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rJHn l#
*n rIvFt mHdul d Hr r, ldrfr nu JuJCInut nIvlul d nvHI InfrIH r
trbuI J tIJf ut m I In Int nIvlul d nvHI ImdI t JurIHr J mHtIvz, J u
rIv CIun Jt JIngur r tIv z H nvHI# %H t Intr n CIun un nIvl JurIHr
fr nvHIl d nIvl InfrIHr J fI fHJt rCI l J u Intgr l J tIJf ut# $ Jmn , n
mHtIv r unuI IndIvId Ht fI dHmIn nt, n l FI tIm, m I mult l J d nvHI (ubrX,
())D"#
Jt tHrI r rIn I l lIt t dFIr rIgIdItCII Ir mIdI luI K JlH@, rtnd
H rJH n H t, d Lmlu J fI rH u t d rFtr, dFI H rt dIn nvHIl
IntrIH r nu Junt J tIJf ut, J u tH t l trI tgHrII Ht CIHn n l FI tIm#
vnd n vdr Hrl CI fruJt r&rgrJI, m n grII r trbuI J J Hn ntrz n J I l
n HfrIr HHrtunItCIlHr d J tIJf r nvHIlHr, Jtfl n t ng j CII J fI IntrJ CI d
rf CIHn r lHr rHfJIHn l (+HrnJ u, ())!"#
8*r, h,#, ,, +u +l*r
MHrI hIzICII Ju JlHr fHJt rHuJ d K +lll nd r n r t H mJur r
nvHIlHr um n rIn 8hm t, r t,*n 8+t # OndIvIzII tJt CI trbuI J dJ rI
rHblml r l Junt n l r# Jtfl J& rt t nIvlul JIr CIIlHr HrInt z
HmHrt mntul# 'Ivlul d JIr CI dfInFt l nvHI d Ju J r v rI z d l H
rJH n l lt FI r Junt dtrmIn t d rfHrm nCl HbCInut ntrIHr (H rrIngtHn,
()))"#
R r t Hrg nIz CI Hfr J tIJf r trI tIurI d nvHI IndIvIdu l#
v6 d r "- r (nd f*r h,vmnt " r trIz z IndIvIzII u H utrnI HrInt r
Jr un J H, un HbI tIv, lg CI d JtrduInC d L ln n r lIz r J r InIlHr#N mnII
u n lt nvHI d r lIz r Junt tr FI d J r InI l JHlI It IntnJ bIlItCIl FI t lntl
d rzHlv rHblm# 5 l J&FI Jt bIl J J HurI dIfI Il FI FI Jum rIJ urI
l ul t (OlI , NJHI n, %tl n, ())("#
) bl nr. D. Ev*, d r l,# r
r#7#tur " r76 n"6r u nv6 d r "- r
/ 'Ivl rIdI t l rJHnJ bIlItCII rJHn l0
/ t r J u Jt bIlIr d HbI tIv dIfI Il, In It nt, d r r lIJt
(Junt rfr t rHb bIlItCI d r lIz r HbI tIvlHr ntr !)B I E)B"0
/ 1db k&ul t m I r Id, Hn rt FI mJur bIl ntru rfHrm nCl
lHr0
/ lgr unHr rtnrI Junt m I dgr b J I lIFtI, LrCI n
dHmnIu, d t rItnI0
K nIfJt InICI tIv n r t r FI n lIz mdIuluI n r CIHn z#
*n r trIl luI K +lll nd, ntrrInztHrII u rt t H rIdI t nvHI d r lIz r# $
Jmn FI m n grII d vrf dIn ntrrIndrIl mI I# *n ntrrIndrIl m rI, Jt
mHtIv CI I r trIz z m n grII d HzICII mdII FI l rHI t d vrful
Ir mIdI Ir rhI #
v6 d ,"r (nd f*r ff,l, t,*n " jH un rHl HmlL, d r vIt l n HmHrt mntul
H mnIlHr# +Hnt tul JH I l, Jub dIfrIt fHrm, Jt bJHlut n J r ntru H dzvHlt r
fIzI nHrm l rJHn lItCII HIluluI# %rJH nl r u nvHI d fIlIr vHr ut n
Hrg nIz CI rItnII nHI FI J tIJf CII b z lHr (5ftr, ())D"# SI vHr fI mHtIv CI rIn f tul
mun l Hfr Hnt t fr vnt u HlgII#5 l J&I jut, J&I nvC FI J&I dzvHlt
lCII# K nIfJt H J zut nvHI d utr# u tndInC d vIt J fI Jur vghtHrI
ntru l l J fI unul dIn mmbrII gruuluI m I dgr b d t Fful JtuI #
) bl nr. F. Ev*, d f,l,r
r#7#tur " r76 n"6r u nv6 d ,"r
/ + ut J Jt bIl J FI J ntrCIn rl CII JtrnJ u Il lCI0
/ $HrFt J fI gr t d Il lCI0
/ K nIfJt IntrJ FI J tIJf CII dHJbIt Hntru tIvItCI JH I l0
/ K nIfJt utrnI rH urI ntru rtnnC , rJ tIv
rtI I r l gruurI FI Hrg nIz CII#
*n HntLt Hrg nIz CIHn l, nvHI d fIlIr H t fI rIvIt dIn dHu rJ tIv ( rb n,
())7".
f,l,r
d +,gur n- I
r trIz z I
IndIvIzI, r ut rl CII
u lCII dIn mHtIv d
utHrHt CI, fIInd
rH u CI rm nnt d
vIt r HnflI tlHr#
f,l,r,
d ,ntr+ &rl CIIl J
Jt bIlJ ntr&H m nIr
Jt Hm tIbIl u
rInCl HJtuluI d
mun # Gn Jtfl d
J l rI t nu vIt
HnflI tl, d r r grIj
J l rIfI Hn ntr r
J rHblm FI nu
rJH n# %rJH nl u
r Intr tIv z Junt
rtnrI n rzHlv r
rHblmI FI n r lIz r
tIvItCIlHr frnt
ntru tIngr
HbI tIvlHr urm rIt#
v6 d utr (nd f*r *9r" J tr du rIn dHrInC d Lr It HntrHl J u
InflunC Jur ltHr rJH n# K +lll nd junJ l Hn luzI LIJt dHu tIurI d
utr. HzItIv, ng tIv (5ftr, ())D"#
1HlHJIr ng tIv utrII Jt JH I t u utr rJHn l, fHrm nu r HnJ InC
HzItIv ntru Hrg nIz CI# %utr JH I l Jt r trIz t d IntrJul ntru HbI tIv
d gru, HbI tIv un n mIF r H mnII, d It t d d mmbrIlHr gruuluI
JntImntul fHrCI FI HmtnCI d r u nvHI ntru mun I dIn gru l r lIz r
JtHr ClurI#
K n grII fHlHJJ utr JH I l Ht fI m I fI InCI0 ntru I Hrg nIz CI Jt m I
ImHrt nt d t IndIvIzII H l tuIJ , l l dIJ IlIn mun II, JIgur
HrdIn n m n gmnt0 Junt ltruIFtI, J rIfI nd rHrIIl IntrJ ntru bInl
Hrg nIz CII# +rd n Hr tItudIn, ntru I H mnII trbuInd J Ib un tr t mnt g l#
( rb n, ())7"
OmlI CIIl r tI l tHrII nvHII d utr HnJt u n JugJtI JrvIr IntrJlHr
Hrg nIz CII v fI m I bIn r lIz t d IndIvIzI fl CI n HzICII m n grI l, utrnI
mHtIv CI d nvHI d utr JH I l u nvHI d fIlIr d IntrJ# *n Jt JnJ L utIvII
J vHr JtrduI J ndlIn J tt rHlul JH I l, t FI l l ndlInIrII J r InIlHr,
Jt JnCI l ntru fI It t n m n gmnt (OlI , NJHI n, %tl n, ())("#
8*r,, m*t,v ,*n l m*drn
6r /t#8 , dzvHlt t d Q# R# d mJ n lu r r :n5u,t7 ,n >* , l ?/ h ng ,
HrnFt d l rmIJ H mnII Junt mHtIv CI m I ntI d tIngr FI HI d mnCInr
unuI JnJ l hItCII# +Hr tItudIn , n lItr tur m n grI l, J rfr l hIt t FI
vIz z InuturIl FI rzult tl (5uk J, ()))"#
:nutur,l, r fI r rJH n l du n Hrg nIz CI, Ht fI. nIvl du CIHn l, vrJt,
LrInC, rHdu tIvIt t, lt t lnt FI fHrturI# %#ult tl HbCInut d H rJH n Junt
r HmnJl HbCInut n J hImbul InuturIlHr# Sl Hn rtIz z n b nI, bnfI II, rJtIgIu
FI lt r HmnJ HbCInut# N r HmnJ H t fI t ngIbIl, um r fI rzult tl
HnHmI , J u Int ngIbIl, n zul rzult tlHr Intrn d r unH Ftr J u hIzICI
(KdInJ hI, ())-"#
J tul mHtIv CIHn l l tHrII hItCII HrnFt d l dHu rmIJ m jHr# *n rImul rnd,
tHrI fIrm r CI In hItCII r z tnJIun IntrIH r# *n l dHIl rnd, tnJIun
n mHtIv z J lImInm J u J rdu m In hIt t # +u t In hIt t r ut Jt
m I m r, tnJIun Jt m I utrnI I r mHtIv CI m I Hn ntr t Jr rdu r I
(Kut hInJkX, ()))"#
MHrI hIt CII tr g tnCI m n grIlHr Jur f tuluI Ht fI vIt t rHblml
rut dIn In hIt t, rIn n r r d dIJtrIbuI r HmnJl n fun CI d
rfHrm nC, d r FI rIn n r r d dtrmIn fI r J nCl g l r r Jt
b z J l rIuluI r l rImFt#
OmHrt nt n Jt tHrI, Jt f tul d mJ n r J LlI um J rHdu
mHtIv r # Jt Jt rIvIt rzult t l unuI rH J n r IndIvIdul J Hm r, rIn
rIJm r HrtuluI f t&fHrt u lCI IndIvIzI, rnunCndu&J l JIml numr r f tHrIlHr
dtrmIn mHtIv r #
6r 9tt#r dzvHlt t d 2I tHr 2rHHm n lu r r W*rA nd 1*t,v t,*n rrzInt
un HmlL mHdl mHtIv CIHn l b z t H JIml rJuunr# +HnfHrm JtI tHrII,
mHtIv CI dInd d mJur n r H mnII dHrJ v num FI n r I rd H Ht
HbCIn (KdInJ hI, ())-"#
Od r dHmIn tHrI Jt IndIvIzII I u H numIt d IzI u rIvIr l
HmHrt mntul lHr n Jr nC J tIJf rII unHr nvHI J u dHrInC# 8l CI ntr
HmHrt mnt FI rzult tl dHrIt Jt f t t d f tHrI IndIvIdu lI (nvHI, lIfI r,
bIlIt t" FI f tHrI Hrg nIz CIHn lI (Hrg nIz r HntrHluluI, JIJtmuluI d r HmnJ,
rfHrm nC"#
8l CI HmHrt mnt&rzult t Jt r trIz t d trI f tHrI (%nI H r, NvIdIu,
%nI H r, ())E".
.tt r , r J
rfr l v lu r d tr
ng j CI F nJI d tIng
rfHrm nC rIn mun duJ0
rf*rm n-4
r *mn+, Jt rl CI
rtnd ng j tul Ft t
rfHrm nC n lt J du l
r HmnJl dHrIt0
G ln- J u
HrInt r f tIv Jr un
numIt rzult t, r Jt
v lH r HzItIv J u ng tIv
trIbuIt d ng j t dIvrJlHr
rzult t Ftt t d l mun
J , Jt utnd fI. Ltrn
(J l rIu, rHmHv r, rmII" J u
Intrn (mndrI d ruFI,
IntrJul d ndlInI H mIJIun,
v lH r uluI d t d Jum r
rJHnJ bIlItCII"#
MHrI Ftt rII Jt dIfI Il d lI t, nJ ruFFt J Hnturz un ghId utIl ntru
Hndu tHrI# K n grII trbuI J r unH J f tul ng j CII mun J dIntr&H v rIt t
d mHtIv, Jt mHtIv J u r HmnJ Ftt t J Ht J hImb n tIm FI Jt
n J r ng j CIlHr J lI J r t l r mHdul n r Ht HbCIn r HmnJl r l
dHrJ #
6r 6n76"d#r l bHr t d B# 1# RkInr, J b z z Id l HmHrt mnt
r fHJt rJl tIt Jt m I rHb bIl J J rt, n tIm l r fHJt J n CIHn t
Jt m I uCIn rHb bIl J r r# N HnJHlId r rrzInt CIun r Jt urm r
fIr J unuI numIt HmHrt mnt# %H t lu fHrm unI rFtrI d J l rIu rzult t l
unI v nzrI ImHrt nt tr un nHu lInt J u H t fI H J n CIun ntru nt rzIr l
JrvI Iu (8 du, ())"#
%JIhHlHgul B# 1# RkInr Jt bIlIt LIJtnC unI rl CII ntr FtIg FI rfHrm nC
dtrmIn utIlIz r FtIgurIlHr mHtIv CI f tIv# *n Jt HndICII rfHrm nC Jt
HntrHl t FI dIr CIHn t Jr r lIz r HbI tIvlHr (8uJu, ())-"#
%rH Jul d Hr r HndICIHn t r urmtH r LrJI. JtImulI & HmHrt mnt &
HnJ InC & HmHrt mnt vIItHr#
MHrI r t Jt vHrb d un rH J HmlL r CIn J m d JItu CII dIfrIt,
n JItnd JHluCII dIfrIt#
KHtIv CI Jt fHrC r nrgIz z HmHrt mntul, dIr CIHnndu&l, FI r ntu z
rJvrnC # %rfHrm nC dInd d It t, d HndICII d mun FI d mHtIv CI#
%ntru rfHrm nC, un m n gr trbuI J fI tnt tt l mHtIv CI rHfJIHn l
ng j tuluI, t FI l mHtIv CI JIhHlHgI JtuI (R hHlz&KHldHv n, ())("#
KHtIv CI rHfJIHn l r b z mun dJfFur t FI HndICIIl I# S r dIn
r Hrt r ng j tuluI l mun J , l rtI ul rItCIl d dJfFur r l JtI # Jtfl,
mun dvIn dIn mIjlH rIn r J J JIgur J tIJf r unHr nvHI, un J H n JIn,
vnd nJFI v lH r mHtIv CIHn l FI Jtfl, tr nJfHrm t n JtImul, dtrmIn numIt
m nIfJtrI d HnduIt (RtHI n , ())"#
KHtIv CI JIhHlHgI drIv dIn f tul n drul rH JuluI d mun ng j tul J
r Hrt z nu num I l mun J I FI l JmnII JI, l Il lCI HlgI d mun , l gruul
dIn r f rt, l lt gruurI nv In t#
NrI rl CI m n gr&JubHrdHn t f t z mHtIv CI # %r r nIvluluI d J tIJf r
unI nvHI r ImlI CII rHfund Jur mHtIv CII ng j tIlHr#
n7m" m6tv 6n "
$In rznt r tHrIIlHr rfrItH r l mHtIv r rzult t multItudIn FI m r dIvrJIt t
lmntlHr ImlI t dIr t FI IndIr t n Hn r FI Lr It r mHtIvrII#
tg*r,, d v r, b,l
%rIn I ll tgHrII d v rI bIl ImlI t Junt (%trJ u, ())7".
V r $""
ndvdu " rfl t
r trIJtI Il fI ruI J l rI t#
Jur lHr, m n grII Ht v
n rIn I l H InflunC IndIr t
FI lImIt t, m I lJ rIn rH J
d nvC r FI InfHrm r# Jt
v rI bIl J rfr l lItCI,
rgtIr, fHrt, HmHrt mnt FI
rfHrm nC#
V r $""
6r! n- 86n " , Junt l
lmnt dIn drul fIrmI r
rfl t Jt r FI r trIJtI Il
J l, IndIfrnt d n tur lHr,
InflunC z bHrd r ,
HnCInutul FI rzult tl mHtIvrII
rJHn luluI# $Intr numrH Jl
lmnt mIntJ . Hn CI
m n grI l gnr l, Jtr tgI
fIrmI, ultur Hrg nIz CIHn l,
lIm tul Hrg nIz CIHn l, JItu CI
HnHmI Hrg nIz CII,
lIt t , rJtIgIul FI
l drJhIul m n grI l,
HmunI CIIl, r trIJtI Il
HJturIlHr, fHrm FI mtHd d
mHtIv r, rfHrm nCl fIrmI#
$fInItHrI ntru v rI bIll
Hrg nIz CIHn l Jt utrnI
lHr dndnC d m n gmntul
fIrmI# 2 rI bIll. ultur
Hrg nIz CIHn l, lIm tul
Hrg nIz CIHn l FI Jt r
HnHmI fIrmI, nu dInd
num I d m n gmntul
Hrg nIz CII, I Jt v rI bIl
u H dIn mI rHrI,
mHdIfI rIl m jHr n drul lHr
n JItnd rIH d rl tIv
ndlung t, l m I dJ d
HrdInul nIlHr# $ I I, rzult
n JIt t bHrdrII lHr
rvIzIHn l, CInnd Hnt d
J IfI It t rHnunC t
vHluCII JtHr #
V r $""
6nt;tu " n HrHr z l
lmnt dIn mdIul LHgn
fIrmI, u H InflunC Jur
HnCInutuluI FI f tlHr
rH JlHr mHtIv CIHn l dIn
drul Ju# $In un tul d
vdr l Hrg nIz CII, Jt
v rI bIl Junt d t, ndInznd
n mHd dIr t nI I d m n grI FI
nI I d L ut nCI# Jt
v rI bIl J rfr l ultur
n CIHn l, nIvlul d dzvHlt r
CrII, rvdrIl lgIJl CII
n CIHn l, ImHzItl FI t Ll,
nIvlul vnIturIlHr Hul CII#
, lul m*t,v ,*n l
+I lul mHtIv CIHn l rrzInt nJ mblul n JItCIlHr, JIr CIIlHr, FttrIlHr, tItudInIlHr,
fHrturIlHr, d IzIIlHr, CIunIlHr FI HmHrt mntlHr J l rI CIlHr, Hrl t u rfHrm nCl
IndIvIdu l FI Hrg nIz CIHn l FI u mHtIv CIIl utIlIz t, Jtru tur t FI rtI ul rIz t Jub
InflunC v rI bIllHr IndIvIdu l, Hrg nIz CIHn l FI HntLtu l ImlI t ('I HlJ u,
2rbHn u, 1D"#
5 JHrgInt r CIIlHr mHtIv CIHn l l fI ruI IndIvId J fl nvHIl J u n JItCIl &I
Junt J IfI # *n fun CI d n tur lHr, d mHdul d m nIfJt r, d m nIr n r Ht fI
InflunC t FI d f tl mHtIv CIHn l r l gnr z, nvHIl fI ruI J l rI t J Ht
dlImIt n trI tgHrII ('I HlJ u, %lumb, %rI H, 2rbHn u, ())!".
v6"
6n6m , r J J tIJf d
tr lt rJH n rIn
furnIz r d lmnt
HnHmI H&m trI l J
drJ z JImCurIlHr fI rI
rJH n# Jt nvHI ImlI
Intr CIun dIntr JImCurIl
IndIvIduluI FI mdIul fIzI r&l
n HnjH r# I I Intr nvHIl d.
hr n, Jt, dHJt# R tIJf r
lHr J f rIn Intr r n
HJJI numItHr HbI t J u
rIn Jt bIlIr d rl CII d
r r FI d utIlIz r
numItHr HndICII m trI l#
v6"
6!ntv , r J rfr l
dHrInC FI It t nH Jtr d
r lIz numIt lu rrI, d
tIng numIt HbI tIv
Hn rt r J rfr l mdIul
n r n dJfFurm
tIvIt t # R tIJf r
n JItCIlHr HgnItIv gnr z
Jnz CII d bIlIt t, d
utr FI d JIgur nC rJHn l#
v6" , tv ,
r u n vdr r lIz r d
rl CII d t F mnt u
rJH nl u r
Intr CIHnm n mdIul n r
n dJfFurm tIvIt t #
' JItCIl f tIv J
fund mnt z It t
nH Jtr d IntrIHrIz
J ntml ltHr rJH n n
Hrl CI u rHrIIl JIm urI I
JntImnt# R tIJf r JtHr
n JItCI n d rtItudIn FI
lCII JImt FI J m nIfJt vIJ& &vIJ
d nHI, IdntI nHu n r Hrt u
I#
1I r rJH n, n fun CI d n JItCIl J IfI FI d HntLtul n CIHn l FI
Hrg nIz CIHn l n r FI dJfFH r tIvIt t , r JIr CII FI un Jt d FttrI d n tur
mHtIv CIHn l# FttrIl rrzInt JIr CII HnJIdr t r lIz bIl n HndICIIl d t, fIInd
InflunC t d nJ mblul v rI bIllHr Hrg nIz CIHn l FI HntLtu l# JIr CIIl FI FttrIl
J rfl t nImlI It n CIunIl, fHrturIl, d IzIIl, CIunIl FI HmHrt mntul
J l rI tuluI#
8 lIz r unI Hn Hrd nC t m I m rI ntr JIr CII FI FttrI IndIvIdu l Jt
JnCI l ntru HbCInr d rfHrm nC IndIvIdu l FI Hrg nIz CIHn l# %rfHrm nC
IndIvIdu l J rfr l l rzult t HbCInut n mHd dIr t d J l rI t, rIn fHrturI FI
unHFtInC rHrII, r HrJund JIr CIIlHr, FttrIlHr, HbI tIvlHr FI J r InIlHr r&I
Junt r trIJtI # %rfHrm nC Hrg nIz CIHn l r n vdr drul r tIvItCIlHr
Hrg nIz CIHn l FI tIngr HbI tIvlHr fIrmI, urm r HntrIbuCII dIr t FI IndIr t
J l rI CIlHr ('I HlJ u, 2rbHn u, ())!"#
*n fun CI d rzult tl, d rfHrm nCl IndIvIdu l FI Hrg nIz CIHn l, J Hrd
JtImulnt Jub fHrm d r HmnJ FI J n CIunI#
1*t,v ,,l + l r, ,l*r
%rIn mHtIv CIIdJmnm l lmnt fHrm l FI InfHrm l, d n tur HnHmI J u
mHr l&JIrItu l, r rHrIt rII FI m n grII l dmInIJtr z J l rI CIlHr fIrmI
J tIJf ndu&l numIt n JItCI IndIvIdu l FI d gru, ntru &I dtrmIn , rIn
tItudInIl, fHrturIl, d IzIIl, CIunIl FI HmHrt mntl lHr J HntrIbuI l
dJfFur r tIvItCIlHr FI ndlInIr HbI tIvlHr Hrg nIz CII#
ur" d m6tv r
%rIn tI d fHrm d mHtIv r dJmnm nJ mblul d mHtIv CII, dlImIt t n fun CI d
numIt rItrII, fHlHJIt n mHd rt t d m n grI ntr&H HtI J IfI , r J b z z,
HnFtInt J u In HnFtInt, numIt IHtz rIvInd HndICIHn r mHtIv CIHn l
rfHrm nClHr J l rI CIlHr FI Hrg nIz CII (%It rIu, ()))"#
%rIn I ll tIurI d mHtIv r Junt. mHtIv r HzItIv FI ng tIv, mHtIv r HnHmI FI
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