ll. F r a \, Systimes de c)eictiques, ,,Acl't
fasc. 3, 1944,
134

lonrrrlcxc. lrr Agirr,sirilr,rrr lrirrirlttt'r, r'lrittr,ztt, itrt'ttt ()(:lllllllll lirrrlirr irrrlorrr,zirtrri. Sirrl,r'ttrr'lrr trttlt'lltlti r,otttPlirrrrll nl lrrl'll rtcsc itt lirrrlriltr tttttct'itttlilrrc si pitlt'o ttttittl'tct'. l{.lilci it t't'ltritl' oxplir,il,irrtl o irlr'r' rr lrli W' Wrrttrll'r care, stabili'rl o Jrlrr,rrlr:lli irrl,r'rr cirl,cgori' _rrrrrrriirului ti 9.cq a deiciicelor,'srrsPiirt'u t'ir ttttllLi'li,'il;rl.rr rlcscmnlrii spa!iale, ca qi existerr!,a formclot' ittl,cl'trrctliitre -intre singular- qt nlural . Lrddeazl o girrtl irr' t'ttttIt't'l ;i, r'voltt( ia sprc sisteme biirare Iiind un indi,'irr al absLrirrrl izilii ci. l)rrpii H' Frei, paraleliSmul s-ar cxplica pr.irr A(,c{:il (.i lrr rrrrrlrr,l,,,'rlzrrri,existen!a opoziLiilor mrrliiJrlc st' dal.orr'slr, rrr'lrrrlirr(rri glrrrlirii .de a ;i;;nL la r,unccliLrrl rl* s1,irIi,, *,,', ,'i, rrrjrt' irr rrl'trt'it orici"trei dtLei'min,it'i ,',rtt,ircl.c. lil lrrlrr,','t'rt'tttpl., itrl..t'r'Htrtt'l(! ('ilt'c:ll'iI1'U 'C5, adeSea, lirnltilc cill,o illl $isl,trtrrc rlcir,l'ir,rr. <r.tttttpltrx{} (lllnosc si calcgol'ii rrlr tlrrlrltll, l,r'ilrlttl rtrrl rlrrrrll'irrltrll' Trebui0 ariit,rrl ci rrrr l,oIi rrr,r'r'rrl,irl,oIii Hirr l, tltr tl('ot'tl (]ll COncluzii'lc lrri l,'r,rri lrr.iVil{}i'r',, lrr t'1rliil:l('t'lll ttl'lttri,r ttl sin' temelor tltritrl,irrrr ('ll ltrrri tttttll rlc rloi tttt'tttlrt'i' Ast'l'cl E. l)r.trnltrurttt rrottsirlct'i rrlj irl lirrrlrilrr lritttl,tl sisl'trttlttlItrt'ttltt'l'ttOa"riut,ir O I'aZrj rrilri rrorrii r |ilr'(l tlt','ttt'gr, rlirr sislt'lttttllrittttl'll. LrO,,,rrtt s-it trlii(,itl,a, ili.{{rntoltcit ('itzut'l lllt (:ottl,t'rtzirl I't'zrt l'tttlrlttmbntalir ir lrri li|0i. sirrl lirrrlri Irr|r,, irr |]rrt'sul rrv1rl1l1irri lot" ttoi' pL1 ui t'otttlrlr'1.2. sislt'tttt'1" r'xisl.trl. r'tt..It'r'Pltr Sc tl'iltrrlr'('ill'() ",i irr sor,ir'lri[.ilc :rl,,s rrr;ri iltLirilPltr Lceastu'sc unde viltrl,t". t'l't'sltrl'ttil ocuDd cu vinaLrri' l)t's(:llitlll s:lll insii Ei impurre lilrrbii('l'('lrt'c{l ttltt'r l'ot'Ille mai deta""ii'p"t'i" Diferenta l'irfii rl. sisLernele complexe speciiicare. ,i. ii"d de f ip arhaic (,onstii iil cal,ucLet'rr I sisl.enlal ic al nollor Iordin limbile- baqr"-iii in sens,tl lor local; excrtrPlclrr ittlrtse spre deoserlisl,l'(ei, sl'rr.rr iir t,ot, sirit, iirte c5 i" rrrccizS.rilc
2.1lrt. (ir., 1t1t. 122 1211 3 IJ. I) tl In lll iI tt lt, .l)a.s I)t:ttr'ttttslrrtti'vin lJunruSprucht:n,ZDMG' nr. 100, f asc. 2, { 951, irr tri.rd trtsli 'irr - vol ' ,,Atl ptlttatrcttoo tlsHxo.

| l)ie

,sprathe,

vol. II,1r. {r,5.

0EaHr{e". Moscova, 1963, pp. 31l1- 31/r'

4 K. Il. Maitirrsliaia,

art.cit.,pp'24-25'

P'

LL9,

P.

725'

135

. Cu toateforrnclclor: su;rlrrl,ivo, l)t'otttllll0lo porsorralo sirtl, trtitt 'nbi decib dernonsh'aLivclc; rtctrtsl,ir o valabil ccl pu[,itt pcttl'l'tr persoana a III-a care, itt rtrttIl,tt lirlrlti, a luat ltilst,tlt'tr ltrr ltltzrt

bire de del,crrrrirrirrilc l,iprrlil,,r' itllrrricc de deictice, itt carc se au in rrcdot'c ilspccl,c plivirrrl olricr.rl,cle qi nu spa!,iul tlirttre cle.

md, goL. ik I milt, v. sl.

lal l,c caz
tr

rtrt t,

/,*^'.

lll,rrriol sc ct'ctt{tzii

ryi

trolrr-

ri.

Originea pl'onumelor personale tttt csLtl itrci sttlir,icrrl clrrli ficatS. Ele nu alcdtuiesc rtn sisLetu LcLttl.tt', tri I'rtt'tttrrrtzii o oltrt zi!ie binar5., explical,I dc corr'lcttil,oli irr rrrotl rlil'rrlil,. Asl'lcl unii inleleg cd exist,ti aioi oliozil,ia eu - notl eu, da itcclaqi 'tip cu opozi[,ia aceslu acela, aici acolo; intr-o aslfcl drr - personale sint - inlelese ca delivind interpreiarc prorlurnele nu din dernonsbrative, ci din particulele deictice din care s-au creal, qi deinonstrativul si arivc'rbele dc loc;1 Mai numeroqi sint ccrcctiitorii oarc oplrn l)ersoana a III-a primelor doud: persoane. Ea parc sii se fi creat mai [irziu, are ebimologie rnai clard, putirrd f i ugor dedr-rsI dilt demonsl,rative (ca in limbile indo-europerrc) satt tlirr substarrtive (in indonezian[, tibetand, samoedii etc.). E. Benveniste2 a adus in discu!,ie elernente func{,iorralc: protrttntcle de persoana a III-a are caracter,obiectiv, el frrnctiorrcazii ca rnijloo de inlocuire a unui.nume sau de referirc [a un elemeiil al flazci. Aga s-ar exp_lica Ei or'iginea sa din dcrttonsbrat,ive sau din srrbstlntive. Spre deosebire de el, prorrurncle rlc persoana L;i, intr-o oarecare m5.sur5. qi cel de pcrsoall{r a lI-a, reprezinbii urt complex de semne,,p1oale", cal'e nu se relelti la o rea'litate anumit[ qi care capdt[ conlinul, rtumai irt vorJrire. servind astfel tocmai ca mijloc de trecere a lirnbii in vorbire' Prin lnsuqi conlinutul lor', ele par a fi rezultatul unei indelutr' saLe munci de abstractizare a qindirii. * ln indo-euro1-reanJ, pronumele persorral era invariabil (a rJrnrrs irsLfcl'irr lrilili), f lcxirrrri'a ltri s-a r,ortsl iLrrib LirZ1r, cCca c(r {r.Yl)lirrri rlivcrl{{ltl(.rrlt'dirrl,rc lirrrlrilc itttltt tttt'r,p8nt,. ( )p,rzil,ia irrirrrrtrrr rl. rrazttri a fosL ar:r'r:it rlillIl'c ttotrlittittiv qi aiuzaLiv, ttxlrlioabilii prirr neccsit,itt,{)iI sirtLitol,irrii rlc rt distingc prorttttttttlo strbicct de prorrurnclc ol.ritlrl[ ; ptlrt l,t'tl aceasl,a s-a reours la ternc diferite: laL. egtt f rtt,e, slu'. uluhtr.f

unui demonstral,iv.

rlirr Asirr, ()ct':tttirr lri Atttlt'ilir ctltroltc llt pt'otttttttrtltt lrlt'tirttt:tlc tltt ltclsorrrrit I rlorr;r Ioltttr': rtttlr rll ttrr,ltltrr'(irr lttlrr ltln ttttt so ittfclcg rrrr nunriu ( r'r {'ur'(' vot'ltt'rir', tltrt' rlt rrrl,cr'lortttl,ol'rtl ryi al!ii) si rrll,ir rlrr r'.r','/rr,srr'(irr r:ttlrr rlrri irrsr';\tttttir ltrtttlti ,,noi care vorl-rirn"). l,'ot'trtclr: rlc irrcltrsiv, irt oare se reuncllc persoana I gi alte pelsotln(), sirrl,, rlrrlrii terrnirtologia Iui Brtindal, forrne complexc. [,iurbikr irrrlo-ortrol)ene, semito-han]itice qi ugro-firrice nll cunos(1 oJrozi{,irr rlirrl,rc inclusiv qi exclusiv. Pronumolo pososivo al)tlr tturi l,ilzirr rlcr'ltl l,rorrurncle per$onalc (au, in gcner{l? ltlrrttc ttliti t'r'11rrlrrl,r:) 1i, plollrrbil, pe baza lor. lrr multe linrbi 1rt'otttttttt'lr, 1t,'t'srtttilltr ryi Cele poscsive au o forrnii tt tt itrri, itrr rlilr:r'rrrrlir rlrr sens reiese din context; alll,rrri tlc vct'lr Ittttrrliorrltrzr,i r:;t pronume personal, iar alii.furi (lc tltt tlttttt,' { ir pt':;t'rilr'' Astfel in limba amerilrdianL lrrlri f{rrilt'irtri tsr: ,,r'tt" rtl l,tr\ttr;' formii in posesiv ln sirrtagma se trtl.rt,,tritsit tttt':1"; itr.rtrrlottt' '[rr ,'t1i1t ziartra vitinl ,,e1 berrnin[", iar ir,i t,ra.it.tttti .,r':trrrr lrrr", ilr /, teana veche meh-k: ,,tu sittt(,i", ,,t:trilt l,;r", lttr coincidenla existI la toal,c lrtlt'soltrtclt'. lrlrrrrl,il';rl,rrir rlr: forme se lntilnesle qi iu lirnbilrl rrgro Iitrit,r'. Asl,lr'l irr linez5. glsim: irtl s(r.n.on. ,,trtt vtlt'l)t)str kriteni ,,tniua Inea"

Tlr rrvoltt[,irr lrlonttrrrrlot' l)cr']i()n'rl,' sr' t,,',,,,rrc ;ru(,ittt, grrlritttlriili, clc isi trrr,trl,irr llrr ittrrr,rr r(lr'rlllultrl,;r rlirl,oril,rl trrttrri lot' l't'crl'ctt(,c irr vor'lrilc- St'1tortl,t't'tttttttt'r:;t lrrlrl,rrl r:;r tttttll,o ltrtrlrt

kritesi ,,mina

La"

,ert71o.st.,,Lu vOrbosbit(

ln nraglriarri:

,,el (il, o) d5." Ascttrirtat'cit lorrttitlri tlirrl,r'rr crrlc rlorr;i l,iprrri tlc plottume 1 l'osl, irrl,cl'plcl;itl,i tlrr ttttii rrrrl'r,tll,il,ot'i rrlt rrrr irrrlirlirr itl l'lrpbtrItri t;ii, lrr irrigittc) tttt ;t rrxisl,irl, rlil'ct'rrtt[,]'i irrl,r'rr rrottsl,t'tltll,ill rtrltttitrirlli si,rcir vrrllr;tllr sittt ittl't'rr t'ltpot'l'tll lrl,rilrrrl,iv si_ rrtll
rrroircs rlc
1r1r. 137

kalapom ,,p.{ldria rnea'i kalapja ,,pll[ria lui"

ryi

utlja

tr(lunt ,)eu (il , o) dau"

1Cf. IL Jonscrr, op.cit.,P.179. 2 Art cit., p. il6.

136

1 A.

N'l

l4l

tr i I I rr l, It ltrrtrt,trtt 1tr'rst,ttrtr'! tl lts drtttLrt:tstrutifs, ,,M6lrt Socil:lri rlrr l,itrgttislirlttr: rlc I'itt'is", vol. XXIll,fasc.2, ltti.

de relativ, desi idoct rlc rela.t,iv esL{i rrrai vcclro ryi prrlc sil Ii existat inoi lrr pclioada cornuniLirLii indo-euloporr(:2. O dezvcrlLar'o rnafo iarr in cursul jstoriei Iimbii pronum0lO nohottrrite, care conLinuii si"r sc cr'cczc qi ln limbile rnoderne, mai ales pe baza numelor (b. on,, gorm. m&n) olL\nd,. rneil ongl. nobodA, everybody, rus5. tr,ru6ot1, 7pyeofr. etc.). In evolulia pronumelor so oJlserlvr-r Lreptata lor specializare dup5. 'funcgii, delimitar,';r lorr{,iriulului scmantic al fiecdrei categorii qi orgauizarca lol irr sis[eme. Din pronume ia naq[ere si articolul, oarc csl,e una dirr cel(i mai recenbe phr,Li dc vorbire; 0r0at, ptl baza unei oategorii cu conlinut abstract, articolul aro scns glirmatical qi funcbioneazd ca un morfem cramatical. Lirnba iritlo-curopcanS. comunl uu avea articol, efs-a creab in mod irrdcpcrrderri irr ficcare lirnbii, la date diferite, dar pe baze sirnilulc: ar[ico]ul hotlrit dintr-un demonstrativ, iar nehol,f iL rlirr rtttrtrcralul untt. (-a). Categoria articolului apare tlc Lirrrpuriu in greaca veche: ln poemele homerice 6,&,r1t isi rlrai pIs{,r'cazii valoarea de demonstrativ anaforic, dar in tc-xLcle Iil,erare ulterioare qi lrr inscriplii el e folosil, ca art,iool. Sprc deosebire de greac{, latina nu qi-a fdurit arl,icol, clersi inoii din perioada arhaice u.rlu.s, -a are in unele texbc yaloaroa ncdcfinitri alui qu[d,am, iar ille , ipse tqi piertl sensrrl crnfrttir,r si sc loloscsc lrcntru indicarea gra,lui,,i rlc rlrrl,crttrirta.c. lri Lex[,cLr rlc tir sl'irryitrrl impcriului nrrnlrrr vlrloarr.a lol dernorrst,r'iLt,ivii e rrrrrll, sliibitI qi in rrrrolc sit,rrir{,iiajung eohivalcnl,c or] arli0olrrllrol,ri-

qi starea dc ncrlisl,irrclirr rlirrl,r'rr lrrrst)nal si posesiv. Din pronurnolc rlcrrrrrrn;lr';rl,iv s ir (ircaL, diu neocsil,li(,i sirr tactice, proqunrolo rolir,l,iv. l)rrPl'i pirrerea lui M. lilrirrl rclir tivul a luat naqbet'o dcsl,rrl rlc {,irziu, deoarcco rrprrlil,irr lrri presupune o sinbaxi evoluitl,i. Al.a se cxplirtii rlo cr 1l trrl,ll nim numai ln limbi dezvoll,al,c. Irr lirnbir grcrrcri rlirr prrli oada homericd qi chiar rrrlri Lilzirt itxri ttrr cst,c ;r'ccizrrl,r'i irlc gerea pi specializaroo rtttrri l)roIIttIIt{) rlcttr,rnsl,r'li,iv irr lrrrlrli;r

prodicativr. l)oLrivil, ttcr'rtl,rri Putrr:1, tlc vedere, perioadci'lrr care opozi!itr rttttttrt.vr'r'lr ttrr cltr clar tnalcatrl li corespt-rrrtlc

plrr ttrtglczlr, rlt)rrrolrsl,r'lrl,ivrrl srr l,fiq11;i[1,1.rr1'i ilr rrrl,irrol rrlrin la irr..P11f1;l lr.r.irtrrl*i rrrr:rlir. Irr rl'ir.lil, s. sl,i. r:ir'lrrl, lirrrlri irtrl0-attt',Pcn. nr,rl.r'rr.. (rlr: r,r. r'rrsir) rrrr.r, r',rrl,irrrrir rrii l',1, scltltr:ti rlcntolril,r'lrl,ivrrl lrrnl,r'rr ;r rrxlrlirrrir rlcl,1,1,11,irrrrlor1. '[rr silll lirrrttrr lr:tll,i,,rrlr,l,r', rrrri lrllri crr l,,rlr 1or.iri, ,,,,,.,,, 1,,,,,,,ir,,,, itlttrtit vrrt'ltitlii. I)irr'l,ir,rrlrlt rlc rrlerl, lll ,,,, ,l,il, ,,,,y1,,,,.,,, lrr rnrrllo lirrrlli, itrlvrr'lrr'lor.1,r'irrrlrr',,. lJll,rrriol sc l,r,irrrsi'Orinl ln adverbc divers.l. r:,rrPliiri.i .ir','rrrrrsr,.rr(,iale ale verburui. Ele indici, prin sLruol,trlir lor., {)l)ooa lrr care s-au creat. Evolu!ia mijloacelor do I'orrrr;rr.c :r irrlvcrbclor poate fi urmdriti in istoria Iirnlrilol irrrlo rrrrr.opcrrc. Clte.ia limbi situate in arii lateralc (irrrlo ir.;rrriirrrrr, lr'i l,il,rr qi greaca) au p[stra.t adverbc de loc si rlc l,irrrp r];u.r! r'r:pr.czi,it,,i'i,crna purd a unui substanl,iv ncrrl,r'rr. l,) lr. rr1r;rr.(irr IrJ'irrrrl.i lrr .rrrd flexiunea nolni nalri irrcij rr rr,,r,,,,,,,,,rl,, l rir l,r. Asr,rncrrcrr Lcrrrc frrncfionar,r in frazii trrr tlilcrit,c lolrrli rrrrrllrr:1,ir.r,,. (l;rsilrr rrsl,l'gl lp v, in.d. {-,ao-ol'_,,pritrriivrrr':r" 1 t,(tnttr ,,irr p;rrlrrr.r," , ttltttl, ,,z,irrr,., ,,,in_timlttrl zi.loi", ,si'al' ,,riorlc" r;i ,, lrr riixrrc" ; lu'tttritt,,,i.rrr'rrrr", Lt,d,dn ,,ln_il1l'i"; irr lril,il;i lrtttrrtrtrr. ))lnorn{}rrl," 1i ,,irrrr:rli;r1,.., in,,ga.., trp"p ,,2i" 1i ,,in I,irrrprrl zilci", v,'rxrr,rp ,,,,,,,,1,tea", _ijvap ,,irr vis" ; lil,. tltr.ltrtr ,,ltclltn" rrl,r," llllljllf itrrt,irrr rtilverbelor rnoqt,urr iLrr rl irr l irrr lr;r .r).r u n ii r.t1rr,z iir l,)i , forrnii caztralii a rrurrrclrri ryi aplrr.(,irr rrnri r'1,oci rrrrr'i l,lrzii. ( lclrr rrrrri multe sirrL I'osl,c Iocrrl,ivc: skr,- rillr, gr.. ri.vrl, li l,. ttrt.te, lrrl:,. hunt[;.lat_. ltcri, gt.. Xi).3q, ir.l ., itt, rllu:, skr. lt.tltilL, itv. zlJo. Procedeul accsl,a ir fosl, l', l,sil, yi rlrrlrii sriP;rr.rrr.lr iirirbilor inioeuropene. Astlel la{,ina 11 l,r.irrrulorlrrrrl, lrr irtlvcrbc forme de insbrumental (planc, tr,alclc, cr:rte), <lc lrblal,iv (postremo, perpetuo, paulo), de acuzaLiv (u:tcrt.r.trt, paulum, facile), de nominativ (aduersusl prorsusl protirtu.s) c|c. Grupindu-sc int,r-o olasij uJ)trrl,c, rrrlvcr.lrr,lrr lDi creeazd ull,crirtl ttn sist,errr llroplirr rlrl rlcliviu,o (rrr srr f ixc spocializrrt,rr, clrrrr grisirrr in lrrl,irri pr - (i)ter (turpilrr, ktrti,ter, graui, ltr),sr, irr lr,'r,i,,:rrlrr rl.zrrrr,rrrlr.r'i r,ii lirn[rii llrt,irrr,., ttt. -trtt:rll,e,
ar[,'\)lttit,n, 139

rit. Tlarrsformarca lor l' arl,irr.l sr: r'calizeaz;i ln nerioada de lormare a lirnbilol rornanicc. lrr :rll,c 1ir1r1ri,,.,,,,,,,r,1,, rlrl rrxcrn-

,rr,l,r rrr;ri vc,,lri.lorrrrc lrlr, lor', rt,r[v0r.rxrlrr rrPrrr.rro r,lnl)ur.ru

1(lf. It. S w o c 1,, 'l'h,e Ilistor'g of Lottgu,agc,l,ottclra, 19:10, p. 50 A. S a u v a g c o l, Synt.u.zc etm,orphologi.dons lcs lortgurrs fi.nnoougricnncs, ,,Rovrro tlos Ct,udes indo-curoprlrlrrrtes", vol. I, 1938, pp. 281)- 29/r. 2 l\'l . l] r 0l l, Essai de sdmantiquc, ed. Vl, I)rtris, 1924, p. 211.
ryi 138

t l,l. Ii r, n v r, rr i s I r, ( )t itittr::; tlr, ltt f\trtnrrtion ['lrlts, I l.lil5, vo l. | , p. 1)5.

d,cs

nonts cn indo-

verbale nepersonalcl. Asl,lcl lrr cstonianX tcin,o,,irsl,rzi" e un veclli locativ, ItaugcLt,,rlu rlcpirr'[,e" p ablal,iv, riii:tr. ,,1'tttrte", ,,mult" e rrn fost ct-rrniLal,iv, iitr in f inczii t,rrttrolt'llttr ,,r'1. ternativ" con,tine sufixul gcrtrnzial -l.k:k:. In Iirnlrill rr11r'ofinice sufixul de ablat,iv -tu s-t\ Llanslot'trtitl, ln srr l'ix rlrr rlcri-

torici

O evolu(,io nscrrriirrii l,o:u'rr lrr l'olrrrarca adverbelor a fost observatl gi ln lirrrbilc rrgt'o.f irricc. $i aici adverbele prirnare, formate din l,crrr(r rrorrrirurlc rrrr tlcsirtenfa zero, provin rl in perioada prcflexiorrlrlii, irrr rrrlvcr'bclc creaLe ln cllotrlr issinb forrne oazrrirlc irlc srrlrsl,rrrrLivelor sau ale rnorlrn ilor

Dupii cum I)o brrrrir dlepbale remarcl 'l'itrr.li, atlvcllrclc in lirnbir, in ce priveqte conlinutul lor, dar rroi suLr aspecl,ul separiirii lor ca o clas[^aparte. In evolu[ia ]ot sc remarci roiul func{,iei sintactice. lrit,r-adevdr, clacd pornim de lasensul lexical, functiade det,crrninare avcrbulrii ar Ii revenit adjccl,ivului. Dar se spccitrlizcazii ca adverbe in plimul rind Lernele nominale. anoi subsLanLivele cu rol de complement circums[,an,Lial . Datbri Lri firrrlt,ir;i, o lorrnri cazrra]d de acesb fel poate s5. devinl atr[utttlrrtii, sit se r'rpi de flcxiune, iar complernenl,ul se convclLcsl,c pc plarr nolfologit' in 'adverbz. l)esigur cX. se branslornrii ln advorbc qi urrelc adiccl,ive, dar cele urai vechi in forrna lor subsl,artLival,ii3; rrlt'erior adjcciivele devin advcrbc dc tttotl , rlullir ce s-arr lixat
sinb vechi

Yare adYerbialS.

Din adverbe au luat naEterc propozil;iilo. Originea lor lccentd e dovediti de specializarca lor cit dlcrncrtt,c gramat,icaler, prin golirea de sens lexical, qi dc I'rrrrct,iir lor sirttaclicir. Itrle

procedee de forrnare Ia adverbcle tlc loc si rlc t,irnp.

slnt specifice limbilor cu o sinLaxli qvolrral,ii, iar rtlrrnirul lor es{e in cont,inui. creqtere. ln mtrd frccvcnt, se trarrsfonn[ in prepozi(,ii qi cuvinte flexibile; acest proces e inttlnil atlt in lirn-bi in,care formarea prepozif iilor esfe Ia inceptrl,, cil, qi in limbi loarl,e ovolual,c (tr. chei', sart,f, pcndttnt, gorr]. iuiiltrend, cngl . rcgurding cLc.). Prcpozi!il ,, l'iit'i" pt'ovirtc tlitt
1 V rr I {, o r 'l'rr rt I r, 'l'lN: Sl,rrtr:tu,ru.l 'l'ntrlt'rtr'it's ,,I l,rtt .tt,ty',t, vr.rl. I, (.lcncru[,'l'tttd,cttr:ics, Ilclsinki, 1958, 1r. i4. ' .1. I( rt r y [ 0 lv i c z, ])frir''rt'tiort lcri,ealr (l tllritttit)tt sllttltt rt(lttt', ,, llullt:l,irr rlc la $oci0l.C dc Lirrguist.icltttt tlc l'rtlis", vol. X\XVll,
11)i|6, fits0.

itulo-europkrtnr:s, P.aris, 7905, 140

'3 l{. l}

2,

1r. 90. r' tr g lll a n

n,

^'lbregd dc grun.ttt,tirr: rt)tttl)(tt't\(i IIt's Itttt!tIt's p. 172.

adverbul latin foras,,afarii" cr,eal, dc Ia fol,ma de acuzaLiv a * trtr.,,u1i" (rl rr lr lr: l, lr I I rr i fi fu r is ). Irt ittrlo-r,rrr.olrliutil conrunli Ir.c1rozi(,iilo lrrr lor,rrrirrt o clrrgii apitll,c; irr vrrrlirlr sirrl, lolosilo i1, 1,,rrr.(.ir,Ir,r,1rozi[,rorrrrlr.i ;rrl vttt'lttt, irr l,irtr;r cc irr ;1r'r':rr':r lrorrr.r,ir.ir l;r, irrl,ilrrr',rrrr lrr,{,D{,zif,ii sPrrciirlizlrl,rr, rlltr.loPi,,lr lor.irrr,jr lrrr l lrrrrlir. lrr'lrrl,lrrrr tltrrf . 1r..prrzi{'ii rr'ri Pi*rl,r'r,irzli rrr,r*rrrlr lrrl'r,r'lrrrr lr, (:;ttsrlttt, tltrlttt.'; 1tt'r l:t.s.rr1,r'r'llrl,ir.; rrrl irrll.() (,{)ritlr.rrr.(rr,,.lr: ,,r.i.rsr.s"lrl ll,ont.tnut)t ttttltltrts (lrtttlluot r,l.r'.). Ijr.rrrr. ;rlr, rrrrl,orrorrriri 1tt,c_ pozifiilor ilr lirrrbil. y,1'1 11i r;r, r,irrlr,rir: irr lr,sibi.l iLaLca'lor 'i ite a fi consLruiLc <.;rr rlorrir srrrr l,r,r,i ,.,,r,i ,.,. Evolulia lirnbilor indo-cur.oIcn{)) (lil si ,,r';1 a altor limbi, e caracterizat{ prin acccrrLrr:rr,c;r rrorrl,iirrri a scpardrii adverbelor dc prepLzi!.i i, plirr,,1'1,;rlr.,r.r,:rruunir'ulrriilc prepozi!tt st specializarcu lor. l'rrrrr.{i,,rrrl:,. .'C0njuncfiil0rr:ulcJ)r'{)sul)rur osirrl,rrrrlr,r,olrr;rl,iiirHrrlrr.rrrlglijrlt,, se crceaziL si trlc irr I)l.itllul r,Por.ii irrlor.ir,r,. l,l lo rro lolrrrclzi pe baza-lrt'ttttt.tnte'lor, rlirr',si lr rrll,or' lrrrr'l,r rlr: r'or.lrir.r'. l)cslrlc procestrl folrniirii ryi slcr.irrliz;rlii l,r.rrr. r'rr v,r.lri lrr.rrlril,ril rrl refcrilol la sirr l,lr xi _,Irt.oa1ti[tllrrl irrrr.sl,rr lll ri ir lrllurl,'1. nrrrrrr. rlc ilrl,rrrjttcl,ii. Elc sirrt lirnr'l,c vcr,lri irr lirrrlrrr rli lrlrrl, ;rlr,rrl,rrl,r' 1,r.,,'i,,r1,i,, deni. Irr lirrrlrilo rrrrri Irr[,irr cvolrlrrlc s,,.inlilrrr,rrr: lrr rrrrrrrilr. martl ryi jottcii rrlr t'ol irrrPorl,irnl, irr r.orrrunr(.1u,(,. lrr lirrrlril,, InO(lel'll{) ttlt: stt itll;r l;r 1i,'r'ilr,t i;r \,o(,illrullrr,rrlrri, rrvlrrrl rrrrri ales ttrr lol l[rrcl,ir, _ Dit^t ucltt tlxplrrH. lirrlr rri.i "r' 1y11,11,1, lr.lrll. r..lr.lrrzrrr r:;i l,r..l, tata lorrnarc lr Plir'(,ilor rlrr vor'lrilc lsl,c lr,zull,rrl,rrl rrlrsl,l.ircLizdrii qi spceializrir,ii scnsului r,rrvirrlr,lor., :rl rlczvoll,iirii func!,iilor_sintacIicc, J)r.(]ollrfr si irl rronsl,il,rririi cal,egoriiloi gramaticale marcate prin jndici I'olrrrrrli. liile.renfie]ea lor lexicald este cea mai vecho; rlil'rrrcrr(,ir,r,r,a frrnobionald ingepg o datI cu fraza bitncrrrbri, irr,,rlilclcrrl,icrca'lor morfologicI sc producc rnrrll, rrrri l,ilz,irr. In toato Iirrrbilc, cvolrrLiir pr'i r,(,ilor. rlrr 1,1r1'lyi1,,' lio cilrilof,orizcaziilllirrclcfll,clcrrrlorrl,irrrrirrrrrrrrrirr'ulrrilorsi pl.irrrrtlirrcirca spttoializiilii lrlr I'rtrrcl,iorrlrlc; or,rlirrcir srrr.r:r'sirrrrii csl,r: aoe cu de la prir(,i rIc vorlrir,c (ill ulr rlorr{,irrrr[, scrrrirrr[,irt rrrlri concrct cIL.c pirr'{ i rlc vorbit,. crr rrrr .t.rrr{,irrr.rl, tlirr 00 ilr cc rnai absbract, nol,ionirl ryi irpoi lr:la!,iorral.
subsLantjv r l.ui
.

141

bvolul,ia corrIirrul,rrirri .sl. rlt'pcttionti cle evoiufia prtigresivd a gindilii, tlc l'rtt'tt,rrtt'trr clrltaciti!ii de a stabili cr-rrrceptul dc-'objctrl,, ittsttsitltr, ltct,ittne. Dar acestc {;tltttrtrlrl,tr ntis-ar fi crisbalizitt, irr prir'{i rlc vorbirc dcose}riLc, tlitcit tttt ai fi intervcniL noctrsit,ii(,ilr: sirrl,a<tt,icrc, cal'e olr irttptts, trvrtt telor func{,ii speciirl izirLc. Srrb aspeoLul confirtrrt,rr lrr i cx isl ;r diferen!e Clare"inlre siLrra(,iir rrlgSl,or claStr lrlxitrg-gt'rttrt;rl,ir:rtlrr tn limbile evoluate si irr rrtllo ilapoiato, ilt trtt'rt (r(r l;i. numdrul pdr{ilor de vorbiro si spct'ializlrt'cit Iol l'rrtrr'Iiorrr.r 'l'l\'(:sl(l it't' str tlc vttt'lr r'l,ilot' I'orrnalti a dilereri de Gradul !icrc 1ri realizeazd in slrinsii tlependcn!i dc t,iprrlsllrrct,rrnrl rrl lirlrbii. Ele slnt cel mai pulin dilercntiaLe in lirrrbiJc izola.rrle ;i cel mai net deoschite in limbile llexionare. L)ar irr loal,o Lipurile de limbi se manifestii [endiri!a continuir a separdrii lor cu mijloace speclfice ficcirlci limbi. Gradul diferenl;ierii lorrnalc rttr afocteazit treapta de separare a conl,inutuiui. AcesL lapl, c dovedit ';i prin isto-ria limbilor in- care sbructura tlrarlidL ioalil s inLcticir s-a l,ransformat in structurii analiticl . l)ispali{,itr flexiunii gi roducerea unor categorii grarnaticalc al'(l (lit ul'nlaro o apropiere formald intre pdrlile de vorbirtl t.ru t.rtlrtl,ittttl, rro!iortal , dar ele rdmin distincl,e conceyrl,ual si lrrrroI iorrirl. Am urmdlit lrlril aculrr r,v,,l tr I iit r'rr Ltlgtiriilor morlologice. ,Din descriere a iezultat ci, tl,' I'iccitlt r[;rLri, Llalrsforrnarea urrei categorii lexicale in categolic rrrorl'ologicii rlsl,o inso!ib5 de o orEa-nizare a materialului. ln l'clul ucosl,a se consLituie treptai microsistemele crtnoscutc slll) lttrlltclo dc paradigrne. Categoriile gramaticale mai vcchi (gr:rrrrl, numerul' aspectul) iu forme de exprimarc ln rntri lllttrc IIII"ISuTI dependente de sensul lexical al temelor; ar:clca rnai noi (cazul, timpul) iqi creeazd forme in funotic dc rtoilc trltrsificriri. ln l'azele nai vechi ale lirnbii, sislcrrr11l rrroll'ol9gitr, 1rq1 r'itl ,'goriittrlrirtttttltrrOaSe Ei lOrlrc clc cxprirrrur,e vAriit[,c, ttri\ l'oiu'l,tr rrottt'lit'ltl . Imbogd!ir.ett corrt,irruii a vocabul.ar,ulrri, irrrrrrrlliIcir IirPoIl,rr. rilOr sintacl,icc irnprr.rr urcirlologiCi cl sisl,t'trrirl,izlrl c lrrit i l:rl i,' nal5., ceca ce sc rnanilcsl[ prin conliltttlr t,orrdirr!i u sirrrplilicdrii forrnclor. Accsb fapt poal,o l'i ilrrsl|rrl, Irirr istot'tit sistemului rnorlologitt indo-europtlurt.
r42

Gramatica comparirl,ii a ajrrns de mrrlt la concluzia c5. morfologia lirnhii bltzl ttra fottrLtr trrttrtPlirrllil q1 grcoaie' cu catogorii gratnal,it:irltt tttrtt'tritl,tr rrrrrll'iJrlrr, rrtt trtttll,tt rnrtrfctrto sirrotrilrrr ryi rrlt,olo Irolistrtrtrtrtl,ilrr. Ar,r'sl, sisl,rrtn sIrrlits, rlosprtt citlr) lorrrrir,[,iilrr rlrsl rtl rltr rrrttrrlrlirrttl,rr rlitt vcrlir:li r1i grrrtrr:tt Irolrrrir':j rrrr rlrrrr o itn;t1,gtttt, ttttrolttPlrrl,ii , rt tt rlovlrlil, Irrl,irr sl,lrlril. l'll sc tllz;t;.1t'tr11;r itr Lrt:tl'rl lirrrlrill itttlo t,ttrolrottt', ttrrrtilcsl,irrl l,r'trlirrIrr rlr' l()t'nrilt't' it ttttttl lttttl't'ttt Itttttl., 'I'crrrlirrl,lr sIl'rl srrrrPlrlilittrr csll rrtt tlt'rtrlr'l)ll'r! (!virlrlrrl,ii 1n corrjtt{itrrr. l)c|:isittrl l;tzlt rrrrlrlr'l,ivir;tttttlrri, ilrrltt-rlttropean& gi-a creaL trrr riisl,rrrrr ycl'lrirl irr ir;u'r: licc:rrc l,rrrrii cra_ indep-eqdentd, in serrsul ci"t rlc lir o tiitl;trrittit cxist,ltu mai multe posibilitd!,i de formarc a unoi Lcrrtc ciu'ttr'l,r'r'isl,icc unei anumite cateceleilalte gorii; nici urta dirr lotrtrr tttt l)r'i'r.rrl)rttr.rr..rlxisLcnla '[ sau nu se ltul,ca I'cuottslil'rri 1'r' lr;tz:t ,'i. rr ltctlitsLi perioadfl existS. teme aspcct,ttitlc, lrrrt,lltlr'. il{ ll\'(' rri tnt'rlii, rlxistil forma{,i.i tcrnat,ictt 1i itl,tltttlrl,ilr', rl('}itlrlrr{r' 1rt'ttttttt'tr si trtltrllndareCa qi irr vcrlicli ryi itt gt'r'ltr,ir ltrttttlt tlit, rlr' lrt o ttittl.'1111i llirllicinll se puLcatr I'rlt'ttta stt I'tl rlrr l'ot'tttl t lt'lrtt lr'Sifrtplil'ictrr,rtir siSt,crrrttltti t',,r'ltrrl tttrlo (,rtt'{rl){'ltn lr tr llitrtrL in rnai tttult,r: rliIrtrr[,ii: lttt l,rltl tt'tlttrt,'tttrtll(. rlrrr loIrrrit(,iilo suplcbivc; lt lost, rrlitrrirrlrl, I ilrrrl llrrltr:;tl;tli'trritl rr', I ilrrl rlrrli cai t,errrrrl,ic r';t1rr ii irt l,r, rtl 1rr't'rttril,lr r, \'l'llltll'lrtltt lttrllltttrlltrl'ir, Clar irr cprrr:lr islot'iclt rl,,r'rrrcrri ,'l ttr'1rt',rtltltrl 1v'1,,r'rrl Ir'ttrcilrttl in crlrr,iirg;lrrrr il .lrlrlil'lr t'r'r'lr"lrr ll()1, rllt ivttl'r', ' tt Iloxittltc l'tt ln lirrrllilrl irrtlo r,ut'o1,,'ttc t r', lti ritr r'otttt ltlrrt,' Pt'oPrirt zitt iil sIlrsUl Iir r;r,r'orrll{,il,rriI ttrr liit;lIttt 1,r'lrltztt tttttli ia1 rlivrrr.sr,l|} l,crlr, rlolrirtrlrrsr: 1r,11;i l rrri st'tttttrtl,itrtt rriditjili, si fornale. ln lalirrii sist,r'rrrrrl vr,r.lrirl I'r.:r rrrrri rigirl rlctriI lrr greacd. Construitir ptl ctlltr rlrtttit {'lrttrr lrtrrtlittrrclrt,&lc aspec]Cuale qi perl'ocl,rrrrr - ('()lr.illHirltrr latind-se. ca- irifecturrr racterizeazil prin intrt-rducel'oil trtttti sisl,cttr temporal. simetric qi clar. I)ar verbrrl llt,irr tttiti pr'i slrlrrzri rtrmdqile ale stadiulrriarhaic,careavoiulsrir iil r'lirrrirrrrlc irr I,ol, crrlsll istOriei salo. Ast,fcl atl.it:trl,ivrrl Vtrt'lr;tl itr '1rr ' irri{,irrl l,rrtrrli iltdepcrttlcrrt,ii (t'l'. l,irtt f i.it'lru ), r: I t'rrPl,itl, rrlr|oPilr.l, tlo t'ottttl pei'foclrrlui;l'it['i'i tlrr rrrrtll'iPlrrlrr I'oIlrrir(iilrlc lrcr'l'rlr'l'tlui (u;4ul
O

grr Ii.tl,ir.

Cttrlirrgltr'c,

parce des Ia.n.gucs cl.asii.tlllts,ltaris, 1.1.)i):t, 1t. 77i}

l\{ e

i I Ir l, ,[. Vl rl rl r yo s, 'l'rait,'. da gro.nl)tlolrc

.

cottl

143

neau multe velbc nclcy4ulirl,c sau delective,'qi ciry[igri l,rlr.olr conjugarea I, fornrahi llr cca rrrai mare parte dill vclbc rlcnominative regulate, si r:orrjrrgarca a IV-a, orglrnizrrl,ii rlrrpri rnodelul ei. Tendinlra de reg-rrlarizaro a conjugirrii corrl,irrrri qi lrr limbile romanice. In limba ronrCnii rijrrrin llorrii conjrrgiiri productive, a IV-a qi I-a, accasta dil rrlrnii I'iirrrl rrrai productiyl ln cpoca nrodcrnil. O evolu!ie similall se observ[ qi in dccJinurc. llormcle flcxionare cele mai vec,hi pS.streazI alternarrta consonanticH ln tefnd, rrimXqilri din perioada in care nrr ic cous[ituiserl desirrenle (aqa-numita declipare heteroclitl de tip Iat. 1[. fenrur G. ferninis, gr. N. In*p, G. {paloq, skr. N. yakyt, G. yakneilt, hit. N: watarl G. wctenai); se constiluie ulterior mai multo tipuri dc decliniri, irr frrrrctie de aspectul forrnal al temei; categoriile gramaticale se cxprimau cu ajutorul alternan[ei si a] desincn.telor. Simplil'icarca decliniriis-a fi.cut prin eliminarea formelor dc dual, reducerea numirului de declindri, sincretismul cazurilor. Ilr limba latind se unificd formele flexiunii consonanticc qi vocalice la declinarea a III-a, are loc o apropiere reciproctr intre llexiunea nominald si pronominal5. Declindrile neproducLivc, a V-a qi IV-a, se disloc5, substantivele rcspcclivc l,rccfurd lu declinlrile puternice, I-a qi a II.a. Se elirrrind Lrept,at; subsl,antivele cu flexiune neregulatd. Tendinla reducerii numirrului de paradigrne nominale gi verbale se manifestd Ei ln alte fanrilii de limbi. Sistemele morfologice se lntlrcsc conlinuu prin eliminarea forma{,iilor neregulate. No(,iunca de element nelegulat e relativ{, variilrd lrr func{,ie de ccca cc rcprczinl,I norma lntr-o ctapi drrtir a is{,orici limbii. Cccu rir irrt,t'-o anumil,ii cpocl al)aro oa rrorrni'i, ln clrocile ulrrtll,oat'o sc t,t'trrrs-forrnr'i , prirr oprizil,irl crr rrot'rrra cxistent[, in lornte arrortrrrlc. ln frtzrr ceil rnai vochc a sis;bcnului morlologio irrdo-curttpcitrr, tlominant,c crau lorrnele supletive. Ulterior, procetlcul prin<,ilrul

diri, amof antaui), se rdspindeEte pcrfccl,rrl sigrrrirl,i<; ryi, mai aleS, perfectul in -2. Pierd treptat tcrcn ccurjrrgrlr'ilc a III-a si a II-a, carc con[iegi, linquof liqu,i,
t:ttttttf cu:i.rr,i,, dicof

de marcare a ftrnc[,iilol gramaticale dovine alterqanla.con. sonantic[ [i vocalici, iar formele de t,iprrl ferol tuli dsvin noyrrodurrl,ivc; irr crrlsttl isl,olici linrllilor irt<lo-ttrtroponb, olql,igri t,rrrorr rrrot'l'curclc ttIixttltr, ittl fttt'rlt(r.lc t:tt ttll,orttt\rrl,11 so piirill'citzi'i ln ttturriil't'crltts ltt rtttviltl,o rlirr lirrrrlrrl ;rl'irrtliprrl. lrr lirrrlrrr ctrlllrrzii (ilrt)1, rlitt vct'lttrlrr lrtri tttt [onl, ilrlotlttit,o trtt f<llrrrc lr,llrtlttlt'. 1,, ,,,''st,l isloli,'i lilrrlrilor itttlo trttt'o;rtttltt rrorlct'nc rtt Irrl,ttl, ttPrrt't'tr sPot'tttlitt trt,i I'ot'tttri ttrrt'lrgttlttl,o (trx. r'rrrrr. r.ott, lrtiirtt 'nl,. ltuttrt) ttlttt l'ttl'ttttt srllllrrl'ivrr (lr'. vtti.sf u.l.lntnl it'tr.i), r'rrt'(t l'{lpr'r!zirrl,ii trcr:irlrrrrl,rl. Nllrtttirul forrnttlor t'ttgttlttl,tr t:r'r'sl,tt ltt ttrotl trlrsolrrl, ryi nllativ ln tob cursul isLorici. DupI considera!,iile lcfot'i l,ottt'r ll rltrzvoltarea categoriilor rnorfologicc este ne0csal' ootun sr'i lrrrilrr In discutie transfor. rnS.rile structr,rrii morfologir:rt lrt ttttt'tlttttlrlrr, modalitdlile 9i

direc!iile ei tle evolu(,irr. S-a viizul, cii lirrgviql,ii rlr, lrr lrtrr'pttl,trl sccttlttlrri trecut lirnitau llroblcrna I)r()gt'(rHlrlrri lilrrlrii lrr t; Jrl'rrrtirrri l'olirri.l,gtpg

la

anaiizci crtrttpttt'ttl,ivo tt ttt,l'tttrl'trrii sittl,trl,ir:o ryi rrrrrrlil'ir:o tt linrbilor irrrltt-ctrt'opcttc t,ttt:lri ryi lttorlcrrro. lltrztr[,i lll]t'olll)(! exclrrsiv Ptr tttitl'trl:itt Lr 1rl'ivil'irtrt'o lrr l'lrrx irrtrctt tttttttitrttltl' lilrgvirsl,ii]arr ir.i rrrrs' lir rlisl,rrrrfri tll t:ll'lvtt tllr''r'ttii, lt1 r:otrrrlltzii dirc<;t, o1,itst,. Asl,l'rrl lrr rrrijloorrl srrr,olttltri rlorrrirrii.;rlirlrrea 0ir [,t'Arrsl'ttrtttttt'rir til,t'trcl,ttt'i i I'lrr.x ittttttt'tt o1i11l,11l,ir:lr lrr structuni arurlil,icii rruu.r:lr(rirzii rlrrcrrrlr,rr{,rr rurrri lirrrlli. lrr rile lui Schleiihcr. AcIivit,irt,t:rt tttrogl'tttttrtl,iciL.r avca sd schimbe perspectivele ccroohilii, iur lir lflrqi[ul. secolu]ui la concluzii tlottl,l'itttr nt:tllora ale lui SchleiJespersen'aiunse Din "r,urictrrl slrr rlc vlrlr,t't', nlt'tttrlttr& analiticd a "n"i'. limbilor mo<lerno cste strIcriottt'ri, strlt l,ottl'tr ttsltotltcle, stru-cturj i sintcl,ice a lirrrbilor irlrrsi0r,; lolilrrrlr. rrrr rlrrv(}rril, nrai abSLraCtc ryi

a$UIJIa ctlnsccitrlr'lril'Pt'0tltt$tt tltr l,t'ttrrtrt't,tt tlrt ltl tttt l,ip ltr0r'fologi,'lit lrllrrl. llll,rrriior', trct'r:ct,iit'iltr s tttt trottt:trtll'l'ttl' tlHlll)l'll

(izolari[, aglrrt,irritrrl,,

inegaiiLut,ea tralit,irl'ivii sirrIr'orrir:ii rt l,iIrrlilol'rlo lirrrbi l'lrrx iorrtrt'), lrrro(,il,rr rLr rrorrrirlorrt(,ii

forrna cea rnai Pr,0{rrrrrr l,ii rrccrrnt,ii irlrlr: csl,c

rrx

prrHfi

lrr lrrr:rii-

t Al. O r a u r, Eoolulia roijugarif tn ront.d,niita,,,Sl,utlii qi ccrcctirri lirrgvisLico", vol. XIII, f asc. 2, pp. 153-160.
r44

rnai sis[,ttrnrrt,irrrr, glrrrrrrrl,ir:rr lrr ttrrsttrttllltr rt rlrlvtlnit m&i olirrii ryi rrrlti tts,rot'rltr irrvi(rrl,. Avanta,jtrlo st,t'rttrl,ttrii lrrrirlit,ico tttr losl, tlvirltllr(,illtc r1-i llo al!i lingviqt,i dc lrr slilriil'rrl.slrtroltrltti. I'rrrtrtrl,. Anl,[cl M.I]16ul consideiia tiir l,rootrrcrl rlri ln sinIol,iun lu alrulitisnr oorospundo
745
10

necesite[,ii dc t:]ari l,l.rLo si l,rrrrrlin(,oi vot'bitorilor de a roaliza inlelegelea'dint,rc r,i lrr r'[or,l,ur,i t'it, mai reduser. Ba a simplificab sisLr,rnrrl, 1'r.irr inlir lrrlirr.r,rr lormelor sinorrimc. rr,,r.miIind o .xIf i11,r,,'tr Irecisii Hi .liIliciLI a celor. rlrui r.orrrl,licate raporlru,i sirrlirt.l ir.e . Lingvi,ltii din sccolul rrus[,r.rr oar,L] a. rcluat, a.rrrgl,ii rrr'. blemd sint preoc'pa[,i ilr rrrrri r*icrr nriisrrrii rrc ir rr'irrr,irtirr avantajele si dczavantajolo rutrri Lill rlc sl,r.rrr.l,rrlrr srrrr rrl celuilalt; atenlia l_or se indr.aPtli rnai rrrrrll, sIr'. rrri lrri.rrl.u cauzelor carc duc la trarrslolniarea Liprr lrr i rrrirrfologic. Referiri la accirsLi"r problorn[ sc intiLrcst.r irr rurr.lt,c sludii ale lui A. Nleillct. Dirr e,le sc desprinde concluzia ctr. din punotul sdu de vetlere, trecerea la itructura analiticd sb dalore;te unor factori complecsi,,,xtralingvistici gi lingvistici. Intr-unul din studiil-e salc, lingvistuti francez'rorr*id"r" cd trebuie sd vedem in accasll't.arilforrnare in primul rind o problemd de mentalitate, inlrrrclt prin disparilia flexiunii nominale se creeazd in limbilo rnodclrre posibilitatea prezentirii no!iunii'in sine, in afara oricillci dctermindri. El sus{,inea cd.in linrbile indo-errrot)olro vr:chi, cu flexiune boga1,d, nonrinaLivrrl lu el'a o l'orrrui arrl,,rrorrri,r,i un t.az lntre celelalte. cazuri, iar cuvirrl,ul avcrl rrrr cor.i\r:Lcr. concret, purtlnd obligatoriu malca gerrrrlrr i, rrurrrilrrlrri qi cazului. Dar la aceasta s-a rdspurrs cI, pc rlrr o pirr.l,c,pi in lirnbilc arlali, tice, in cadrul vorbirii, cuvin l,rrlc silr L intol,deauna delerrlinalg (cu alticol, prel'ozil.io rrlr'.) ;i, 1rc de alth parte, cd qi in limbile vcchi rrominirtivrrl av0l, iirLrc alte func!,ii, gi pe aceea de a denruni notirrnca?. Tot Nteillet a suslinut cit lrr srrbstantiv formele analitice s-au oreat in condiLiilo in t;irru rlcsilcnlele polisemantice nu mai pul,earr satisface singrrrc cerin{ele conrirnicdrii: Slnt qi cazuli in carc (ca lir gradelt'rlt'cornpitra(,io alc adjectivelor sau Ia fornrelrl vurbalrt corrrprrsc) corrsl,rrrc(,iilt, irrrrilil,icc tlrr apirrrt, d in rrc.ttsit,al,cir rrnoi lot'rnrr liri mlr i Ilitst,irro 1i nrai exprosivc, iur'[r'ttrrvolr(a folosiri i a gralnal,itralizirl, asrrrrrrrnca irnbini'ili, irrt,rotlucintlrr-lc in sistcnr:1.
_ . :4.M c I l,.l e L,

Pcrrtru A.Nlull,irrel, l,r'(rcclur rlc ltr s[r'rtr:l,uru girrl,cl,icll tt lirrrlrii lirIiirrr lu r,cir lrrrrlil,ir:i rr lirrrlrilot' t'tlttitttir:o rctlcr:l,ri nrrrrcsilrrl,clr lr.or'11:rrriziilii lirrrlrii irr lorrrliIiilrr lrr r:rl't', Httlr Plrtsirrrrcrr rtrrrcnil,ir{,ilol rlrr r'()r}ruriclrt'r', lrrrrr'[,iilr'lirrrlrii lrrr tlcvlrtil, rrrrri nlrlr{'r'():riit\ lri tttiri r'otrrlrllrr'1. l'rr lrtr'lT ltrt rlilrr:rtlir lr('r'jl1l,l ;,tolrllttlr lrr ltltrt'tttt'tt lltrltt r'l l,rrl,ii rr f ui V.'l'rrrrli, ,\'trrtr'lttrrrl 'l't'tttlr'rr,'i,':: rtl'lttrrlirrrt;1t's. Att Lot'rtl lr ltrlrl, irr r,olrliitlt:trt(rr'l,r'rrrlrrr(,r'll rlc lvolrrItt'ttlc ttiltl.t' IIIclot tnot'l'ologicl lrr lrtrrl,i lrlrlrr'Irnir(l rnlrt ttttrllot' lrrrrrili.i. BazaL l)0 llr) tttttl,ct'itrl lolrrlr'lro11;r1,, r'l tt ;ti'rrl, rt,ltct'sptlcLivii mai largd, caro i-a ptrt rrrirl r;:r rrjtttr;1rr l;r corrrlttzii f undarnentato. Spro deosebire de rnulfi lirrgviryl,i,'l'rrrrli priveqte sintetismul qi analitisnrul nu Irtrllriricir l,r'rrtlrttIr'r'rtt'tr i;i iau reciproc locul in evolu[,ia ]itrr.lrilor'lllriorrttt'c, r'r lri r';t l,trnrlinte care coexisti irr yrorrttattcrr(,ri, irr lilrrlri irlrrrr'l irrirrr,l l,trl,ttt'ol tipulilor struct,trt'alc. Sirrl, I'crrrlirrtr' (,1)rti'ir', ('rr ( itttzrt rlilclil,c si a ct\ror lrontlcr'o rio st'lrilrrltii itt ltrt'sttI islolili lirrrlrri. l)rrpri lrri V.'l'rttrli l,rrrrrlirrltr s;rt'r'ttrrrrlil'it;ltt trsl,c ittrlrttsl\ plrcrea -de 'irrll rrrlt't'irt', rttrttlizit trlrrl'ii rrii r':t ccrirr{r,lc oonllrrricllii.

irr gl'iutral,it ltlizrttlit ttttot itttlrtrrrili lcxicltlc ;rlritt'trl,rr vlglrcsit,if i sPorilt' tlc t'otrrttttit itlt', irr t otrtliIiilc cltlilii sist,cttnrlui grlrrrrrtl,icttl, srttt rlin <lol'irrIir lx1,l'irrril'ii rrrtti ltlttsticc ;i rrrai 1rt'r'r'istt, irr cottrliliill irr ltttl sisl,t:tttrrl cxisl,rrrrl, 1r0atc lrlorItr('r'r'r,lrlrrzii slrtt lrtt itt'(' rrri.jlotr, r'srrl'ilirllrl, tlc tlxplesivi'. lrrl,irir',':r Irrrrtlirr{r'i r\l)r'{r itttirlil,isrrr srr tttltltilcsli prirr t:r'O;l,trlolt tttttttrit'trltri rlrt (rttvin{t'ltttxililtt'rr, Pl'ilt .i trl,l'otlttcerea urrci Lopitti fixr:, 1rl'irr srtrrplilillrlllr :ttlot'rlttlrri o rllrl,li cu reduccrca tttlot' citl,r'gol'ii gllrttrlrlir';rlrr. 'l'rrtrrlirr(ir slrltl sirtteti.sm are cu lot,ul lrlt,rr ('itlrz('. l'lit sc rlltl,otrrsl'tr cltritt:t,crului
OonsIr'1

4i1

t ltssai. tk:

s(.ttLarr.liclu.e

vol. ,,t,inguist,iquo historirlue_ct,. lingrris{,iqrre gdn6rale", vol. II, I,aris, 11):16, 1rii.9--i3. 3 L' tvo lution d,es fornts granrntaticales, ib idcttr, vol. I, 1rp.'l3F-, 136.
Lr: caractire concretd,u nrct, irr

1t1t.

12-24.

liniar al vorbirii, liirrrl irr pt'itttttl I'irrrl o t,otrtlirr!L foneticti ;il;;";i in "i aoitca rirrtl t,rrrrrlirrl,ii s.rrtitrrLicir. lri condiliile cuvinLelc trtttttlrttstr pol, ;t'i so transforme in unei Lopici fixe, dcrivate, prcpozitiilc si post'1tozi(,iilt: sc rrglrrl,ineazl transfornriurltt-sc irr itl'ixtt, ltrottttrtttrltt lttrt'sottltlc srl itt,arycazii la t,r'rrxr vellruli si tlrlvirr dttsittcttLc ttl,tr. l)rrrrlorrrirritcir, irr l'ictritt'c cl,rtlrii isLr-rlicI, it untlia $itu a cclcilall,c Iunrlirrl,c csl,c corrrl i{,iorritLii de numeroqi facl,ori. Avarrlajclo licr'trt'r-ri t,ip sl,rrrcLul'al nu pot fi apreciate in abI tl l,'u,rrt:(iorLul
747
l/

ies oI

Lun.guage,

p.

138.

146

l0*

stract; stadiul stnrol,rrrii rrrorfologice a unei anumite limbi, lntr-o etapl dalr'i u isl,orici sirlc, yroatc fi judecat numai in compara!i0 crr rrlalllr prcccrlrrrrl,ii tlirr istoria acelciaryi lirnbi. In felul acesta se dovurlc;t,c r:ii prrncl,cle de vederc cxt,r't:rrr isl,c qi exclusiviste sint glcryit,c. I)ur:ri sinLctisnrul (rlrrp,i rrrrii) sau analitisrnul (dupir rll,ii) lrlczirrLl rrumai incorrvcnir,rrlc nu este de inleles de ec o lirrrlli irr tlezvolLarc [,r'occ r.lr' lrr rrrr tip de structurd la celilalL. f)rrpii curn s-i\ irril,irl,, r:clc rlorr:i tendin.te coexistente au oauzo difcrit,r:, 11111'1r r1r'[,ioncrrzij irr permanen!d. Se poate spurlc cir oorrsl,l'rrr:Iiilc rrrrirlil,i,'rr sc transfounl cll vrcmea in forrne sirrLetioe slrrr t:l'i rrIc lcrrlczirrLi o fazi in dezvoll,area forrnelor sintetice , dar rrr-r cI lonrrolc sintetice se [ransforml in analitice; ele sint in]ocuite de forme analitice, care se creeazJ. lncleu pc baza lcxicului si care pot cleveni' predominante uLurrr:i r-,incl structura sirrt6ticd existenti se dovedeqte insulioierrti pcntru redarea [uturor nuanlelor sau prea conrplical,ir ;i grcoaie. Aparilia formelor analitice, rdspunzirid urrol rrccesitir!i ale comunictrrii, aduce limbii avantaje lrrin in{,rodrrcol'ca de tlonst,r'ut.rlii rnai pulin nuureroaso, cu oalacl,er ruai ruol,ivtrt, dcoi rnai uqor dc memoral. F5.rI a rte ralia lu punc[ul'dc vederc extremist al lui Jespersen, nu prrl,orn f ido iroord rrici crr llirrerea lui R.A.13udagov1) care srrst,ine cI evcilu{,iir sl)roallalil,isrn nu reprezint,I prin ea insiisi url l)r()gles, in[,rucil, ea I]u tcflectd modificlri in con[,inutrrl lirnbii, it ceeu cc ex])riIIIii, ci numai in t,ehnica rnijloacolor dc f orntrrlarc a urrci idei, in rnodul cu,nl se exprinr[. l,irnba ttu csl,e nu[Iai con!irrut, ea are forne de exprimare a con!,irtrrtului orgarrizate intr-un anumit grad, iar progre^sul ei sc vitdeste si in pcrfec!ionarea acestui sistem formal . In at'elu;i tirnp se poate admite qi cI transformarea tiprrlrri analitic t:orrcrct, legat ncmijlocit de imbinlrile lexicale din care dcrivir, in stI'uctrrrl agltrl,inan[d qi flexionarr-t a irtscrrrrtttt, lu faza respectivii, ur l)I'o!{r'r's J)r'ntru limbir, <riici a irrclrcgtrt sisLcrtrul, a irrt,rorlrls itr trz ltl'ixttltr abst,t'itc[,tr si slrtrtrializat0 - si, itr lltzttl lirrrlrilor' - morfcnlr) a lo.alizaL trcuttonrie dc rrrat,ct'ial lrt'irr lrrtttrittit flexionurc, mai multdl'valori irr i:onfirrutul urrui sirrgrrl Ittotl'cttt. Asa cunr s-il rcnlitr(iilL trtlcsca in ourstrl istolirri lirrgvist,ir'ii, lir unelc cuzuri sc obscn'I o altel'I)aro dc t:rtttst,r'ttlliisilrlr't Iloe0ttt,ur: t tL,illt;tl ()
JL,]

Ilc-riorritt'iisirrl,cl,irir,(rr'oilrl,insl'orlrrrrlrrcr'lcrrrlirrrrrrrr,r'oirscsi it.i rrnrrltlr'zrnt'rtrlrr';ilii irrrlo-r:rrt'opcrrci; irr r:ulr;rrl istoliei lirubilol irrtl,r crrloutrrc. sirrl,rrl,isrrrrrl ti srrlrsl,it,rril, irr gradcdifcritrrrli't,orrsllrrr'{iirrrrirlil,ilr',,';rlrrocrrlrir lor,rrllrlcporrderent in struol,ura trrror lirrrbi irrdo-clu'oJ)(ilro rnodcrue. Intr-o perioadir de relaLiv aoccasi inLintlclc, o scrie de limbi qi-au modificat sl,ructura morlologicri irr prolror{,ii mult mai re,duse. Est,c cazul lirnbilor aglrrl,irrirrr{,c rrgro-f inice qi turcot,i{,arc. Slahj.l it,rrt,ca morfolotirli lr accsl,or lilrrbi sc explicd
cortrplir:at,c irr

tice qi analil,ice irr r:xprimarea ar;elei:rrsi categorii verbale: inl,r-o firzii lrlltaici :r lirnbii lrrl,irrc l;r conjrrgririlc I ryi :r TI-a viil,rrlrrl s it cxln'itttltl, lrtt'iIt':rsl,ir,, rtr ir.i trlol'rrl vcl'lrrrlui*ltlu,u -l ltlt.tt.- ,,it I'i"; lrlilr ;rglrrl,irr:rlr,;r lrri lrr l,r,rnir vcrlr;rlrj, sc ct'rrlrtzii lolrrrr'lrr rlr' l,ilrrrI trttt,rlt,r, rtttttrr,lt,t. lrr Ir'r'iorrrlrr l,irzir' rr lirrrlrii lttl,ttrt clr: r;irrl, rlttlrr;l,tlrrrlr.rlr,Iotrrrlr(,ti trrrrrltl,icc lrr Ittt.l,r'rt tt:rtt ttttlll'lr, lrtrrl,rll t{)nrrurill rll ilIuri rlur n:ttllt't't', Ic itct'tttil,tr llrlr', ttot lolrrr,' :;t11li'l tr'r,: tl. tttrtl('r'!t, Ir. tlttttt.lt't'tti. ftt its,,r,,,,,,,rrr lrrzuri lrrr lrrl'vrrilr vor'lrr,irc rlc tvolu(,ic ltr 0crttr, itt [,ittt;r r,rr ltl(,tt cotritrllr':r ( ir t'r'Ir'1,;ttlir lt'orttltlr:ttlui rtu insearnnii qi irlcrrl,il,rrl,c rr corrIirrrrl,rrlrrr 1i cir l'iecare forme trebuie aprecialii irr carll rr I sislcrrrrr lu i rlirr care face parte; funcliile nefiind acclcirryi, nu sc lrorrl,r' r.'orbi despre evolulie in cerc2. Ctr al,it rnai ptr{,irr st: lrorrlc vor'lri rlrsplrr cvolrr[,iu lrt cerc a st,r'uclurii jrr itrrsrunlrlu: rll l;r lrrr;rlillirrrrrl corrclr'1, lit sLrttc1,ura sintt'l,it,i li tlt, lir ircrrslir lrr irrr;rlrlisrrrul rrlrsllrrll, irl lilrrbilor rnotlcl'n{r nu sc 1n'orlrrlr'o ct'oltr{,il irr (:('r'r', (:i ln spiI'tt.lii, rt I'orrtri'i it rrcgiil ii rrcgir(ili. Sirrl,r'lisrrrrrl rrr rrrrrrlrlisrrrrrl tiy;1, rrtri rloi lroli irrl,r'c ( iu'(, irll,r'r'rrr';rz:i rrvolrr(i;r lirrrlrri, ilrr' subst,i{,rrilcir urror' Iolrrrc rlc r';rl,r'r lrll,r'lr', r'rrrrzrrl,ir rll lr.r'rrr{.r:lt oornurrit:it'ii, sr:1rt'orltrlr irr srlrrsr'r l l)r'()l{t'csulrri lirrrlrrr. llvoltr (,iir st lrrll rrt i i rrr.ot'lololjicrr it l irrrlri lol s(' r:{,r l iz,crz;i irr lihnrrli l'orrt'l,r'irrr,g;rlr'. Irr rlr,r'rrls rlrr r'llrrvrr lrrikrrrii lirrrlrrr irr do-crrrtilrcltrrij rt l,r't'r'rrl, rlr lrr l'itzrr rtrrroll'ii (r'ccorrsl,ilrrilrilr'i lrtirr rrrot,orlir lclorrsl,r'rrr'(ici irrl,clrrr), lrrin irglrrl,irrlur', lrr lrrzir

t ll. Nl ii I I rr l' rtil,lrl, rlc (). ,l rr s l) c r s r'. tt, I'ntgn:ss in Lunguugc, [.,ortrlrrr Ne lv Yolli 1lt1]4, 1r. tl5; cl'. ;i V. 'l' a u I i, 'I'rend of Sl,rt.t,r:lttra.L (:lL(ni:c t'I l,u.ttlitr,rti4ts, ,,()r'lris", vol. XlI, fasc. 1, p. 6. , (lI. (i. S. li rr lr lr r:, ( )5 ont,v,u.pilluur lJxeucHtnoo cmqpoeo
,;d.1t.e0lt,du.

n.l)u.

.t,.tt,

nobrr(oarritnrrrr", 149

lttt..touutr(

tt. tl (.v..ilt.nluttcct;oi'.(, rrr. 1, J95il, 11. 87.

cm.poJt Jlau,fia, ,r13onpocrt

148

rnai ales prin faobori sl,rttr:t,ttt'uli, dint,t'e care mai importan{,i sint doi: lipsa iurpi.r(,irii pe clasc a strbstari{,ivelor fi topica fix5. de terrn iuant - dct,clrrrirra[1. In acestc limbi cxisLri o silgulii dcttliltare, iar ri"r<lircirr,it, lipsitn de irrdicatori tlc olasii, rllvitttl la nomirl:rtiv trtrltlt'ttl oiganizator al tleclinlrii, curo al'o o sLl'u(1Lurl axiiilir rrlrrrr'i hiasemettea condiLii nu sc (11'ceilzl ('{rllze ittlclttt: irltt l,t'ittrs' formirii: morlcrlclc rltnin clal tltllirrrit,aIc, iitr itrtttortiit t'ttcalicI opreql,c orcarea de variqnLe alrl af ixr:lor. 'l'ol,rtrlrtl,ri, datoriti-bopicii regresive, s-au dezvoltttt, tttttl[, r:ottsl,r'rrr:(iilrr participiale, s-iIu creal, pu{,ine })ropozi{,ii sctrrrrttlllro,, lrrisirindu-se dc socolc aoceaqi sl,rucLr-rrI a lrazci. rI)ezvolLarea strucl,urii aglrrLinanLe s-a- realizat prin creqterca nurnilrului 'de postpozi!,ii, rezcrva principall a afixelor oazuale, qi-prin crearea a nurneroase construot,ii analiLice Yerbalc pe baza ii lor. parbicip - O evblulie specificd au qi lirubilc izokittt,c, care iqi perfccexistenLl fiirir a-i rnotljfica tipul furrdasiruciura lioneazd inental. Structura amorld a lirnbilol rlin strd-cstul Asiei, tle mii de ani. al c5.ror prototip -structuriieste chincza, se tnctr.!irrc amorfl nu sc [,rage diltlcL tlirl tipul izolant AceastS. primar, ci reprezintd o forrnS. ttvolualir lr arltllilisnrtlltti, cu r.umetoate cuvinte auxiliarc absLt'aclc, in tlale iorma(,iile cxLrem dc rar'. aglubilrart[c "Rezultl deapar iici ci un faotor irnpot'LarrL c:rrc cotrdi[,iorteazd ritmul modific{rilor in sisferttul nrol'l'r.rlogio esLe tlol sLructural. Aldturi de el act,ioneazri lacLorrrl geJgrrttic. Sc verifici - Leza c[limbile situabe'in ariilc cenlralc ale globului au evoluat rnai repede, in l,imp ce acclea situaLe in ariile laterale (limbi austialienc, lirnbile paleo-asiaLice) ou strtrcl,urii priiisitrteti.l; ca qi limbile din alijlc izolante (basca, lirnbile oaucaziene) arl pirstrat, slructtrri oonlplical,c, arhaice. Se rnai adaugii qi inllucn!a lactorului istoric' nrigri.r.[,iile s.i , lcgat dc ele, c"ont,aol,ul irrt,r'c lirribi. stt prcsrrpun0 cit li]1rbilc izolftrrLe din srrcl-esLul Asici qi-arr sirripiificaL sisLcrutrl (aglul,inturt sau flexionar') din carrzir 0t"r s-arr tlczr.ulLal p0 rrrr t,eritoriu cu numeroasc llrig|al,ii. Nlui cviderrl,S. tl Lrltrrslol'lllal'ct\ sLructurii'sinl,cLi,,c rr' jirrl bii l,iltcl,anc si n lirrrlril,rt' ntortqrrlc f i
.

manciuro-tunsuse ln ttt'ma contacbului cu limbl chinezdrSi transforrrriiiilc sbt'tttrlttrii lilnbii irtrlo-trttroPcne l,rclll.ric sii ii losL rrt.cclr,r,irl,o tlc cxl,irrrlclctr ci prr irrl,irrsc l,cril,oriirlrr lirrrlri'i st,r'irinii ryi rlrt irrl'lrtottl'r'lc sttlrsl,t'lllrrlrri. 'l'ol'rtrlrrl,ii rr vizilrili irrogillil,lit,oir Iil,rrrrrlrri rrVolrr(i{.i irr lirrrlrilr'lil,r'trrt'l| I'rr['rr rl{' r,gltt r:ltt,rr lll tttt :i1t'itlt't,. Nlt'tttlt ltlt ili;i 1r;11 lttl,rltlt'ittttltt t tttt sttl'vttl,ttttt'tt. Slrccirrlill,ii irr lirrrlrrlr' ;tttt''t ltttlit'tttr ;ttt t't'l.t';tl' t.upitlir l,r,ttrrslirr.rrrrtlr, rr irr.rlrl,or. lrrrrl,i, r.itr.{, rlrr,.r, rrrrrrolr lrr Ilcrcctlll()tI{l,tlt ttit lr:g1tr I rt t' i lol' ;1r' t t l' I lr'. Am discrrtrtL irir,i rllrr ptc o rilt it' rlc l:rr'lot i t ltlt: 1rol, I'i oorrsidera'!i toL a[iLca t:orrtl il ii rt lr' tttorlil il,irIr i sl,r'rrol,urii morfologice. Cauza principalir ir l,l':tttrrlot'ttril'ii ei progresive' se af]d in creqterea nccesil,r"r{,ilrtt' tlt' t ottttttrit'ilt'o o datd cu dezvoltarea. civiliza(,ici2- Nttltriti ( irrirrrl s('irrtril tlrr trcest factor putern stl ne expli,rr'irrt rlc trtt t'\'olrrl,iir 1,r'.1i.r'sivii ir sistemului rlor[ologic 1l rrrr6r, lirrrlli lrllirl,r, irr rrlrr',rr irrr:rl,ir, ;r,'llgitrsi tloltditii gecigrafit'o f i traritcl'ct'iztrlr' Ir'irr rt.r'lr':trri llrls:il'rrli. sl'r'ttc-turalJ se-r.aliztrrrzli irr gr.rrrlrr rlilr,r.ilr,. ,\r'r,sl. lirlrl, r' rlovCrlil de inc!]alitirl,cir irt rltrzvollill'(' il tlll{rl lrtrrl,r ir' r'll(lt'lll llrlrrilit'i iltdo-etrlolrt)ttc, ltirltti!,o srrtttil ilc r;.rr. ' A rcztrll,irt, tlitt t,ttltt o\l)ltlil irr ilrr'lil llrIilol (ril) slll'(' dcoscl,ir',' tlr' \o, ttlrttlttt', ,'rr,ltt(tlr Ilrrl'lt"rt\':r il ltl'll,l'1';1'l
t

rlg ItlttrillSlirlt' r'lrt i:rlt', tltl('r)t l ctt itriltt'r'll' ( ()lltruro. Itt lt,'rrsl, strr:lrtt ltl lirrrlrii, r,r'illlirll llrrrl'il'irl'i'u rlc
af.e fOl'IIt(t Alrrcr,ir'l'rl

flir:l,ir lritL'r,ir '1;rlr'r ir 1rr.r.r,sr'l,r'l-ri 1rrl, r'lrirr. rti lrrir:lttt{l:l esen!u lottotltt,'ttttlrri Nlollologilt csl'rr lrlr';il'ttil'ri (litt r:ll'tl'lt microsistcrtrc 1i iLlcsl,t'il lrll sc tlrorlililli itt ltcccltlii rlit'rrr'!ie;i in acclali lit'rrr. S-lr lrt'iil,ltl,, rlc t'xtrtttlrltt, t'ii i'l tirop'"u limba llrrlgit|ir a sirrrlrlil'iIirl' trttrll' sisl,crrrul caztlal (fa!ri de slava corllt.lrrt-l cill'(l ilv(ril 7,'irzrlri Ia singular, d la plural ;i 1r' l. dtrlrl - Srrlplal'it it,r'tt 2 I'.t'trttr cazuale la.singular: qi un' la lrlrr.lrl), tllt. rl ltiisl,r'irl, itt trti\t'tr 1rit.l,c sistem'l Volbal slav. lirnlrir r,rrsi c ( ()lts(,tvltloltt't' itt r,rl Pt'ivtlll,c f ltlr V. 'l'lr rr I i, 'l'rtntl. ol ,\'lrtrr'ltr.rrrl vol. XII, fastr. 1, 1l)till, 1r. l:l
(|
lr.rt rt

ltt

r'sl,r' ti''trtttllr,:rl

ii.

rllrli'll

lrlrll,il'l ilr'

llll

l'r'

i:r,I

l,a.tt.1it.t'rt 1lt:s,,,(

)rbis"

'1

aeertnrnult"antu(.tt,o2o (:tlt l)oJL,

B,

1.

l1

rlr,Ol)f OlttrikOV,

ibident' nr'

O rt.1ttt.,r.tttt.rr,.t: tl(:ttt,t)it.tt.ttoott)t.u, , 19t;:t, 1r1r. 46 56.

r ,,'fhe l,cttrlt:tltly Lort'ltt'rls lrtss ol (11)ll(ll'{)l(l grirnrrrui t,iclrl cat,cgories atrd sirrtlrlif ir,:tlirrlt rtf Itlr,l'l'lr'll.H) is ill llt'll.l':r I sl trrtt'jlt' itt I ltrr l:tttgttuges of tnor,r lriglrly civiliTr'rl p''')l'l"s'( , ilti'ltttr, 1' , 39.
151

150

..

r,xiunea noniinald (are 6 cazuri la singular ryi 6 pazuri la plu:' r&l;, dar a introdus multo inqvafii.ln conjugarer'. S; pog.te spune cd. singurolo tcndinfe comune tuturor ltmde abst"ractizaro a cohlinutului categoriilor bilor it.,t ""6t.u necontortitd a gindirii - Ei de sistcevolu[ia - reflectlnd ; matizare a lor, ca'manifostalc a realizdrii esentci accstut nivel al limbii, nd.scut, cum s-a ardtat, din neccsitu[ca do ' orsanizare a miterialului lexical utilizat cu fu'ctii divcrse. 3-" v5.zut, de:asemenea, c5. evolu!ia progresivd-u rrrorfologiei, mai ales ln ceea cq priveqte ritmul 9i forrnclc 9g tlo-

l.rl^ rrogresul

sinfaxi \ \
\

este condilionita de'ma! mul.!i factori' 'l'i'lnd "l?"ttl"., de aceste luciuri, vom tnlelege de .ce progrcsul ln . ' ,qeamq7 morfolosie poate fi demonstrat rnai ales prin compararea a aoue faie din istoria aceleiaqi 1imbi. Cdci nu e posibil ca 1n I istoria a doud limbi - chiar inrudite - sd se repete'condr. liile interne qi externe care, lntr-o formd sau. alta, i$l pun . pecetea asrrpta,evoluliei acestui sector lingvistic'
' , ,.'
Fodo

r,

'The Rate of Ling.uistic Change,

p'

50'

sinLaxa aparr-. de Ia rrrr:rrfrut'rile fiinh un elemenl indispensabil oricirrci t,oinrrnicdri. O.p".ia""ia drrectd. a raporl,rrrilor si'ba.lir:o dc logit:rt a.e cd. ,r.maie faptul cd, dincolo dc varioLat,ou rnnl,o'ialrrlui sonor. limbile prezintri, 1n gcrrc.al, uccltra$i sr,adii in evolutia lor srnbacbice. Direii dirr prrrrcIrrl rlc vrrdelc il sra*aiicii "hituiito" ' comparativc-istorico ao'asr,ir trirsirtrrrd h si^rraxei prezinid dezavantaje_ - crici ...I)c'rr)itc str s. distirrg[ il

|rczirrtr\ aceea a vocabularului. Expli.*!iu [r'.buic- ciutatd in rapt"t. ce yin,taxa.formcazl, irnprcuirir t:u vocabularut, p""iui-"*."1 !ial5_ a_limbii, lcgatri mai direcL dc formele siirdi"ii. Cu ;i "vorbirii. vocabularul,

Evoluli-a sintaxci

r'rclc aspectc comune cu

de limbi. ,Evolufia progresivd a sinLaxci cx;rrimr\, r:u mijloace spe_ crlrc tlngvtstrc-e, necontenita r:rcrsLcro u g.adrrlui de abstrhct-rzare qr complexrtat,e a glndirii, dcterminatl, la rlndul ei. de concr'ua dezvoltare a viclii rnat,eriale qi spirituale. a vorbitorilor. Fdrd a ajurrge Ia'simplificdri'gi'vulgarizdri,'se poate spune totugi, cd, ln esenllf nivelul seneral-de'dezvol-. tq,re a sinbaxei unei limbi (ca qi cel al "vocabrrlarului ei),
153

elementele [ransmise dirr ]ir'ba-bazd de celc care au "ili-;i;; fost rm, prumutate sau c'eabo irrdepo'derrt ln liocure din limbile tnrudite-- din punctul de vcderc al sIudiilor aa lincvisticU-seneralS, ca este dc folcls, lrrl,rrrcll, fnc' posibild *comparaiea unor unitdti identice 1' lirtbi .elcgar,e 'gcnetiq. ln 6ercetarea progresului ln sirrl,axd ct-rrr.luziilc t,c'so desprind ne baza materialului din Iimbile irrdt-r-orrr,ol')c1]o vor pirtea ti asttei gg."f-ir1ltg .si completate. cu ajuLor,irl dulclor"clin alte :-- fami.

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