Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
securitate
cibernetic,
guvernan
cibernetic,
securitate
1 Fundamentare teoretic
Inovarea continu i progresul tehnologic constituie factorii ce au
susinut n ultimii 40 de ani emergena unei noi realiti cotidiene: spaiul
cibernetic sau realitatea virtual. Dup cum rezult din literatura de
specialitate, spaiul cibernetic reprezint unul dintre cei mai importani piloni ai
1
dezvoltrii economice la nivel internaional . Din punct de vedere academic,
guvernana i securitatea spaiului cibernetic continu s provoace abordri tot
mai diverse, motiv pentru care, la momentul actual, nu putem vorbi de o
definiie unanim acceptat a noiunii de spaiu cibernetic. n opinia lui
Benjamin S. Buckland, spaiul cibernetic constituie o reea vast (ce include
2
Internetul) de terminale i infrastructuri cibernetice , interconectate ntre ele cu
scopul de a transmite cu rapiditate date i informaii relevante. Din perspectiva
acestui nou mediu, nfptuirea securitii sau a insecuritii, alturi de
producerea i diseminarea de informaii sau cunoatere, constituie elemente ce
au ajuns ntr-o bun msura n apanajul oricui. Cu toate c un eventual consens
n privina abordrilor conceptuale specifice spaiului cibernetic este improbabil
1 Steven S. MYERS, Cyber-insecurity: dealing effectively with the greatest threat to global economic
st
development in the 21 century, n Where Cyber Security is Heading An independent discussion paper
on
cyber
security,
Security&Defence
Agenda,
2013,
p.
52,
disponibil
la
http://www. securitydefenceagenda.org,
accesat la 8 august
2013.
2 Benjamin S. BUCKLAND, Fred SCHREIER, and Theodor H. WINKLER, Democratic Governance
Challenges of Cyber Security. n DCAF Horizon, nr. 1, p. 50, 2012, disponibil la http://www.dcaf.ch,
accesat la7 august 2013.
10 Hamadoun TOURE, Defining cyber-security and cyber-resilience, n Where Cyber Security is Heading
An independent discussion paper on cyber security, Security&Defence Agenda, 2013, p. 14, disponibil la
http://www. securitydefenceagend a.org, accesat la 8 august 2013.
11
st
11 Evan H. POTTER, Cyber-Diplomacy: Managing Foreign Policy in the 21 Century, Quebec, McGillQueens University Press, 2002, p. 7.
12 Joseph NYE Jr., Cyber Power, Cambridge, Harvard Kennedy School, 2010, disponibil la
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/cyber-power. pdf, accesat la 9 august 2013.
13
Din domeniul studiilor
strategice.
14 Legislaia internaional relevant este bazat pe rezoluiile nr. 55/63 din 4 decembrie 2000 ale
Adunrii Generale a Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite; rezoluiile nr. 56/121 din 19 decembrie 2001 ale Adunrii
Generale a Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite; recomandarea Consiliului Europei Nr. R (89) 9, respectiv
Convenia European cu privire la criminalitatea cibernetic.
15 Louise ARIMATSOU, A Treaty for Governing Cyber-Weapons: Potential Benets and Practical
Limitations, n 2012 4th International Conference on Cyber Conict, eds. Christian CZOSSECK, Rain
OTTID,
Katharina
,
Tallinn,
NATO
CCD
COE
Publications,
disponibil
la
http://www.ccdcoe. org/publications/, accesat la 21 iulie 2013.
16
A se vedea i Stuart H. STARR, Towards an Evolving Theory of Cyberpower, Washington, DC,
Center for
Technology and National Security Policy National Defense University,
2009.
17
n vederea atenurii riscurilor de securitate i pentru contracararea
ameninrilor.
18 Alexander KLIMBURG, National Cyber Security - Framework Manual, Tallinn, NATO CCD COE
Publications, 2012, p.39, disponibil la http://www.ccdcoe.org, accesat la 23 iunie 2013.
19 Lorenzo FIORI, Defining Cyber Security, n Where Cyber Security is Heading An independent
discussion paper on cyber
security, Security&Defence Agenda, 2013, p. 17, disponibil la
http://www.security defenceagenda.org, accesat la 8 august 2013.
20
20 Thomas GANN, The double edge of connectivity and security in public and private sectors, n Where
Cyber Security is Heading An independent discussion paper on cyber security, Security&Defence Agenda,
2013, pp. 53-55, disponibil la http://www.securitydefen ceagenda.org, accesat la 8 august 2013.
21 Protecia datelor personale, a proprietii intelectuale, a dreptului la liber exprimare, a confidenialitii i
a intimitii personale.
22 Marieke KLAVER, Eric LUIIJF, Albert NIEUWENHUIJS, The RECIPE Project: Good Practices Manual
for CIP Policies, Brussels, European Commission, 2011, disponibil la http://www.tnr. nl/recipereport,
accesat la9 august 2013.
23 Mitchell DEAN, Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society (2nd ed.). London, SAGE
Publications, 2010, disponibil la http://www.sagepub.com/ books/Book232754, accesat la 21 iunie 2013.
24 Fredrik ERIXON et al., Protectionism Online: Internet Censorship and International Trade Law,
ECIPE Working Paper nr. 12/2009, Brussels, European Center for International Political Economy, 2009,
disponibil la
http://www. ecipe.org/media/publication_pdfs/protectionism-online-internet-censorship-and-internationaltrade- law.pdf, accesat la 4 august 2013.
25 Benjamin S. BUCKLAND et al, Democratic Governance Challenges of Cyber Security., n DCAF
Horizon, nr. 1, 2012 disponibil la http://www.dcaf.ch, accesat la28 iulie 2013.
26 John Perry BARLOW, A Declaration of the Independence in Cyberspace, 1996, disponibil la
http://homes.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html, accesat la14 iunie 2013.
27 Idem
8.
28 Maeve DION in International Cyber Incidents Legal Considerations, Eneken TIKK et al, Tallinn,
NATO CCD COE Publications, 2010, preface, disponibil la http://www.oecd. or g/ publications, accesat la23
29
august 2013.
Apud David LYON, n Brian D. LOADER, The Governance of Cyberspace: Politics,
Technology and Global Restructuring, London, Routledge, 1997, p.44.
30 Ulf HAUBLER, Cyber Security and Defense from The Perspective of Articles 4 and 5 ofthe NATO
Treaty, n Eneken TIKK et al, International Cyber Incidents Legal Considerations, Tallinn, NATO CCD
COE, 2010,
disponibil la http://www.ccdcoe. org/publications, accesat la23 iunie
2013.
31 John D. NEGROPONTE, Samuel J. PALMISANO, Defending an Open, Global, Secure, and
Resilient Internet, Washington, D.C, 2013, disponibil la http://www.cfr.org, accesat la12 august 2013.
32 Phillip A. JOHNSON, Is It Time for a Treaty on Information Warfare?, n International Law Studies,
Vol. 76, Michael N. SCHMITT and Brian T. ODONNELL (eds), Newport, Naval War College, 2002, pp.
439-455.
33 Paul CORNISH et al, On Cyber Warfare, London, Chatham House, 2010, p. 26, disponibil
la http://www. chathamh ouse.org.u k, accesat la 19 iunie 2013.