‘A. Wavelength, wave amplitude and wave types :,| = 2 ‘Ampli- 2 ‘tude (a) a Change in frequency Wavelen Higher pitch ea ee gy o y ‘Lower pitch | Che in intensity ange Inintensty tae + ara i Pane a1 Fundamental and overtones Paha? Beat tone12 Central Nervous System and Senses Physical Princip of Sound Sound, ‘Stimulus and Perception ‘Sound wave arthe adequate simul for the organ of hearing. They arse from a sound soufte such a5 2 gong (At) and are con ‘duced in gases lguds and sold. The air ‘hemain crner of ound The ar oresure ses and fal rythm 2 the Sound Sore. Tose presse waves (Sound wav) “ee ata crac soundveogty (ne centmatraks eg. a S32nVsinarcFO°C A gah Ste a posuce"s gute (ou CAN ne pith oh tone died Irequengy (te he ruber found press ‘ctaten peur te. requ meed 9 bore =e) Fr, owen de Seand cya rete ‘eee -hem)=c(n-5 may | paretonens singe rrr Thetnes CRSSny fom nn suand cura (opm ‘norms areas or au ‘Ser and anes at etm comps pte “aentl oves tone inthe ox cetranes ‘Seppe ote unc, ad the gr es Stee srr atin nerane). Ans! (21 39 ‘Gro orp ona hp hon ton soln ‘ne pede onan exper ano. The ove fre oy sir ones produc ct sot ‘Sloscarsed by 9 fet one cf 3 much mee ‘resuny (-A3 Busted “Aub bts HEE young persons can hear sunde ranging in frequen, fom 16 2on0ne. The upper knit of andy can ‘rep vo 5000 de to ging (estes) At ocoie, the abate sudtory threshold lowest sound pressrepersved a2 sound Sos ra the threshold ef sounds frequency dependent (8, geen curve) The thsheld of hearing fr 2 tne nses re ‘mendously when oer Onc ate ard ‘ares hie ghenomenon cad masks = ‘thereon wi i so difcule Gry on a cowensatn against lod fackgound 9058 “The ea 1s ovetwhemed by sound pressures ‘ver 60 P3,whih cerponde 92-10" mee ‘thesound peste of he it of auiby 00042. scunds above this level induce the sersation of pain (—B, red curve), For practical easons,che dct (48) ssused as:logarithmicmessure ofthe eaunaprecure evel (S94) Given anarburar reference sound pressure of pp =2-10-Pa, he sound pressure leva (set can be cleulatedas follows: ‘rt (48)~20-g(PPO) ba where pe ithe acta sound prseur, A ten fold increase inthe sound pressure therefore ‘means thatthe SPLrisesby 208, The Sound intensity (1) the amount of sound cnegy posing Ura geen at of aes pron me The ound intensity fs ppestins to the square ofp. Three eb ves canat be (Giaiata oe a spl tar bas fo oar, ‘oo oudipeskars proce 1d each (p= 63-102 a) hey mt pscuce 4) ogee tame 75a because p on) meses by 2 fact of V2 we hie ee bles Tos, V2-6 3-107 Patas tobe rset for pit 122 Sound waves with diferent frequencies but equal sound pressures are nt sujeced per ‘ceived 5 equally loud A 3 Hz roe isonly er ‘eid 1 be a loud as 2 2048/1000He refer. fence tne ¥ the sound pressure ofthe 63 He ones 30-fola agher (+20). miscase, ne sound pressure level ef the reference tone (20/1000 7) 2ves the loudness level ofthe (3 2ztonein phon (20 phon) at frequency fof 100DHz, the phon scab is numerically equals she d5 St sale(->8),Equallouiness Contours risophones cn enbrzned byplor- ting the subjectwe values of equalloudness for test frequencies ver the whole audible range (GB, blue cues) The absolute auditory ‘thresheld ie alo a8 isephone (4phons; 8, green curve) Human hesringis mostsensiive ‘nthe 2000-5000 Hz range (-8 ‘olds of hearing and pain on the other The green ea in place B represents the range cf frequencies and intensives fequted for com- prehensionof einry speech (+8). ‘Despopoulos, Car tas of Physiclogy © 2003 Thieme Ai is tesewe Usage Sujet fem and conatons of henseg. = Eo g., Change in requency a 4 re p.352) Ths fine difler ental capacity is mainly due wo feqvency im aging in thecochea. amplification by its cure hair cels (~p.366), and neuronal conrast along the auditory pathmay (—p.313D) This fine ring ensures thar 3 certain fequency has 2 pariuaty low threshold ac ics “imag. ings. Adjacent fiversare not recruited untz higher sourd pressures ae encountered. “intensity, Higher inten levels result higher actien penal frequencies in afferent nerve fbers and recruitment of neighboring nerve ibers(-+A)-the relative menstydif- enullereshld i501 (-p.352), which sey ‘crude compared 0 the freqienay differents threshold. Hence, Gfferences in louiness of sound afé not perceived by the human eat un de amensty level charges by aac of ‘over 11, thar is, until che sound pressure ‘changes by 2facor of over T= 108. Direction. sinauwal hearng needed 10 ‘deny the direction of sound waves and is based on the following wo effects. (1 Sound ‘waves hac strite the ea obliquely reach the averied ear late than the her, resulting in laguime-the changein drecion cata norma human subgetcan ast barely deer atecton shrshold © reughly 3 degrees. Tis zngle delays the arrival ofthe sound waves inthe averted eat by about 3-10°5 (8, left (2) ‘Sound reaching the avertec eats also per- ‘ceved 2s being qulear ifferences a small a5 1143 canbe distinguished. A ower soand ares ‘sure resulsin layed fring of actions poten. ‘as, ein creased lawncy (+B, right) Thus, ‘the impulses from the averted eat reach the (ONS later (nucleus accessors, D5) ects (Hand(2) areadauneefteas(--a),meexter- nal ear helps to decde whether the sound i= ‘coming from fron or back, abe ot below. [Binaural hearing ako helps vo distinguish = ‘eran voice aguin high bickground mise eg. atapany. Visibility cfthespaakers mouth also faiitaes comprehension Distance tothe saund source an be deter- ‘mired becuse high frequencies are at- tenuated more strongly than low frequencies ring sound ware conduction. The longer the sound wave travels. the ower the proportion Of high frequencies ‘when it reaches the listener This heps for instance, co determine ‘whether a thunderstormis nary ora ay Audtory pathway (=D. The audiory nerve fiterswithsomatapostioned inthe spt. rf ganglion of the cachea prot fom the codilea (-+01) 10 the anterolateral (02) poserorenral and dorsal cochlear nucle: (03) afferents in these thre nuclei exibit, ronwopetg. ie. they are aranged according to tone frequency a Gifereat levels of com plory. tn these. areas, eral ibeton (Go.3tsD)enhances conas. ie. suppresses ‘noise. sinautal comparson of mtersity and ‘wansi time of sound waves (direction of sound) akes place a the nece-highersaion of the audiory patway, ie in the speror lve (D4) and accessory mutes (-+D5) The ‘next stxons aren the mules gf larraliem- risus (+6) and, ater most bes Cssover ‘ot opposite sde,themferir gudhigeminal bodes (07). They synapse with numerous aMferens and serve as 2 rellex staton (eg. ‘Muscles of the middle ear; —p. 365). Here, sensory information from the cochlear nucle: ‘compared with spatalinformationfrom the superior olive Via connections rothesuperior (quacrigeminal bodies (D8) they alo ensure ootdination of the audiory and visual space by way of the shalamus (medial geniculate body, NCB: +08), the afferens utimarely ‘ea the primary auditory cartex(->D10)anc ‘me sumounding secondary auhary areas (Cep.atte,areas 1 and 22) Anaiyss of com> blr sounds short-rrm memory for compar- son of tones, and sks required for “eoves. dropping” ae some oftheir funcsons, Despapouios, Cor Atlas of Physiology © 2003 Thieme Allrights weserved. Usage eubjact to terms and conditiens of cence.‘Despopowios, Coor Atlas of Pnysioiogy © 2003 Thieme Alnights reserved. Usage subject to terme and conditiens of cence