AVRAM FIIU

TEMATICA EXAMEN
ECOLOGIE SI PROTECTIA MEDIULUI
Agricultura
Tematica
CAP.. ECOLOGIA !I PROTECIA MEDIULUI CA !TIIN"
1. DEFINIIA ECOLOGIEI
CAP.#. ECOSISTEMUL
2. DEFINIIA ECOSISTEMULUI
3. BIOTOPUL
FACTORII ECOLOGICI
4. Factorii cliatici
!. L"i#a
$. T%&%rat"ra
'. A&a
(. )*#t"l
+. Factorii %,a-ici ./ol"l0
11. Factorii oro2ra-ici .r%li%-"l0
FACTORI CORELATI)I
11. Sali#itat%a
12. Co&o3i4ia io#ic5
13. O6i2%#"l
1
14. I#-l"%#4%l% l"#ar% 7i &la#%tar%
1!. Gra8ita4ia
1$. Si/t%"l 2%#%ral al c"r%#4ilor ,% a%r
1'. Pr%/i"#%a ato/-%ric5
1(. Foc"l
POPULAIA
1+. D%-i#i4ia 7i tr5/5t"ril%
21. Str"ct"ra &o&"la4i%i
21. M5ri%a &o&"la4i%i
BIOCENO9A
22. D%-i#i4ia
23 INDICII STRUCTURALI AI BIOCENO9EI
24. R%la4ii i#t%r/&%ci-ic%
2!. STRUCTURA BIOC:IMIC; A ECOSISTEMULUI
LANURI TROFICE
2$. D%-i#i4ia
2'. Cla/i-icar%a la#4"rilor tro-ic%
2(. NI)ELE TROFICE
2+. NI<A ECOLOGIC;
31. PIRAMIDA ELTONIAN;
31. CLASIFICAREA ECOSISTEMELOR
CAP. $.AGROECOSISTEMUL
32. DEFINIIA AGROECOSISTEMULUI
33. CLASIFICAREA AGROECOSISTEMELOR
2
34. A2ro%co/i/t%% %6t%#/i8% /a" ,% i#t%#/itat% r%,"/5
3!. A2ro%co/i/t%% i#t%#/i8%
3$. A2ro%co/i/t%%l% i#,"/trial% /a" i#,"/triali3at%
3'. STABILITATEA IN AGROECOSISTEME
3(. DURABILITATEA AGROECOSISTEMELOR
3+. PRACTICI TE:NOLOGICE PENTRU DIMINUAREA
INTR;RILOR ENERGETICE
41. ECOLOGIE <I ECONOMIE
CAP.%. AGROECOLOGIA SAU ECOLOGIA AGRICOL"
41. DEFINIIA AGROECOLOGIEI
AGROECOLOGIE APLICAT; .SISTEME DE AGRICULTUR;0
42. A2ric"lt"ra =io,i#aic5
43. A2ric"lt"ra or2a#ic5
44. A2ric"lt"ra =iolo2ic5
PRINCIPII CARE STAU LA BA9A AGRICULTURII ECOLOGICE
I. Principii agroecologice
4!. Filo/o-ia a2ric"ltor"l"i
4$. Locatia -%r%i
4' Di8%r/itat%a a#iala
4( DI)ERSITATEA CULTURILOR ANUALE SI TEMPORARE
4+. Di8%r/itat%a c"lt"rilor &%r%#%
!1. )alori-icar%a ra/%lor r%2io#al% i# r%2i"#%a lor ,% ori2i#% /a" a ra/%lor
c" %-%cti8 r%,"/
!1 A/ola%#t"l
!2.Di%#/i"#%a &arc%l%lor
!3. Fora &arc%l%i
!4. C"loar%a &arc%l%i
!!. 9o#a ,% r%2"lar% %colo2ica
!$. Acti"#i i# -a8oar%a &atrio#i"l"i #at"ral
!'. I#carcat"ra ,% a#ial%
3
!(. G%/ti"#%a /"&ra-%t%lor -"ra>%r%
!+. F%rtili3ar%
$1. Tratar%a %-l"%#tilor
$1. P%/tici,%
$2. Co#,itii ,% co#-ort &%#tr" a#ial%
$3. Prot%ctia /ol"rilor
$4. Irri2ati%
$!. D%&%#,%#ta %#%r2%tica
&. Pri'ci(ii )*ci*+terit*riale
$$. CALITATEA ALIMENTELOR
$'. )alori-icar%a &atrio#i"l co#/tr"it /i a &%i/a>"l"i
$(. Acc%/i=ilitat%a /&ati"l"i
$+. I&licar% /ociala
'1. )alori-icar% r%ali3ata &ri# -ili%r% /c"rt%
'1. S%r8icii? &l"riacti8itat%
'2 Cr%ar% ,% loc"ri ,% "#ca
'3. M"#ca col%cti8a
'4. P%r%##itat% &r%8a3"ta
'!. Co#tri="ti% la %c@ili=r"l ali%#tar o#,ial
'$. Forar%
''. I#t%#/itat%a "#cii
'(. B 13. Calitat%a 8i%tii
'+. B 14. I3olar%
III. Pri'ci(ii )i i',icat*ri ec*'*mici
(1 C 1. )ia=ilitat%a %co#oica
(1. C 2. Ni8%l ,% /&%ciali3ar% %co#oica
(2. C !. Tra#/i/i=ilitat%a %co#oica a -%r%i
CAP. -. CALITATEA PRODUSELOR ALIMENTARE SI
MEDIUL INCON.URATOR
(3. CALITATEA AGRONOMIC;
(4. CALITATEA TE:NOLOGIC;
(!. CALITATEA )I9UAL; <I CALITATEA GUSTATI);
($. CALITATEA NUTRIIONAL;
4
('. CALITATEA IGIENIC; SAU SANITAR; A
PRODUSELOR ECOLOGICE <I IMPACTUL LOR ASUPRA
S;N;T;II
((. CALITATEA ECOLOGIC; .CALITATEA RE9IDUALA0
(+. CALITATEA ETIC;
CURS
!
CAP.. ECOLOGIA !I PROTECIA MEDIULUI
CA !TIIN"
.. DEFINIIA ECOLOGIEI

Pria ,%-i#i4i% a Ecolo2i%i a -o/t ,at5 ,% c5tr% Er#/t :a%cA%l "#"l ,i#
arii %8ol"4io#i7ti ai /%col"l"i 1+ car% B# l"crar%a C Mor-olo2ia G%#%ral5 a
Or2a#i/%lorD B# a#"l 1($$? car% a ,%38oltat co#c%&4ia ,arEi#i/t5 a/"&ra l"&t%i
&%#tr" %6i/t%#45. :a%cA%l a ,%-i#it Ecolo2ia ca -ii#, tiina care se ocup cu
studiul relaiilor complexe, directe sau indirecte, cuprinse n noiunea
darwinian a luptei pentru existen
A/t-%l %l a i#tro,"/ t%r%#"l ,% %colo2i% c% &ro8i#% ,% la c"8i#t%l%
2r%c%7ti CoiAo/D .ca/5? 2o/&o,5ri%0 7i lo2o/ .c"8*#t0.
F#tr% ti& a" -o/t ,%38oltat% "lt% ,%-i#i4ii al% %colo2i%i ,ar #ici "#a #"
%/t% acc%&tat5 ca 7i o ,%-i#i4i% ,% =a35.
F# c%l% c% "r%a35 8o &r%3%#ta c*t%8a ,%-i#i4ii B# or,i#% al-a=%tic5?
co#/i,%r*#, c5 o i%rar@i% a i&orta#4%i ac%/tor ,%-i#i4ii ar -i 2r%" ,% r%ali3atG
H B%%=I .1++30 tiina ecologiei ncearc s explice relaiile dintre
organisme i mediul lor.
H B%2o#? :ar&%r 7i ToE#/%#, .1++$0 Ecologia nu este o tiin cu o
structur simpl , liniar, fiindc n interiorul ecologiei orice proces afecteaz
alt proces
$
H N. Bot#ari"c 7i A. )5,i#%a#" .1+(20 Ecologia studiaz sistemele
supraindividuale de organizare a materiei vii (populaii, iocenoze, iosfera!
integrate n mediul lor aiotic
H N. Bot#ari"c 7i A. )5,i#%a#" .1+(20 Ecologia studiaz legile care
determin productivitatea, stailitatea i evoluia ecosistemelor i a ecosferei n
ansamlul ei i implicit studiaz influena activitii umane asupra acestor
procese precum i implicaiile lor asupra calitii vieii oamenilor
H Cl%%#t/ .1+1!? 1+4+0 Ecologia este tiina comunitilor vii i ea
cerceteaz sociologia i economia animalelor i plantelor
H C@r%=/.C@.I. .1+'(0 ,%-i#%a Ecolo2ia ca -ii#, studiul tiinific al
interaciunilor care determin distriuia i aundena organismelor.
H R.Da>o/ .1+'10 Ecologia este tiina care studiaz condiiile de
existen a fiinelor i interaciunile de orice natur care exist ntre aceste
fiine i mediul lor
H M.S. G@ilaro8 Ecologia este tiina corelaiilor i interaciunilor vieii
cu mediul ncon"urtor pe trepte supraindividuale.
H :"tc@i#/o# .1+'(0 Ecologia este studiul modului n care lucreaz sau
opereaz lumea vie
H Joro#,I .1++$0 #ustana ecologiei se gsete n multitudinea
structurilor nevii i vii , a proceselor i a interelaiilor cuprinse n circulaia
energiei i a nutrienilor, n reglarea structurii i dinamicii populaiilor i
comunitilor vii
H A.Io#%/c" .1+((0 Ecologia este tiina interelaiilor dintre vieuitoarele
care alctuiesc o ionocenoz i dintre acestea i iotop. Ea studiaz fluxul de
materie, energie, i informaie care strate un ecosistem ine delimitat $este
deci tiina care studiaz ecosistemele
H A. MacFaI,%# .1+!'0 Ecologia studiaz relaiile dintre vieuitoare,
plante sau animale i mediul lor, pentru a descoperi principiile dup care se
desfoar aceste relaii
'
H E.P. O," .1+!+0 Ecologia este studiul structurii i funcionrii
naturii
H E.P.O," .1+$$?1+'10 Ecologia studiaz nivelurile de organizare
superioare celor individuale i anume%populaii, iocenoze, ecosisteme i
iosfera
HE.P. O," .1+$20 Ecologia este studiul structurii i funcionrii
ecosistemelor
H E.P. O," .1+'10 Ecologia este tiina care studiaz relaiile
organismelor individuale cu amiana lor vie i nevie
H Pia#Aa .1+'(? 1++40 Ecologia este tiina care cerceteaz raporturile
dintre organisme i toi factorii fizici i iologici din mediu
H I. P"ia 7i ). Sora# .1+(40 tiina care se ocup de toate relaiile ce se
stailesc ntre organisme i diferite comuniti (iocenoze! precum i de
raporturile organismelor i comunitilor cu mediul fizic de trai
H RicAl%-/ .1+'$? 1++10 Ecologia este studiul plantelor i animalelor ca
indivizi (autecologie!, populaii (demecologie! i comuniti vii (sinecologie!
H C.F. Sac@i 7i P. T%/tar, .1+'10 Ecologia este disciplina iologic care
studiaz raporturile dintre organisme i mediul lor ncon"urtor
H B. St"2r%# .1+'!0 Ecologia este tiina interaciunilor n sistemele
supraindividuale
H S@%l-or, .1+3'0 Ecologia este o ramur a fiziologiei generale care se
ocup de organisme ca un ntreg, cu procesele lor vitale& ea se distinge de
fiziologia general a organelor
H K@ittaA%r .1+'!0 Ecologia studiaz iosistemele n context cu amiana
lor
(
CAP.#. ECOSISTEMUL
M*tt*/
'nvai%i pe copii votri ceea ce i%am nvat noi pe ai notri$ c
pm(ntul este mama noastr$ )ot ceea ce i se nt(mpl pm(ntului va a"unge s
li se nt(mple i copiilor acestui pm(nt* +oi tim cel puin at(t$ nu pmntul
i aparine omului ci omul i aparine pmntului$ ,ceasta noi o tim$ )oate
lucrurile se leag, la fel ca s(ngele care unete o aceeai familie$ tot ceea ce i
se nt(mpl pm(ntului a"unge s li se nt(mple i fiilor pm(ntului. Nu omul
este acela care a esut trama vieiiel este doar un !ir& i ceea ce i face acestei
trame, i face lui nsui
-arele ef sioux #eattle
( din rspunsul dat n ./01 preedintelui #2,
la oferta acestuia de a cumpra pm(ntul pieilor roii soiux! citat de +egu
#. (.3//!
#.. DEFINIIA ECOSISTEMULUI
+
D"&5 RiAl%-/ R.E .1+'$0 ecosistemul este constituit din ntreaga mulime
de interaciuni a factorilor fizici i a lumii iologice care acioneaz ntr%un
fragment al iosferei.
Joro#,I E.L. .1++$0 ,%-i#%a %co/i/t%"l ca un tot ce prezint dou
forme$ o form real (un fragment din natur4lac, pdure, ocean! i o form
conceptual (astract!
O," .1+'10 ,%-i#%a %co/i/t%"l ca -ii#, orice unitate care include
toate organismele de pe un teritoriu dat i care interacioneaz cu mediul fizic
n aa fel nc(t curentul de energie creeaz o anumit structur trofic, o
diversitate de specii i un circuit de sustane n interiorul sistemului.
B%2o# M.? :ar&%r L.L.? ToE#/%#, C.R? .1++$0 cita4i ,% P"ia. I? Sora# ).?
Carli%r L? Rotar I. )la@o8a M.?.21110 a" B=i#at 3 ,%-i#i4ii B#trMo a=or,ar% ai
co&l%65 G
'n mod tradiional ecosistemul include comunitatea iologic (iocenoza
i iota ! luat mpreun cu mediul su fizic (aiota!N Este rea ideea c
iocenoza i ecosistemul ar putea fi studiate separat fiindc nici un sistem
ecologic fie individual , populaional sau iocenotic nu pot fi separate de
mediul n care exist N Ecosistemul este un concept 5olistic (integralist i
integrator! cuprinz(nd plantele i animalele de oicei asociate ntre ele i cu
toi componenii fizici i c5imici ai mediului ncon"urtor sau ai 5aitatului
form(nd mpreun o unitate autocuprinztoare recognosciil.
"indeman .1+420 ,%-i#%a %co/i/t%"l ca -ii#, o unitate format din
reunirea proceselor active fizice, c5imice i iologice care se petrec n
interiorul unei uniti spaiu%timp de orice mrime, cupl(nd prin urmare
comunitatea vie de mediul ei aiotic
O," .1+'!0 citat ,% M"#t%a# 7i <tir=a# .1++!0 &r%3%#ta 4 co&o#%#t%
%/%#4ial% al% "#"i %co/i/t%G Proprietile sau strile !undamentale ale
ecosistemului# P1Mproductori primari .&la#t% -oto/i#t%ti3a#t%0N P2M
consumatori primari .%r=i8or%0 N P3M6onsumatori secundariG car#i8or% ./%
@r5#%/c c" a#ial% 7i or2a#i/% 8%2%tal%0N car#i8or% ,%/tr"ctoriN =ioa/aN
11
/"=/ta#4a or2a#ic5 7i a#or2a#ic5N $orele sau resursele de energie care ntrein
sistemul n !uncie .%#%r2ia /olar50 iar B# ca3"l a2ro%co/i/t%%lor 7i alt% /"r/%
,% %#%r2i%N %analele de scurgere a energiei &i su'stanei care leag
proprietile una de alta &i pe acestea de curentul de energie( Interaciunile
sau !unciile de interaciune care reali)ea) legturile ntre curentul de
energie, curentul de su'stane &i nsu&irile ecosistemului(
D"&5 S"Aatc@%8 .1+!40 citat ,% D"8i2#%a", .1+'40 %co/i/t%"l %/t%
co#/tit"it ,i# G
0&i*ce'*12 .-itoc%#o35? 3ooc%#o35? icro=ioc%#o35? icoc%#o350N
0Fact*ri ,e me,iu/ =ioto& -orat ,i# cliato& .%/o 7i icrocliat0 7i
%,a-oto& ./ol? /"=/trat0 N @i,roto& .-actor"l a&50N
#.# LEGILE DE &A3" IN ECOLOGIE
Mai "lt% l%2i 2"8%r#%a35 o,"l ,% ,%/-57"rar% a &roc%/%lor =iolo2ic% B#
#at"r5. Fii#, 8or=a ,% a=or,5ri "#%ori /%ctorial% alt%ori tra#/8%r/al% al%
%colo2i%i #% 8o r%3"a la o &r%3%#tar% a l%2ilor B# or,i#%a al-a=%tic5 a
a"torilorG
0 4Orice lucru e)te legat ,e alt lucru5 ,"&5 6ommoner .1+'1? 1+(10 citat ,%
I. P"ia? ). Sora#? L. Carli%r? I. Rotar? M. )la@o8a .21110. L%2%a %6&ri5
i#t%rac4i"#il% %6i/t%#t% B#tr% %l%%#t%l% "#"i /i/t%.
0 4Orice lucrare tre6uie )2 c*',uc2 u',e7a5 ,"&5 6ommoner .1+'1? 1+(10
citat ,% I. P"ia? ). Sora#? L. Carli%r? I. Rotar? M. )la@o8a .21110. Potri8it l%2ii?
oric% ac4i"#% la #i8%l"l /i/t%"l"i ar% co#/%ci#4% clar ,%-i#it%? at%ria ,i# car%
/i/t%"l %/t% alc5t"it -ii#, i#,%/tr"cti=il5.
0 4Natura 8tie cel mai 6i'e5 .6ommoner, 1+'1? 1+(10 citat ,% I. P"ia? ).
Sora#? L. Carli%r? I. Rotar? M. )la@o8a .21110. Potri8it ac%/t%i l%2i /i/t%%l%
co#/tr"it% ,% c5tr% #at"r5 &ot -i 2r%" r%ali3at% ,% c5tr% o B# c%%a c% &ri8%7t%
/tr"ct"ra 7i ,"ra=ilitat%a ac%/tora.
11
0 4Nu e9i)t2 u' a)t:el ,e lucru cum ar :i u' (r;'1 gratuit5 . 6ommoner
.1+'1? 1+(10 citat ,% I. P"ia? ). Sora#? L. Carli%r? I. Rotar? M. )la@o8a .21110.
0 4Legea e9clu,erii 4 (7auze .381! G Potri8it ac%/t%i l%2i ,"&5 9. :uia, ;.
#oran, <. 6arlier, 9. =otar, -. ;la5ova (>??.! CB#trM"# %co/i/t% ? i#,i-%r%#t
,% co&l%6itat%a l"i? ,o"5 /&%cii #" &ot /5 oc"&% B# ac%la7i ti& ac%%a7i #i75
%colo2ic5? a,ic5 /5 B#,%&li#%a/c5 ac%%a7i -"#c4i% B#trMo co#-i2"ra4i% ,at5D
0 Legea mi'imului/ (@ustus von <ieig, ./1?! L%2%a /% r%-%r5 la ca3"l /&%cial
al ac4i"#ii B#2r575i#t%lor c@iic% a/"&ra &la#t%lor c"lti8at%. L%2%a /% =a3%a35
&% ac4i"#%a liitati85 a -actor"l"i c@iic c" co#c%#tra4ia c%a ai ic5. Potri8it
l"i M"#t%a# L. 7i <tir=a# M.? C,%38oltar%a &la#t%i %/t% ,%&%#,%#t5? B# &ri"l
r*#, ,% ac%l %l%%#t c@iic ,i# /ol? car% ar% co#c%#tra4ia c%a ai /c53"t5O.
D"&5 :ili .1+$$0 a&licar%a l%2ii i#i"l"i o ,"rat5 ar% ,% ti& ,"c% la o
,%3i#t%2rar% a /i/t%"l"i? &ri# &i%r,%r%a tr%&tat5 a %l%%#t%lor co&o#%#t%.
0 Legea relati7it2<ii *<undegard5 .30A! Potri8it ac%/t%i l%2i C-ora c"r=%i ,%
cr%7t%r% #" ,%&i#,% #"ai ,% -actor"l c@iic i#ial ci 7i ,% co#c%#tra4ia 7i
#at"ra c%lorlal4i io#i &r%3%#4i B# /"=/tratO.
0 Legea rela<iei )tati)tice. Co#-or ac%/t%i l%2i ,"&5 M"#t%a# L.? 7i <tir=a#
M.? .1++!0 CA&lit",i#%a 3o#%i ,% tol%ra#45 a /&%ci%i -a45 ,% "# -actor %/t%
i#-l"%#4at5 ,% a#/a=l"l -actorilor liitati8i.D
0 4Legea migr2rii 6i*ge'e a at*mil*r 4 (:erelman .3A8, citat de 9. :uia, ;.
#oran, <. 6arlier, 9. =otar, -. ;la5ova (>??.!. L%2%a ,%-i#%7t% o,"l ,%
i2ra4i% al %l%%#t%lor c@iic% B# /coar4a t%r%/tr5.
0 4Legea e9i)te'<ei 8i ,e17*lt2rii )i)temel*r 'aturale 'umai (e )*c*teala
me,iului ='c*'>ur2t*r5 (=eimers, .3/1 citat de 9. :uia, ;. #oran, <. 6arlier, 9.
=otar, -. ;la5ova (>??.!. Co#-or l%2ii /i/t%%l% =iolo2ic% #" /% &ot
,%38olta i3olat B# #at"r5 B# co#,i4iil% B# car% %l% a" #%8oi% &%ra#%#t r%/"r/%.
0 4Legea (eri*,icit2<ii )i)tematice5 (=eimers , .3/1 citat de 9. :uia, ;.
#oran, <. 6arlier, 9. =otar, -. ;la5ova (>??.!. L%2%a /t5 la =a3a 2%/ti"#ii "#or
/i/t%% #at"ral% oo2%#%.
12
0 Legea *(timalit2<ii5 (=eimers, .3/1 citat de 9. :uia, ;. #oran, <. 6arlier, 9.
=otar, -. ;la5ova (>??.!. L%2%a %6&ri5 ,"&5 St"2r%# .1+(20 realizarea
celei mai favoraile configuraii structurale i funcionale a ecosistemelor i
iosferei.
0 Legea )u6)tituirii :act*ril*rO (=uel, .38?!.Co#-or ac%/t%i l%2i Bactorii
climatici, edafici i iotici sunt ec5ivaleni i se nlocuiesc reciproc
0 Legea t*lera'<ei *#5elford n .3.8 ! Potri8it l%2ii tol%ra#4%i -or"lat% ,%
c5tr% S@%l-or, succesul unei specii n iotop va fi maxim atunci c(nd se va
realiza pe deplin, calitativ i cantitativ complexul de condiii de care depinde
reproducerea sa. D%&57ir%a &ra2"rilor ,% tol%ra#45 ,"&5 S@%l-or, co#,"c% la
oart%a /i/t%"l"i. Potri8it l"i St"2r%# .1+(20 /"cc%/"l /&%ciilor /% &oat%
r%ali3a B# a7a #"it%l% 3o#% ,% o&ti .o&ti cliaticN o&ti c@iic 7i o&ti
/i#%colo2ic0 D"&5 M"#t%a# L. 7i <tir=a# M.? -actorii %colo2ici #" ac4io#%a35
liitati8 B# &%ra#%#45? ci #"ai at"#ci c*#, co#c%#tra4ia lor ,%&57%7t% a#"it%
5rii M liit5 ,% tol%ra#45 P ,% c5tr% /"=/ta#4a 8i%.
0 4Legea u'it2<ii :i1ic*+c?imice a )i)temel*r 7ii5 (;ernadsCii .3>D, .3DA,
citat de 9. :uia, ;. #oran, <. 6arlier, 9. =otar, -. ;la5ova (>??.!.!. Potri8it
ac%/t%i l%2i a/"&ra /i/t%%lor 8ii 7i #%8ii ac4io#%a35 ac%l%a7i l%2i -i3ic%.
0 4Legea c*')ta'<ei materiei 7ii5 (;ernadsCii, .3>D, .3DA, citat de 9. :uia, ;.
#oran, <. 6arlier, 9. =otar, -. ;la5ova (>??.!. :otrivit l%2ii o"t&"t"ril% 7i
i#&"t"ril% la #i8%l"l =io/-%r%i /"#t %2al% ca#titati8.
0 4Legea e:ectului c*m6i'at al :act*ril*r ,e cre8tere (-itsc5erlic5, .3>.!
Potri8it l%2ii? ,"&5 M"#t%a# L.? 7i <tir=a# M.? .1++!0 4F# %co/i/t%%l% #at"ral%
/a" arti-icial%? #" ar% loc #icio,at5 o cr%7t%r% &ro&or4io#al5 a "#"i i#,icator
ca#titati8 &% 5/"ra cr%7t%rii B# 8aloar% a -actor"l"i ai /la= r%&r%3%#tat B#
%,i" ci #"ai o cr%7t%r% lo2aritic5.
13
#.$. &IOTOPUL
No4i"#%a ,% =ioto& ,%-i#%7t% %,i"l ,% trai al or2a#i/%lor i#,i8i,"al%?
8%2%tal% /a" a#ial% B# /tr*#/5 i#t%rac4i"#% c" -actorii ,% %,i". D"&5 Po& I.
.1+''0 iotopul constituie un complex de factori naturali % climatop i
edafotop% suordonat iocenozei& cele dou componente mpreun cu formele
de relief form(nd ecotopul sau staiunea. D"&5 Ell%#=%r2 .1+!(0 iotopul este
locul de cretere al plantei, staiunea sau 5aitatul su. D"&5 Da@l .1+1(0 7i
Sc@it@"/%# .1+$(0 iotopul este definit de ctre fragmentul i tipul de relief
sau de ap care este sediul unei iocenoze. G"#t@%r .1+!10 ,%-i#%7t% =ioto&"l ca
fiind locul de via a unei iocenoze.
P"ia 7i Sora# .1+(40 ,%-i#%a" =ioto&"l ca -ii#, mediul de trai al
comunitilor iocenozelor iar 5aitatul ca mediul de trai al speciei (al
populaiilor i c5iar a organismului individual!. Ac%ia7i a"tori &ro&"#%a" 7i o
alt5 ,%-i#i4i% iotopul constituie universul n care se desfoar existena unei
comuniti vii (iocenoze!.
D"&5 St"2r%# .1+(20 /% &ot ,%-i#i ( -a4%t% al% %,i"l"iG mediul orogra!ic
%/t% co&"/ ,i# formele de relief situate deasupra scoarei terestre& mediul
14
eda!ic %/t% ,%-i#it ,% c5tr% /ol ca i mediu de via al plantelor, animalelor i
microorganismelor.N mediul +idrologic %/t% -orat ,i# toat% formele fizice de
manifestare a apeiN mediul geoc+imic %/t% -orat ,i# elementele i cominaiile
dintre elementele c5imice .)i#o2ra,o8? 1+4+0N mediul geo!i)ic %/t% -orat ,i#
c(mpul gravitaional, c(mpul magnetic precum i alte fore fizice terestre
.:ili? 1+$$0N mediul cosmic %/t% -orat ,i# forele fizice extraterestre precum
radiaia cosmic, lumina selenar, pulerea cosmicN mediul 'iocenotic %/t%
-orat ,i# structura intern a iocenozeiN mediul 'ioc+imic %/t% format din
cominaiile ioc5imice date de metaoliii vieuitoarelor .C%r#o=ri8%#Ao 7i
<a#,ra ?1+$$0
#.%. FACTORII ECOLOGICI
Factorii %colo2ici? ,"&5 Ta#/l%I 7i C@i&& .1+2$? cita4i ,% B.
St"2r%#?1+(20 /% B&art B# &atr" cla/%G climatici (lumina, temperatura,
umiditatea, v(nt, etc!& !i)icogeogra!ici sau orografici (de relief!& eda!ici (de
sol!& 'iotici&
Da>o/ .1+'(0 cla/i-ica -actorii %colo2ici B# "r5toar%l% cla/%$ !actori
climatici (temperatur, lumin umiditate relativ a aerului, pluviometrie!&
!actori !i)ici neclimatici (factorii mediului acvatic, factori edafici!& !actori
'iotici (interaciunile specifice i interspecifice!.
D"&5 Iaro7%#Ao .1+$'0 -actorii %colo2icii /% B&art B# 4 cat%2oriiG !actori
climatici( !actori eda!ici ( !actori 'iotici( !actori antropici.
D"&5 Mo#c@a,/Ai .citat ,% Da>o/? 1+'(0-actorii ,% %,i" /% B&art B#G
!actori periodici primari( !actori periodici secundari( !actori neperiodici.
#.%.. Fact*rii climatici
#.%.. Lumi'a
1!
Ra,ia4ia /olar5 ca 7i /"r/5 ,% %#%r2i% %/t% co&"/5 ,i# l"#2ii ,% "#,5
,i-%rit%. Ac%/t% ra,ia4ii tra8%r/%a35 ato/-%ra ,% a#i%r5 i#%2al5.
A&ar ,i-%rit% &i%r,%ri ,% ra,ia4iiG a=/or=4ia "#%i ari &5r4i a ra,ia4i%i "ltra8iol%t%
,% c5tr% o3o# .la=,a ai ica ,% 1?3 icro%trii0 car% /% -or%a35 la o
altit",i#% ,% 2! A N a=/or=4ia "#%i ari &5r4i a ra,ia4iilor i#-raro7ii ,% c5tr%
CO2 .la=,a ai ar% ,% 24 111 A0 N ,i-"3ia r%ali3at5 ,% c5tr% ol%c"l%l%
2a3oa/% car% ,a" c%r"l"i c"loar%a al=a/tr5? &r%c" 7i ,i-"3ia r%ali3at5 ,% c5tr%
&ic5t"ril% ,% a&5 7i ,% &ra- a-lat% B# /"/&%#/i% N r%-l%c4ia r%ali3at5 ,% c5tr% -a4a
/"&%rioar5 a #orilor.
Fl"6"l %#%r2%tic car% a>"#2% la #i8%l"l /coar4%i t%r%/tr% c"&ri#,% 3
co&o#%#t%G o co&o#%#t5 r%,"/5 ,% radiaie ultraviolet .2+!1M3(11 A0 c%
r%&r%3i#t5 4 Q ,i# /&%ctr"l /olarN &art%a 8i3i=il5 a /&%ctr"l"i /olar .3(11M'(11
A0 c% r%&r%3i#t5 !4 Q ,i# /&%ctr"l /olarN o co&o#%#t5 r%,"/5 ,% radiaie
in!raro&ie .'(11M24111 A0 c% r%&r%3i#t5 42Q ,i# /&%ctr"l /olar.
,adiaia total cor%/&"#,% /"%i c%lor 2 co&o#%#t%G radiaia solar .R10N
radiaia termic .R20N Ra,ia4ia /olar5 %/t% -orat5 ,i#G ra,ia4ia total5 . G0 ,i#
car% /% %lii#5N al=%,o"l .aG0 car% %/t% %#%r2ia r%-l%ctat5. -l'edoul 8aria35 B#
-"#c4i% ,% #at"ra /ol"l"i. C" c*t /"&ra-a4a %/t% ai /"=r5 7i #%r%2"lat5 c" at*t
al=%,o"l %/t% ai /la=. F# /c@i= al=%,o"l "#"i lac %/t% ai ri,icat . !1M$1 Q0.
Ra,ia4ia t%ric5 &oat% -i ,i8i3at5 B# G ra,ia4ia c% &ro8i#% ,i# ato/-%r5 .A0 ,i#
car% /% %lii#5 o &art% car% %/t% r%-l%ctat5 .aNA0N %i/ia ,% c5l,"r5 a
&5*#t"l"i .T0 ca r%3"lta#t5 a ra,ia4i%i t%ric% t%r%/tr%. Bila#4"l %/t% &o3iti8 &%
ti&"l 3il%i 7i /% a#"l%a35 &% ti&"l #o&4ii.
RSR1TR2
RS.GMaG0 T.AMaNAMT0
I#t%#/itat%a 7i ca#titat%a ,% l"i#5 c% a>"#2% i# %co/i/t%%l% ,% &% 2lo=
8aria35 B# -"#c4i% ,% ,i-%ri4i -actori .latit",i#%? %6&o3i4i%? altit",i#%? ori%#tar%a
r*#,"rilor? &ol"ar%a ato/-%r%i? %tcU0. L"i#a ar% "# rol %/%#4ial B# %6i/t%#4a
or2a#i/%lor 8%2%tal% ,atorit5 -%#o%#"l"i ,% -oto/i#t%35.
1$
D"&5 Po& .1+''0 or2a#i/%l% /% cla/i-ic5 B# -"#c4i% ,% i#t%#/itat%a l"i#ii?
B# or2a#i/% @%lio-il% 7i um'ro!ile. Or2a#i/%l% car% /"#t co#,i4io#at% ,%
&r%3%#4a ,ir%ct5 a l"i#ii #"%/c !oto!ile +elio!ile /a" euri!ote. Or2a#i/%l%
car% #" /"&ort5 l"i#a /olar5 ,ir%ct5 /% #"%/c um'ro!ile@ !oto!o'e, steno!ote,
sc+ia!ile .-a2? car&%#? ar4ar? =ra,? oli,? l5criioara? -%ri2a %tcU0.
R%ac4ia &la#t%lor la ,"rata 3il%i 7i a #o&4ii /% #"%7t% !otoperiodism? -actor
B# -"#c4i% ,% car% &la#t%l% /% B&art B# 2 cat%2oriiG &la#t% ,% 3i l"#25 7i &la#t% ,%
3i /c"rt5. F# -"#c4i% ,% o%#t"l ,%/-57"r5rii acti8it54ii =iolo2ic% a#ial%l% /%
B&art B# 2 2r"&%G a#ial% ,i"r#% .acti8itat% =iolo2ic5 B# ti&"l 3il%i0 Na#ial%
#oct"r#% .acti8itat% =iolo2ic5 B# ti&"l #o&4ii0.
#.%..#.Tem(eratura
T%&%rat"ra r%&r%3i#t5 &art%a ,i# %#%r2ia l"i#oa/5 car% %/t% a=/or=it5
,% c5tr% /ol 7i ar% rol ,% B#c5l3ir% a ac%/t"ia. P% ,% o &art% t%&%rat"ra /ol"l"i
ar% "# rol i&orta#t a/"&ra cr%7t%rii r5,5ci#ilor &la#t%lor ,% c"lt"r5 iar &% ,% alt5
&art% %a >oaca "# rol la -%l ,% i&orta#t a/"&ra acti8it54ii icroor2a#i/%lor ,i#
/ol.
La 1 c a,*#ci% t%&%rat"ra /ol"l"i %/t% a&ro6iati8 %2al5 c" c%a a
a%r"l"i B# ti& c% &% 5/"r5 c% co=or* B# a,*#ci% a&lit",i#%a B#tr%
t%&%rat"ra a6i5 7i i#i5 ,ii#"%a35.. D% %6%&l"? la 41 c "#,a t%ric5
&r%3i#t5 "# ,%cala> ,% B#t*r3i%r% ,% o >"5tat% ,% 3i B# ti& c% la 1! c #" %6i/t5
o "#,5 t%ric5.
T%&%rat"ra a%r"l"i 8aria35 B# -"#c4i% ,% latitudine, altitudine,
topogra!ie, de covorul vegetal, de microclimat. Or2a#i/%l% 8%2%tal% B7i
,%/-57oar5 &roc%/%l% ,% cr%7t%r% li ,%38oltar% B#trMo &la>5 ,% t%&%rat"r5
c"&ri#/5 B#tr% o liit5 i#i 7i a6i5.
)i/ a 8i/ ,% t%&%rat"ra i#i5 &"t% ,i/ti#2% 2 liit% 7i a#"%G
E o temperatur minim de cretere&
E o temperatur minim de supravieuire&
1'
T%&%rat"ra ,% /"&ra8i%4"ir% 8aria35 B# -"#c4i% ,% acti8itat%a or2a#i/%lor
8%2%tal%. A&ar% a/t-%l o liit5 c5tr% B# li=a>"l co"# /% #"%7t% t%&%rat"r5
l%tal5? a,ic5 t%&%rat"ra la car% !1Q ,i# i#,i8i3ii 8%2%tali or ,"&5 2 or%.
F# ac%la7i ti& -ri2"l %/t% 7i "# -actor #%c%/ar or2a#i/%lor 8%2%tal% B#
a#"it% -a3% &r%c" &%rioa,a ,% r%&a"/? #%c%/ar5 #"itor /&%cii c" %/t% ca3"l
c%lor &oicol%? 8iticol% 7i #" #"ai.
F# -"#c4i% ,% a,a&tar%a la ,i-%rit% t%&%rat"ri or2a#i/%l% B&art ,"&5 D%
Ca#,oll% citat ,% Po& .1+''0B# or2a#i/%G megaterme, me)oterme, microterme
&i +ec+istotermeG
.egaterme# a,a&tat% la t%&%rat"ri ai ari ,% 21 2ra,% C%l/i"/
.&ali%r? =a#a#i%r %tcU0N
.e)oterme# a,a&tat% la t%&%rat"ri ,% 1!M21 2ra,% C%l/i"/ .5/li#?
l%a#,r" %tcU0N
.icroterme# a,a&tat% la a&lit",i#i ari ,% t%&%rat"r5 c"&ri#/% B#tr%
1 7i 1! 2ra,% C%l/i"/ .-a2? =ra,? &i#? oli,? "r/"l =r"# ? l"&"l %tc..0N
/ec+istoterme# a,a&tat% la t%&%rat"ri /it"at% B# >"r"l 8alorii ,% 1 2ra,%
C%l/i"/ ."r"l? ac"l arctic? "r/"l al=? r%#"l? 8"l&%a &olar50N
Fec5istormele 7i -egatermele -or%a35 2r"&a or2a#i/%lor stenoterme /a"
termofile. St%#ot%r%l% ,% cliat r%c% /% ai #"%/c psi5rofile /a" criofile
.-oca? or/a0. -icrotermele 7i mezotermele -or%a35 2r"&a or2a#i/%lor
euriterme .&"a? l%"l ar2i#ti"0.Pla#t%l% c" -lori car% B# ti&"l 3il% B7i &ot
%#4i#% t%&%rat"ra i#t%r#5 la "# #i8%l ai ri,icat ,%c*t c%l al %,i"l"i %6t%rior
/% #"%/c specii supratemperaturale .cactac%%? cra//"lac%%0 B# ti& c%
&la#t%l% car% B7i %#4i# t%&%rat"ra la "# #i8%l i#-%rior c" c%a a %,i"l"i /%
#"%/c specii su'temperaturale .&%&%#%l% 8%r,%0 ,"&5 Po& .1+''0.
'n funcie de temperatura intern avem > grupe mari de
organisme(-untean, <.#, tiran, -., .330!$
0rganisme +omeoterme
1(
F# ac%a/t5 2r"&5 /% B#ca,r%a35 a#ial%l% c" t%&%rat"ra cor&"l"i co#/ta#t5 /a"
a#ial% c" /*#2% cal, .&5/5ril% 7i a#ial%l%0N
0rganisme poi1iloterme
F# ac%a/t5 cat%2ori% /% B#ca,r%a35G
E animalele c" t%&%rat"ra cor&"l"i 8aria=il5 #"it% a#ial% c" /*#2%
r%c% .#%8%rt%=rat%l%? 8%rt%=rat%l%V&%7tii? a-i=i%#ii 7i r%&til%l%0N
E plantele a c5ror t%&%rat"r5 %/t% a&ro&iat5 ,% c%a a %,i"l"iN
Ca r%3"lta#t5 a i#t%rac4i"#ii ,i#tr% -actorii ,% %,i" r%3"lt5 c%%a c% #"i
climat? car% /% B&art% B# 3 ari ti&"riG .acroclimat /a" cliat r%2io#alG /%
&oat% o=/%r8a la #i8%l"l "#%i ari %#tit54i 2%o2ra-ic%N .e)oclimat /a" cliat
local G /% o=/%r85 la #i8%l"l %co/i/t%%lorN .icroclimatN o=/%r8a=il la /cara
or2a#i/"l"iN
#.%..$. A(a
Ca#titat%a ,% a&5 car% i#tr5 B#trM"# %co/i/t% .i&ort0 &oat% /5 -i% /"=
,i8i3at5 B#G precipitaii atmos!erice *ploaie, )pad, g+ea2( cea (
condensarea vaporilor de ap *rou2( apa re)ultat din scurgerile de pe sol(
apa capilar(
)aria4ia co#4i#"t"l"i B# a&5 .DK0 %/t% %2al5 c" co#4i#"t"l B# a&5 al /ol"l"i
.K/0 &l"/ co#4i#"t"l B# a&5 al -itoc%#o3%i .K-0? &l"/ co#4i#"t"l B# a&5 al
3ooc%#o3%i .K30 &l"/ co#4i#"t"l B# a&5 al a%r"l"i .Ka0 &l"/ co#4i#"t"l B# a&5 al
liti%r%i .Kl0
DKSK/TK-TKITKaTKl
Di#tr% toat% ac%/t% r%3%r8% ,% a&5 c%a ai i&orta#t5 ca 7i &o#,%r% %/t%
co#4i#"t"l B# a&5 al /ol"l"i .K/0. O &art% ,i# apa meteoric .A 0 %/t%
i#t%rc%&tat5 ,% c5tr% -r"#3%l% ar=orilor 7i /% %8a&or5. O &art% ,i# a&a %t%oric5
/% /c"r2% &% tr"#c@i"l ar=orilor 7i 8or=i B# ac%/t ca3 ,% a&a ,% /c"r2%r% .A/0.
Sc"r2%r%a a&%i #" %/t% oo2%#5 7i ,%&i#,% ,% #at"ra /coar4%i. O alt5 &art% ,i#
a&a %t%oric5 /% /c"r2% ,% &% -r"#3% &% /ol 7i 8or=i B# ac%/t ca3 ,% ap de
picurare .A&0 . Part%a c%a ai i&orta#t5 a a&%i %t%oric% o r%&r%3i#t5 apa de
1+
penetrare direct .A&,0 car% a>"#2% ,ir%ct &% /ol -5r5 /5 ati#25 -r"#3%l%
or2a#i/%lor 8%2%tal%.
ASA/TA&TA&,
'n funcie de adaptarea plantelor la diferite medii avem mai multe grupe$
Plante +idro!ite# &la#t% li=%r% 7i &l"titoar%N &la#t% -i6% .%6. #"-5r0N
Plante +alo!ite
Ac%/t% &la#t% /"#t a,a&tat% la a&% /5rat%. F# -"#c4i% ,% co#4i#"t"l a&%lor B#
clor"ri a8% ai "lt% cat%2orii ,% a&% @alo-it%G
Hape poli5aline .ai "lt ,% 11 2Vl0N
Hape mezo5aline .1M11 2Vl0N
Hape oligo5aline .1?1M1 2Vl0N
F# ca3"l a&%lor ,"lci B# -"#c4i% ,% &: a8% ai "lt% cat%2oriiG
Hape oligotrofe .4M$0N
Hape mezotrofe .$M'0N
Hape eutrofe .&: ai ar% ,% '0N
F# -"#c4i% ,% %co#oia B# a&5 a &la#t%lor ,i/ti#2% ai "lt% 2r"&% ,%
&la#t%G
3plante xero!ite? a c5ror or2a#% a%ri%#% r5*# ri2i,% ,"&5 oart%a
&la#t%i .&la#t% ,% cliat /%c0. Pla#t%l% /% a,a&t%a35 la ac%/t r%2i &ri#
o,i-icar%a /"&ra-%4%i ,% tra#/&ira4i% car% /% r%ali3%a35 &ri# ic7orar%a /a"
r%,"c%r%a /"&ra-%4%i li="l"i -oliar.
F# -"#c4i% ,% co#/i/t%#4a or2a#%lor 8%2%tati8% plantele xero!ite /% B&art
.Po&? 1+''0 B#G
#clerofite .&la#t% c" -r"#3% tari? ,"r% V%6. 5/li#? l%a#,r"l? c*r*30N
Femixerofite .&la#t% c" /i/t% ra,ic"lar =i#% ,%38oltat Vl"c%r#a
2al=%#50N
#uculente .&la#t% c" or2a#% 8%2%tati8% c5r#oa/%? "#%ori -5r5
-r"#3%VS%,"? A2a8%? O&"#4ia0 F# cliat%l% "/cat% 7i ari,% &la#t%l% /"c"l%#t% B7i
21
-or%a35 r%3%r8% ,% a&5. P%#tr" r%,"c%r%a %8a&or5rii a&%i a#"it% /&%cii B7i
tra#/-or5 -r"#3%l% B# /&i#i .E"&@or=iac%%? Cactac%%? A/cl%&i,iac%%0.
3 plante me)o!ite car% #" a" "# co&orta%#t -i6at 8i/ a 8i/ co#/""l
B# a&5 7i /"#t caract%ri/tic% 3o#%lor t%&%rat%. F# 2%#%ral &la#t%l% a" -r"#3%
lat% 7i oi &r%3%#t*#, &% %&i,%ra a=%lor -%4%? /toat%.
3 plante tropo!ite, car% &ot /"-%ri o /c@i=ar% ,% cliat B# ti&"l
a#"l"iN
3 plante +igro!ite? car% #%c%/it5 %,ii "%,% . Pla#t%l% &r%3i#t5
/toat% &% a=%l% -%4% al% -r"#3%lor? "# /i/t% ra,ic"lar /"&%r-icial &"4i#
rai-icat ? t"l&i#i -ra2il% 7i /% B#t*l#%/c B# 2%#%ral B# &5,"ril% tro&ical%
"%,%.
Ui,itat%a ato/-%ric5 %/t% "#"l ,i# -actorii -"#,a%#tali c%
co#,i4io#%a35 %6i/t%#4a =ioto&"rilor t%r%/tr%G
F# -"#c4i% ,% "i,itat%a ato/-%ric5 asociaiile vegetale /% B&art B# 2
cat%2oriiG
H asociaii vegetale +igro!ite? car% /"&ort5 o "i,itat% ato/-%ric5
ri,icat5
3asociaii vegetale xero!ite? car% /"&ort5 co#,i4ii ,% "i,itat%
ato/-%ric5 /c53"t5

F# -"#c4i% ,% ca#titat%a ,% &r%ci&ita4ii &% car% l% &ri%7t% "# %co/i/t%
r%3"lt5 caract%r"l cliatic .Io#%/c" Al.1+((0 al "#%i a#"it% 3o#% ,% &% 2lo=G
ecosisteme cu pduri denseG &r%ci&ita4ii ai ari ,% '!1 N
ecosisteme cu stepe, savane &i pduriG &r%ci&ita4ii B#tr% 2!1 7i '!1
N
ecosisteme de&ertice G&r%ci&ita4ii B#tr% 1 7i 2!1 N

E=%r2%r a cla/i-icat cliat%l%l% 2lo="l"i &% =a3a i#,ic%l"i &l"8io%tric B#
"r5toar%l% cat%2oriiG
21
climate de&ertice .r%2i &l"8io%tric al%atori"0N
climate nede&ertice .r%2i &l"8io%tric r%2"lat0N
climate intertropicale .cliat"l %c"atorial 7i /"=%c"atorial0N
climate tropicale .r%2i t%ric cal,0N
climate extratropicale .cliat% oc%a#ic% -5r5 /%3o# "/catN cliat%
co#ti#%#tal% c" /%3o# "/catN iar#aN cliat% %,it%ra#%%#% c" /%3o# "/cat 8ara0N
climate su'polare &i polare .-oto&%rio,i/ /%3o#i%r /&%ci-ic0N

Indici climatici corelai
Pr%ci&ita4iil% 7i t%&%rat"ra /"#t -actori a>ori car% caract%ri3%a35
cliat"l. I#,icii a#"ali /% =a3%a35 &% c"a#ti-ic5ri a#"al%G
H $actorul de ploaie .R0S &r%ci&ita4ii %,ii a#"al%Vt%&%rat"ra %,i%
a#"al5N
H Indicele de ariditate .Marto#%0 ISPVTT11? "#,% P r%&r%3i#t5
&r%ci&ita4iil% .0 iar T r%&r%3i#t5 t%&%rat"ra .2ra,% C%l/i"/0N
H Indicele de ariditate .T@or#tEait%0GIt S111,V#? "#,% , %/t% ,%-icit"l
,% a&5 B# &%rioa,a /%c%toa/5 iar # %/t% #%8oia ,% a&5 a 8%2%ta4i%i .0N
HIndicele xerotermic .Ga"//%#0. Potri8it ac%/t"i i#,ic%? -%#o%#"l ,%
/%c%t5 a&ar% at"#ci c*#, ,"=l"l t%&%rat"rii %,ii l"#ar% .2ra,% C%l/i"/0 %/t%
ai ar% ,%c*t &r%ci&ita4iil% l"#ar% .0.
HIndicele pluviometric .E=%r2%r0G I%SPV .MTV20.MM0 "#,% M %/t%
%,ia t%&%rat"rilor ,i# l"#a c%a ai cal,5 iar %/t% %,ia t%&%rat"rilor ,i#
l"#a c%a ai r%c%.
#.%..%. V;'tul
22
)*#t"l i#t%r8i#% 7i co#,i4io#%a35 a#"it% -%#o%#% &r%c" polenizarea
plantelor anemofile ieroase (graminee, ciperacee etc*!, lemnoase (conifere,
arinii, ste"arii etc*!, rsp(ndirea fructelor, seminelor, germenilor, sporilor,
neverteratelor. A/t-%l 8*#t"l ,%8i#% "# -actor ,% ,i/%i#ar% la "lt% &o&"la4ii
la ,i/ta#4% ,% &*#5 la c*t%8a ii ,% ,% A.
F# ac%la7i ti& 8*#t"l %/t% -actor"l %ca#ic car% &ro,"c% -%#o%#% ,%
%ro3i"#% %olia#5? -or%a35 ,"#%l% ,% #i/i&? ,%t%ri#5 a,a&t5ri la "lt%
&o&"la4ii ,% &la#t% 7i a#ial% r%&r%3%#t*#, 7i "# -actor ,% /%l%c4i% al ac%/tor
&o&"la4ii.
D"&5 Solt#%r D. .1+('0 8*#t"l %6%rcit5 3 ac4i"#i a2r%/i8% la #i8%l"l
%co/i/t%%lor G
3 -ciuni mecanice # %ro3i"#%a /ol"rilorN ,%-orar%a ar=orilorN
c5,%r%a c%r%al%lorN &%rt"r=ar%a iri2a4i%iN ,i/%i#ar%a /&orilor? =olilor 7i a
/%i#4%lor ,% ="r"i%#iN t"l="r5ri ,% &ol%#i3ar%N c5,%r%a -r"#3%lor ? c5,%r%a
-r"ct%lor? ,i/tr"2%r%a loc"i#4%lorN
3-ciuni termice # r5cir%a /ol"rilor .,atorit5 %8a&or5rii i#t%#/% a a&%i
,% /"&ra-a450 N B#t*r3i%r%a r%colt%lor N c@%lt"i%li caloric% /"&%rioar% &%#tr"
loc"i#4%
3-ciuni !i)iologice # cr%7t%r%a %8a&otra#/&ira4i%i N ,ii#"ar%a
"i,it54ii a%r"l"i 7i a t%&%rat"rii /ol"l"i ,% "#,% 7i o B#t*r3i%r% a &roc%/%lor ,%
cr%7t%r%0 N t"l="r5ri ,% or,i# /a#itar &%#tr" a#ial%.
)*#t"l %6%rcit5 7i ac4i"#i &o3iti8% la #i8%l"l 8%2%ta4i%i &r%c" G
%8a&orar%a a&%i 7i &% ac%a/t5 cal% %l co#tri="i% la a%rar%a /"&%r-icial5 a /ol"l"i N
%/t% i#,i/&%#/a=il &ol%#i35rii B#cr"ci7at% la a#"it% /&%cii N "/"c5 r%colt%l% .
23
#.%.#. Fact*rii e,a:ici AS*lulB
D"&5 Po& .1+''0 &ri# -actor %,a-ic /% B#4%l%2% "# complex de influene i
de aciuni stailite ntre organisme i proprietile fizico%c5imice ale solului
Sol"l %/t% alc5t"it ,i# co#/tit"%#4i a#or2a#ici /a" i#%rali .ar2ila? /5r"ril%
i#%ral%? &"l=%ril%? #i/i&"l 7i &i%tri7"l 0 7i co#/tit"%#4i or2a#ici ./"=/ta#4%l%
or2a#ic%0.
i#*#, co#t ,% -a&t"l c5 &art%a i#%ral5 %/t% lar2 ,%/c@i/5 B# ca,r"l
,i/ci&li#%lor t%@#ic% B# ac%/t ca&itol 8o i#/i/ta ai "lt &% rol"l
co#/tit"%#4ilor or2a#ici ai /ol"l"i.
Toat% tra#/-or5ril% /"=/ta#4%i or2a#ic% B# /ol /"#t /"= ,%&%#,%#4a
su'stanei organice vii? 7i tr%="i% ,%ci co#/i,%rat5 ac%a/ta ,i# "r5 ca "# a2%#t
,% %8ol"4i% a /"=/ta#4%i or2a#ic% 7i #" ,oar ca "# co&o#%#t oar%car%. S"=/ta#4a
or2a#ic5 8i% co#/tit"i% a/t-%l 4compartimentul viu car% ac4io#%a35 B# -"#c4i%
,% caract%ri/ticil% -i3icoMc@iic% al% %,i"l"i .cliat? roca a5? %tc.0 a/"&ra
c%lorlalt% ,o"5 GcompartimenteG su'stana organic proaspt &i su'stana
organic amor!.
24
5u'stana organic proaspt %/t% B# &ri#ci&al r%&r%3%#tat5 ,% co&"7i
8%2%tali B# or,i#% ca#titati85 ,%/cr%/c5toar%G c%l"lo3%? @%ic%l"lo3%? &%cti#%?
li2#i#%? &rot%i#%? ta#i#"ri0. P% "r5 ac%%a a icro-lor%iG &oli3a@ari,%? li&i,%?
li&o&rot%i#%? &rot%i#%. E/t% 8or=a B# /&%cial ,%/&r% acrool%c"l%l%
&oli%ri3at%. Pri%l% /ta,ii ,% ,%/co&"#%r% /"#t B# 2%#%ral #i7t%
,%&oli%ri35ri /"cc%/i8%. Ac%/t%a a&ar ca "rar% a ac4i"#ii %#3i%lor /&%ci-ic%?
a,%/%a ,%/t"l ,% "lt%? car% i#t%r8i# /i"lta# /a" /"cc%/i8. El% r%,"c &*#5 la
o#o%ri /a" ,i%ri . 3a@ara4i0? ai#oaci3i? =a3% a3otat%? car% /"#t ra&i,
a=/or=i4i ,% c5tr% c%l"l%l% =act%ri%#% /a" ,% @i-%l% ci"&%rcilor? c@iar ,ac5 ac%7ti
co&"7i li=%rii #" /"#t &r%3%#4i ,%c*t B# ca#tit54i ici B# /ol. Di&otri85?
li2#i#%l% >oac5 "# rol i&orta#t B# /ol. P% ,% o &art% ,%ri8a4ii lor /"#t a="#,%#4i
&%#tr" c5 =io,%2ra,ar%a lor %/t% l%#t5G ac%/t%a /"#t /"&"/% "#%i =iotra#/-or5ri
&ro2r%/i8%? c" o,i-ic5ri c@iic% -5r5 @i,roli35 co&l%t5 .GODDEN? 1+($0. P%
,% alt5 &art%? co&"7ii %li=%ra4i? -%#oli 7i c@i#i#%? /"#t ,%o/%=it ,% r%acti8i
.BALASDENT? 1++(0. Ac%7ti o#o%ri -%#ilM&ro&a# /"#t #i7t% a#ti/%&tici
&"t%r#ici? acti8i la o co#c%#tra4i% -oart% /la=5? r%/&o#/a=ili 7i ,% alt% -%#o%#%
,i# &roc%/"l co&o/tar%. Li2#i#a &oat% -i ,%2ra,at5 ,% c5tr% ci"&%rci 7i ,% c5tr%
acti#oic%t%.
Macro-a"#a 7i icro-a"#a ,i# /ol %/t% co#/tit"it5 ,i# "r5toar%l% 2r"&%
,% or2a#i/% .D%/=ro//%/ P.? 1++30G
.icro!auna G roztoare, insecte, miriapode, crustacee& lumricide
(r(me! cu o greutate de 0??%>??? Cg 45a & ciuperci, care ating . miliard 4gram
de pm(nt fie .0?? Cg 45a & acteriile care ating .?? de milioane4gram de
pm(nt fie 0?? Cg45a& actinomicetele care ating un numr de 1? de milioane
4gram de pm(nt fie circa A%/??? Cg 45a &
.icro!auna# nematozii care a"ung la mai multe miliarde 45a ceea ce
reprezint circa D?? Cg45a & protozoare care a"ung la 8?? Cg45a& algele care
a"ung la 8??%1?? Cg45a&
La "# cicl" %,i" ,% 8ia45 ,% 31 ,% 3il% .a#"it% /&%cii a" "# cicl" ,% 8ia45
#"ai ,% c*t%8a 3il%0 /% a>"#2% la a&ro6iati8 121 tV@a at%ri% or2a#ic5 8i%
2!
car% #" ai %/t% r%ciclat5 B# /ol? B# /i/t%%l% cla/ic% ,% a2ric"lt"r5? "#,%
&%/tici,%l% ,i/tr"2 o ar% &art% a acro 7i icro-a"#%i.
O /%ri% ,% -actori i#t%r8i# B# i#%rali3ar%a at%ri%i or2a#ic%G #at"ra
/"=/ta#4%i or2a#ic%N -actorii -i3icoMc@iiciN -actorii =iolo2iciN &racticil%
c"lt"ral%.
E+atura sustanelor organice
O,at5 c" o&rir%a -"#c4iilor 8ital% a c%l"l%i 8%2%tal%? ar% loc a"toli3a
cito&la/%i .a"to,i/tr"2%r%a ,% #at"r5 %#3iatic50. Prot%i#%l% /"#t a/t-%l
@i,roli3at% B# &%&ti,% /i&l% 7i ai#oaci3i? 2l"ci,%l% 7i li&i,%l% /i&l% r%/&%cti8
B# 3a@ara4i /i&li 7i aci3i 2ra7i. Ac%/t% /"=/ta#4% /%r8%/c ca @ra#5
icroor2a#i/%lor car% 8or ataca ol%c"l%l% ai r%3i/t%#t% a &%r%4ilor c%l"lari
8%2%tali. R%3i/t%#4a la =io,%2ra,ar% %/t% l%2at5 ,% #at"ra =ioc@iic5 a
co#/tit"%#4ilor c%l"l%lor? 7i ai &r%ci/ ,% c%a a &%r%4ilor c%l"l%lor 8%2%tal%?
ac%7tia ,i# "r5 r%&r%3%#t*#, c%a ai ar% a/5 ,% /"=/ta#45 or2a#ic5 a,"/5
/ol"l"i.
C" c*t ol%c"l%l% or2a#ic% /"#t ai co&l%6%? c" at*t =io,%2ra,ar%a /ca,%
7i ,"rata ,% ,%/co&"#%r% %/t% ai l"#25. D% -a&t co&"7ii or2a#ici /ol"=ili
/"#t c%i ai ra&i, "tili3a4i ,% c5tr% icro-lor5. Ur%a35 a&oi @%ic%l"lo3%l% 7i
c%l"lo3%l%? a c5ror ,%2ra,ar% ia ai "lt ti& &%#tr" c5 %a #%c%/it5 %6tra2%r%a
"#%i &5r4i ,% a3ot i#%ral B# %,i" .io=ili3ar% total50. Li2#i#a? &% oti8"l
,%ri85rii /tr"ct"rii /al% ,% la #"cl%"l -%#olic? %/t% -oart% r%3i/t%#t5 la ,%2ra,ar%.
E Bactori fizico% c5imici$ )o a=or,a /"cc%/i8 %-%ct%l% t%&%rat"rii?
"i,it54ii? co#4i#"t"l"i B# o6i2%#? a &@Ml"i? a co#4i#"t"l"i B# ar2il5 7i a
co&o3i4i%i c@iic% a /ol"l"i. Ac%7ti -actori -i3icoMc@iici #" i#t%r8i# B#
2%#%ral ,%c*t &ri# ac4i"#%a lor a/"&ra or2a#i/%lor 8ii ,i# /ol.
2$
)emperatura$ O&ti"l ,% acti8itat% a icro-lor%i %/t% ati#/ &%#tr" t%&%rat"ri
c"&ri#/% B#tr% 11 7i 41 C? 8it%3a ,% ,%/co&"#%r% %/t% B# 2%#%ral B#"l4it5 c" 2
,ac5 t%&%rat"ra cr%7t% c" 11C. F#a-ara ac%/t"i i#t%r8al? ,%/co&"#%r%a
at%ri%i or2a#ic% %/t% &"t%r#ic r%,"/5? c@iar i#@i=at5 &%#tr" a#"i4i co&"7i
/&%ci-ici .NICALARDOT? 1++30.
,pa$ O&ti"l ,%/co&"#%rii car=o#"l"i or2a#ic %/t% ati#/ &%#tr" 8alori al%
"i,it54ii /ol"l"i a&ro&iat% ,% ca&acitat%a ,% a&5 B# c*&. Li&/a a&%i ,"c% la o
/c5,%r% a acti8it54ii &o&"la4iilor icro=i%#% &ri# oart% /a" tr%c%r% la o 8ia45
B#c%ti#it5? 7i toto,at5 la o /c5,%r% a #"5r"l"i ,% r*% car% i2r%a35 B#
&ro-"#3i%. O "i,itat% &r%a ar% 8a co#,"c% la "# %-%ct /iilar? -a8ori3*#, B#
/&%cial icroMor2a#i/%l% a#a%ro=% ca "rar% a "#%i li&/% ,% o6i2%# ,atorat%
oc"&5rii ca8it54ilor /ol"l"i c" a&a B# %6c%/. F# /ol"ril% -oart% "%,%? ,%2ra,ar%a
li2#i#%lor ? car% #%c%/it5 o6i2%#? %/t% -oart% B#c%ti#it5 7i /"=/ta#4a or2a#ic5 /%
&oat% ac""la . /ol"ri @i,roor-%0. Ac%/t -actor %/t% /tr*#/ l%2at ,% ti&"l ,% /ol
7i /"=M/ol .#i/i&o/? l"to/? ar2ilo/0 &r%c" 7i ,% cliat"l local .&l"8io%tri%0 7i
,% l"cr5ril% /ol"l"i . @ar,&a#? co&actar%0.
+ivelul de oxigen$ C%a ai ar% &art% a icroMor2a#i/%lor r%/&o#/a=il% c"
,%2ra,ar%a at%ri%i or2a#ic% a /ol"l"i /"#t a%ro=%. Pr%3%#4a o6i2%#"l"i?
#%c%/ar5 B# o, %2al ,%38olt5rii r5,5ci#ilor &la#t%lor? %/t% ,%ci &rior,ial5
&%#tr" o ="#5 i#%rali3ar%.
S"= %-%ct"l r5,5ci#ilor 7i a icroor2a#i/%lor? co#c%#tra4ia B# o6i2%# a
/ol"l"i %/t% ,% alt-%l ai /c53"t5 ,%c*t c%a a ato/-%r%i %6t%rioar% . ai &"4i# ,%
11Q B# loc ,% 21Q0 c@iar ,ac5 co#c%#tra4ia B# CO
2
%/t% ai ri,icat5 .,% 1 &*#5
la !Q B# loc ,% 1?13Q0 .:ELLER? 1+(10. Ac%a/t5 co#c%#tra4i% B# o6i2%# %/t%
,%&%#,%#t5 ,% /tr"ct"ra /ol"l"i? 7i toto,at5 ,% t%6t"ra /a 7i ,% co#4i#"t"l B#
/"=/ta#45 or2a#ic5 .car% >oac5 "# rol &rior,ial B# /ta=ilir%a /tr"ct"rii &ri#
-orar%a a2r%2at%lor /ol"l"i0. Ea %/t% B# o, %2al ,%&%#,%#t5 ,% "i,itat%?
&%#tr" c5 ,ac5 ac%a/ta %/t% &r%a ar%? ar% loc /at"rar%a acro&orilor /ol"l"i car%
#" /"#t B# &ri#ci&i" oc"&a4i ,%c*t ,% -a3a 2a3oa/5? ,"&5 /c"r2%r%a a&%i ,%
2'
2ra8ita4i%. P"t% ai#ti B# ac%/t co#t%6t? rol"l l"=rici,%lor car% ? ,atorit5
2al%riilor lor? 5r%/c co#/i,%ra=il acroM&oro3itat%a /ol"l"i 7i /c@i="l 2a3o/
B#tr% ato/-%ra %6t%rioar5 7i ato/-%ra i#t%r#5 a /ol"l"i . B=o254ir%a ac%/t%ia
,i# "r5 B# o6i2%#0. BOUC:E .1+(40? /&"#%a c5 &% o /"&ra-a45 ,% "# @%ctar?
r*%l% /a&5 4111 &*#5 la !111 A ,% 2al%rii? car% co#/tit"i% "# %,i" a%rat 7i
=i#% ,r%#at.
=eacia solului$ O&ti"l &%#tr" ,%/co&"#%r%a co&"7ilor or2a#ici %/t%
o=4i#"t B# /ol"ri a c5ror &: %/t% a&roa&% ,% #%"tr". Mi#%rali3ar%a r%3i,""rilor
%/t% a/t-%l B#c%ti#it5 B# /ol"ri -oart% aci,% .&: 4?!0.
6oninutul n argil$ E6i/t5 o r%la4i% -oart% /tr*#/5 B#tr% co#4i#"t"l B#
/"=/ta#45 or2a#ic5 a "#"i /ol 7i co#4i#"t"l /5" B# ar2il5. A -o/t ,%o#/trat
%6&%ri%#tal c5 ar2il%l% &ot r%,"c% ,i/&o#i=ilitat%a 7iV/a" acc%/i=ilitat%a
ol%c"l%lor or2a#ic% &%#tr" icroMor2a#i/%. D% -a&t? ar2il%l% a,/or=
ol%c"l%l% or2a#ic%? car% /"#t at"#ci ai &"4i# ,i/&o#i=il% &%#tr" icroM
or2a#i/%. F# &l"/ /"=/ta#4%l% or2a#ic% locali3at% B# icroM&orii ar2il%lor a" o
acc%/i=ilitat% r%,"/5. Ac%/t %-%ct ,% &rot%c4i% ,%&i#,% ,% ti&"l ,% ar2il5 .
6ompoziia c5imic a solului$ Co&o3i4ia c@iic5 a /ol"l"i 8a &"t%a -ac% /5
8ari%3% /"r/%l% ,% @ra#5 a icroMor2a#i/%lor? ,ar ai al%/ co#c%#tra4iil% B#
car=o# 7i a3ot /"#t c%l% car% 8or ,%t%ri#a 8it%3a ,% tra#/-orar% a /"=/ta#4%i
or2a#ic% &roa/&%t%.E Bactorii iologici D"&5 -a"#a /ol"l"i car% >oac5 "# rol ,%
-ra2%#tar% a r%/t"rilor or2a#ic%? icroMor2a#i/%l% /"#t a2%#4ii r%/&o#/a=ili c"
,%2ra,ar%a /"=/ta#4%i or2a#ic%. Di-%rit%l% &o&"la4ii ,% =act%rii? ci"&%rci?
acti#oic%t% /"#t B# co#/ta#t5 %8ol"4i% "#%l% B# ra&ort c" c%l%lalt%? -or*#, "#
%c@ili=r" ,i#aic &%#tr" B&5r4ir%a /"r/%lor ,% @ra#5. F#trM"# /ol ,at? %6i/t5 B#
2%#%ral toat% icroMor2a#i/%l% #%c%/ar% =io,%2ra,5rii r%3i,""rilor 8%2%tal% 7i
a#ial%.
MicroMor2a#i/%l% 7i l"=rici,%l% .r*%l%0 >oac5 "# rol co&l%%#tar
B# ,%2ra,ar%a /"=/ta#4%i or2a#ic% oart%G &r%3%#4a icroor2a#i/%lor B#
ca8itat%a i#t%/ti#al5 a r*%lor 7i B# %6cr%%#t%l% lorN &r%,i2%/tia /"=/ta#4%i
2(
or2a#ic% ,% c5tr% icroMor2a#i/% B#ai#t% ,% i#2%/tia r%ali3at5 ,% c5tr% r*% N
,i/&%r/ia icroor2a#i/%lor &ri# i#t%r%,i"l %6cr%%#t%lor ,% r*%? %tc.
Pri#tr% -actorii =iolo2ici? #" tr%="i% /5 "it5 &r%3%#4a &la#t%lor? car% B#tr%4i# la
#i8%l"l ri3o/-%r%i? o co&%ti4i% B#tr% r5,5ci#i 7i icro-lor5? ai al%/ &%#tr" a3ot
7i -o/-or .COLEMAN 7i col.1+'(0. D% -a&t? &la#t%l% %lii#5? &ri# %6",at"l ,i#
r5,5ci#i? B#tr% ( 7i 23Q car=o# -i6at &ri# -oto/i#t%35 .DA)ET?1++$0? a,ic5 B#
%,i% 1V$ car=o# #%t -i6at? c%%a c% r%&r%3i#t5 o /"r/5 ,% %#%r2i% 7i ,% @ra#5
-oart% i&orta#t5.
E :ractici culturale$ Ac%/t%a i#t%r8i# o,i-ic*#, -actorii &r%3%#ta4i
.#at"ra /"=/ta#4%lor or2a#ic%? -actorii -i3icoMc@iici? -actorii =iolo2ici0.
Co#4i#"t"l B# /5r"ri i#%ral% a "#"i /ol &oat% -i %8i,%#4iat &ri# i#t%r%,i"l
&la#t%lor =ioi#,icatoar% c" %/t% ca3"l &la#t%lor @alo-il%? c"&ro-il%? 3i#co-il%?
calci-il%? #itro-il%? oli2otro-% 7i %"tro-% .Po& ? 1+''0G
3 Plantele nitro!ile i"=%/c /ol"ril% =o2at% B# a3ot G/&a#ac"l /5l=atic?
"r3ica .Urtica ,ioica? "r%#/? al="0? c"/c"ta ,% 2r5,i#5? 7t%8ia ,% /t*#5 .R"%6
al&i#"/0? lo=o,a .C@%#o&o,i" "ral%0? lo=o,a /5l=atic5 .Atri&l%6 @a/tata0?
7tir"l .Aara#t"/ r%tro-l%6"/0 ci"5-aia .Dat"ra /trao#i"0? =o3"l
.Sa="c"/ %="l"/0? /&a#ac"l cio=a#ilor .C@%#o&o,i" =o#"/M@%#ric"/N
3="r5toar%a .E&ilo=i" a#2"/ti-oli" 0N coa,a 7oric%l"l"i .Ac@il%a il%-oli"0?
roa#i4a ,% c*& .A#t@%i/ ar8%#/i/0? "7%4%l"l .Matricaria c@aoila0?
&5tla2i#a .Pla#ta2o %,ia0? /oc"l #%2r" .Sa="c"/ #i2ra0? 5/%lari4a
.:Io/cIa"/ #i2%r0.
)aelul nr... <egtura dintre nlimea urzicii i nivelul de azot din sol
(Hlsen citat de :op,.3AA!
2 N VA2 ,% /ol F#5l4i%a "r3icilor .c0
1?3'M3'?1 1
41?+ (1
!1?1 111
'+?' 1$1
22!?( 211
2+
11'?+ 22!
3 Plantele calci!ile .i"=%/c /ol"ril% =o2at% B# calci"0 7i calci-"2%
.i"=%/c /ol"ril% /ilicioa/%0N
)aelul nr.> <egtura dintre plante i coninutul n elemente minerale (Hlsen
citat de :op,.3AA!
Plante calci!ile Plante calci!uge
A/&l%#i" l%&i,i" A/&l%#i" /%&t%#trio#al%
Sali6 r%t"/a Sali6 @%r=ac%a
Dia#t@"/ /&ic"li-oli"/ Dia#t@"/ #ar,i-ori/
Erica "lti-lora Erica ar=or%a
G%#tia#a cl"/ii G%#tia#a Aoc@ia#a
A#,ro/ac% @%l8%tica A#,ro/ac% o/c@ata
S%l/%ria ri2i,a S%l/%ria co%r"la#/

3 plantele indicatoare de magne)iuG !erigiG A/&l%#i" a,"lt%ri#"?
c"#%i-oli"N anto!iteG Pot%#tilla cra#t3ii? MIo/oti/ /"a8%ol%#/? S%&%r8i8"
@irt"? S%," /%r&%#ti#i? E"&@or=ia /%r&%#ti#iN dolomiteG i#"l ,oloitic
MLi#" ,oloitic"N um'eli!ereG ="r"ia#a 8*#t"l"i M S%/%li l%"co/&%r"N
cruci!ere# J%r#%ra al&i#aN alte specii# Ar%ria >"#c%aN oc@ii 7oric%l"l"i M
Sa6i-ra2a c%=%##%#/i/.
3plante )inco!ile sau plante indicatoare de zinc .Mi#"artia 8%r#a?
Ar%ria %lo#2ata? )iola calai#aria? T@la/&i0N
3 plantele cupro!ile sau plante indicatoare de cupru .-loar%a ,% c"&r"M
:a"a#ia/tr" ro=%rtii? -olo/it5 B# &ro/&%ctar%a i#%r%"rilor ,% c"&r" ,% c5tr%
2%olo2iN Oci" @o=l%iN
31
3plante oligotro!e i"=itoar% ,% /ol"ri aci,% .Nar,"/ /tricta0 /a" /5rac%
B# %l%%#t% i#%ral% .ro"a c%r"l"i .Dro/%ra0? "7c@i"l ,% t"r=5 .S&@a2#"0?
5rt5loa2a .Call"#a 8.?0
3plante selenio!ile , i"=itoar% ,% /%l%#i" .A/tra2al"/ &%cti#at"/0N
3plante eutro!e? i"=itoar% ,% /"=/ta#4% #"triti8% ./&%ci-ic% /ol"rilor
=o2at% &r%c" c%r#o3io"l? /ol"l =r"# 0 ,i# car% ai#ti G &5i"7"l ,% li8a,5?
tri-oi"l ro7"? o=/i2a #%ari/tat5 ,% &% &a>i7ti N A/ar" %"ro&a%"? A/&%r"la
o,orata B# &5,"riN
3plante psamo!ile i"=itoar% ,% t%r%#"ri #i/i&oa/% .2aro-i4a ,% #i/i&"ri
.Dia#t@"/ ,i"ti#"/0? tro/cot"l ,% #i/i&"ri .PolI2o#i" ar%#ari"0? &5tla2i#a ,%
#i/i&"ri .Pla#ta2o i#,ica0? &%ri7or"l .ElI"/ ar%#ari"/0N
3plante casmo!ile /a" saxicole c% tr5i%/c B# cr5&5t"ril% /t5#cilor 7i a
3i,"rilor .i&c5ri2%a ,% /t*#c5ri% PGI&/o&@ila &%tra%aN oc@ii 7oric%l"l"i P
Sa6i-ra2a ai3o#N -"5ri4a M F"aria "rali/N li#ari4a M Li#aria cI=alariaN i%,%ra
M :%,%ra @%li6 .Fa=ia# A#a? O#aca Ro,ica?1+++0N
3plante lito!ile i"=itoar% ,% /t*#ci 7i =olo85#i7"ri .al2%? lic@%#i0N
D"&5 o,"l ,% a,a&tar% la co#c%#tra4ia /ol"l"i B# /"=/ta#4% i#%ral%
&la#t%l% /% B&art B# &la#t% 2lico-il% .#%@alo-il%0 7i @alo-il%.
Pla#t%l% glicofile /"#t a,a&tat% la co#c%#tra4ii ici ,% %l%%#t% i#%ral%
B# /ol B# ti& c% &la#t%l% 5alofile /"#t a,a&tat% la co#c%#tra4ii -oart% ri,icat% B#
%l%%#t% i#%ral%.

D"&5 J%ll%r B.A citat ,% Po& .1+''0 plantele +alo!ite /% B&art B# 3
cat%2orii.
31
Eplante eu+alo!ite c% r%3i/t5 la concentraii foarte mari ,% %l%%#t%
i#%ral% ./5r54ica0 ci"rla#"l .Sal/ola r"t@%#ica0? 2@iri#"l . S"a%,a aritia0N
E plante +alo!ite c% asor elementele minerale dar nu le acumuleaz
.Static%? Fra#A%#ia? Taari6 %tcU0 N
3plante +alo!ite /%#/i=il% la co#c%#tra4ii ari ,% /5r"ri i#%ral%
.Art%i/ia aritia0N
3plante c+iono!ile , iuitoare de zpad (degetrelul alpin %
#oldanella pusilla, arginica % IrJas octopetala& salcia pitic% #alix reticulata,
5eracea& r(ndua de munte K 6rocus 5euffelianus!&
#.%.$ Fact*rii *r*gra:ici Arelie:ulB
D"&5 S"Aac%8 .1+$10 toat% tr%&t%l% ,% r%li%- %6i/t%#t% &% "/cat &r%3i#t5 o
i&orta#45 %colo2ic5 .%2ar%li%-"l? acror%li%-"l? %3or%li%-"l? icror%li%-"l 7i
#a#or%li%-"l0.
3.egarelie!ul# aco&%r5 /"&ra-%4% ari ,% 5ri%a "#"i co#ti#%#t /a" a
"#"i oc%a# c% /% caract%ri3%a35 &ri# ,i-%r%#4% ,% #i8%l ,% ii ,% N
3.acrorelie!ul# aco&%r5 t%ritorii c" /"&ra-%4% ,% !M!1 A2 &% ori3o#tal5
7i ,% /"t%Mii ,% &% 8%rtical5 7i /% caract%ri3%a35 &ri# ,i-%r%#4% ,% #i8%l ,%
/"t% ,% .c*&ii ? ,%&r%/i"#i? &o,i7"ri? "#4i0N
3.e)orelie!ul# aco&%r5 /"&ra-%4% ,% /"t% /a" ii ,% &% ori3o#tal5 7i ,%
2M111 &% 8%rtical5 .Po&? 1+''0 7i /% caract%ri3%a35 &ri# ,i-%r%#4% ,% #i8%l ,%
3%ci ,% .85i? i#t%r-l"8ii? coa/t%l% ,%al"rilor0. Factorii ,% %,i" caract%ri/tici
icror%li%-"l"i ,a" #a7t%r% la c%%a c% #"i icrocliat.
3.icrorelie!ul# aco&%r5 /"&ra-%4% ,% 11M211 ,% c &% ori3o#tal5 7i !1M
111 c &% 8%rtical5 .8*lc%l%? cro8"ri? ,"#% ,% #i/i&? /t*#c5rii? "7"roai%0
32
3Nanorelie!ul# /% caract%ri3%a35 &ri# ,i-%r%#4% ,% #i8%l ,% c*4i8a
,%ci%tri 7i c
O /%ri% ,% i#,icatori caract%ri3%a35 ac4i"#%a -actorilor oro2ra-ici
.altit",i#%a? %6&o3i4ia? &a#ta? a,5&o/t"l0G
-ltitudinea# Bioc%#o3%l% /% /trati-ic5 &% 5/"ra cr%7t%rii altit",i#ii
,atorit5 o,i-ic5rii -actorilor ,% %,i" .rar%-i%r%a a%r"l"iN /c5,%r%a
t%&%rat"riiN cr%7t%r%a i#t%#/it54ii 8*#t"l"i? l"i#ii 7i "i,it54ii0.
6xpo)iia# Pri# %6&o3i4i% /% B#4%l%2% ori%#tar%a 8%r/a#4ilor "#4ilor 7i
,%al"rilor 8i/ a 8i/ ,% &"#ct%l% car,i#al%. F# -"#c4i% ,% ori%#tar%a B# /&a4i" a
a#"itor 8%r/a#4i /% 8a ,i/tri="i ca#titat%a ,% l"i#5? t%&%rat"r5? &r%ci&ita4ii 7i
8it%3a 8*#t"l"i. )%r/a#4ii /",ici ac""l%a35 ca#tit54i ai ari ,i# ac%7ti -actori
-a45 ,% 8%r/a#4ii #or,ici.
Panta# M5ri%a &a#t%lor ,%t%ri#5 a#"it% ,i/tri="4ii al% =ioc%#o3%lor
&r%c" 7i 2r5=ir%a /a" B#t*r3i%r%a -%#o-a3%lor.
-dpostul # A,5&o/t"l &r%3i#t5 o i&orta#45 ar% &%#tr" ,i-%rit%
or2a#i/% B# l"&ta ac%/tora B&otri8a 8*#t"l"i. D% %6i/t%#4a "#or a,5&o/t"ri
,%&i#,% i#t%#/itat%a tra#/&ira4i%i? B#-lorir%a 7i -r"cti-icar%a 7i B# 2%#%ral
,%38oltar%a &la#t%lor.
#.%.% Fact*ri c*relati7i
#.%.%.. Sali'itatea
Fl"ct"a4ia co#c%#tra4i%i a&%i B# /5r"ri i#-l"%#4%a35 co&o3i4ia
=ioc%#o3%lor #at"ral% &ro,"c*#, a,a&t5ri al% &o&"la4iilor #at"ral%. D"&5 Tait
.1+'+0 &ri# /ali#itat% /% B#4%l%2% Lgreutatea elementelor solvite exprimat n
grame, care poate fi oinut n vacuum la o temperatur de 1/? grade
6elsius L.
33
#.%.%.#. C*m(*1i<ia i*'ic2
D"&5 Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#" .1+(20 n orice ecosistem natural, energia
solar este convertit n energie c5imic (a materiei sintetizate n procesul de
fotosintez! i este transferat componentelor iologice concomitent cu
procesul de introducere n circuit i de reciclare cu rate diferite a ma"oritii
cationilor i anionilor care intr n compoziia mediului aiotic .
#.%.%.$. O9ige'ul
C" co#4i#"t"l B# o6i2%# &5r4ii i#-%rioar% a ato/-%r%i %/t% ,% 21?+!Q
a>oritat%a or2a#i/%lor ,% &% /"&ra-a4a /coar4%i t%r%/tr% "tili3%a35 cal%a a%ro=5
&%#tr" ,%/-57"rar%a acti8it54ilor ,% %li=%rar% a %#%r2i%i ,i#trM"# /"=/trat.
#.%.%.%. I':lue'<ele lu'are 8i (la'etare
Oa%#ii ,% 7tii#45 ,% a/t53i /cot ,i# /%rtar% %6&lica4ii la i#-l"%#4%l%
-actorilor a/trali a/"&ra cr%7t%rii 7i ,%38olt5rii &la#t%lor &r%c" 7i a/"&ra
cr%7t%rii a#ial%lor l"cr"ri c"#o/c"t% ,% c5tr% oa%#ii ,% 7tii#45 ,% i%ri? ,ar car%
,i# oti8% &olitic% 7i r%li2ioa/% #" a" &"t"t /5 l% 8alori-ic% B# /l">=a a2ric"lt"rii.
D"&5 A3ii G. .1+3$0 l"#a ac4io#%a35 a/"&ra cr%7t%rii 7i ,%38olt5rii &la#t%lor
&% ai "lt% c5i G
prin intermediul luminii .l"i#a ac4io#%a35 a/"&ra %ca#i/%lor
-oto&%rio,ic% ,%cla#7atoar% a B#-loririi? #%-ii#, /"-ici%#t ,% &"t%r#ic5 &%#tr" a
&"t%a ac4io#a a/"&ra -oto/i#t%3%i ,ar /"-ici%#t5 &%#tr" a &"t%a ac4io#a a/"&ra
at"r5rii -r"ct%lor 7i a /%i#4%lor? ac4io#*#, a/"&ra %ta=oli/"l"i /"=/ta#4%lor
ac""lat% B# c%l"l%0 N
prin intermediul !enomenului de atracie .atrac4ia l"#ar5 %6%rcitat5
a/"&ra lic@i,%lor ,i# 4%/"t"ril% 8%2%tal% %/t% /iilar5 c" atrac4ia /oar%l"i
%6%rcitat5 a/"&ra ar%%lor0 N
34
prin modi!icarea cmpului magnetic al &5*#t"l"i .C*&"l a2#%tic
al &5*#t"l"i %/t% o,i-icat ,% c5tr% cicl"l /oar%l"i 7i a l"#ii? l"#a >"c*#, ca 7i
-actor ,% a&li-icar% al ac4i"#ii /oar%l"i0 N
prin aciunea complementar cu cea a planetelor .&ro,"c4iil% a6i%
,% r5,5ci#i? -r"#3% 7i /%i#4% /% o=4i# B# co#/t%la4iil% "r5toar% G &ro,"c4ia
a6i5 ,% r5,5ci#i /% o=4i#% %-%ct"*#, /%5#5t"ril% B# co#/t%la4ia
ca&ricor#"l"i? ta"r"l"i 7i -%cioar%i N &ro,"c4ia a6i5 ,% -r"#3% /% o=4i#% &%#tr"
/%5#5t"ril% %-%ct"at% B# co#/t%la4iil% scorpionului, petelui i racului N
&ro,"c4iil% a6i% ,% /%i#4% /% o=4i# &ri# %-%ct"ar%a /%5#5t"rilor B#
co#/t%la4iil% gemenilor, vrstorului i alanei N
D"&5 C.? Sil2"I .1++40 l"#a %6%rcit5 i#-l"%#4% a/"&ra &roc%/%lor a2ricol%
&ri# i#t%r%,i"l ac4i"#ii /al% a/"&ra c%lor 4 %l%%#t% -"#,a%#tal% al%
"#i8%r/"l"i G
Interaciunea lun7 pmnt ac4io#%a35 pozitiv a/"&ra rdcinii N N
Interaciunea lun7ap ac4io#%a35 pozitiv a/"&ra frunzelor N
Interaciunea lun7aer Cac4io#%a35 pozitiv a/"&ra florilor N
Interaciunea lun7!oc Cac4io#%a35 pozitiv a/"&ra fructelor N
Pri# ac4i"#%a co#>"2at5 a l"#ii 7i a /oar%l"i /% o=4i#% cal%#,ar"l &la#%tar
a&licat a/t53i B# a2ric"lt"ra =io,i#aic5 ,i# U#i"#%a E"ro&%a#5 &l%c*#, ,% la
a&lica4iil% %-%ct"at% ,% c5tr% R",ol- <t%i#%r cr%ator"l a#tro&o/o-i%i 7i a
a2ric"lt"rii =io,i#aic%.
Potri8it ac%/t%i %to,% l"cr5ril% a2ricol% tr%="i%/c %-%ct"at% B# -"#c4i% ,%
rit"l /i,%ral al l"#ii C.? Sil2"I .1++40G
lucrri agricole n timpul lunii ascendente / /%5#at"l tr%="i% %-%ct"at
B# &%rioa,5 ,% l"#5 a/c%#,%#t5 /a" ,ii#%a4a ,%8r%% N /% r%colt%a35 /alata?
8ar3a? co#o&i,a N %-%ct"ar%a altoirii B# o%#t"l B# car% l5/tarii /"#t =o2a4i B#
/%85 N
lucrri agricole n lun descendent # F# ac%a/t5 -a35 /%8a co=oar5
B#/&r% /i/t%"l ra,ic"lar -ii#, r%coa#,at% l"cr5ri ca &r57it"l? arat"l? ,i/c"it"l?
3!
r%&icar%a? &la#tar%a 7i t5i%ril%? ="t57ir%a? tra#/&la#tar%a? t5i%r%a 2ar,"rilor 8ii?
r%colta c%&%i? "/t"roi"l"i? orco8ilor? carto-ilor? ri,ic@ilor.
)aelul nr.8 #inteza interaciunilor dintre elementele fundamentale i
constelaii (6. #ilguJ .331!
C;', lu'a trece
(ri' :a<a
c*')tela<iei
Eleme'tul acti7 Partea ,i'
(la't2 care e)te
)timulat2
Lu'2
,e)ce',e't2
G%%#i
Rac
L%"
F%cioar5
Bala#45
Scor&io#
A%r"l
A&a
Foc"l
P5*#t"l
A%r"l
A&a
Floar%a
Fr"#3a
Fr"ct"l
R5,5ci#a
Floar%a
Fr"#3a
Lu'2 a)ce',e't2 S52%t5tor
Ca&ricor#
)5r/5tor
P%7t%
B%r=%c
Ta"r
Foc"l
P5*#t"l
A%r"l
A&a
Foc"l
P5*#t"l
Fr"ct"l
R5,5ci#a
Floar%a
Fr"#3a
Fr"ct"l
R5,5ci#a
#.%.%.-. Gra7ita<ia
D"&5 JrBlo8 .1+$40 7i S%r,i"A .1+''0 at%ria 8i% %/t% i#-l"%#4at5 7i ,%
c*&"l a2#%tic t%r%/tr" .c5,%r%a -r"#3%lorN c"r%#4ii 8%rticali ,i# oc%a#%N
,i/&"#%r%a a&%lor cal,% 7i r%ci &% 8%rticala "#"i %co/i/t% ac8atic? %tcU0
#.%.%.C Si)temul ge'eral al cure'<il*r ,e aer.
)it%3a coloa#%lor ,% a%r %/t% r%,"/5 ,% c5tr% r%3i/t%#4a &% car% o cr%%a35 co8or"l
8%2%tal -orat ,i# ,i-%rit% c"lt"ri a2ricol%.
#.%.%.D. Pre)iu'ea atm*):eric2
F# cor%la4i% c" al4i -actori ,% %,i" &r%/i"#%a ato/-%ric5 ,5 #a7t%r% la o
a#"it5 co&o3i4i% a %co/i/t%%lor al&i#%.
#.%.%.E. F*cul
3$
C@iar ,ac5 B# 2%#%ral -oc"l &r%3i#t5 o co#ota4i% #%2ati85 &ri# %-%ct%l% /al%
B# "ltiii a#i? -oc"l r%&r%3i#t5 "#a ,i# c%l% ai %-ici%#t% /ol"4ii ,% l"&t5
B&otri8a ="r"i%#ilor. A/t-%l -oc"l r%&r%3i#t5 &ri#ci&al"l i>loc ,% co#trol al
,%38olt5rii ="r"i%#ilor B# /i/t%%l% ,% a2ric"lt"r5 ,"ra=il5 .%colo2ic5?
=io,i#aic5? %tcU0
#.-. AUTOCONTROLUL ECOSISTEMELOR
Proc%/"l ,% %8ol"4i% al %co/i/t%%lor B# ti& /% #"%7t% /"cc%/i"#%
%colo2ic5 ca 7i r%3"lt alt i#t%rac4i"#ilor ,i#tr% =ioto& 7i =ioc%#o35.
P%#tr" a &"t%a -ac% -a45 &%rt"r=5rilor &ro,"/% ,% c5tr% -actorii %6t%r#i
%co/i/t%"l ,%38olt5 ,i-%rit% %ca#i/% ,% a"toco#trol (capacitate de
restailire a unui ec5iliru& rezisten la ptrunderea altor specii& capacitate de
meninere a factorilor aiotici !. F# ac%/t% co#,i4ii %6i/t%#4a "#"i =ioto& /ta=il
&%rit% i#/talar%a "#"i %co/i/t% co&l%6 c" /ta=ilir%a "#"i %c@ili=r" r%lati8
,atorit5 i#-l"%#4%lor &%ra#%#t% 8%#it% ,i#/&r% %6t%rior"l"i l"i.
)aelul nr. 1 #uccesiunea ecologic (#mit5, .3A1!
Caracteri)tica Fa1a )ucce)i*'al2
Tim(urie Matur2
&i*ma)a Mic5 Mar%
Pr*,uc<ia :i'it2 FRe)(ira<ia
6i*ce'*1ei
Mai ar% ,%1 Ti#,% c*tr% 1
Pr*,uc<ia 6rut2F6i*ma)2 Mar% Mic5
&i*ma)a Fu'itate ,e :lu9
e'ergetic
Sc53"t5 Ri,icat5
3'
La'<uri tr*:ice Sc"rt% L"#2i? co&l%6%
Strati:icarea Sla=5 Pro#"#4at5
Di7er)itatea )(eciil*r Sc53"t5 Ri,icat5
S(eciali1area 'i8el*r Lar25 F#2"/t5
Rela<ii tr*:ice G%#%ral% S&%ciali3at%
Talia i',i7i1il*r Mai ic5 Mai ar%
Cicluri ,e 7ia<2 Sc"rt%? /i&l% L"#2i? co&l%6%
Meca'i)me ,e c*'tr*l ale
(*(ula<iil*r
Fi3ic% Biolo2ic%
Fluctua<ii Mai &ro#"#4at% Mai &"4i# &ro#"#4at%
Cicluri mi'erale D%/c@i/% Mai "lt /a" ai &"4i#
B#c@i/%
R*lul ,etritu)ului N%i&orta#t I&orta#t
Sta6ilitatea Sc53"t5 Ri,icat5
Rec*lta (*te'<ial2 (e'tru
*m
Ri,icat5 Sc53"t5
#.C. POPULAIA
#.C.. De:i'i<ia 8i tr2)2turile
D"&5 All%% 7i cola=. .1+4+0 4 tr5/5t"ri -"#,a%#tal% ,%-i#%/c o &o&"la4i%
(numrul de indivizi& similitudinea indivizilor ntre ei& vitalitatea& delimitarea
n timp i spaiu!
D"&5 G@il%aro8 .1+!40 populaia cuprinde toi indivizii dintr%o specie
care aparin aceleai iocenoze.
St"2r%# .1+(20 &r%3i#t5 la r*#,"l l"i ! tr5/5t"ri -"#,a%#tal%
3 e!ectivul# #"5r"l ,% i#,i8i3i car% alc5t"i%/c la "# o%#t ,at
&o&"la4ia "#%i /&%ciiN
3 densitatea# ra&ort"l ,i#tr% #"5r"l ,% i#,i8i3i 7i "#itat%a ,% /&a4i"
./"&raa2lo%rar%a /"=a2lo%rar%a -ii#, ,"&5 St"2r%# B# 1+'! ,oi i#,icatori
&ri#ci&ali ai ,%#/it54ii &o&"la4i%i0 N
3 rata mortalitii# ra&ort"l ,i#tr% ortalitat% 7i %-%cti8"l &o&"la4i%iN
3 rata natalitii Vra&ort"l ,i#tr% #atalitat% 7i %-%cti8"l &o&"la4i%iN
3(
3 rata cre&terii numerice V,i-%r%#4a ,i#tr% #atalitat% 7i ortalitat%
.%6&riat5 &ri#trMo /%ri% ,% i#,icatori G co%-ici%#t"l cr%7t%rii #"%ric%N %c"a4ia
cr%7t%rii #"%ric%N %c"a4ia cr%7t%rii %6&o#%#4ial% N %c"a4ia lo2i/tic5 N
#.C.#. Structura (*(ula<iei
D"&5 St"2r%# .1+(20 /tr"ct"ra "#%i &o&"la4ii %/t% ,at5 ,% /tr"ct"ra
2%#%tic5 7i ,% /tr"ct"ra %colo2ic5.
D"&5 <ilo8 7i cola=..1+$+0 /tr"ct"ra %colo2ic5 c"&ri#,% 4 %l%%#t% G
3 5tructura de vrst
D"&5 Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#" .1+(20 /tr"ct"ra &% 8*r/t% %/t% ,at5 ,%
#"5r"l cla/%lor ,% 8*r/t5? a&lit",i#%a cla/%lor ,% 8*r/t5 7i ,% ,i/tri="4ia
%-%cti8"l"i &o&"la4i%i &% cla/% ,% 8*r/t5. P%#tr" &o&"la4iil% #at"ral% /% acc%&t5
,% o=ic%i 3 8*r/t% %colo2ic%G 8*r/ta &r%r%&ro,"cti85? 8*r/ta r%&ro,"cti85 7i 8*r/ta
&o/tr%&ro,"cti85.
35tructura pe sexe *raportul pe sexe2
Di-%r%#4i%r%a &% /%6% r%&r%3i#t5 o co#,i4i% i#,i/&%#/a=il5 &%#tr"
caract%ri3ar%a %colo2ic5 7i %8ol"ti85 a "#%i &o&"la4ii 4i#*#, co#t ,% -a&t"l c5
rata i#tr5rilor ,% i#,i8i3i B# &o&"la4i% &ri# r%&ro,"c%r% %/t% co#,i4io#at5 ,%
#"5r"l ,% -%%l%.
3 %on!iguraia !uncional.
D"&5 <8ar4 .1+$!0 7a#/%l% ,% /"&ra8i%4"ir% a "#%i &o&"la4ii /"#t i#-l"%#4at%
,% r%la4iil% ,i#tr% 2r"&%l% 2%#%tic% c% alc5t"i%/c o &o&"la4i%. Co#-or l"i <ilo8
7i cola=. &o&"la4iil% ,% ro35toar% /"#t "#%ori /ci#,at% B# indivizi sedentari i
indivizi migrani. D"&5 Lit8i# .W+''0 &o&"la4ia %/t% /ci#,at5 B# 2 co&o#%#t% c"
-"#c4ii ,i-%rit%G co&orta%#t"l i#traor2a#i/ic .i#,i8i3ii car% &ara3it%a35
3+
%-%cti8 o 2a3,5 tr5i#, B#trM"# =ioto& or2a#ic0 7i co&orta%#t"l
%6traor2a#i/ic .i#,i8i3ii car% ,"c "# o, ,% 8ia45 #%&ara3itar0.
3 8istri'uia spaial
D"&5 St"2r%# .1+(20 t%ritorialitat%a %/t% "# -%#o%# /&%ci-ic l"ii
a#ial% -ii#, o &ro&ri%tat% co#/ta#t5 a /&%ci%i /a" "# -%#o%# l%2at ,% /%3o#"l
,% r%&ro,"c%r% 7i cr%7t%r% a &"ilor. . D"&5 All%% .1+310 t%#,i#4a o&"/5
t%ritorialit54ii %/t% a2r%2ar%a co#-or c5r%ia C#" #"ai /"&ra&o&"la4ia ,ar 7i
/"=a2lo%rar%a /&a4i"l"i? /"=&o&"lar%a &oat% -i a/ociat5 c" ortalitat%a
ri,icat5D. D"&5 Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#" .1+(20 ,i/tri="4ia /&a4ial5 &oat% /5 -i%G
nt(mpltoare$ F# ca3"l ac%/t%i ,i/tri="4ii &o3i4ia B# /&a4i" a "#"i i#,i8i, %/t%
i#,%&%#,%#t5 ,% &o3i4ia altor i#,i8i3iN uniform$ ,i/tri="4ia /% B#t*l#%7t% la
&o&"la4iil% a#ial% c" co&orta%#t ,% t%ritorialitat%N grupat$ ac%a/t5
,i/tri="4i% ar &"t%a i#,ica o 8ia45 /ocial5 ,%38oltat5
35tructura genetic
A,a&tar%a &o&"la4iilor la &r%/i"#il% %6t%rioar% r%ali3at% ,% c5tr% -actorii ,%
%,i" /% r%ali3%a35 &ri# o,i-icar%a /tr"ct"rii 2%#%tic%.
#.C.$. M2rimea (*(ula<iei
D"&5 Po& .1+''0 densitatea sau desimea poate fi evaluat stailindu%se
distana dintre indivizii unei specii care depinde at(t de tipul iformelor c(t i
de modul de distriuie pe suprafaa cercetat D"&5 Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#"
.1+(20? 5ri%a "#%i &o&"la4ii %/t% ,at5 ,% o /%ri% ,% i#,icatori #"%rici /a"
&roc%#t"aliG densitatea asolut$ #"5r"l ,% i#,i8i3i ra&ortat la "#itat%a
/"&ra-a45V8ol"N densitatea n iomas$ .ca#titat%a ,% /"=/ta#45 "/cat5V"#itat%a
,% /"&ra-a45 /a" 8ol"0N densitatea ecologic G #"5r"l ,% i#,i8i3i ra&ortat la
"#itat%a ,% /"&ra-a45 /a" 8ol" loc"it ,% &o&"la4i% B# ca,r"l %co/i/t%"l"iN
densitatea relativ$ r%&r%3i#t5 a="#,%#4a "#%i &o&"la4ii B#trM"# %co/i/t% 7i r%,5
41
i&orta#4a "#%i a#"it% &o&"la4ii .%to,a &5trat%lorN %to,a ca&t"r5riiVarc5rii
7i r%ca&t"r5riiN %to,a P%t%r/o#N %to,a LolI? %to,a ca&ca#%lorN c@%/tio#ar%N0
#.D. &IOCENO3A
#.D. De:i'i<ia
D"&5 Mo=i"/ J. .1(''0 citat ,% )B#t" ).? .21110 &ri# =ioc%#o35 &"t%
B#4%l%2% totalitatea organismelor vegetale i animale care populeaz un
anumit iotop cu condiii de existen mai mult sau mai puin uniforme create n
mod natural sau artificial /a" o comunitate de organisme, ocup(nd un
anumit teritoriu, adaptate la mediu, unite prin dependene reciproce, legate
ntr%un ntreg care se sc5im odat cu sc5imarea condiiilor de mediu i cu
sc5imarea numrului unora dintre ele. S"Aac%8 .1+$10 -5c%a o o &aral%l5
B#tr% =ioc%#o35 7i =ioto& 7i B#4%l%2%a &ri# #o"l t%r%# ,% =io2%oc%#o35 o
anumit suprafa de teren care cuprinde fitocenoza, zoocenoza,
microiocenoza i prile corespunztoare ale atmosferei, litosferei, 5idrosferei
i pedosferei, toate str(ns legate ntre ele prin interaciuni, form(nd un complex
unitar
41
C%l% ,o"5 co&o#%#t% al% =ioc%#o3%i 7i a#"% -itoc%#o3a 7i 3ooc%#o3a &ot
-i ,%-i#it% /%ctorial c" %l%%#t%l% lor co&o#%#t%.
D"&5 Po& .1+''0 fitocenoza reprezint o grupare de mai multe populaii
de plante legate de un anumit mediu de trai av(nd urmtoarele trsturi
principale$ organizarea su form de p(lcuri cu contur i mrimi variate&
compoziia floristic, structura, fizionomia i relaiile de independen dintre
populaiile de plante i dintre plante i iotop se menin timp ndelungat& ntre
diferitele componente Kcormofite i talofite% se stailesc relaii de
interdependen at(t pe az trofic c(t i pe az ecologic& prile
structurale ale fitocenozei poart denumirea de sinuzii& fitocenoza este sediul
acumulrii sustanelor organice elaorate de plantele verzi& fitomediul ca
produs al fitocenozei a rezultat n urma interaciunilor stailite ntre organisme
i ntre organisme i mediu.
D"&5 ac%la7i a"tor zoocenoza constituie o grupare sau o comunitate de
animale ntre care se stailesc relaii de interdependen n str(ns legtur cu
factorii de mediu
#.D.#. I',icii )tructurali ai 6i*ce'*1ei
3 -'undena relativ .Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#" ?1+(20
I#,ic%l% .&roc%#t%0 exprim proporia dintre numrul sau4i masa
indivizilor unei specii fa de celelalte specii.
38ependena D"&5 D"8i2#%a", .1+'40 M Iependena reprezint relaia dintre
populaii din forme de via diferite n care o form de via oine un eneficiu
nereciproc din relaia cu alte populaii (lianele, epifitele se prote"eaz de soare
la umra altor specii aroricole! L
3 8ominana .Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#" ?1+(20
Doi#a#4a %/t% "# i#,ic% car% exprim influena uneia sau mai multor
specii asupra structurii i funcionrii iocenozei.
42
)aelul nr.0 Evaluarea aundenei i dominanei dup scara lui Nraun%
NlanOuet$
Scara Aco&%rir% B# Q M%,ia
T 1?1M1 1?!
1 1M11 !?!
2 11M2! 1'?!
3 2!M!1 3'?!
4 !1M'! $2?!
4 '!M111 ('?!
3%oa'itarea D"&5 D"8i2#%a", .1+'40 M coaitarea presupune relaia prin
care mai multe specii exploateaz mpreun condiiile de via care le sunt
oferite de un anumit mediu L
3 %onstana
Ac%/t i#,ic% /% %6&ri5 ,% o=ic%i B# -"#c4i% ,% -r%c8%#4a /&%ci%i.Bot#ari"c 7i
)5,i#%a#" ?1+(20G specii constante .-r%c8%#4a ai ar% ,% !1Q0 N specii
accesorii .-r%c8%#4a B#tr% 2! M !1Q0N specii accidentale . -r%c8%#4a ai ic5 ,%
2!Q0N
H 8iversitatea
Ac%/t i#,ic% /% calc"l%a35 4i#*#, co#t ,% numrului speciilor i de aundena
relative a acestora i de ec5itailitate .Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#"?1+(20. D"&5
D"8i2#%a", .1+'40 ,i8%r/itat%a /% &oat% ,%-i#i /"= 2 -or% G
diversitate specific car% /% r%25/%7t% /"= alt% 2 a=or,5ri G
M 8aria=ilitat% /&%ci-ic5 .#"5r"l ,% /&%cii &% "#itat% ,% /"&ra-a450 N
M%c@ita=ilitat% .r%&arti3ar%a i#,i8i3ilor B#tr% 2 /&%cii0N
diversitate ioc5imic .B# ca3"l co#/tit"%#4ilor %/%#4iali ai =ioa/%i 0 N
F# 1+$' O," /% B#tr%=a ,ac5 M diversitatea constituie numai piperul existenei
pe pm(nt sau ea este necesar pentru supravieuirea iosferei, ecosistem ce
ngloeaz omul cu natura M
3 6c+ita'ilitatea I#,ic%l% %6&ri5 modul n care este distriuit aundena
relativ la speciile unei iocenoze. I#,ic%l% ia B# calc"l a="#,%#4a r%lati85
#"%ric5 a "#%i /&%cii -a45 ,% alt% /&%cii .Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#" ?1+(20
43
3 $recvena
I#,ic%l% /% %6&ri5 B# &roc%#t% 7i %/t% ,at ,% proporia dintre numrul de
proe care conin specia dat i numrul total de proe adunate n acelai timp
.Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#" ?1+(20.
H $idelitatea
I#,ic%l% %6&ri5 t5ria l%25t"rilor "#%i /&%cii c" alt% /&%cii al%
%co/i/t%"l"i.
F# -"#c4i% ,% ac%/t i#,ic% /&%ciil% /% B&art B# ai "lt% cat%2orii
.Bot#ari"c 7i )5,i#%a#"? 1+(20G /&%cii caracteristice ./&%ciil% #" &ot &%r/i/ta B#
alt% %co/i/t%%0 N /&%cii prefereniale ./&%ciil% &r%-%r5 a#"it% =ioc%#o3%0N
/&%cii strine sau nt(mpltoare ./&%ciil% a&ar B#t*&l5tor B#trM"# %co/i/t%0N
/&%cii indiferente ./&%ciil% &ot tr5i B# ,i-%rit% %co/i/t%%0.
D"&5 D"8i2#%a", 2ra,"l ,% -i,%litat% al /&%ciilor &%rit% B&5r4ir%a
ac%/tora B# $ 2r"&%G #pecii accidentale& #pecii accesorii& #pecii prefereniale&
#pecii elective& #pecii exclusive & #pecii indiferente&
0 Vitalitatea
I#,ic%l% %6&ri5 capacitatea organismelor de a putea trece prin toate
fazele de dezvoltare ncep(nd cu germinarea i creterea i termin(nd cu
reproducerea .Po& I.?? 1+''0
#.G. LANURI TROFICE
#.G.. De:i'i<ia
D"&5 Elto# .1+$$0 la#4"l tro-ic c%l ai /i&l" %/t% ac%la B# car% un
animal triete pe c5eltuiala unei singure specii de plante care numai este
utilizat ca 5ran de nici o alt specie de animal& animalul erivor nu are nici
un parazit i nici nu este prdat de un alt animal.
44
U# a/t-%l ,% la#4 %/t% &o/i=il ,ar 2r%" ,% B#t*l#it B# #at"r5 ca 7i ca3"l
la#4"rilor tro-ic% c" -oart% "lt% 8%ri2i .la#4"l B# car% a8% /tri2a VStri6 al"co?
So"t@%r# .1+!40 c" 31 ,% 8%ri2i.
D% r%2"l5 #"5r"l 8%ri2ilor %/t% ai ri,icat ,%c*t B# a2ro%co/i/t%% ,%
"#,% 7i #i8%l"l ai ri,icat ,% i#/ta=ilitat% al ac%/tora ,i# "r5. U#
a2ro%co/i/t% %/t% c" at*t ai /ta=il c5 c*t ar% ai "lt% 8%ri2i ,atorit5
&o/i=ilit54ii B#loc"irii "#%i 8%ri2i c" alta B# ca3"ri liit5.
#.G.#. Cla)i:icarea la'<uril*r tr*:ice
D"&5 Str"2r%# .1+(20 /% &ot ,%o/%=i 4 la#4"ri tro-ic%G
3"anuri 'acterivore
F# ac%/t% la#4"ri /"r/a ,% @ra#5 %/t% r%&r%3%#tat5 ,% c5tr% =ioa/a
=act%riilor .=act%ri&la#cto#"l "tili3at ,% c5tr% 3oo&la#cto#0N "tili3ar%a =act%riilor
ca 7i /"r/5 ,% @ra#5 ,% c5tr% &roto3oar%l% ,i# /ol /a" ,% c5tr% -a"#a ca8%r#icol5
B# &%7t%ri0N
3"anuri de plante carnivore
F# a#"it% la#4"ri /% i#8%r/%a35 r%la4ia ,i#tr% &la#t% 7i a#ial%? c%l% ,i#
"r5 ,%8%#i#, co#/"atori .E6. Dro/%ra? DactI%la? %tc..0
3"anuri detritivore
F# ac%/t% la#4"ri &ria 8%ri25 %/t% r%&r%3%#tat5 ,% c5tr% ,%trit"/"l or2a#ic
./"=/ta#4a or2a#ic5 oart50 "rat5 ,% a ,o"a 8%ri25 .a#ial /a&ro-a2 /a" o
/&%ci% /a&ro-it50 7i ,% 8%ri2il% 3 7i 4 .a#ial% 3oo-a2%0. D"&5 G%r% .1+!'0 -l"6"l
,% /"=/ta#45 /% /c"r2% ,% la &la#t% B#/&r% a#ial% &% cal%a %6cr%%#t%lor
%r=i8or%lor.
3"anuri er'ivore
4!
F# ac%/t% la#4"ri &ria 8%ri25 %/t% oc"&at5 ,% o &la#t5 iar a ,o"a ,% "#
-ito-a2. D"&5 Slo=o,Ai# .1+$20 co#c%#trar%a @ra#%i /ca,% &% 5/"r5 c% "rc5
#i8%l"ril% tro-ic% B# &irai,a %lto#ia#5 iar #"5r"l ,% i#,i8i3i /ca,% ,% la &ria
B#/&r% "ltia 8%ri25 B# ti& c% ,i%#/i"#%a cor&"l"i cr%7t%.
3"anuri para)itice
S"r/a ,% @ra#5 %/t% r%&r%3%#tat5 B# ac%/t% la#4"ri ,% c5tr% 4%/"t"ril% 8ii car%
/"#t atacat% ,% c5tr% ci"&%rci? =act%rii? 8ir"/"ri? icroic%t%.
L"#2i%a ac%/tor la#4"ri tro-ic% %/t% -oart% ,i-%rit5 %6i/t*#, la#4"ri c"
#"ai 2 8%ri2i tro-ic% .o &la#t5 7i "# &ara3it0 7i la#4"ri l"#2i c" ai "l4i
&ara3i4i .St"2r%#? 1+(20G
)utun E ;-)&
-orus ala E NomJx mori (insect! E Norelina omJcis (virus!&
#ustan organic moartE acterie saprofag E virus acteriofag&
:lant E 9cerJa purc5asi (pduc5e lnos! E fung (6ep5alosporium
longisporum! E ascomicete (-elanospora parazitica!&
:lant E cruel (,nisoplia! E ciuperc (-etar5izium! E acarian
parazit&
F# a#"it% /it"a4ii la#4"ril% &ara3itic% /% B#c"ci7%a35 c" la#4"ril%
,%triti8or%? /a" /% rai-ic5.
#.H. NIVELE TROFICE
D"&5 .B. St"2r%#? 1+(20 B#trMo =ioc%#o35 %6i/t5 ai "lt% #i8%l% tro-ic%G
3 Primul nivel tro!ic
Ac%/t #i8%l %/t% r%&r%3%#tat ,% &la#t%l% 8%r3i .&ro,"c5tori &riariG
=act%riil% -oto/i#t%ti3a#t% 7i c@iio/i#t%ti3a#t%0.
3 -l doilea nivel tro!ic
Ac%/t #i8%l %/t% r%&r%3%#tat a#ial% -ito-a2% .co#/"atorii &riari ,%
or,i#"l I0.
3 -l treilea nivel tro!ic
4$
Al tr%il%a #i8%l %/t% r%&r%3%#tat ,i# a#ial% car% /% @r5#%/c c" a#ial%
-ito-a2% .co#/"atorii /%c"#,ari ,% or,i#"l II0.
3 -l patrulea nivel tro!ic
Ac%/t #i8%l tro-ic %/t% r%&r%3%#tat &r5,5tori ,% 8*r- car% /% @r5#%/c c"
co#/"atori /%c"#,ari .co#/"atorii ,% or,i#"l III0.
H 8escompuntori, destructori sau detritivore
Ac%/t #i8%l %/t% r%&r%3%#tat ,% c5tr% =act%rii 7i ci"&%rci car% /% @r5#%/c c"
or2a#i/% oart%
3 Para)iii &i descompuntorii
Ac%/t% 2r"&% ,% or2a#i/% i#t%r8i# B# #i8%l"ril% tro-ic% B# car% /% a-l5 7i
/"r/%l% lor ,% @ra#5
#.#. NI!A ECOLOGIC"

Elt*' AG#DB ,%-i#%a #i7a %colo2ic5 ca -ii#, poziia sau stratul unui
organism n interiorul comunitii i ecosistemului /a" ansamlul de relaii
trofice al unei specii cu iocenoza /a" ansamlul relaiilor trofice ale speciei
de animal, aadar relaiile sale cu 5rana i dumanii (concureni, parazii,
prdtori!.
4'
D"&5 &ei+&ie'I* AGC%B nia de iotop este supus uneori sc5imrii de
poziie.
Gri''ell AGDB ,%-i#%a #i7a ca un concept care definete mediul de trai
al speciilor
D"&5 Gu't?er AG-HB5 nia nu este un fragment din sustana vie a
ecosistemului ci un sistem dinamic de relaii, un set de dimensiuni ale structurii
iocenotice, care face posiil vieuirea unei specii zoologice n iotop
D"&5 Jutc?i')*' AG-EB fiecare specie i are propria sa ni ecologic
sau ni fundamental.
Ia?*'t*7 AGC%B /&"#%a c5 n ecologia insectelor termenul de ni este
utilizat ca ec5ivalent cu locul de via
Co#-or"l ,%-i#i4i%i ,at% ,% O,um AG-GB Cnia arat (r*:e)ia speciei
iar iotopul a,re)a ei.
Ke',eig? AGD%B B#4%l%2%a &ri# #i7a %colo2ic5 ansamlul relaiilor
trofice i al relaiilor speciei cu mediul fizic n general.
!e'iI*7 AGC%B ,%-i#%a #i7a %colo2ic5 ca -ii#, partea din spaiu a
asociaiei vegetale ocupat i utilizat de o specie de plante
#.$. PIRAMIDA ELTONIAN"
D"&5 St"2r%# .1+(20 Dr%4%a"a tro-ic5 %/t% "# /i/t% ,i#aic a&5r"t &ri#
or2a#i3ar%a -l"6"l"i ,% /"=/ta#45 ,i# =ioc%#o35D. Elto# .1+2'0 a co#/tr"it "#
/i/t% 2%o%tric /"= -ora "#%i &irai,% a #"%r%lor B# car% ,i-%rit%l% %ta>%
al% "#%i &irai,% r%,a" ,i-%rit%l% #i8%l"ri tro-ic%. Ac%/t /i/t% &oart5 #"%l% a
c%%a c% #"i #oi a/t53i &irai,5 %lto#ia#5.
La =a3a &irai,%i /% a-l5 &ro,"c5torii &riari "ra4i -ii#, ,% co#/"atorii
&riari .-ito-a2ii0 car% /"#t c%i ai #"%ro7i. Al tr%il%a %ta> al &irai,%i %/t%
4(
oc"&at ,% co#/"atorii /%c"#,ari .3oo-a2i0 "rat a&oi ,% co#/"atorii t%r4iari
/a" &r5,5torii ,% 8*r-.
IV C*')umat*ri ter<iari
III C*')umat*ri )ecu',ari
II C*')umat*ri (rimari
I Pr*,uc2t*ri (rimari
#.%. CLASIFICAREA ECOSISTEMELOR
D"&5 P"ia .1+(+0 %co/i/t%%l% /% cla/i-ic5 B# -"#c4i% ,% -l"6"l %#%r2%tic B#
%co/i/t%% #at"ral% 7i %co/i/t%% co#/tr"it% ,% o.
)aelul nr.D. Ecosistemele iosferei contemporane (:uia .3/3!
Ec*)i)teme
'aturale
a! 7rupe de ecosisteme cu flux
sczut de energie
1111M11111 AcalV2Va# c" o
%,i% ,% 2111 Acal
Lar2"l oc%a#"l"iN T"#,raN
Plat-ora co#ti#%#tal5N Lac"ri 7i
c"r/"ri ,% r*"riN 9o#%l% oc%a#%lor
c" c"r%#4i ,% co#8%c4i%N P5,"ri
=or%al% 7i ,% -oioa/%N P57"#i
t%&%rat%N Sa8a#% tro&ical%
U#ica /"r/5 ,% %#%r2i% %/t% c%a
/olar5. Eco/i/t%%l% co#/tit"i%
/"&ort"l ,% =a35 al 8i%4ii &%
&5*#t
=0 Gr"&% ,% %co/i/t%% c" "# -l"6
ri,icat ,% %#%r2i%
11111M41 111 @AcalV2Va# c" o
%,i% ,% 21111 Acal
4+
E/t"ar%N r%ci-iN &5,"ri tro&ical%
"%,%
P% l*#25 %#%r2ia /olar5 i#tr5 B#
%co/i/t%% %#%r2ia ar%%lor 7i a
&loilor a="#,%#t%. S% &ro,"c
at%rii or2a#ic% B# %6c%/ car%
&ot -i tra#/-%rat% altor
%co/i/t%%.
Ec*)i)teme
c*')truite
,e *m
a0 Gr"&% ,% %co/i/t%%
&ro,"c5toar% ,% /"=/ta#45 or2a#ic5
a8*#, "# a-l"6 ri,icat ,% %#%r2i%
11 111M41 111 AcalV2Va# c" o
%,i% ,% 21 111 Acal
Sil8o%co/i/t%% a%#a>at%N
ac8ac"lt"ril%N a2ro%co/i/t%%l%N
P% l*#25 %#%r2i% /olar5 i#tr5
%#%r2ia c"lt"ral5. S% &ro,"c
ali%#t% 7i at%rii &ri%
=0 Gr"&% ,% %co/i/t%%
co#/"atoar% ,% /"=/ta#45
or2a#ic5 a8*#, "# -l"6 ,% %#%r2i%
-oart% ri,icat
111 111M311 111 AcalV2Va# c"
o %,i% ,% 211 111 Acal
Co#/tr"c4ii @i,ra"lic%N a7%35ri
r"ral%N a7%35ri "r=a#%
S% B#t%%ia35 &% =a3a "#"i
co#/" ri,icat ,% %#%r2i%
c"lt"ral5. Pro,"c% #"ai
=ioa/5 "a#5
D"&5 Al. Io#%/c" .1+((0 %co/i/t%%l% /% cla/i-ic5 B# -"#c4i% ,% &r%3%#4a a"
a=/%#4a o"l"i B# %co/i/t%% #at"ral% 7i %co/i/t%% arti-icial%G
3ecosisteme naturale .t"#,ra? "#4ii? &5,"ril%? /t%&%l%? /a8a#%l%?
,%7%rt"ril%? %co/i/t%% ari#%0N
3ecosisteme arti!iciale .%co/i/t%% a2ricol%? %co/i/t%% "r=a#%?
%co/i/t%% /il8ic%? %co/i/t%% ac8atic%0N
!1
CAP. $.AGROECOSISTEMUL
$.. DEFINIIA AGROECOSISTEMULUI
D"&5 O," .1+'10 un agroecosistem este o prezentare grafic a
deoseirilor ma"ore dintre un sistem agricol format din tarlale cultivate cu
cereale i alte plante, apoi puni pentru erivore domesticite i un sistem
industrial a crui existen depinde n egal msur de comustiilii fosili i de
produsele agrare. :ar&%r .1+'40 ,%-i#%a a2ro%co/i/t%%l% ca -ii#, n primul
r(nd monoculturi intrinsec instaile cu o diversitate foarte sczut i cu o reea
trofic simpl D"&5 S&ri#2%tt .1+'40 agroecosistemele constituie uniti
funcionale constructive ale iosferei din punct de vedere dinamic i structural.
P"ia I.? Sora# ).? .1+'(? 1+(1? 1+($? 1++(0 ,%-i#%a" a2ro%co/i/t%"l ca -ii#,
!1
o unitate funcional a iosferei , creat de om n scopul oinerii de produse
agricole i prin aceasta este dependent de om. D"&5 Joro#,I E.L.
agroecosistemul este o unitate ideal ce aparine mezocosmosului ecologic
fiindc are o structur vegetaional simpl cu granie ine conturate i cu
intrri i ieiri de agroc5imicale ine diri"ate de ctre om.
St%&@%# R? Gli%/a# .1+++0 citat ,% P"ia I.? 7i col. 2111 ,%-i#%a"
a2ro%co/i/t%"l /"/t%#a=il ca -ii#, acela care i poate menine indefinit n
timp resursele fundamentale prin mi"locirea crora se autosusine, pe aza i a
unui minimum de intrri artificiale din exterior. 6u a"utorul acestor minime
intrri el suplinete autocontrolul intern (natural! de reglare al efectelor
duntorilor i olilor i totodat grete restailirea dup perturrile
proceselor agroecologice provocate de cultivare i recoltare
$.#. CLASIFICAREA AGROECOSISTEMELOR
D"&5 2ra,"l ,% arti-iciali3ar% al %co/i/t%%lor :a=%r .1++10 citat ,% P"ia.
I.? Sora# ).? Carli%r L.? Rotar I.? )la@o8a M.? .21110 cla/i-ic5 %co/i/t%%l% B#G
=ioM%co/i/t%% .#at"ral%N %co/i/t%% a&roa&% #at"ral%N %co/i/t%% /%iM
#at"ral%N %co/i/t%% a#tro&o2%#%0 7i t%@#oM%co/i/t%% .a7%35ri "a#%? /i/t%%
,% tra-ic? co&l%6% i#,"/trial%0G
)aelul nr. A 6lasificarea ecosistemelor ( Faer ,.33?!
I. &i*+
ec*)i)teme
Se caracteri1ea12 (ri' ,*mi'a'<a c*m(*'e'tel*r 'aturale 8i a
(r*ce)el*r 6i*l*gice
1. Eco/i/t%% #at"ral% F5r5 i#-l"%#4ar% "a#5 ,ir%ct5 .ca&a=il% ,% a"tor%2lar%0.
2. Eco/i/t%% a&roa&%
#at"ral%
I#-l"%#4at% ,% o ,ar /iilar% c" c%l% #at"ral% ./% /c@i=5 &"4i# ,ac5
/% /i/t%a35 i#-l"%#4a "a#5N /"#t ca&a=il% ,% a"tor%2lar%0
3. Eco/i/t%% /%iM R%3"lt5 ,i# -olo/ir%a ,% c5tr% o a ti&"rilor I 1 7i I 2? -5r5 /5 -i% cr%at%
!2
#at"ral% i#t%#4io#at. S% /c@i=5 /%#i-icati8 ,ac5 i#-l"%#4a o"l"i B#c%t%a35.N
Ca&acitat% liitat5 ,% a"tor%2lar%N Ma#%2%%#t"l %/t% #%c%/ar
4.Eco/i/t%%
a#tro&o2%#% .=iotic%0
Cr%at% i#t%#4io#at ,% c5tr% oN D%&%#,%#t% B# totalitat% ,%
a#%2%#%#t"l 7i co#trol"l "a#
II. Te?'*+ec*)i)teme Si)teme te?'ice a'tr*(*ge'eL D*mi'2 )tructurile Aarte:acteleB cu
(r*ce)ele te?'*l*giceL
1.A7%35ri "a#% Cr%at% i#t%#4io#at ,% o &%#tr" acti8it54i i#,"/trial%? %co#oic%?
c"lt"ral%N D%&%#,%#t% B# B#tr%2i% ,% co#trol"l "a# 7i ,%
=io%co/i/t%%l% c" car% alt%r#%a35 /a" ,% car% /"#t B#co#>"rat%.
2. Si/t%% ,% tra-ic
3. Co&l%6%
i#,"/trial%
Di# &"#ct ,% 8%,%r% %#%r2%tic? P"ia I.? Sora# ).? Rotar I.? .1++(0 cla/i-ic5
a2ro%co/i/t%%l% B# a2ro%co/i/t%% %6t%#/i8% .i#t%#/itat% r%,"/50 ? i#t%#/i8%? 7i
i#,"/trial% .i#,"/triali3at%0
$.#.. Agr*ec*)i)teme e9te')i7e )au ,e i'te')itate re,u)2
Caract%ri/ticil% ac%/tor a2ro%co/i/t%% /"#t "r5toar%l%G ra&ort
i%7ir%Vi#trar% ri,icatV !M111N co#trol r%,"/ /a" i#%6i/t%#t al =olilor 7i
,5"#5torilorN "tili3ar%a ,% /oi"ri c" &ot%#4ial 2%#%tic ai r%,"/N r%colt5 "til5
r%,"/5N "tili3ar%a "#or t%@#olo2ii tra,i4io#al%. Di#tr% a2ro%co/i/t%%l% %6t%#/i8%
&"t% ai#tiG a2ro%co/i/t%%l% a2ric"lt"rii tra,i4io#al%N &57"#il% 7i -5#%4%l%
/%i#at"ral%N 2r5,i#il% ,i# %,i"l r"ral. Ac%/t% %co/i/t%% &r%3i#t5 o
,"ra=ilitat% %colo2ic5 ,ar #" i#t%2r%a35 ,i%#/i"#%a %co#oic5 7i /ocial5.
$.#.#. Agr*ec*)i)teme i'te')i7e
Ac%/t% a2ro%co/i/t%% /% caract%ri3%a35 &ri#G ra&ort"l i%7ir%Vi#trar%
a&ro6iati8 %2al c" 1N "tili3ar%a iri2a4i%iN "tili3ar%a B="#5t54irilor -"#ciar%N
"tili3ar%a ,% /oi"ri c" &ot%#4ial 2%#%tic ri,icatN Di# ac%a/t5 2r"&5 -ac &art%G
li8%3il%N 8iil% i#t%#/i8%N c"lt"ril% l%2"icol% B# /&a4ii &rot%>at% .r5/a,#i45? /olar0.
Ac%/t% a2ro%co/i/t%% &r%3i#t5 "# a#"it 2ra, ,% i#/ta=ilitat% ,atorit5
,i8%r/it54ii r%,"/%? co#trol"l"i "a# #%a&5rat #%c%/ar? la#4"rilor tro-ic% r%,"/%?
!3
%tcU A2%ro%co/i/t%%l% /"#t ,%&%#,%#t% ,% -actori %6t%riori .-%rtili3ar%?
trata%#t% -ito/a#itar%0.
$.#.$. Agr*ec*)i)temele i',u)triale )au i',u)triali1ate
A2ro%co/i/t%%l% /% caract%ri3%a35 &ri#trM"# ra&ort i%7ir% Vi#trar% /"="#itar
,atorit5 i#tr5rilor ri,icat% ,% /"=/ta#4% ,i# a-ara a2ro%co/i/t%"l"i. Di# ac%a/t5
2r"&5 -ac &art%G /%r%l%N co&l%6% ari ,% cr%7t%r% a a#ial%lorN ari -%r% ,%
c"lt"r5 ar%. Ac%/t% a2ro%co/i/t%% /"#t -oart% i#/ta=il% 7i ,%&i#, ,% o /%ri% ,%
-actori %6t%riori &r%c" G-actorii /ociali .*#a ,% l"cr"0N -actorii -i#a#ciari
.B&r""t"ri =a#car%0N -actori &oliticoM%co#oici ./"=8%#4ii0N -actori %#%r2%tici
.cri3a &%trol"l"i? 2a3"l"i %tcU0. Oric% &ro=l%5 a&5r"t5 c" "#"l ,i# -actorii
%6t%riori &oat% ,%3%c@ili=ra a2ro%co/i/t%"l &"t*#, ,"c% c@iar la ,i/&ari4ia /a?
%l% #%-ii#, ,"ra=il% /ocial? %co#oic 7i %colo2ic.
$.$. STA&ILITATEA IN AGROECOSISTEME
D"&5 Alti%rii 1+($ ? perenizarea "#"i /i/t% a2ricol B# ti& 7i /&a4i"
tr%="i% /5 i&lic% "r5toar%l% %l%%#t%G
r%,"c%r%a ri/i&%i ,% %#%r2i% 7i a r%/"r/%lor co#/"at%N
-a8ori3ar%a %to,%lor ,% &ro,"c4i% car% r%/ta=il%/c %ca#i/%l%
@o%o/tatic%? &ro&ic% /ta=ilit54ii =ioc%#o3%iN optimizarea nivelului de reciclare
a nutrienilor i a materiei& maximizarea capacitii de utilizare multipl a
peisa"ului& asigurarea unui flux de energie eficient&
B#c"ra>ar%a "#%i &ro,"c4ii ,% ali%#t% a,a&tat% co#t%6t"l"i %colo2ic 7i
/ocioM%co#oic localN
!4
r%,"c%r%a co/t"rilor? cr%7t%r%a %-ici%#4%i 7i 8ia=ilit54ii %co#oic% a
%6&loata4iilor ici 7i i>locii? c" /co&"l -a8ori35rii cr%5rii "#"i /i/t% a2ricol
ai ,i8%r/i-icat 7i &ot%#4ial ai r%3i/t%#tN
)aelul nr./ Iiferenele structurale i funcionale dintre ecosistemele
naturale i agroecosisteme dup Hdum (.3D3!
%aracteristici -groecosisteme 6cosisteme naturale
:roductivitate net Mar% M%,i%
<anuri trofice Si&l%? li#iar% Co&l%6%
Iiversitatea speciilor Sla=5 P"t%r#ic5
Iiversitatea genetic Sla=5 I&orta#t5
6icluri iogeoc5imice D%/c@i/% F#c@i/%
#tailitate Sla=5 P"t%r#ic5
Entropie P"t%r#ic5 Sla=5
6ontrol uman N%c%/ar N" %/t% #%c%/ar
:ermanen n timp R%/tr*#/5 L"#25
Feterogenitatea
5aitatului
Si&l5 Co&l%65
Benologie Si#cro#i3at5 S%3o#i%r5
-aturitate Iat"r% Mat"r%? Clia6
$.%. DURA&ILITATEA AGROECOSISTEMELOR
D"&5 S&%,,i#2 .1+'!0 cr%ar%a "#"i a2ro%co/i/t% ,"ra=il &r%/"&"#%
-"r#i3ar%a "#"i i#i ,% i#-ora4iiG
HBinalitatea sistemului G o=i%cti8"l &%#tr" car% /i/t%"l %/t% ,%38oltatN
H <imiteleG "# i>loc &ri# car% /% &ot ,%-i#i %l%%#t%l% car% /"#t B#
i#t%rior"l /i/t%"l"i 7i car% /"#t B# a-ara l"iN
H 6ontextulG %,i"l %6t%r# B# car% /i/t%"l o&%r%a35N
E Elementele componenteG %l%%#t%l% &ri#ci&al% car% -or%a35 ac%/t
/i/t%N
E 9nteraciunileG r%la4iil% ,i#tr% %l%%#t%N
E 9mputurileG "tili3at% ,% c5tr% /i/t% car% &ro8i# ,i# a-ara l"iN
!!
E =esurseleG %l%%#t% /it"at% B# i#t%rior"l /i/t%"l"i car% /"#t "tili3at% B#
ti&"l -"#c4io#5rii ac%/t"iaN
E :rodusele sau performana dorit$ &ro,"c4iil% &ri#ci&al% ,orit%N
H #uproduseleG &ro,"c4iil% "til% ,ar /%c"#,ar%N
$.-. PRACTICI TEJNOLOGICE PENTRU DIMINUAREA
INTR"RILOR ENERGETICE
D"&5 .KittE%r?1+'!? citat ,% Alti%ri0 /"#t #%c%/ar% "r5toar%l% ac4i"#i
&%#tr" a cr%a &r%i/%l% "#"i /i/t% ,"ra=ilG
Pentru cre&terea e!icacitii !otosinte)ei este nevoie de# a%liorar%a
ar@it%ct"rii &la#t%lor &%#tr" a &%rit% o ai ="#5 i#t%rc%&tar% a l"i#ii .-r"#3%l%
tr%="i% /5 &r%3i#t% o ori%#tar% 8%rtical50N /%l%c4ia 2%#%tic5 ,% 8ari%t54i car% a" o
ai ="#5 %-icacitat% -oto/i#t%tic5 .i#,%6 -oliar ai ri,icat0N r%,"c%r%a /a"
i#@i=ar%a -otor%/&ira4i%i 7iV/a" a r%/&ira4i%i #oct"r#%N "tili3ar%a ,% 8ari%t54i car%
a" o &%rioa,a ,% cr%7t%r% ai l"#25N B=o254ir% arti-icial5 c" CO2N -olo/ir%a ,%
/c@%% ,% &la#tar% %-icac% .ori%#tar%a r*#,"rilor &% ,ir%c4ia #or,M/",0N
"tili3ar%a ,% "lci ,i# &la/tic ,% c"loar% ro3? car% r%-l%ct5 l"i#a &% &art%a
i#-%rioar5 a -r"#3%lorN
5unt necesare modi!icri aduse componentelor mediului# o,i-icar%a
8*#t"l"i &ri# "tili3ar%a ,% &%r,%l% ,% &rot%c4i%N co#trol"l B#2@%4"l"i &ri#
i#t%r%,i"l"i &%r,%l%lor ,% &rot%c4i% a /i/t%%lor ,% 8%#tila4i% 7i ,% iri2a4i%N
co#trol"l t%&%rat"rilor ,i# /ol ,atorit5 "tili35rii ,% "lciN
6ste nevoie de o mai 'un gestiune a solurilor# /%l%c4ia 2%#%tic5 ,%
c"lt"ri tol%ra#t% la ,%-ici%#4%l% B# #"tri%#4i ,i# /ol /a" la %6i/t%#4a "#or /"=/ta#4%
to6ic%N B&r57ti%r%a ,% B#2r575i#t% B# ca#tit54i ai r%,"/% 7i cr%7t%r%a
%-icacit54ii co#/""l"i ,% B#2r575i#t% ,% c5tr% &la#t%N B#loc"ir%a ar5t"rii ,%
=a35 &ri# /i/t%% i#i% ,% l"crar% a /ol"l"iN "tili3ar%a ,% 2"#oi? co&o/t?
&la#t% ,% aco&%rir% 7i B#2r575i#t% 8%r3iN cr%7t%r%a -i65rii a3ot"l"i ,i# a%r? &ri#
/%l%c4ia ,% =act%rii ca&a=il% ,% a -i6a a3ot"l? la #i8%l"l ri3o/-%r%i "#or &la#t%
!$
c"lti8at% c% #" /"#t l%2"i#oa/%N "tili3ar%a ,% a/ocia4ii c% co&ort5 icori3%N
"tili3ar%a ,ir%ct5 ,% /"r/% ori2i#al% ,% B#2r575i#t% .%6. roc5 -o/-atic50N
5e recomand o mai 'un gestiune a apei # iri2ar%a &ri# /i/t%%
&ic5t"r5 c" &ic5t"r5N &racticar%a "lcirii 7i a /i/t%%lor ,% l"cr5ri i#i%N
co#trol"l ,%/c@i,%rii /toat%lorN 2%/ti"#%a co8or"l"i 8%2%tal? &%#tr" co#trolar%a
2ra,"l"i ,% "=rir%N "tili3ar%a ,% &%r,%l% &ara8*#tN a&licar%a ,% 8ol"% ,% a&5?
%/tiat% &% =a3a co#4i#"t"l"i r%al B# a&5 a /ol"l"iN
9estiunea insectelor duntoare s !ie reali)at prin# aciuni
preventiveG "tili3ar%a ,% 8ari%t54i r%3i/t%#t%? a%liorar%a i2i%#%i c*&"rilor?
"tili3ar%a ,% /"=/ta#4% atracti8% 7i ,% ca&ca#% c" -%roo#i? ,i8%r/i-icar%a
c"lt"rilor? a#i&"lar%a ,at%i ,% &la#tar%? a o%#t"l"i %-%ct"5rii ar5t"rii? a
,i/ta#4%i ,i#tr% r*#,"ri 7i a rota4i%i c"lt"rilorN aciuni directeG "tili3ar%a ,%
a/c"li /t%rili? "tili3ar%a ,% -%roo#i /%6"ali? i#tro,"c%r%a? cr%7t%r%a 7i
%#4i#%r%a &o&"la4iilor ,% ,"7a#i #at"rali? "tili3ar%a ,% i#/%ctici,% ,% ori2i#%
icro=ia#5 /a" 8%2%tal5? %lii#ar%a %ca#ic5 /a" t%ric5? i#,"c%r%a ,%
o,i-ic5ri B# co&orta%#t? co#trol"l c" &%/tici,% .a,i/% ,% cai%t%l% ,%
/arci#i0 B# %6tr%i/ ,ac5 #i8%l"l ,% &a2"=5 %co#oic5 %/t% ati#/N
0 mai corect gestiune a 'olilor este de dorit prin# "tili3ar%a ,%
8ari%t54i r%3i/t%#t% N rota4ia c"lt"rilor N a%/t%c ,% 8ari%t54i N co#trol =iolo2ic
"tili3*#, ,% /&%cii a#ta2o#i/t% N c"lt"ri a/ociat% N"tili3ar%a ,% /i/t%% i#i%
,% l"cr5ri al% /ol"l"iN
6ste necesar o gestiune adecvat a 'uruienilor prin Gco#c%&%r%a ,%
a/ocia4ii c"lt"ral% co&%titi8% N tra#/&la#tar%a ra&i,5 a r5/a,"rilor 8i2"roa/% B#
t%r%#"ri c"rat% ,% ="r"i%#i N "tili3ar%a ,% &la#t% ,% aco&%rir% a /ol"l"i N -olo/ir%a
,% ,i/ta#4% ici B#tr% r*#,"ri N rota4ia c"lt"rilor N %lii#ar%a ="r"i%#ilor ,i#
c"lt"ri B# &%rioa,%l% critic% B# car% co&%ti4ia ar% loc N -olo/ir%a "lcirii? 7i a
al%lo&ati%iN
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CAP.%. AGROECOLOGIA SAU ECOLOGIA AGRICOL"
%.. DEFINIIA AGROECOLOGIEI
D"&5 P"ia I.? Sora# ).? Carli%r L.? Rotar I.? )la@o8a M agroecologia este
acea ramur sau disciplin aplicativ a ecologiei generale care se ocup de
studiul multilateral, ndeosei su raport productiv, a influenelor exercitate de
factorii de mediu asupra plantelor cultivate i animalelor domesticite (aa
numita autecologie agricol! precum i de cercetarea ecologic a sistemelor
agricole (aa numita sinecologie agricol!
,amurile agroecologiei
D"&5 P"ia I.? Sora# ).? Carli%r L.? Rotar I.? )la@o8a M. /% &ot ,%-i#i 3
ra"ri &ri#ci&al% al% a2ro%colo2i%iG
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/t",iat5 o /tr"ct"r5 /a" i#8%/ti2at "# &roc%/DN
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stresului& Ecoagroc5imia& Ecopedologia& -eteoagroecologia L
Agr*ec*l*gia te*retic2 )au c*'ce(tual2 G)axonomia agroecologic,
,groecologia restaurativ, ,grocierneticaN
%.$. AGROECOLOGIE APLICAT" A)i)teme ,e agricultur2B
%.$.. Agricultura 6i*,i'amic2
Si/t%"l a -o/t cr%at B# G%ra#ia /"= i#/&ira4ia l"i R",ol- <t%i#%r 7i &"/
B# a&licar% c5tr% E. P-%i--%r 7i /% =a3%a35 &% t%oria %la=orat5 B# 1+13M
a#tro&o/o-ia? ca o r%ac4i% la ,%38oltar%a at%riali/t5 ,i# o%#t"l r%/&%cti8.
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c5tr% P-%i-%r &r%co#i3%a35 i,%%a "#%i ali%#ta4ii /5#5toa/% 7i %c@ili=rat% car% /%
=a3%a35 &% ai "lt% &ri#ci&ii ,% =a35 al% a2ric"lt"rii =iolo2ic%? c" ar -i
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/i/t%"l"i ,% &olic"lt"r5M3oot%@#i%. P% ,% alt5 &art% ac%a/t5 i7car% /% =a3%a35
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a#ial%lor.
$2
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car% a&ort"l ,% at%rii or2a#ic% co&o/tat% %/t% %/%#4ial. Ac%/t%a a" "# rol
ca&ital B# c%%a c% &ri8%7t% r%3i/t%#4a &la#t%i la =oli 7i ,5"#5tori. Prootor"l
co#c%&t"l"i . :oEar,0? a &r%3%#tat co#4i#"t"l /i/t%"l"i B# ZT%/ta%#t"l
a2ricolD ,i# 1+41 B# car% /% =a3%a35 &% o=/%r8a4ii -5c"t% B# I#,ia ti& ,% ai
"lt% ,%c%#ii.
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ali%#tar% a &o&"la4i%i. Ac%a/t5 %to,5 /% caract%ri3a la o%#t"l r%/&%cti8
&ri#trMo i&orta#45 ar% acor,at5 @""/"l"i ,i# /ol &% "tili3ar%a co&o/ta>"l"i
,% /"&ra-a45 7i &% -a&t"l c5 "#ca /ol"l"i tr%="i% liitat5 la /trict"l #%c%/ar c"
/co&"l ,% a %8ita &%rt"r=ar%a icro-lor%i /ol"l"i.
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R%2"la%#t"l 1(14 V1+++ &%#tr" /%ctor"l a#ial. C%l% 2 act% #orati8% a"
&r%l"at 7i aro#i3at 3 t%r%#i .a2ric"lt"r5 =iolo2ic5? a2ric"lt"r5 or2a#ic5 7i
a2ric"lt"r5 %colo2ic50 car% a" cr%at "lt5 8r%% co#-"3i% B# r*#,"l oa%#ilor ,%
7tii#45? &ro,"c5torilor 7i B# /&%cial la #i8%l"l co#/"atorilor. Potri8it ac%/tor 2
act% #orati8% c%i tr%i t%r%#i /% r%-%r5 la ac%la7i /i/t% ,% a2ric"lt"r5 ,ar B#
-"#c4i% ,% 4ar5 .,% /%#/i=ilitat%a 7i co#ota4iil% &% car% %6&r%/ia &oat% /5 o ca&%t%
la #i8%l"l oa%#ilor ,% 7tii#45 7i al o&i#i%i &"=lic%0 /% -olo/%/c ,"&5 c"
"r%a35G t%r%#"l organic .Mar%a Brita#i%0N t%r%#"l 'iologic .Fra#4a? Italia?
$3
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,omnia %tc..0.
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ec*l*gic? "# t%r%# ai "7or acc%&tat ,% o&i#ia &"=lic5 ro*#%a/c5. T%r%#"l
,% agricultur ecologic al%/ ,% c5tr% Ro*#ia B#t*&i#5 ai &"4i#5
r%3i/t%#45 ,i# &art%a co"#it54ii 7tii#4i-ic% ,atorit5 -a&t"l"i c5 %l a -o/t "tili3at ,%
B# a#ii tr%c"4i ,% c5tr% P"ia I.? Sora# ).? ? Io#%/c" A..? M"#t%a# L. S. 7i <tir=a#
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l"cr" &% car% l%2il% %"ro&%#% /i l%2i/la4ia ro*#%a/c5 Bl i#t%r3ic a/t53i.
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acti8it54ii =iolo2ic% a ac%/t"ia. E/t% 8or=a ,% 4a +rni solul pentru a putea
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numai !urni)area plantelor cu elemente nutritive5L %a co#/tit"i% "# ,%%r/
2lo=al car% &%rit% /5 r5/&"#,5 la "# a#/a=l" ,% #%8oi.
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$4
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-"ra>%N ,%="7%% N /it"a4ia %co#oic5 a -%r%i.
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/"cc%/i"#% a c"lt"rilor c" co#/" /&%ci-ic ,% a&5 ,i-%ritN %7alo#ar%a l"cr5rilor
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=oli 7i ,5"#5toriN co#/""l /&%ci-ic B# /"=/ta#4% #"triti8%? ,%&%#,%#t ,%
co&o3i4ia c@iic5 a &la#t%i 7i #i8%l"l &ro,"c4i%iN a,*#ci%a 7i aria ,%
r5/&*#,ir% a /i/t%"l"i ra,ic"lar al &la#t%lor &r%c" 7i ,% ca&acitat%a ,%
"tili3ar% a %l%%#t%lor #"triti8% ,i# /olN ac""lar%a a3ot"l"i B# /ol B# ca3"l
c"lti85rii l%2"i#oa/%lor? &ri# -i6ar%a a3ot"l"i ato/-%ric ,% c5tr% =act%riil% ,i#
2%#"l =5izoium c" car% l%2"i#oa/%l% tr5i%/c B# /i=io35N -%#o%#"l ,%
/"&ortar% .c"lt"ri car% /% &ot /"cc%,a &% ac%%a7i /"&ra-a450 7i a"to/"&ortar%
./&%cia car% /% &oat% c"lti8a B# o#oc"lt"r50N &la#t%l% c"lti8at% a" ca&acit54i
,i-%rit% ,% l"&t5 B&otri8a ="r"i%#ilor? c" car% co#c"r%a35 &%#tr" -actorii ,%
8%2%ta4i%N rota4ia ,ii#"%a35 #i8%l"l ,% B="r"i%#ar% &ri# &la#t%l% car% &ot
B#5="7i ="r"i%#il% 7i &ri# 5/"ril% c"lt"ral% &ri# car% /% co=at ="r"i%#il%N
Alegerea )*iuril*r 8i ra)el*r/
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Crit%riil% car% tr%="i% a8"t% B# 8%,%r% co#/ta" B# a,a&tar%a la ti&"l ,% /ol?
la calitat%a &ro,"/"l"i ,orit? r%3i/t%#4a la =oli 7i ,5"#5tori? r%ac4ia la -%rtili3ar%a
or2a#ic5? a&tit",i#%a ,% a co#c"ra ="r"i%#il%. La ora act"al5 B#c%& /5 -i%
r%ali3at% c%rc%t5ri B# c%%a c% &ri8%7t% /%l%c4ia ,% 8ari%t54i a,a&ta=il% la
a2ric"lt"ra %colo2ic5? "# -actor i&orta#t al ra#,a%#t"l"i 7i al calit54ii
&ro,"c4i%i. A" B#c%&"t /5 a&ar5 /oci%t54i ,% &ro,"c%r% ,% /%i#4%? /&%ciali3at%
&%#tr" a2ric"lt"ra %colo2ic5 &%#tr" &r%25tir%a o%#t"l"i B# car% /%i#4%l%
co#8%#4io#al% #" 8or ai &"t%a -i -olo/it% .1 ia#"ari% 21140.
Culturile a)*ciate
A/ocia4iil% ,% &la#t% ,i8%r/% &ot /5 8alori-ic% i#-l"%#4%l% =%#%-ic% al%
"#or &la#t% a/"&ra altora. Ac%/t%a /"#t ca&a=il% /5 /% a>"t% B#tr% %l%? /5 r%3i/t% la
%6c%/"l "#"i cliat? /a" &ara3iti/"l"i 7i B# ac%la7i ti& &ot "tili3a ai =i#%
&ot%#4ial"l /ol"l"i 7i %#%r2ia /olar5 ,atorit5 #%8oilor -i3iolo2ic% ,i-%rit% al%
/&%ciilor.
Efectele enefice ale asociaiilor vegetale sunt multiple$ o i#t%rac4i"#%
-a8ora=il5 B#tr% ,i8%r/% &la#t% ,i# &57"#il% #at"ral% 7i &5,"riN o ai ="#5
oc"&ar% a /&a4i"l"i a%ria#? &%#tr" o ai ="#5 8alori-icar% a %#%r2i%i l"i#oa/% 7i
a 2a3"l"i car=o#ic .a%lior%a35 ra#,a%#t"l -oto/i#t%tic0N o ai ="#5 oc"&ar%
a /&a4i"l"i /"=t%ra# &ri# B#r5,5ci#5ri ,% ,i8%r/% ti&"ri 7i ,atorit5 "#or %6i2%#4%
,i-%rit% B# a&5 7i %l%%#t% #"triti8%N o ai ="#5 r%3i/t%#45 B&otri8a a#"itor
=oli 7i ,5"#5toriN a,5&o/t &%#tr" i#/%ct%l% a"6iliar%N l"&t5 %-ici%#t5 B&otri8a
="r"i%#ilorN B=o254ir%a B# a3ot or2a#ic &ri# c"lt"ril% ,% l%2"i#oa/%N
&rot%c4ia B&otri8a %ro3i"#ii 7i a /&5l5rii #"tri%#4ilor c" a3otN B=o254ir%a B#
@""/N
E6i/t5 a/ocia4ii ,% &la#t% -oart% -%ricit% c" /"#t "/t"roi"l 7i ca&7"#ii ,ar
%6i/t5 7i alt%l% ai #%-%ricit% c" %/t% ca3"l -a/ol%i 7i a c%&%i. Ac%/t -%#o%# ,%
i#t%rr%la4i% ,i#tr% ,i-%rit%l% &la#t% /% #"%7t% a%#/ali/ /a" al%lo&ati%.
C*'tr*lul 6uruie'il*r
$$
.etode preventive ADe)6r*))e) P.@ GG$B# "tili3ar%a ,% 8ari%t54i c" o
cr%7t%r% ra&i,5 car% &ot co#c"ra ="r"i%#il%N al%2%r%a "#or rota4ii #%-a8ora=il%
="r"i%#ilor &ri# "tili3ar%a a#"itor c"lt"ri . carto-? 8ar35? l"c%r#5 0 &r%c" 7i a
"#%i alt%r#a#4% ,% c"lt"ri ,% iar#5 7i &ri58ar5 car% ,"c% la %lii#ar%a
="r"i%#ilor N /"&riar%a /"r/%lor ,% ,i/%i#ar% or2a#ic% #%co&o/tat%G
a%#,a%#t%l% or2a#ic% .2"#oi? &ai%0 c% &r%3i#t5 "# &ot%#4ial &"t%r#ic ,%
/%i#4% ,% ="r"i%#iN o co&o/tar% t%ro-il5 r%,"c% &"t%r#ic ca&acitat%a ,%
2%ri#ar% a /%i#4%lorN liitar%a l"cr5rilor c"lt"ral% &ro&ic% ,%38olt5rii
="r"i%#ilorG ar5t"ra &ro-"#,5? tr%c%ri r%&%tat%N /%5#at"l -al/? car% co#/t5 B#
&r%25tir%a /"&%r-icial5 a &5*#t"l"i c" /co&"l ,% a 2%ri#a ="r"i%#il% "rat5 ,%
,i/tr"2%r%a ac%/tora &ri# i#t%r%,i"l "#%i 2ra&% /a" &ri# ,i/tr"2%r% t%ric5?
B#ai#t% ,% &r%25tir%a &at"l"i ,% /%5#atN "lcir%a B&otri8a i#8a,5rii c"
="r"i%#i? a&licat5 B# c"lt"ril% &%r%#%? ar% ca o=i%cti8 &rot%>ar%a /ol"l"i ,%
%6c%/%l% cliatic%? 7i %#4i#%r%a "i,it54ii B# &%rioa,% ,% /%c%t5N
.etode curative#
P% l*#25 l"cr5ril% a#"al% 7i %ca#ic% ,% ,i/tr"2%r% a ="r"i%#ilor o
%to,5 a&roa&% 2%#%rali3at5 B# a2ric"lt"ra %colo2ic5 %/t% dezuruienarea
termic.
Ac%a/t5 t%@#ic5 -olo/%7t% t%&%rat"ri c"&ri#/% B#tr% '1 7i (11[C B#
-"#c4i% ,% ti&"l ,% &roc%,%" "tili3at. M%to,a %/t% -oart% -olo/it5 B#
l%2"ic"lt"r5? &oic"lt"r5 7i 8itic"lt"r5.
Lu(ta :it*)a'itar2
-ceasta lupt are la 'a) urmtoarele principii# &rot%c4ia -ito/a#itar5
%/t% B# &ri#ci&al &r%8%#ti85G I# ac%/t /co& /% r%coa#,5 -olo/ir%a ,% 8ari%t54i
r%3i/t%#t%? a/i2"rar%a "#%i ="#% /t5ri -i3iolo2ic% a &la#t%lor c" /co&"l ,% a
-orti-ica a"toa&5rar%a #at"ral5 a ac%/toraN %to,%l% c"rati8% -ac a&%l la t%@#ici
=iolo2ic% c" /"=/ta#4% 8%2%tal% 7i i#%ral%N S% "r5r%7t% "tili3ar%a ,% t%@#ici
car% /a B#,%&5rt%3% ,5"#5tor"l 7i liitar%a &o&"la4i%i ac%/t"iaN
$'
.etode preventive# cr%ar%a "#"i %,i" ,%-a8ora=il ,5"#5torilor "#%i
c"lt"ri &ri# -a8ori3ar%a %c@ili=r"l"i &o&"la4iilor icro=i%#%N -olo/ir%a ,% &la#t%
c% &ro,"c e:ecte re(ul)i7e G Ta#ac%t" 8"l2ar% .8ar35? 5r? &5r0? Art%i/ia
a=/i#t" .-"r#ici ? a-i,% la 8ar35? 5r 7i &5r0N cr%ar%a "#"i me,iu :a7*ra6il
au9iliaril*r? &ri# cr%ar%a 7i a%#a>ar%a ,% /&a4ii a,%c8at%.N %#4i#%r%a 7i
cr%ar%a ,% 1*'e ,e re:ugiu &ri# ,i-%rit% 5/"ri &r%c"G plantarea de perdele de
protecie c" "# a#"it co#8%i%r 8ari%tal B# -"#c4i% ,% a"6iliarii ,ori4i .:%,%ra?
Ar="t"/ "%,o? La"r"/ #o=ili/0N rota4ii 8ariat% c% &%rit liitar%a #at"ral5 a
,5"#5torilor 7i =olilorN -orti-icar%a &la#t%lor &ri# %-%ct"ar%a ,% trata%#t% c"
&r%&arat% &% =a35 ,% &la#t%G E\"i/%t" ar8%#/%? Urtica ,ioica? Ta#ac%t"
8"l2ar%? %tcN "tili3ar%a ,% o=/tacol% -i3ic%G -il%"ri t%6til%? ca&ca#%? at%rial
&la/ticN B#,%&5rtar%a &ri# i#t%r%,i"l iro/"l"i &ri# -olo/ir%a ,% a/ocia4ii ,%
&la#t%G orco8 7i c%a&5? %tcN t%r%#"ril% ,i-icil% ,% l"crat .=or,"ril% ,% &arc%l%?
ar2i#%a "#"i c"r/ ,% a&5? &5r4il% lat%ral% al% ,r""rilor? tal"3"ril%0? &ot /5 -i%
a%#a>at% B# Gterenuri neproductive al% c5ror a8a#ta>% %colo2ic% 8or co&%#/a
&i%r,%ril% %co#oic%N =5l4il%? car% co#/tit"i% ,% a/%%#%a #i7% %colo2ic%
i#t%r%/a#t% &%#tr" a"6iliariN (la'te ga1,2 car% a,5&o/t%/c &o&"la4ii ,% ,5"#5tori
7i car% atra2 B# ac%la7i ti& a"6iliarii car% /"#t ,"7a#ii lor #at"rali.
"upta curativ# lansarea de auxiliari .Tric@o2raa? E#car/ia -oro/a?
Dac#"/a %tcU0N utilizarea de virusuri acterii i ciuperci$ Bacill"/
t@"ri#2i%#/i/? 8ir"/"l 2ra#"lo3%i M8ir"/ /&%ci-ic car&oca&/%i? ci"&%rci a#ta2o#i/t%
c" al4i &ato2%#iN confuzia sexual &ri# -olo/ir%a ,% -%roo#i car% ac4io#%a35 ca
atracti8i 7i /ti"l%#4i &%#tr" /%6"l o&"/? &ro,"7i &% cal% /i#t%tic5N utilizarea de
atractivi$ M ali%#tariG 3a@5r? o4%t? @i,roli3a4i ,% &rot%i#%N c@iiciG %tal,%@i,5
&%#tr" %lciN -i3ici G /"#%t? l"i#5? c"loar% . c"loar%a 2al=%#5 &%#tr" "/c"li4a
al=50N folosirea de insecticide vegetaleG &ir%tri#% &%#tr" a-i,%? "7t%? &5ia#>%#"l
ro7"N "tili3ar%a rot%#o#%i car% &ro8i#% ,i# D%rri/? Lo#c@ocar&"/? &%#tr"
colora,o? a-i,%? tri&7i? -l"t"r%l% al= al 8%r3%iN "tili3ar%a #icoti#%i B&otri8a
a-i,%lorN "tili3ar%a "#or &r%&arat% &% =a35 ,% Mua)ia B&otri8a i#/%ct%lor
$(
#oct"r#%N -olo/ir%a ,% "l%i"ri minerale i vegetale car% colat%a35 or2a#%l%
r%/&iratorii al% i#/%ct%lor G /5&"# #%2r" 7i alcool ar/ car% ac4io#%a35 ca 7i
"l%i"ril%N utilizarea de sustane fitosanitare a,i/% &ri# L%2%a #r 3(V2111 G
/"l-? c"&r"? 3%a5 =or,%l%35? /"l-at ,% calci"N
-. PROTECTIA MEDIULUI
INTRODUCERE
No4i"#%a ,% N Me,iu O %/t% a,%/%a -oart% 8a25. I# 2%#%ral? /%#/"l %/t%
,%/t"l ,% r%,"ctor 7i co#/t5 B# a ,%/%#a c%%a c% #% B#co#>oar5 7i c%%a la c% #oi
/"#t% /%#/i=ili? o &%r/&%cti85 ,% alt-%l &ar4ial5 car% ,%#at"r%a35 a,%85rata /a
/%#i-ica4i%. Di# ac%a/t5 ca"35 %/t% ,% ,orit ,% a B#c%rca o alta ,%-i#i4i%? #"
#"ai &%#tr" a &"t%a B#4%l%2% ai =i#% "# co#c%&t -oart% lar2? &%#tr" a &"t%a -i
"tili3at B#tot,%a"#a B# ,ir%c4ia ,orit5? ci 7i &%#tr" a &"t%a &"#% B# %8i,%#45
a#"it% #"a#4% car% tr%c a,%/%a #%o=/%r8at% at"#ci c*#, /"=i%ct"l %/t% a=or,at.
A=or,ar%a &r%/"&"#% ,o"5 ,%-i#i4ii a,%/%a /iilar% .A,%%? 1++(0 ca 7i
-or5 ,ar car% &r%3i#t5 #"a#4% car% l% ,i-%r%#4ia35 B# o, co#/i,%ra=ilG
$+
aB 4MEDIU5/ un ansam'lu de !actori a'iotici sau !i)icoc+imici
*climat, topogra!ie, sol, etc..2 &i !actori 'iotici sau tro!ici *para)itism, prdare,
concuren2 care reacionea) &i determin existena organismelor vii(
6B 4MEDIU5/ un ansam'lu de raporturi cau)e!ect care
con!igurea) elementele care ne ncon:oar *!i)ice, c+imice &i 'iologice2 n
interiorul crora organismele vii reacionea) ntro !orm sau alta.
Pria ,%-i#i4i% %/t% a6at5 &% %#"%rar%a %l%%#t%lor /tatic% car%
co#-i2"r%a35 %,i"l r"ral? co&orta%#t"l ,i#aic al ac%/t"ia a#i-%/t*#,"M/%
B# o, i&licit.
A ,o"a ,%-i#i4i% %/t% a6at5 &% co&orta%#t"l ,i#aic al %,i"l"i r"ral 7i
,atorit5 ac%/t%i a=or,5ri %a %/t% ai co#-or5 c" /tar%a act"al5 %6i/t%#t5 B#
l"%.
C" 8or=i ,% o ,%-i#i4i% a,%/%a &r%a 2%#%ric5 8o B#c%rca /5 o
,%38olt5 B# c%l% c% "r%a35. At"#ci c*#, 8or=i ,% &%i/a>? /a" ,% &r%3%#4a
"#or ,%7%"ri ,i# &la/tic /a" @*rti% B# %,i"l r"ral? /"#t% a,%/%a t%#ta4i ,% a
-ac% al"3i% la caract%ri/ticil% %,i"l"i -i3ic? car% %/t% -a4%ta %,i"l"i c%a ai
%8i,%#t5 &%#tr" o. Dar %,i"l -i3ic #" %/t% co#/tit"it %6cl"/i8 ,i# co&o#%#t%?
car% t%or%tic /"#t /"&"/% &roc%/"l"i ,% alt%rar%N to&o2ra-ia? @i,rolo2ia?
%t%orolo2ia -ac ,% a/%%#%a &art% ,i# %,i" &r%c" 7i al4i -actori car% ,%
a/%%#%a i#t%r8i# a/"&ra ac%/t"ia 7i B# ac%la7i ti& "#"l a/"&ra alt"ia.
P% ,% alt5 &art%? calitat%a a&%i? &ol"a#4ii ato/-%rici? #at"ra t%r%#"l"i /a"
=o254iaV/5r5cia "#%i 45ri B# r%/"r/% i#%ral% #" /"#t ,%c*t c*t%8a /i&to% al%
"#"i %,i" ,i-icil &%rc%&ti=il 7i a#"% al %,i"l"i c@iic.
P% ,% alt5 &art%? %,i"l =iolo2ic car% ,%&i#,% ,% c%l -i3ic 7i c@iic? . toat%
tr%i -ii#, i#t%r,%&%#,%#t%0 %/t% co#/tit"it ,i# or2a#i/% icro/co&ic% 7i
acro/co&ic% B# %8ol"4i% co#ti#"5 7i car% o-%r5 o B#cr"ci7ar% i#-i#it5 ,% i#t%r%/%
7i ,% &o/i=ilit54i.
'1
I# #at"r5 &ot /5 %6i/t% /it"a4ii car% /"#t r%3"ltat"l "#%i a/oci%ri ,% 2 /a"
c@iar 3? ,i# ac%/t% 3 %,ii.
A,i4io#ar%a c%lor 3 %,ii ar -i ai a&roa&% ,% &ria ,%-i#i4i% ,ar #" 4i#%
co#t ,% #"a#4a r%i%7it5 ,i# ,%-i#i4ia a ,o"a 7i a#"% ,% i#t%rac4i"#%a lor
,i#aic5 7i a#"% ,% a#/a=l"l ,% /i#%r2ii? i#@i=i4ii? co#c"r%#4% car% /%
/ta=il%/c B#tr% ac%/t% 2 /a" 3 %,ii.
U#%ori? acti8itat%a o"l"i ar% %-%ct% #%2ati8% a/"&ra a#"itor %,ii /a"
r%/"r/% #at"ral%? a,%/%a B#/5 %/t% ,%/t"l ,% ,i-icil ,% a c"a#ti-ica &r%ci/ ac%/t
i&act.
A/t53i a/i/t5 la o co#7ti%#ti3ar% ,i# c% B# c% ai ar% a #%c%/it54ii ,% a
&r%3%r8a %,i"l? car% %/t% r%3"ltat"l ,%38olt5rii 7tii#4i-ic% 7i /ocial% a "#or
7tii#4% &r%c" Ecolo2ia. Ac%a/ta a&ar% ca "# r5/&"#/ /ocial la cri3a ,% %,i"
l%2at5 ,% &ro2r%/"l act"al? la r%8ol"4ia t%@#olo2ic5 7i i#,"/trial5? la cr%7t%r%a
,%o2ra-ic5 car% -a8ori3%a35 #a7t%r%a "#%i /%#/i=ilit54i C%colo2ic%D B# o&i#ia
&"=lic5.
A>"#7i la ac%/t &"#ct? tr%="i% /5 -ac% ,i-%r%#4a B#tr% ecologie &i
ecologism. I# -a&t? %colo2i/"l %/t% l%2at B# c%a ai ar% &art% l%2at ,%
atit",i#i 7i i,%i -ilo3o-ic% /a" &olitic% -5r5 ra&ort c" Ecolo2ia.
D%38oltar%a i#,"/trial5 co#/tit"i% o a%#i#4ar% co#/ta#t5 &%#tr" %,i".
Soci%t54il% i#,"/trial% ,i# c% B# c% ai co&%titi8%? /"= &r%/i"#%a &i%4%i ti#, ,%
a cr%7t% la a6i &ro,"c4ia lor? r%,"c*#, a/t-%l co/t"ril% ,% &ro,"c4i%. Di# ac%/t
oti8 #ici "# /i/t% ,% i#ii3ar% a &a2"=%lor #" %/t% &"/ B# a&licar%.
Tot"7i a#"it% B#tr%&ri#,%ri a" B#c%&"t /5M7i a/"% r%/&o#/a=ilitat%a?
,%38olt*#, &ro2ra% ,% 2%/ti"#% a %,i"l"i. P%#tr" ac%/t%a? #" %/t% 8or=a ,% o
o=li2a4i% ci ,% "# 8%rita=il ,%%r/ 8ol"#tar ,%/ti#at a a%liora %,i"l 7i B#
ac%la7i ti& o ia2i#% ,% arc5.
A,o&tar%a "#"i a/t-%l ,% /i/t% ,"c% la o=4i#%r%a "#or ari a8a#ta>%
&%#tr" o B#tr%&ri#,%r% .A,%% 1++(0G
%o minimizare a costurilor i a riscurilor&
'1
%o ameliorare a performanelor vis a vis de respectarea criteriilor de
mediu&
%o mai un conformitate cu legile n vigoare&
% mai une relaii cu furnizorii, clienii, ncile, colectivitile&
-.. CONCEPTUL DE DE3VOLTARE DURA&IL"
Co#c%&t"l ,% O,%38oltar% ,"ra=il5O i#/tit"4io#ali3at B# 1+(' ,% c5tr%
coi/ia Br"#,tla#, ,i# ca,r"l ONU 7i car% &r%/"&"#% ; o de)voltare care
satis!ace nevoile pre)entului, !r a compromite capacitatea generaiilor
urmtoare de a&i satis!ace propriile nevoi; ? %/t% "# co#c%&t "#i8%r/al citat 7i
-oart% "lt i#t%r&r%tat B# c%%a c% &ri8%7t% co#ota4iil% car% &ot ,%c"r2% ,i#
a&licar%a l"i.
I# ac%/t% co#,i4ii B#ai#t% ,% a #% la#/a B# ,i-%rit% i#t%r&r%t5ri al% ,%-i#i4i%i
ac%/t"i co#c%&t? %/t% =i#% ,% 853"t c%%a c% a" B#4%l%/ &rootorii co#c%&t"l"i
&ri# ac%a/t5 ,%38oltar%.
Pri# O satis!acerea nevoilor pre)entului; coi/ia Br"#,tla#, a B#4%l%/G
H nevoi economice, car% &r%/"&"# accesul la mi"loacele de existen
precum i securitatea economic n caz de oma", oal, 5andicap sau orice
alt form de incapacitate de a reui prin sine nsui de a%i satisface
necesitile de existenN
'2
H nevoi sociale, culturale &i sanitare c% &r%/"&"# o locuin corectP&
sigur& pecuniar accesiil i prote"at& legat la un sistem de aduciune de
ap, sisteme de canalizare, transport n comun, organisme de sntate& ce
permite o educaie armonioas a copiilor& prote"at mpotriva pericolelor
exterioare. #erviciile treuie s rspund nevoilor specifice ale copiilor i
adulilor (ale femeilor mai ales! ceea ce implic o repartiie mai ec5itail a
veniturilor ntre naiuni i n cele mai multe cazuri c5iar n interiorul unei
anumite naiuni&
H nevoi politice, c% &r%/"&"# liertatea de a participa la viaa politic
naional i local precum i la luarea deciziilor relative la gestiunea i
dezvoltarea unei familii i a vecintii locuinei n cadrul unei structuri mai
vaste, care asigur drepturile civile i politice precum i aplicarea legislaiei
de mediu.
Part%a a ,o"a a ,%-i#i4i%i ;!r a compromite capacitatea generaiilor
viitoare de a&i satis!ace propriile nevoi; &r%/"&"#% G
E minimizarea consumului i reducerea risipei resurselor neregeneraile
precum comustiilii fosili i nlocuirea n msura posiilului cu resurse
regeneraile&
E reducerea risipei resurselor (prin reducerea utilizrii lor, reciclarea i
recuperarea lor!&
E practicarea unei exploatri duraile a resurselor regeneraile (a apei
dulci, a solurilor i a pdurilor n msura n care s permit asigurarea nnoirii
naturale a acestora&
E nedepirea limitelor capacitii de asorie a locurilor de depozitare
a deeurilor de pe plan local i mondial , i este vora de capacitatea cursurilor
de ap de a digera sustanele iodegradaile precum i de capacitatea
'3
sistemelor ecologice planetare (capacitatea climatului de a asori gazele
responsaile de efectul de ser!&
B5t5lia &%#tr" o=4i#%r%a "#"i /&ri>i# 2%#%ral la /cara B#tr%2"l"i 2lo=? B#
c%%a c% &ri8%7t% a&licar%a co#c%&t"l"i ,% ,%38oltar% ,"ra=il5 a -o/t c*7ti2at5 B#
1++2 la Rio ,% La#%iro. D"&5 ac%a/t5 B#t*l#ir% la 8*r- a &5*#t"l"i? li,%rii
&olitici a" tr%="it /5 &"#5 B# a&licar% ac%/t co#c%&t ,% de)voltare dura'il?
&r%25ti#, &olitici /%ctorial% &%#tr" &roo8ar%a "#%i agriculturi dura'ile,
industrii dura'ile, turism dura'il, silvicultur dura'il %tc..
EVALUAREA AGRO+ECOLOGICA@ SOCIO+TERITORIALA )i
ECONOMICA a RESURSELOR u'ei EXPLOATATII AGRICOLE
M%to,a ZIDEAD
AI',icat*ri ,e ,ura6ilitate a e9(l*atatiil*r agric*leB
A . INDICATORI ,e DURA&ILITATE AGROECOLOGICA
A . DIVERSITATEA ANIMALA
A #. Di7er)itatea culturil*r a'uale )i tem(*rare
O&IECT
IVE
M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are
8aloar%
a6ia
BIO
CO:
SOL
P% /&%ci% c"lti8ata G 2
Daca /"#t i# total ai "lt ,% $ 8ari%tati G
2
Daca /% co#/tata o &r%3%#ta /%#i-icati8a i#
Pa/"#il% t%&orar% ,% &a#a la ! a#i?
.i#cl"/i8 a%/t%c"ri co&l%6%0?
co#t%a3a i# calc"l &%#tr" o /&%ci% 1!
O&.EC
TIV
E
M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are 8aloar%
a6ia
BIO
CO:
P% /&%ci% &r%3%#ta G !
P% ra/a /"&li%#tara .RS0 G 1
/i -"#cti% %co#oica
C" RS S .N"ar ,% ra/% P
N"ar ,% /&%cii0
R%&ro,"catorii a/c"li /"#t %6cl"/i
1!
'4
a/olal%%#t G 3
A $. Di7er)itatea culturil*r (ere'e
O6iecti7e M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are 8aloar%
a6ia
BIO
CO:
SOL
Pa/"#% &%ra#%#ta /a" t%&orara ai ar% ,% ! a#i
< 11Q SAU G 3
> 11Q SAU G $
Poic"lt"raV 8itic"lt"ra &% /&%ci% G 2
Daca %6i/ta ai "lt ,% $ 8ari%tati
c]&a2%/ /a" &ortaltoi G 2
A2ro/il8ic"lt"ra /a" c"lt"ri &oicol% i#i%r=at% 3
Daca 8alori-icar%a %/t% -ac"ta
&ri# &a/"#at /a" &ri# co/ir%a
i%r=ii
Daca &r%3i#ta o -"#cti%
%co#oica
%6G 8i% i#i%r=ata
1!
A %. Val*ri:icarea ra)el*r regi*'ale i' regiu'ea l*r ,e *rigi'e )au a ra)el*r
cu e:ecti7 re,u) )iF)au a culturil*r ,i' )(ecii rare
O&IECT
IVE
M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are
8aloar%
a6ia
CO: BIO P% ra/a r%2io#ala i# r%2i"#%a /a ,%
ori2i#% G 3
P% 8ari%tat%? ra/a /a" /&%ci% rara /iV/a" a%#i#tata
G 2
Daca &r%3i#ta o -"#cti%
%co#oica /a" &atrio#iala !
A -. A)*lame'tul
O6iecti7e M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are 8aloar%
a6ia
CO:N SOL
BION PA^
Nici o c"lt"ra car% /a ,%&a/%a/ca
21 Q ,i# /"&ra-ata a/ola%#t"l"i G (
2! Q G '
31 Q G $
3! Q G !
41 Q G 4
4! Q G 3
!1 Q G 2
T ,% !1 Q G 1
I# ca3"l &r%3%#t%i /%#i-icati8% a "#%i c"lt"ri i# a%/t%c 2
E6 Gtritical%Va3ar%?
&a/"#i t%&orar% c" o
-lora co&l%6a 11
A C.Dime')iu'ea (arcelel*r
'!
O6iecti7e M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are 8aloar%
a6ia
SOL
BIO
CO:
PA^
:
2
O
Nici o X "#itat% /&atiala ,i# ac%a/i c"lt"ra X c" o /"&ra-ata
ai ar% ,% G
$ @a G $
( @a G !
11 @a G 4
12 @a G 3
14 @a G 2
1$ @a G 1
Daca ,i%#/i"#%a %,i% ( @a G 2
I#a-ara &a/"#ilor
#at"ral%? /i a &a>i/tilor
al&i#% (
AD. 3*'a ,e regulare ec*l*gica
AE. Actiu'i i' :a7*area (atrim*'iului 'atural
O6iecti7e
M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are
8aloar%
a6ia
BIO
PA^
Daca /% r%/&%cta "# cai%t ,% /arci#i G 2 %6G MAE? Nat"ra 2111?
CTE... 2
O6iecti7e
M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are
8aloar%
a6ia
BIO PA^
CO: :
2
O
BIE SOL
P% Q SAU .liitata la 'Q0 G 1
.rot"#>ir%a 8alorii i#-%rioar%0
9o#% "%,%? l"ci" ,% a&a G 3
Pa/"#i &%ra#%#t% i# 3o#% i#"#,a=il% .#%,r%#at% /a"
a%#,at%0 G 3
P%l"3a "/cata > _ @a G 3
A%#a>ar% a#tiM%ro3i"#% G 3
%6G 8i% /a" li8a,a i#i%r=ata? =%#3i i#i%r=at%? t%ra/% ...
Tra/%% #%%ca#i3a=il%? &a>i/tilor o#ta#% G 2
U' ar6*re i1*lat P
ar@
Per,ea ,e (r*tectie@
li1iera i'treti'uta P
H m 9 L*'gueur@
Pla:*'ata la C
Daca %6i/ta &a/"#% 12
'$
A G. I'carcatura ,e a'imale
O6iecti7e M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are 8aloar%
a6ia
:
2
O SOL
CO: RL)
I#carcat"ra
Mai ica ,% 1?! UGBV@a SFP G 2
Mi#tr% 1?! /i 1?4 UGBV@a G !
Mi#tr% 1?4 /i 1?( UGBV@a G 3
Mi#tr% 1?( /i 2 UGBV@a G 1
Mai ar% ,% 2 UGBV@a G 1
!
A H. Ge)tiu'ea )u(ra:etel*r :ura>ere
O6iecti7e M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are 8aloar%
a6ia
SOL
:
2
O
PA^
BIO
CO:
RLP
Li8a,a i#i%r=ata G 1
Co/itT &a/"#at G 1
Pa/"#% &%ra#%#ta ai ar% ,% 31 Q ,%cat SAU G 2
S"&ra-ata c" &or"= &%#tr" /ilo3 G
Mai ica ,% 21 Q ,% la SFP G 1
Mi#tr% 21 %t 41 Q G 1
M ai ar% ,% 41 Q ,% la SFP G M1
3
A . Fertili1are
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
:
2
O
RNR
AIR
RLP
SOL
Bila#t a&ar%#t G
Mi#-%rior la 21 A2 NV@a G 11
Mi#tr% 21 /i 31 A2 G (
Mi#tr% 31 /i 41 A2 G $
Mi#tr% 41 /i !1 A2 G 4
Mi#tr% !1 /i $1 A2 G 2
Mi#tr% $1 /i (1 A2 G 1
M i#tr% (1 /i 111 A2 G M2
Mai ar% ,% 111 A2V N V@a G M4
Pr%3%#ta c"lt"rilor ca&ca#a .ari
co#/"atoar%0&%#tr" N G 3
P i#%ral ` 41 "#itatiV @a SAU Va# G M1
J i#%ral ` 41 "#itatiV @a SAU Va# G M1
I# %,i% &% 2 a#i /i i#a-ara
a#ali3%lor a liit%l% a6i%
a,i/%
12
A #. Tratarea e:lue'til*r
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
:
2
O RL)
RNR AER
Utili3ar%a ,%>%ctiilor lic@i,% G M 2 Ca /i %-l"%#t
&ri#ci&al
''
Utili3ar%a 2"#oi"l"i ,% 2ra>, G 2
Utili3ar%a co&o/t"l"i G 2
La2"#ar%? o6i2%#ar%a ,%>%ctiilor lic@i,% ? tratar%a liti%r%i &% cal%
=iolo2ica G 1
E6i/t%#ta "#%i %cor%,%8%#t% &%#tr" &ol"ar% /iV/a" %lii#ar% ,ir%cta ,%
%-l"%#ti i# %,i"l #at"ral G M 4
4
A $. Pe)tici,e
O6iecti7e M*,alitati ,e ,etermi'are 8aloar%
a6ia
BIO
:
2
O SOL
AER RL)
RLP
CO:
Pr%/i"#% Pol"a#ta S S"&ra-ata tratata
S"&ra-ata i# a/ola%#t .@a0
PP S 1 G 12 &"#ct%
Mai ica ,% 1 G 11
Mi#tr% 1 /i 2 G (
M i#tr% 2 /i 3 G $
Mi#tr% 3 /i 4 G 4
Mi#tr% 4 /i $ G 2
Mi#tr% $ /i ( G 1
Mi#tr% ( /i 11 G 1
Mi#tr% 11 /i 12 G M 1
Mi#tr% 12 /i 14 G M 2
Mi#tr% 14 /i 1$ G M 3
Mi#tr% 1$ /i 1( G M 4
Mai ar% ,% 1( G M !
R%2lar%a &"l8%ri3ator"l"i ,% catr% "# or2a#i/
a2r%at G 1
Di3&o3iti8 ,% r%c"&%rar% /i ,% tratar% a r%/t"rilor ,%
&% -"#,"l &"l8%ri3atoar%lor G 1
L"&ta =iolo2ica G 2
Utili3ar%a ,% &ro,"/%
M,i# cla/a ' G M!
M,i# cla/a $ G M3

D%3="r"i%#ar%a &a/"#ilor #at"ral% G M2
B%#3i i#i%r=at% ,%Ma l"#2"l c"r/"rilor ,% a&a G 2
MS"&ra-ata tratata G
"# @a tratat # ori S # @a
U# ti& ,% &ro,"/ S
-"#2ici,? i#/%ctici, /a"
%r=ici, /a" r%2"lator.
MU# a%/t%c ,% 2 ti&"ri ,%
&ro,"/% co#t%a3a ca /i 2
trata%#t%. E6%&l" G
R%2"latorTEr=ici,S2 @a
L"&ta =iolo2ica #" %/t%
co#/i,%rata ca /i trata%#t
I#lcl"/i8 i# ca3"l "#or /"&ra-%t%
ici
12
A %. C*',itii ,e c*':*rt (e'tru a'imale
O&I
ECTI
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
'(
VE
BIE N RLP
RL) N ET:
Toat% &a/"#il% /a -i% &rot%>at% ."=ra? a,a&o/t"ri? ..0 G 1
Pro,"ctia a#iala /a /% r%ali3%3% i# %6t%rior .a%r li=%r0 /a" 2ra>, c"
/"&ra-ata %6t%rioara G 2
N%"tili3ar%a &a/"#at"l"i ./i/t% ,% &ro,"cti% &% 2ra>, G M3
Gra>,"ri /a" &ractici i#a-ara #or%lor a,i/%
M&% at%li%r ,% &ro,"cti% G M 1
.%6G #"ar ,%
a#ial% V2...0 3
A -. Pr*tectia )*luril*r
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
SOL
RNR
BIO
:
2
O
Si/t% i#i ,% l"crari a /ol"l"i .-ara arat"ra0
M&% 31 M !1 Q ,i# /"&ra-ata ,i# a/ola%#tG 1
M/"r !1 M (1 Q G 2
M&% ai "lt,% (1 Q G 3
Sol"ri ,%32olit% .-ara c"lt"ri0 a 31Q G 2
Ar,%r%a &ai%lor G M3
I#,i-%r%#t ,%
&%rioa,a ,i# a#
3
A C. Irrigatie
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
RNR
:
2
O
SOL
RL)
I#%6i/t%#ta iri2arii /a" iri2ar% &icat"ra c" &icat"ra G 3
Iri2ar%
M &% c%l &"ti# 1V3 ,i# SAU G 1
M &l%ca#, ,% la o /"r/a ,% a&a coli#ara G 1
M rotatia &arc%l%lor iri2at% G 1
3
A D. De(e',e'ta e'ergetica
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
RNR
CO:
AIR
EF: ai ic ,% 211 lV@a G 3
M i#tr% 211 /i 311 lV@a G 2
M i#tr% 311 /i 411 lV@a G 1
Mai ar% /i 411 lV@a G 1
U/car%a -"ra>%lor i# 2ra>, /olar /a" alt
,i/&o3iti8 ,% r%c"&%rar% a cal,"rii G 1
EF: S Ec@i8al%#t otori#aV@a S
.otori#a lT N T AK@ T 2a30
4' 6 SAU
c" 1 J2 otori#a S 4' ML
1 "#itat% ,% a3ot S !$ ML
1 JK@ S +?! ML
1 A2 2a3 S !1 ML
3
'+
E#%r2i% %olia#a? =iocar="ra#t? =io2a3.G 1
Lege',a
1. CO: G Co%r%#ta
2. RLP G Calitat%a &ro,"/%lor
3. BIO G Bio,i8%r/itat%
!. PA^ G P%i/a>
$. AIR G A%r
'. SOL G Sol
(. :
2
O G A&a
+. RNR G R%/"r/% #%r%2%#%ra=il%
11. RL) G Calitat%a 8i%tii
11. BIE G Co#,itii ,% co#-ort &%#tr" a#ial%
12. D)L G D%38oltar% locala
13. EMP G M"##ca
14. D): G D%38oltar% "a#a
1!. RLP G Calitat%a &ro,"/%lor R"alit] ,%/ &ro,"i
1$. ADA G A,a&ta=ilitat%
1'. CIT G C%tat%#i%
&. INDICATORI DE DURA&ILITATE SOCIO+
TERITORIALA
& . CALITATEA ALIMENTELOR
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
(1
RLP
BIE
BIO
CIT? D)L
A2ric"lt"ra Ecolo2ica G(
AOC? IGP? la=%l ro/"? #ora ISO
14111 G 4
D%%r/ ,% tra/a=ilitat% G 4
Daca %6i/ta "# a#2a>a%#t co#tract"al
l%2at ,% "# t%ritori" ,at /a" l%2at ,% "#
&roc%/ ,% -a=ricar% (
& #. Val*ri:icarea (atrim*'iul c*')truit )i a (ei)a>ului
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
PA^N ET:N
CO:N RL)N
D): N
I#tr%ti#%r%a co#/tr"ctiilor ai 8%c@i
Calitat%a ar@it%ct"rala /i &%i/a>"l c% i#co#>oara
co#/tr"ctiil% r%c%#t%
Calitat%a &%i/a>"l"i
Calitat%a /tr"ct"rilor &%i/a2%r% .&%r,%l% ,%
&rot%cti%? ar=ori i3olati...0
A%#a>ar%a &%i/a2%ra a /"&ra-%t%lor c"lti8at% G
2
G%/ti"#%aVr%ciclar%a ,%/%"rilor G
1
A"toM%/tiar% ,% la M1 la T2
E6%&l"G ,%calar%a c" cati8a
a ra#,"rilor ,% &or"=
/a" a ra/i#oa/%lor car%
ar2i#%/c cail% ,% acc%/ ,i#
%,i"l r"ral
'
& $. Acce)i6ilitatea )(atiului
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
PA^ NET:N
CO:N RL)N
CIT N
Di/&o3iti8% ,% i&r%>"ir% a ca&"rilor c% &%rit tr%c%r%a o"l"i G 2
I#tr%ti#%r%a cailor ,% acc%/ G 2
Cai ,% circ"lati% &%#tr" . )TT? calar%ti? ,r"%ti 0 G 2
4
& %. Im(licare )*ciala
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
CIT
ET:
CO:
D): N D)L
I&licar% i# /tr"ct"ri a/ociati8% /iM/a" %l%cti8% #%&ro-%/io#al%
M&% a/ociati% G 2 .&la-o#at la 3 /tr"ct"ri0
R%/&o#/a=ilitat% i#trVo /tr"ct"ra a//ociati8a G 2
Loc"i#ta i# /a" i# a&ro&i%r%a -%r%i G 3
I#cl"/i8
%=rii
-aili%i
11
& - . Val*ri:icare reali1ata (ri' :iliere )curte
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
ET: CO:
CIT? D)L
I# tra#/% ,% ! Q ,i# CA G 1
./% rot"#>%/t% 0
Fili%ra /c"rtaG 8a#3ar% ,ir%cta
/a" c" 1 i#t%r%,iar a6i !
& C. Ser7icii@ (luriacti7itate
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
CIT
ET: CO:
D)L
S%r8icii i# /l">=a "#"i t%ritori" G 2
A2rot"ri/ G 2
F%ra &%,a2o2ica G 2
Practica ,% i#/%rti% /a" /a" %6&%r%#tala c" o
%6G ,%3a&%3ir%?co&o/tar%
,%/%"ri 8%r3i? %tc...
!
(1
co&o#%#ta /ociala G 3
& D. Creare ,e l*curi ,e mu'ca
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
EMP
CIT
ET:
D)L
Cr%ar% ,% loc"ri ,% "#ca G
CE S R%al %6&loatati%
PAD
CE < 1?! G 1
CE S 1?$ G 2
CE S 1?' G !
CE S 1?( G +
CE S 1?+ G11
CE S 1 G +
CE S 1?1 G !
CE S 1?2 G 2
CE > 1?3 G 1
Ec@i8al%#t PAD .Proi%ct
A2ricol D%&arta%#tal0 G 1 @a
SCOP S ' PCO S 1
PMT)A ....
11
& E. Mu'ca c*lecti7a
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
CIT
RL)
D):
D)L
Utili3ar% i# co"# ,% %c@i&a%#t% .CUMA? C%rc ,% Ma/i#i?...0 G 3
Si/t% ,% i#tra>"torar% .T 113il%Va#0 G 3
Gr"& ,% a#2a>atori G 2
M"#ca i# r%t%a .locala? #atio#ala %tcU0 G !
+
& G. Pere''itate (re7a1uta
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
RL)
EMP
E6i/t%#ta /i2"ra a -%r%i i# "ratorii 11 a#i G 3
E6i/t%#ta &ro=a=ila G 2
E6i/t%#ta ,orita G 1
Di/&ariti% &ro=a=ila a -%r%i i# "ratorii 11 a#i G 1
P"#ct"l ,% 8%,%r% al
a2ric"ltor"l"i
3
& H. C*'tri6utie la ec?ili6rul alime'tar m*',ial
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
CO: NET:
D):
Proc%#t"l i&ortat.PI0 S /"r-ac% i&ortata
SAU
S"&ra-ata i&ortataG 4
t ,% ali%#t% a#ial%
(2
PI i#-%rior la 11 Q G 11
11 < PI < 21 Q G (
21 < PI < 31 Q G $
31 < PI < 41 Q G 4
41 < PI < !1 Q G 2
PI /"&%rior la !1 Q G 1
Pro,"ctia ,% &rot%i#a -"ra>%ra G !
co#c%#trat% c"&arat%
S 1 @a %c@i8al%#t
%6%&l%? t"rt%
2ra#"lat% /i ali%#t%
-or"lat%...
11
& . F*rmare
O6iecti7e
MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
8aloar%
a6ia
CO:
RL)
D):
D)L
N"ar ,% 3il% ,% -orar% co#ti#"a a#"ala G 1 &"#ct &% 3i
.&la-o#at la !0
Priir% ,% /ta2iari .ai "lt ,% 11 3il% &% a#0 G 2
Priir% ,% 2r"&"ri &ro-%/io#al% .a2ric"ltori /a" /t",%#ti0G 2
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MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
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C . Via6ilitatea ec*'*mica
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M,% la 1?( la 2 Sic G 11
M,% la 2 la 2?2 Sic G 12
M,% la 2?2 la 2?4 Sic G 14
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M,% la 2?$ la 2?( Sic G 1(
M,% la 2?( la 3 Sic G 1+
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M ai ica ,% 2! Q ,i# CA .ci-ra ,% a-ac%ri0 G (
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M c"&ri#/a i#tr% !1 /i (1 Q G 2
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C%l ai ai i&orta#t cli%#t c"&ara ai &"ti# ,%
!1 Q ,i# CAG 2
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D%&%#,%#ta -i#a#ciara G DF S Datoriilor
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M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 2! /i 31 Q G +
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M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 3! /i 41 Q G 3
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&ri8at% l%2at% ,% -%ra
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S%#/i=ilitat% la /"=8%#tii .SS S S"=8%#tii0
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M ai ica ,% 21 Q G 11
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 21 /i 41 Q G (
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 41 /i $1 Q G $
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% $1 /i (1 Q G 4
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% (1 /i 111 Q G 2
Mai ar% ,% 111 Q G 1
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co#tract%lor CTE? MAE?
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MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
ADA
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EMP
D)L
Tra')mi)i6ilitate S Ca&ital
UT:
Tra#/i/i=ilitat%
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M c"&ri#/a i#tr% !11 /i $11 JF G 1(
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% $11 JF /i '11 JF G 1$
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% '11 /i (!1 JF G 14
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 1?(! /i 1 MF G 12
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 1 /i 1?2 MF G 11
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M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 1?! /i 1?+ MF G $
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 1?+ /i 2?4 MF G 4
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 2?4 /i 3 MF G 2
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C C. E:icie'ta (r*ce)ului (r*,ucti7
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Fili%ra &ro,"/%lor a2ricol% /% r%-%r5 la c%l &"4i# tr%i actoriG
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MODALITATI DE DETERMINARE
CO:
RNR
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E-ici%#ta S Pro,"/ M I#&"t
Pro,"/
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M ai ica ,% 11 Q G 1
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 11 %t 21 Q G 3
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 21 %t 31 Q G $
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 31 %t 41 Q G +
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% 41 %t !1 Q G 12
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% !1 %t $1 Q G 1!
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% $1 %t '1 Q G 1(
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% '1 %t (1 Q G 21
M c"&ri#/a i#tr% (1 %t +1 Q G 24
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I#&"t"ri S c@%lt"i%li
o&%ratio#al% .i#cl"/i8
i#&"t"ril% ,i# at%li%r%l% ,%
tra#/-orar%0
Pro,"/%G i#a-ara &ri%lor PAC
)aloar%
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(!
+ (r*,uc2t*rul@ car% 8a -i B# o, /&%cial at%#t la calitat%a a2ro#oic5
.ra#,a%#t"l &ot%#4ial? caract%r"l r"/tic? r%3i/t%#4a la =oli 7i ,5"#5tori?
&r%cocitat%a...0 N
+ tra'):*rmat*rul 8i ,i)tri6uit*rul@ car% /"#t l%2a4i ,% calitat%a
t%@#olo2ic5 a &ro,"/"l"i .&ro,"c4i%? co#/%r8ar%? tra#/-orar%??
tra#/&ort...0 N
+ c*')umat*rul@ &%#tr" car% #o4i"#%a ,% calitat% cor%/&"#,% la ,i-%rit%
a7t%&t5ri G
% 5edonism$ calitate vizual i gustativ&
% alimentaie i sntate$ calitatea nutriional, calitatea igienic, (produs
lipsit de resturi de pesticide, micro%organisme patogene, metale grele, nivel al
nitrailor acceptail...!,
%preocupri pentru mediu$ calitatea ecologic cu impactul produciei
asupra ntregului lan trofic a mediului (poluarea!, prolemele H7-&
% preocupri etice i sociale$ condiii sociale, oiectivele politice ale
produciei.
-. CALITATEA AGRONOMIC" V"3UT" DIN UNGJIUL
PRODUC"TORULUI
F="#5t54ir%a calit54ii a2ro#oic% %/t% "#"l ,i# o=i%cti8%l% &ri#ci&al% a
c%rc%t5rii 7i %6&%ri%#t5rii B# a2ric"lt"r5 .B="#5t54ir%a t%@#icilor ,% l"&t5
B&otri8a =olilor? ,5"#5torilor 7i ="r"i%#ilorN -%rtili3ar%a? ra#,a%#t?
co#/%r8ar%a %tcU0.
($
-.# CALITATEA TEJNOLOGIC"
Calitat%a t%@#olo2ic5 Bi &ri8%7t% B# /&%cial &% &ro,"c5tori /"= a/&%ct"l
co#/%r85rii &ro,"/%lor r%coltat%? &% tra#/-oratori B# c5"tar%a &ro,"/%lor car% /%
co#-or%a35 #or%lor t%@#olo2ic% ,% tra#/-orar% i#,"/trial5 ./a" arti3a#al50?
7i &% ,i/tri="itori car% tr%="i% /5 a/i2"r% o calitat% B# r%la4i% c" &r%4"l &i%4%i . A
-o/t co#/tat -a&t"l? c5 a#"it% &ro,"/% &ro8%#it% ,i# a2ric"lt"ra %colo2ic5?
l%2"%l% B# /&%cial? /% co#/%r85 ai =i#% ,%c*t c%l% &ro8%#it% ,i# a2ric"lt"ra
co#8%#4io#al5? &ro=a=il &% oti8"l "#%i co#4i#"t ai ar% ,% /"=/ta#45 "/cat5.
R%-%ritor la /"=/ta#4%l% to6ic% #at"ral%? c" /"#t icoto6i#%l% /a" Oi#/%ctici,%l%
#at"ral%O /i#t%ti3at% ,% c5tr% &la#t% &%#tr" a /% a&5ra B&otri8a atac"rilor ,%
,5"#5tori? &"t% /%#ala &ro=l%% &"#ct"al% &%#tr" a #"it% &ro,"/%
tra#/-orat%.
-.$ CALITATEA VI3UAL" !I CALITATEA GUSTATIV"
Calitat%a 8i3"al5 &oat% ,%8%#i "# %l%%#t i&orta#t B# 5/"ra B# car% &ro,"/%l%
%colo2ic% /"#t ,i# c% B# c% ai "lt co%rciali3at% 7i acc%/i=il% ar%l"i &"=lic
car% %/t% o=i7#"it c" #or% 8i3"al% .5ri%? c"loar%? -5r5 O,%-%ct%O -i3ic%
i&"/% ,%Ma r*#,"l a#ilor &ri# %6i2%#4%l% tot ai ari al% c"&5r5torilor 7i car%
a" a8"t r%&%rc"/i"#i la &ro,"c5tori. P"t% cita a/t-%l a/&%ct"l #%2ati8 a &%t%lor
,% 3%a5 =or,%l%35 &% -r"ct%l% 7i l%2"%l% =iolo2ic%? car% arat5 ar%l"i &"=lic
c5 &ro,"/%l% =iolo2ic% &ot /5 -i% tratat%.
Crit%riil% calit54ii 2"/tati8% /"#t B# &art% /"=i%cti8% B# 5/"ra B# car% a&r%ci%r%a
-i#al5 ,%&i#,% ,% crit%riil% &%r/o#al% 7i c"lt"ral% al% co#/"ator"l"i? ,ar "#
a#"it #"5r ,% crit%rii o=i%cti8% c" ar -i &roc%#t"l ,% 3a@5r? -%ritat%a?
aci,itat%a &%rit %-%ct"ar%a /t",iilor co&arati8% B# t%r%#i ,% calitat%
2"/tati85. P%#tr" a a/ca /"=i%cti8itat%a B# %8al"ar%a 2"/tati85 a -o/t %-%ct"at%
,o"5 ti&"ri ,% t%/t%G
M t%/t"l tri"#2@i"larN
('
M t%/t"l c" o 2a5 ,% ,%2"/t5tori a#tr%#a4i.
A#c@%t%l% ,% o&i#i% arat5 c5 "l4i ,i#tr% co#/"atori -ac o ,i-%r%#45 2"/tati85
B# -a8oar%a &ro,"/%lor &ro8%#it% ,i# a2ric"lt"ra %colo2ic5. Ac%/t -a&t ar &"t%a /5
/% ,ator%3% "r5torilor ,oi -actoriG
M act"l c"&5r5rii? car% %/t% ,ir%c4io#at 7i car% ori%#t%a35 &%rc%&4ia 2"/tati85N
Mo "tili3ar% a 8ari%t54ilor c" 8aloar% 2"/tati85 ai 2%#%rali3at5 B# a2ric"lt"ra
%colo2ic5. A/t-%l? a/iilar%a 2"/t"l"i &oat% -i -a8ori3at5 ,% c5tr% 8*#3ar%a
,ir%cta a &ro,"/%lor %colo2ic%. Ac%a/t5 8*#3ar% B# circ"it /c"rt &%rit%
&ro,"c5torilor /5 -a8ori3%3% 8ari%t54il% c" o calitat% 2"/tati85 ri,icat5 B# ra&ort
c" alt% crit%rii co%rcial%? l"cr" car% ar &"t%a %8ol"a ,ac5 ,i/tri="4ia &ro,"/%lor
%colo2ic% /% ori%#t%a35 /&r% circ"it% ai l"#2i. F# 2%#%ral? /t",iil% co&arati8%
,a" r%3"ltat% 8aria=il%? 7i B# /&%cial ,i# ca"3a &ro=l%%lor %to,olo2ic%?
&rotocoal%l% "tili3at% #" a" &%ri/ &%#tr" o%#t &"#%r%a B# %8i,%#45 a
,i-%r%#4%lor /tati/tic /%#i-icati8%? /"=li#ii#, B#c5 o,at5 #%c%/itat%a ai "ltor
c%rc%t5ri B# ac%/t% ,o%#ii. R%4i#%? c5 -actorii car% i#-l"%#4%a35 2"/t"l /"#t? B#
or,i#%a i&orta#4%i 7i a 8ari%t54iiG t%r%#"l? a#"l cliatic? 7i %8%#t"al o,"l ,%
&ro,"c4i%.
-.% CALITATEA NUTRIIONAL"
C%a ai ar% &art% a /t",iilor a2ric"lt"r5 %colo2icVa2ric"lt"r5 co#8%#4io#al5
,%/&r% calitat%a #"tri4io#al5 /% r%-%r5 la co#4i#"t"l B# /"=/ta#45 "/cat5 7i la
co&o3i4ia B# %l%%#t% i#%ral%? 8itai#%? &rot%i#%? %tc. a &la#t%lor 7i a
&ro,"/%lor a#ial%. Ac%a/t5 co&o3i4i% i#t%r%/%a35 ,ir%ct #"tri4io#i/t"l ,%/&r%
co#/%ci#4%l% ali%#t%lor i#2%rat% a/"&ra %6&%ri%#45 la alta oricar% ar -i o,"l ,%
&ro,"c4i%. N" %/t% &o/i=il ca la ora act"al5 /5 %6tra2% co#cl"3ii ,%-i#iti8% B#
((
-a8oar%a "#"ia /a" alt"ia ,i# ac%/t% ,o"5 o,"ri ,% &ro,"c4i%. Tot"7i? a" -o/t
o=/%r8at% ,i-%r%#4% /%#i-icati8%G
MP%#tr" "# a#"it #"5r ,% &ro,"/%? B# /&%cial l%2"%? a>oritat%a /t",iilor
co&arati8% a &"/ B# %8i,%#45 "# co#4i#"t B# /"=/ta#45 "/cat5 ai ar% B#
&ro,"/%l% %colo2ic%N
M r%3"ltat%l% #"%roa/%lor /t",ii /"#t ,at% B# ra&ort c" /"=/ta#4a "/cat5. Ori
co#c%#tra4iil% B# /"=/ta#45 "/cat5 a &ro,"/%lor%c -ii#, a,%/%a ai ari ,%c*t a
&ro,"/%lor &ro8%#it% ,i# a2ric"lt"ra co#8%#4io#al5? ac%a/t5 %6&riar% a
r%3"ltat%lor &oat% a/ca ,i-%r%#4% B# co#c%#tra4iil% B# a#"it% %l%%#t% la
#i8%l"l ali%#ta4i%i? &%#tr" c5 &ro,"/"l &roa/&5t %/t% c%l ai a,%/%a co#/"at
.l%2"%? -r"ct%0? 7i #" &ro,"/"l a7a c" %/t% %l "/cat &%#tr" a#ali35N
% :arametrii de determinare a calitii nutriionale sunt multifactoriali i n
mod frecvent ali factori dec(t modul de cultur (condiiile pedoclimatice,
variailitatea genetic c5iar i n cadrul unei varieti, etc.! masc5eaz
efectele te5nicilor culturale. Experimentarea tiinific s%a tut ineneles de
aceti factori de variaie (repetiii, protocoale de prelevare a proelor ine
definite,...!, dinpotriv, treuie s se verifice dac aceste precauii au fost
luate n calcul n studiile QcomparativeQ realizate de ctre pres sau de ctre
unele asociaii.
-.- CALITATEA IGIENIC" SAU SANITAR" A PRODUSELOR
ECOLOGICE !I IMPACTUL LOR ASUPRA S"N"T"II
Noii co#/"atori ,% &ro,"/% =iolo2ic% /"#t ,i# c% B# c% ai /%#/i=ili la
&ro=l%a r%/t"rilor ,% &%/tici,% 7i #itra4i ,i# ali%#t%? 7i a7t%&t5rilor lor ,% la
&ro,"/%l% =iolo2ic% /% r%-%r5 ai al%/ la i&act"l ac%/tora &%#tr" /5#5tat%a lor.
St",i%r%a r%/t"rilor ,% &%/tici,% ,i# ali%#ta4i% arat5 c5 ri/c"ril% %6i/t5N #i8%l"l
,% ri/c 7i i#t%r&r%tar% a r%3"ltat%lor ,i-%r5 ,% or2a#i/"l a#c@%tator? &"#*#, B#
l"i#5 ,i8%r2%#4%l% car% &ot %6i/ta a/"&ra /5#5t54ii &"=lic%. I# c%%a c% &ri8%7t%
(+
#itra4ii 7i r%/t"ril% ,i# &%/tici,%? 8o ,i/ti#2% ,o"5 &ro=l%atici car% /%
B#tr%&5tr"#,G #itra4ii 7i r%/t"ril% ,% &%/tici,% B# ali%#t%l% &% car% l% co#/"5
.calitat%a /a#itar50? 7i l%8i2ar%a #itra4ilor 7i a &%/tici,%lor B# %,i"? car% a" "#
i&act a/"&ra -a"#%i? -lor%i 7i 8i%4ii icro=i%#% .calitat%a %,i"l"i0? 7i car% /%
r%25/%/c ,% a/%%#%a B# a&a ,% =5"t 7i B# &ra-. St",iil% 7tii#4i-ic% ,i/&o#i=il%
arat5 c5 toat5 co&l%6itat%a &% car% o ri,ic5 ac%/t% &ro=l%% l%2at% at*t ,%
ali%#ta4ia #oa/tr5 c*t 7i ,% %,i"l #at"ral B# car% tr5i.
Im(actul gl*6al a)u(ra )2'2t2<ii uma'e
Dac5 #% "it5 B# /&%cial la i&act"l &%/tici,%lor a/"&ra /5#5t54ii "a#%? tr%="i%
/5 ,i/ti#2%G
% efectele polurilor trecute, n principal cu insecticide organoclorurate,
% efectul resturilor prezente din zilele noastre n alimente,
% efectele polurii prin sursele nealimentare (ap, aer!, fr ndoial mult mai
mari dec(t cele de origine alimentar.
F# co#cl"3i% la ac%/t &ara2ra- ,%/&r% calitat%a /a#itar5? &"t% /&"#% c5
&ro,"/%l% &ro8%#it% ,i# a2ric"lt"ra %colo2ic5 &r%3i#t5 B# 2%#%ral ai &"4i#i
#itra4i 7i r%/t"ri ,% &%/tici,% ,%c*t &ro,"/%l% co#8%#4io#al%. F# c%%a c% &ri8%7t%
/"=/ta#4%l% car% ar &"t%a a8%a "# rol &rot%ctor &%#tr" /5#5tat% .&oli-%#oli? %tc.0?
a>oritat%a /t",iilor r%ali3at% arat5 "# co#4i#"t ai ri,icat B# &ro,"/%l%
&ro8%#it% ,i# a2ric"lt"ra %colo2ic5. Tot"7i? ac%/t% /t",ii /"#t &r%a &"4i#
#"%roa/% &%#tr" a &"t%a %6tra2% #i7t% co#cl"3ii ,%-i#iti8%. )a tr%="i ,%ci /5
"lti&lic5 ac%/t ti& ,% /t",ii &%#tr" a 8ali,a r%3"ltat%l% %6i/t%#t%? 7i ac%a/ta
toat5 co&l%6itat%a car% o ri,ic5 ac%/t% &ro=l%% l%2at% at*t ,% ali%#ta4ia
#oa/tr5 c*t 7i ,% %,i".
CALITATEA A&ORDAT" PRIN METODE ANALITICE GLO&ALE
+1
D%t%ri#ar%a "#%i calit54i O2lo=al%O &ri# %to,% a#alitic% .#"it% 7i %to,%
@oli/tic%0 ar% la ori2i#% %to,%l% &"/% la &"#ct ,% c5tr% PFEIFFER? a"tor al
a#ilor 1+$1? c"&ri#,%G ca&acitat%a /%i#4%lor ,% a 2%ri#a ,"&5 %6&"#%r%a la
c5l,"r5N %to,a ,% cri/tali3ar% /%#/i=il5N %to,a croato2ra-ic5 circ"lar5. A"
-o/t &ro&"/% a&oi alt% %to,%? &ri#tr% car% c%l% =io%l%ctro#ic% 7i =io-oto#ic%.
Ac%/t% %to,% ia" B# calc"l %#%r2ia ali%#t"l"i? ac%/ta -ii#, co#/i,%rat ca 8i"? 7i
-ac a&%l la &r%25tiri &%#tr" a#ali3% car% #" ,i/tr"2 i#t%rac4i"#il% B#tr% ol%c"l%
i#8%r/ -a45 ,% %to,%l% cla/ic% ,% a#ali35. Ac%/t% t%@#ici &ot /5 &ar5 /"=i%cti8%?
i#t%r&r%tar%a lor r5*#*#, l%2at5 ,% %6&%ri%#tator? 7i ,i# ac%a/t5 ca"35 #" /"#t
B#c5 r%c"#o/c"t% 7tii#4i-ic.
-.C CALITATEA ECOLOGIC" ACALITATEA RE3IDUALAB
Calitat%a %colo2ic5 aco&%r5 "# ,o%#i" 8a/t ,% r%-l%6ii? %r2*#, &*#5 la
i&lica4ii &olitic% 7i /ocial%. A2ric"ltor"l car% /% a#2a>%a35 B#trM"# ti& ,%
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