COMUNICAREA CELULAR

Jonciuni de comunicare Secreie de mesageri chimici

CLASIFICAREA CELULELOR ENDOCRINE

celule epiteliale ! neurosecreie (Scharrer E.,1928)

DISTRIBUIA CELULELOR ENDOCRINE

organ specializat gland endocrin componenta endocrin a glandelor mixte grupuri de celule endocrine incluse n parenchimul unor organe specializate

DISTRIBUIA CELULELOR ENDOCRINE

Hipotalamus Hipofiza Epifiza

Tiroid

Paratiroide

Timus Inim Suprarenale Sistem gastrointestinal

Rinichi

Pancreas

Gonada

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J Basic Histology, 12 th Edition, 2010

COMPLEXUL HIPOTALAMO - HIPOFIZAR

http://www.studyblue.com

HIPOTALAMUSUL
Neuroni hipotalamici secretori

III

Sternberg Histology for Pathologist, second edition, 1997

Neuronii hipotalamici secretori

aparat de sintez proteic numeroi microtubuli granule de secreie - neuroni peptidergici -

HIPOTALAMUSUL ENDOCRIN
Neuroni magnocelulari Neuroni parvocelulari

HIPOTALAMUSUL ENDOCRIN
Neuroni parvocelulari Neuroni magnocelulari

1. NEURONII MAGNOCELULARI
Localizare:
- nc.SOP i nc.PV

Particulariti structurale: f 25 m
- aparat de sintez proteic bine dezvoltat - granule de secreie: 160-200 nm - axoni nemielinizai lungi: * se termin asinaptic conexiuni de tip neurovascular * pe traseu dilataii (corpii Herring) * ajung n lobul posterior hipofizar: tractul supraoptico-hipofizar tractul paraventriculo-hipofizar

1. NEURONII MAGNOCELULARI

Kierszenbaum AL, Histology and Cell Biology, second edition

CORPII HERRING (Herring PT, 1908)

Sternberg Histology for Pathologist, second edition

1. NEURONII MAGNOCELULARI
Rol: peptide posthipofizare Neurohormoni hipotalamici efectori
1. ADH (vasopresina) 2. ocitocina

2. NEURONII PARVOCELULARI
Localizare: aria hipofiziotrop (1962, Halasz): Particulariti structurale: f 15 m - granule de secreie: 100-110 nm - axoni scuri: * se termin asinaptic conexiuni de tip neurovascular * ajung: - n eminena median (plex capilar primar) tractul tubero-infundibular - n peretele ventriculului III

2. NEURONII PARVOCELULARI

http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/14/lecturenotes/134087

Sternberg Histology for Pathologist, second edition, 1997

2. NEURONII PARVOCELULARI
Rol: peptide hipofiziotrope Neurhormoni de eliberare (RH) i de inhibare (IH) GH-RH TRH CRH GnRH GH-IH (SS) Dopamina

2. NEURONII PARVOCELULARI Mecanism de feedback negativ

Feedback negativ scurt

Feedback negativ lung

GLANDA HIPOFIZ (PITUITARA)

(gr. hypo = sub, physis= cretere) (lat. pituita = mucus)

10x13x6 mm G= 0,5 gr

GLANDA HIPOFIZ (PITUITARA)

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition, 2010

GLANDA HIPOFIZ (PITUITARA)

Eminena median Tija pituitar (infundibular) Lob tuberal

Lob anterior hipofizar

Lob posterior hipofizar Lob intermediar hipofizar

Stevens A, Love J Histology Gower Medica Publishing

GLANDA HIPOFIZ (PITUITARA)

H III H EM III LT TP

LA

LI

LP

Gartner, Color Atlas of Histology, 3rd Edition

ORIGINE EMBRIOLOGIC
Neuroectoderm

Ectoderm

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 11 th Edition, 2005

VASCULARIZAIA COMPLEXULUI HIPOTALAMO-HIPOFIZAR

Gr.T.Popa, Fielding U. (1930) G.Harris, J.D.Green (1935)

1. ADENOHIPOFIZA
structur predominant celular

celule epiteliale cu secreie proteic

Tipuri de celule n adenohipofiz

1. Coloraia HE: - Cromofile - Acidofile - Bazofile - Cromofobe 2. Metoda PAS - PAS negative - PAS pozitive

Tipuri de celule n adenohipofiz

Celule bazofile

Celule acidofile Celul cromofob

http://group35endocrine.wikispaces.com/

Tipuri de celule n lobul anterior

A. Celule granulare (endocrine) B. Celule agranulare

Tipuri de celule n lobul anterior

A. Celule granulare (endocrine):
celule somatotrope (acidofile, PAS negative) 50% somatotrop (STH, GH) celule lactotrope (acidofile, PAS negative) 15-20% prolactin (PRL) celule corticotrope (bazofile, PAS pozitive) 15-20% proopiomelanocortina (POMC) celule tirotrope (bazofile, PAS pozitive) 5% tirotropina (TSH) celule gonadotrope (bazofile, PAS pozitive) 10% gonadotropine (FSH i LH)

Tipuri de celule n lobul anterior

B. Celule agranulare:
celule foliculostelate bazofile

?
n culturi: gonadotropi sau subuniti a celule stem (precursoare) cromofobe

PRL

PRL

1.2. Lob intermediar

tipuri celulare:
celule bazofile / cromofobe

rol: pozitive pentru subuniti ale POMC

(b lipotropina, a MSH)

1.2. Lob intermediar

http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/4/imagegallery/221047/221074

1.2. Lob intermediar

http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/4/imagegallery/221047/221074

1.3 Lob tuberal

tipuri celulare celule bazofile rol: pozitive pentru Gn i ACTH

1.3. Lob tuberal

http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/4/imagegallery/221047/221074

2. NEUROHIPOFIZA

structur predominant fibrilar

2. NEUROHIPOFIZA
n toate componentele: - fibre nervoase amielinice bogate n microtubuli axoni ai neuronilor din nc. SO i PV direcie paralel cu axul lung al tijei

2.1. Lobul posterior

http://imueos.blogspot.ro/2010_04_01_archive.html

2.1. Lobul posterior

Corpi Herring

http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20sections/endocrine.html

2.1. Lobul posterior

pituicite astrocite protoplasmatice microglii - coninut mare n lizozomi - rol: fagocitoz reea de capilare fenestrate

pituicite

http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop /EM/eigeneEM/Hyphphysis/html

microglii

http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop /EM/eigeneEM/Hyphphysis/html

http://www.uni-mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/eigeneEM/Thyroidea/SD3E.html

GLANDA TIROID
(gr. thyreos = scut, eidos= form)
5 cm / 2,5 cm G = 20- 30 gr.

Lob piramidal Lalouette

Lob drept

Lob stng

Istm

ORIGINEA EMBRIOLOGIC A GLANDEI TIROIDE

1. Celule foliculare endodermic (canal tireoglos) 2. Celule parafoliculare neuroectodermic (creste neurale)

ORIGINEA EMBRIOLOGIC

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition, 2010

ORIGINEA EMBRIOLOGIC

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887217111001673

GLANDA TIROID
!!! Depoziteaz n cantitate mare produii de secreie
depozitare extracelular (coloid) necesarul de hormoni pentru 3 luni

GLANDA TIROID
- organizare histologic capsul esut conjunctiv fibros compartimentare n lobuli organizarea parenchimului n foliculi mase compacte celulare esut conjunctiv interfolicular cu adipocite (dup 50 ani) bogat reea de capilare sangvine fenestrate i capilare limfatice inervaie: fibre vegetative se distribuie vaselor i foliculilor

GLANDA TIROID

http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html

GLANDA TIROID Foliculii tiroidieni

coloid

http://people.upei.ca/bate/html/notesonthyroidfunction.html

GLANDA TIROID Foliculii tiroidieni

GLANDA TIROID

Tipuri celulare
1. celule foliculare (tireocite) 2. celule parafoliculare (celule C)

1. Celula folicular
celul cu polaritate distinct care:
sintetizeaz proteine secret proteine reabsoarbe proteine diger proteine

1. Celula folicular
MO:
- citoplasm bazofil subnuclear - nucleu cu nucleol evident n celula activ

1. Celula folicular

http://www.jonbarron.org/article/endocrine-system-thyroid-and-parathyroid-gland

1. Celula folicular
MO ME:
- RER - CG - mitocondrii - microvili apicali - vezicule: - mici (TG) - mari (coloid endocitat) - lizozomi i fagolizozomi - complexe joncionale - receptori pentru TSH

1. Celula folicular

1. Celula folicular

Etapele sintezei i secreiei hormonilor tiroidieni iodai

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sinteza, secreia i depozitarea TG Reabsorbia, difuzia i oxidarea iodului Iodarea TG Formarea hormonilor tiroidieni Reabsorbia coloidului Secreia hormonilor tiroidieni

1 2 6

http://howmed.net/physiology/hormones-thyroid-gland/

Procesul de secreie:
faz exocrin faz endocrin

2. Celule parafoliculare
mai mari rare izolate / grup mai numeroase la copii localizare

2. Celule parafoliculare
MO: - citoplasm palid (celule clare) ME: - nu au polaritate distinct - RER i CG dezvoltate - mitocondrii - granule de secreie calcitonina (serotonin, somatostatin)

2. Celule parafoliculare

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition

2. Celule parafoliculare

http://www.cytochemistry.net/endocrine_system/thyroid_and_parathyroid.htm

2. Celule parafoliculare

http://www.cytochemistry.net/endocrine_system/thyroid_and_parathyroid.htm

2. Celule parafoliculare

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition, 2010

GLANDELE PARATIROIDE
3x6 mm G= 0,4 gr

GLANDELE PARATIROIDE - origine embriologic endodermic

GLANDELE PARATIROIDE

http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/endocrine/parathyroid_and_thyroid_glands_20x.htm

GLANDELE PARATIROIDE - organizare histologic capsul conjunctiv subire celule secretorii organizate n cordoane/ foliculi nconjurate de capilare sangvine tipuri celulare:
celule principale celule oxifile

aspectul parenchimului variaz n funcie de vrst

- copii: celule principale - peste 5-7 ani : celule principale i oxifile - la aduli involuie adipoas 60-70%

GLANDELE PARATIROIDE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parathyroid_gland_high_mag.jpg

GLANDELE PARATIROIDE 1. Celule principale

mici, poligonale MO: - citoplasm variaz n raport cu activitatea - incluziuni de glicogen i lipidice - incluziuni de lipofuscin ME: - caracterele unei celule secretoare de proteine - granule de secreie:
- mici (200 nm) spre periferia citoplasmei - mari (400 nm) form de stocare

1. Celule principale

http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html

1. Celule principale

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/saortho/chapter_59/59mast.htm

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/saortho/chapter_59/59mast.htm

1. Celule principale
Parathormon

GLANDELE PARATIROIDE 2. Celulele oxifile

mai mari MO: - citoplasm puternic acidofil i granular - nucleu mic, dens ME: - numeroase mitocondrii modificate !!! inactive din punct - RE slab reprezentat de vedere endocrin - lipsesc gr. de secreie

2. Celule oxifile

http://ajilbab.com/parathyroid/parathyroid-gland-histology-group-picture-image-by-tag.htm

2. Celule oxifile

http: www.um-mainz de FB Medizin/ Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMPinealE.html

RV Krstic Human Microscopic Anatomy, Springer-Verlag, 1997

GLANDELE SUPRARENALE (ADRENALE)

(Lat. ad = lng, ren = rinichi) 4(6)cm x 1(2)cm x 0,4(0,6)cm

G= 8 gr

CSR

MSR
Suprarenala stng

Suprarenal dreapt

GLANDA SUPRARENAL

GLANDA SUPRARENAL - Origine embriologic CSR origine mezodermic (epiteliul cavitii celomice) Hormoni steroizi MSR origine neuroectodermic (crestele neurale) Catecolamine

GLANDA SUPRARENAL - Vascularizaie aa.cortical a.capsular aa.medular

Stevens A, Love J Histology Gower Medical Publishing

CORTICOSUPRARENAL - Organizare histologic celule secretorii organizate n 3 zone: glomerular fasciculat reticular capilare sangvine

CORTICOSUPRARENAL - Organizare histologic zona glomerular

zona fasciculat

zona reticular

http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cen/cen.htm

CORTICOSUPRARENAL - Organizare histologic Zona glomerular

activitate mitotic

Zona fasciculat

Zona reticular

CORTICOSUPRARENALA Zona glomerular

(Lat. glomus = minge) Sistemul reninangiotensin

10-15%

Mineralocorticoizi

http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?

CORTICOSUPRARENALA Zona fasciculat

(Lat. fascia = band)

75%

ACTH Glucocorticoizi Androgeni

spongiocite

http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?

CORTICOSUPRARENALA Zona reticular

(Lat. rete = reea)

5-10%

ACTH

Androgeni Glucocorticoizi

http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?

CORTICOSUPRARENALA - Celule specializate pentru sinteza de hormoni sterolici Mitocondrii cu criste tubulare REN Incluziuni lipidice

Lipofuscin

Celule productoare de hormoni sterolici

mitocondrii cu criste tubuloveziculare REN dezvoltat picturi lipidice incluziuni de lipofuscin microvili spre spaiul subendotelial lipsesc granulele de secreie - nu depoziteaz hormoni -

RV Krstic Human Microscopic Anatomy, Springer-Verlag, 1997

Celul specializat pentru sinteza de hormoni sterolici

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition

MEDULOSUPRARENALA

paraganglion simpatic

10%
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140

Paraganglioni
mici glande neuroendocrine se asociaz SNV celule cromafine creste neurale amine i peptide mici

MSR traductor neuroendocrin

MEDULOSUPRARENALA - Organizarea histologic celule secretorii organizate n cuiburi sau cordoane ramificate capilare sangvine i venule postcapilare

MEDULOSUPRARENALA

http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/adrenalglandhistology.html

MEDULOSUPRARENALA - Tipuri celulare n MSR celule cromafine (feocromocite) neuroni ganglionari

Celule cromafine
mari, columnare / poligonale MO: - citoplasma bazofil, fin granular ME: - aparat de sintez bine dezvoltat - granule de secreii ( 150-350 nm) (la polul capilar) fiecare celul sinaps colinergic cu fibre simpatice preganglionare

MEDULOSUPRARENALA

http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/adrenal/histo_medulla.html

Tipuri de celule cromafine

celule cromafine care secret epinefrin (80%) celule cromafine care secret norepinefin

Tipuri de celule cromafine

NE

Disciplina de Medicin Celular i Molecular UMF Carol Davila

Tipuri de celule cromafine

celule cromafine care secret epinefrin (80%) celule cromafine care secret norepinefin

Catecolamin Cromogranine Dopamin-b -hidroxilaza Encefalin ATP Ca2+

Sinteza catecolaminelor
Sinteza de proencefalin i procromogranin Conversia n encefalin Tirozin Tirozin Dopa Dopamin Norepinefrin Epinefrin

- Conversia n cromogranin
Exocitoz sub aciunea impulsului nervos
Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition

Sinteza catecolaminelor
Tirozin Dopa

Cortizol

Dopamin

Dopamin
Dopaminb-hidroxilaza

NE
PNMT

Norepinefrin (NE) Epinefrin (E)

PNMT Feniletanolamin-N-metiltransferaza

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.ro/2012/06/pineal-gland-crystal-transducer.html

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA) - origine embriologic neuroectoderm

Kierszenbaum AL, Histology and Cell Biology, second edition

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

(lat. pinea = con de pin)

reces pineal

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/316476/view

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

capsul pia mater compartimentare incomplet n lobuli

cel mai important flux sangvin

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/316478/view

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA) - inervaia glandei pineale numeroase fibre simpatice amielinice ganglionul cervical superior conexiuni nervoase directe prin fibre mielinice cu SNC ??? hipocamp

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA) - pe msura naintrii n vrst:

crete cantitatea de esut conjunctiv lobulaie evident formaiuni chistice concreiuni calcare

- nisip cerebral (corpora arenacea)

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/316478/view

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~anatomy/Histo/lab_6/endocrine/DMS166/popup.html

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA) Parenchimul glandular:

1. pinealocite 2. celule interstiiale ~ astrocite

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA) - Pinealocite sunt neuroni modificai MO: - HE: citoplasm slab bazofil, nc. mare cu nucleol evident - imp.arg.: corp ramificat - incluziuni: - lipidice - glicogen - pigmentare - lipofuscin

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA)

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 12 th Edition

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA) Pinealocite

ME: - aparat de sintez proteic - REN - granule de secreie miez dens, f 100 nm serotonin - numeroi microtubuli si microfilamente - structuri tubulare dense acoperite de vezicule

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA) Pinealocite

http: www.um-mainz de FB Medizin/ Anatomie/workshop/EM/EMPinealE.html

http://www.isto.ucl.ac.be/safe/endo4.htm

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA) Pinealocite

- enzime implicate n metabolismul aminelor biogene: - N- acetiltransferaza (NAT) - HO- indol-O-metiltransferaza (HOIMT)

GLANDA PINEAL (EPIFIZA) Pinealocite

1. Indolamine (serotonina, melatonina) 2. Peptide (argininvasotocina, angiotensina I)

GLANDA PINEAL LA MAMIFERE

- controlat de nucleul hipotalamic suprachiasmatic (NSC) ceasul intern al organismului - i dezvolt inervaia aferent cuplat prin intermediul hipotalamusului cu retina - acioneaz ca un traductor neuroendocrin

Sistemul fotoreceptor care mediaz secreia de melatonin

Modific activitatea NAT Tracturi retino-hipotalamice NSC Pinealocite Fibre simpatice postganglionare(NE)

Celule ganglionare retiniene Tract hipotalamo-spinal

Ganglion cervical superior

Mduva spinrii Fibre simpatice preganglionare

FOTOPERIODICITATEA FUNCIEI GLANDEI PINEALE

ziua scade activitatea NAT producia de melatonin scade la lumin noaptea crete activitatea NAT producia de melatonin crete la ntuneric

Melatonina
hormonul ntunericului (hormonul somnului)

Melatonina
Ritm circadian (maxim noaptea) sincronizat cu ritmul endogen al nc.suprachiasmatic
Controleaz bioritmuri ale organismului

Rolurile melatoninei
1. Efect antioxidant 2. Coordoneaz activitatea sistemului endocrin 3. Stimuleaz sistemul imun 4. Regleaz bioritmurile circadiene/sezoniere

Bibliografie selectiv:
Ross MH, Wojciech P. Histology A Text and Atlas, 2011 Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology, 2013 Pakurar AS, Bigbee JW. Digital Histology, 2009 Alberts B and al. Molecular Biology of the cell, 2008 Mitchell BS, Peel A. Histology. An illustrated colour text, 2009 Kierszenbaum AL. Histology and Cell Biology, 2007 Gartner LP, Hiatt JL. Color Atlas of Histology, 2007 Pollard TD, Earnshaw WC. Cell Biology, 2004 Stevens A, Lowe J. Histology, 2004 Berman I. Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 2003