Drept - FR - An - Ii - Vol - Iv PDF

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.
8/1996
Universitatea din Craiova

Facultatea de Drept i tiinte Administrative
Anul II
Volumul IV
Cuprins
Lect. univ. dr. Simina Badea

Limba englez................................................................................................................................3
Prof. univ. dr. Diana-Domnica Dnior

Francez juridic.........................................................................................................................43
Craiova
2010
UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

I. Informaii generale
Date de contact ale titularului de curs
Date de identificare curs i contact tutori
Nume: Simina Badea

Birou: Str. A. I. Cuza, nr. 13, Craiova, Dolj, sala 438,
Facultatea de Drept i tiine Administrative,
Telefon: 0251-419.900
Fax: 0251-419.900
E-mail: simina_badea@yahoo.com
Consultaii: Luni 12-14
Numele cursului: Limba englez

Codul cursului: FR2112
An, semestru: An II, Sem. I, II
Tipul cursului: Obligatoriu
Pagina web a cursului:
Tutore: Diana-Domnica Dnior
E-mail tutore: diana_danisor@yahoo.fr
II. Suport curs

Modulul I.
COURTS: CRIMINAL COURTS
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Criminal courts
2. Grammar: The verb the continuous aspect
Timp alocat: 2 h
Bibliografie:
1. Badea, Simina English for Law Students Curs practic de terminologie juridic i limba englez,
Ed. a II-a revzut, Ed. Universitaria, Craiova, 2008;
2. Biber, D.; Conrad, S.; Leech, G. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English,
Longman, 2002;
3. Brookes, M.; Treutenaere, C. 1000 de cuvinte-cheie n drept, Ed. Compania, Bucureti, 2002;
4. Brookes, M.; Holden, D.; Hutchinson, W. Engleza pentru juriti, Teora, 1999;
5. Gleanu-Frnoag, G; Comiel, E. Gramatica limbii engleze pentru uz colar, Omegapres,
Bucureti, 1992;
6. Grecu, Onorina Dicionar juridic romn-englez, englez-romn, C.H.Beck, Bucureti, 2008;
7. McKay, W.R.; Charlton, H.E. Legal English How to Understand and Master the Language of
Law, Longman, 2005;
8. *** Oxford Dictionary of Law, 6th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
1.1. Criminal courts
1.1.1. Classification of courts
Courts are, broadly speaking, bodies established by law for the administration of justice. A
distinction between courts is made at several levels:
1. Civil courts and criminal courts
Civil courts solve disputes between private citizens or between a citizen and the state. Criminal
courts exercise jurisdiction over criminal rather than civil cases. They hear and determine accusations
against persons that have broken the criminal law. In England and Wales almost all courts exercise both type
of jurisdiction.
2. Superior courts and inferior courts
There are superior courts, such as the House of Lords, which have unlimited jurisdiction and solve
the most difficult and important cases, whereas inferior courts, such as the magistrates courts, have limited
jurisdiction and deal with less important cases.
3. Courts of record and courts not of record
A court of record may be a superior or an inferior court and has its proceedings kept as a permanent
record in the Public Record Office.
Courts not of record are for example courts martial.
4. Courts and tribunals

The distinction between a court and a tribunal is not very clear. Every court is a tribunal, but not
every tribunal is a court.
1.1.2. Criminal courts
In England all criminal cases must be initiated in the magistrates courts. Summary offences and
some indictable offences are also tried by magistrates courts. The more serious indictable offences are
committed to the Crown Court for trial.
Magistrates courts are presided over by:
a) two or more lay magistrates (or lay justices who have the title of justices of the peace = JPs),
appointed by the Lord Chancellor and assisted by a legally qualified clerk of the court (clerks to the
justices). JPs are usually selected on the recommendation of an existing magistrate or for good character
and achievements in other walks of life. They do not receive a salary, but expenses incurred in the
performance of their judicial duties.
b) or one stipendiary magistrate appointed by the Lord Chancellor from among solicitors and
barristers of at least seven years standing. Stipendiary magistrates are full-time members of the court. They
receive wages or a stipend.
The functions of magistrates courts include:
- to exercise summary criminal jurisdiction. Thus, the magistrates criminal jurisdiction is mainly
limited to summary and either way offences.
- to act as examining justices during committal proceedings in the preliminary examination of
persons accused of indictable offences. Thus, when a person is charged with an indictable
offence, magistrates sit as examining justices to decide whether the prosecutions case is strong
enough to warrant committing the accused for trial in the Crown Court.
- To exercise some civil jurisdiction which is limited to matrimonial and domestic disputes, e.g.
awarding maintenance to a deserted wife under an order for judicial separation.
The Crown Court
Before the Courts Act 1971, the major criminal courts were the Assizes (which also heard civil
cases) and the Quarter Sessions, which were abolished by the Act. In their place, there was established a
single Crown Court as part of the Supreme Court of Judicature. It consists of a jury and a judge appointed
from among High Court judges, circuit judges and recorders (who are barristers or solicitors of at lest ten
years standing, acting as part-time judges). Justices of the peace may also sit as judges of the Crown Court,
but only with a High Court judge, circuit judge or recorder.
The Crown Court has an unlimited jurisdiction over all criminal cases tried on indictment and also
hears appeals by persons convicted summarily in the magistrates courts. It has a limited civil jurisdiction
which allows it to hear, in particular, licensing appeals from the magistrates courts.
Exercises
1. Choose and underline the correct answer:
1. (example) Magistrates courts consist of :
a) a stipendiary magistrate or from two to seven (usually two or three) lay justices of the peace;
b) two stipendiary magistrates and a lay justice of the peace;
c) a stipendiary magistrate or a lay justice of the peace.
2. The Crown Court comprises:
a) judges of the Queens Bench Division of the High Court;
b) circuit judges;
c) recorders.
2. Translate into English:
1. Curtea Suprem este cea mai nalt curte de justiie din SUA, iar Camera Lorzilor este cea mai
nalt instan din Anglia i ara Galilor. ( The Supreme Court is the highest court in the US and the House
of Lords is the highest court in E#ngland and Wales.)
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2. Judectorul este persoana cu studii juridice superioare care, n codiiile prevzute de lege, este
nvestit n funcie de ctre stat prin reprezentanii si constituionali, avnd drepturi i obligaii specifice.
3. n sistemul romnesc, judectoriile judec n prim instan toate procesele i cererile, n afar de
cele date prin lege n competena altor instane.
4. Ca instane de apel, tribunalele judec apelurile declarate mpotriva hotrrilor pronunate de
judectorii n prim instan.
5. n prim instan, tribunalele judec i cererile pentru repararea prejudiciilor cauzate prin erori
judiciare svrite n procesele penale.
1.2. The verb the continuous aspect
Traditionally, the verb is defined as the part of speech naming doing or action words. It displays
morphological contrasts of tense, aspect, voice, mood, person and number. At each tense level, three
aspect forms can be used: simple, continuous/ progressive and perfective.
The continuous or progressive aspect generally has the effect of surrounding a particular event or
moment by a temporal frame.
1.2.1. Form: Finite verb forms:
Present Continuous: I am reading; Past Continuous: I was reading; Present Perfect Continuous: I
have been reading; Past Perfect Continuous: I had been reading; Future Continuous: I will be reading;
Future Perfect Continuous: I will have been reading
Non-finite verb forms:
Present Infinitive Continuous: (to) be reading
1.2.2. Verbs not normally used in the continuous aspect
As the continuous tenses are chiefly used for deliberate actions, some verbs are not normally used in
the continuous aspect. These verbs can be grouped as follows:
1.2.2.1. verbs of perception (involuntary actions): see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, observe
(=notice).
This coffee tastes bitter.
They are often used with the modal verb can + preposition.
I (can) hear music.
The verbs of perception can be used in the continuous form in the following cases:
- the verbs feel, taste, smell may be found in the continuous aspect when they imply a voluntary
action on the part of the grammatical subject:
The doctor was feeling her pulse.
- when referring to a developing condition:
Im not seeing very well these days. (=my eye-sight is getting worse)
- when verbs belonging to this group are used with special meanings:
to see
a) to meet by appointment, to interview:
I am seeing my solicitor tomorrow.
b) to visit (usually as a tourist):
Theyll be late, they are seeing the sights.
c) to escort/ accompany someone (+place):
She is seeing her brother to the door.
d) to see hallucinations:
Im seeing things.
in the following combinations: to see about, to see a lot, to see to, to see somebody out/ off.
e) with reference to the near future:
Im seeing it tonight.
to hear
a) to listen formally to, especially when referring to legal cases, meaning to try:
The court is hearing evidence this afternoon.
b) to give an audition:
The leader of the orchestra is hearing a pianist.
c) to receive news of or from:
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I hope Ill be hearing soon from you.
to feel
This verb is commonly used in the simple aspect. Its continuous form implies a voluntary action or
suggests that the state is temporary (especially with an adjective indicating the subjects emotions or
physical/ mental condition: angry/ pleased, happy/ sad, hot/ cold, nervous, confident):
How do you feel/ are you feeling?
1.2.2.2. verbs of cognition (verbs of thinking and knowing): agree, assume, believe, consider,
doubt, expect, forget, guess, imagine, know, mean, mind, perceive, realize, remember, recognize, recollect,
suppose, think, (that), understand, feel (=think), see (=understand), trust (=believe) etc:
I think he is such a special person.
Some of these verbs can be used in the continuous form when they have a different meaning.
to think
When it does not mean to imagine, when no opinion is given or asked for, the continuous form is
used:
What are you thinking about?
to assume
It can be used in the progressive aspect usually after such nouns as: control, power, responsibility:
The Prime Minister said he was assuming responsibility for everything that had happened.
1.2.2.3. verbs expressing wish, attitude, feelings and emotions: abhore, adore, care for, detest,
dislike, displease, like, loathe, love, have, mind, prefer, want, wish etc.:
I detest lazy people.
Some of these verbs are used in the continuous form with special dynamic meanings:
to mind
- when it means to look after, concern oneself with:
That young mother is minding her sick baby.
1.2.2.4. relational verbs (including verbs expressing possession, a state or condition): appear, be,
belong to, concern, consist (of), contain, cost, differ, deserve, equal, exist, have, hold (=contain), keep,
matter, owe, own, possess, resemble, seem, sound (=seem/ appear), suit etc:
This matter concerns all of us.
He seems tired.
Some of the above mentioned verbs may turn up in the continuous aspect:
to be
a) in passive constructions:
The children were being looked after by their mother.
b) to express temporary behaviour/ a particular situation contrary to the usual one, with adjectives such
as: absurd, careless, clumsy, kind, lazy, mean, rude, sentimental, silly, stupid etc:
Im not being sentimental, whatever you may think.
c) to express a deliberate action of the subject or an act for mime and pretence:
I dont think he liked your new T-shirt, he was just being polite.
to be
It may be used in the continuous aspect when it belongs to different constructions:
have a walk (AE take a walk), have a bath/ shower (AE take a bath ), have a cigarette, have a good time,
have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner, have a party/ an interview etc:
I cant talk to him now as Im having dinner with some friends.
Exercise
Use the continuous aspect whenever possible:
1. Silk (feel) soft. 2. This apple (smell) good. 3. The boy (listen) to music. 4. I (look)
Iat him. 5. She
(taste) the pudding to see if it was sweet enough. 5. The dog (smell) the bone. 6. He (feel) for the keyhole
in the dark. 7. The director (see) the applicants this morning. 8. I cant (see) you. 9. How kind your sister
(be) to me today! 10. Dan (see) a lot of Tom these holidays. 11. What you (think) about? I (think) about
the play we saw last night. What you (think) of it? I (not think) much of it. 12. Tom is very nervous, he
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(have) an interview tomorrow morning. 13. The court (hear) evidence this afternoon. 14. Nigel (see) Sidney
off at the airport. 15. How you (like) the trip? I (love) every minute of it. 17. I (forget) figures. 18. Why
you (be) so mean? 19. I (see) about tickets for tonight. 20. A new bridge (build) over the lake. 21. They
(have) a party tomorrow. 22. The mechanic (see) to the engine of the car.

Modulul II.
COURTS: CIVIL COURTS
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Civil courts
2. Other courts and tribunals
Timp alocat: 2 h
Bibliografie:
Longman, 2002;
Bucureti, 1992;
Law, Longman, 2005;
2.1. Civil courts
In England the principal civil courts of first instance are the county courts and the High Court. As
mentioned before, magistrates courts have limited civil jurisdiction mainly confined to matrimonial and
family matters.
County courts
They have existed since the Middle Ages, but as a result of reorganisation, county court judges have
been replaced by circuit judges, each of whom may serve several county courts and may (if necessary) move
from one circuit to another.
Each judge is assisted by a registrar appointed by the Lord Chancellor from solicitors of at least
seven years standing. Registrars perform limited judicial functions and have the power to act as judge under
certain circumstances.
The majority of civil cases are disposed of in the county courts by the judge sitting without a jury.
There are limits to the jurisdiction of these courts, normally depending on the amount of the claim. They also
have jurisdiction in certain family matters such as undefended divorces, adoption and guardianship.
The High Court
The High Court of Justice was created by the Judicature Acts 1873-1875 as part of the Supreme
Court of Judicature. It consists of three divisions:
a) the Queens Bench Division;
b) the Chancery Division;
c) the Family Division.
The court is staffed by about eight puisne judges, appointed from among barristers of at least ten
years' standing and when necessary by other judges such as circuit judges or recorders.
a) The Queens Bench Division has jurisdiction as follows:
- original jurisdiction in civil cases based mainly upon contract or tort;
- appellate jurisdiction. It hears appeals from magistrates courts and certain tribunals (e.g.
administrative tribunals);
- supervisory jurisdiction over all inferior courts.
The Admiralty Court and Commercial Court are part of the QBD.
b) The Chancery Divisions jurisdiction principally covers the following matters: the administration
of estates of deceased persons, and contentious probate matters, partnerships, mortgages, trusts, bankruptcy,
revenue matters etc.

c) The Family Division deals with non-contentious or formal probate matters, matrimonial causes
(e.g. divorce, separation etc.), adoption, legitimacy and guardianship of minors. It may hear appeals from
county courts and magistrates courts and also juvenile courts in adoption cases.
OTHER COURTS AND TRIBUNALS
Other courts and tribunals are for instance:
a) administrative tribunals such as social security tribunals, industrial tribunals etc.
They assist in the administration of Acts of Parliament and delegated legislation, and in determining
disputes arising out of the operation of such legislation.
b) military courts, ecclesiastical courts etc;
c) domestic tribunals which maintain discipline among members of particular trades or professions
(e.g. the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal).
Exercises
1. Find synonyms in the text for the following words and expressions:
1. argument; 2. account, report; 3. infringement of the law; 4.offence that is tried in the Crown Court; 5.not
an expert; 6.helped; 7.the money used or needed for a purpose; 8.that arise; 9.that is remunerated; 10.to
justify; 11.support; 12.(in Britain) the largest unit of local government; 13.the responsibility of a (legal)
guardian; 14.to provide with personnel; 15.a wrongful, but not criminal act that can be dealt with in a civil
court of law; 16.that keeps watch over; 17.disputatious; 18.(an arrangement for) the holding and controlling
of a property or money for the advantage of someone else; 19.the state of being or becoming bankrupt;
20.boy or girl.
2. Choose and underline the correct answer:
1. (example) The High Court in its civil jurisdiction is divided into:
a) three divisions Queens Bench, Chancery, Family;
b) two divisions Kings Bench and Chancery;
c) two divisions Queens Bench and Family division.
2. County courts:
a) have exclusively civil jurisdiction;
b) their jurisdiction is purely statutory;
c) can try summarily minor statutory offences.
Final test
Answer the following questions with regard to criminal and civil cases:
1. What are courts in general? (Courts are, broadly speaking, bodies established by law for the
administration of justice.)
2. At how many levels can you distinguish between courts?
3. Give an example of a superior court.
4. Which is the distinction between a court and a tribunal?
5. What is the difference between a lay magistrate and a stipendiary magistrate?
6. Define the jurisdiction of the Crown Court.
7. What is a registrar?
8. Can county courts hear appeals in criminal cases?
9. What does the High Court of Justice consist of?
10. Give examples of special courts and tribunals.

Modulul III.
THE VERB
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Present Tense Simple
2. Present Tense Continuous
3. Past Tense Simple
4. Past Tense Continuous
Timp alocat: 2 h
Bibliografie:
1. Badea, Simina English for Law Students Curs practic de terminologie juridic i limba
englez, Ed. a II-a revzut, Ed. Universitaria, Craiova, 2008;
Longman, 2002;
Bucureti, 1992;
7. McKay, W.R.; Charlton, H.E. Legal English How to Understand and Master the Language
of Law, Longman, 2005;
3.1. Present Tense Simple

3.1.1. Form: the short infinitive for all persons, except for the 3rd person sing., where (e)s is added
3.1.2. Uses:
1) to express general/ eternal truths and states regarded as permanent:
Ice melts in the sun.
Vegetarians dont eat meat.
Three and three make six.
The Earth moves round the Sun.
The United States has a large population.
2) to denote repeated/ habitual actions, particularly with adverbs such as: every day/ week/ month/ year,
always, usually, never, ever, seldom, sometimes, often, occasionally, on Sundays, twice a year etc:
My dog barks a lot.
She goes to work every day except Saturday and Sunday.
She never drinks milk in the morning.
How often do you wash your car?
Whenever it rains the roof leaks.
3) in exclamations introduced by here or there:
Here comes the postman!
There goes your brother!
But: Here he comes!
The usual verbs in such constructions are be, come and go.
4) a) in explanations:
When you buy a ticket you show it to a machine which sucks it in, records it and releases a barrier.
b) in demonstrations:
Now, I add the sugar to the egg yolk and mix the butter with the cocoa.
c) in commentaries (on the radio, TV etc):
Johnson takes the puck in, passes to Morrison who heads it straight into the goal.
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d) in headlines:
Airplane Crashes in Mountains.
5) to introduce quotations (chiefly with the verb say and other verbs of communication):
Shakespeare says:
Neither a borrower nor a lender be
Mary tells me youre going to the seaside.
6) with future meaning:
a) in independent sentences, to express an officially planned action or an action belonging to a
settled programme with an adverb of future time:
The plane arrives on Friday at 10.30.
We start for Bucharest tonight.
b) - in subordinate clauses introduced by when, till, until, after, before, as soon as, as long as, by the
time:
You will like this book when you understand it.
As soon as he earns any money he spends it.
Call me when you arrive.
- in conditional clauses introduced by if, unless, on condition that, in case, providing, provided
that when there is a future/ present/ imperative in the main clause:
Ill help you with the translation provided that you give me a dictionary.
If your friend arrives today, Ill buy tickets to go to the theatre.
7) instead of the present continuous with verbs which cannot be used in the the continuous form.
3.2. Present Tense Continuous
3.2.1. Form: the present tense of the auxiliary BE followed by the present participle of the main
verbs.
3.2.2. Uses:
1) to express an action or event in progress now (an action which started before the present moment,
which is in progress at the moment of speaking, and which will end in the future). Adverbs such as just and
now emphasize the feeling of limited duration:
It is raining now.
The student is just writing the exercise.
She is not wearing her hat.
2) to denote a temporary action, not necessarily taking place at the moment of speaking:
I am reading a play by Shakespeare.
They are studying General Linguistics this semester.
Adverbs that may be used in this case are: today, this week/ month/ year, these days etc.
3) with future meaning, for a definite arrangement in the near future (the most usual way of expressing
ones immediate plans):
What are you doing tonight?
We are leaving tomorrow.
The time of the action must always be mentioned to avoid confusion.
4) to show a frequently repeated action, with an emotional tone, usually of annoyance, irritation, with
adverbs which normally require the use of the simple present, such as: always, continuously, constantly,
continually, for ever etc:
He is always losing his keys.
That baby is crying all the time.
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Sometimes, the note of irritation may be absent, which implies that an action seems never to stop:
He is always reading a book. (I admire him for that)
5) in subordinate clauses of time or condition:
I meet him whenever I am walking in the park.
I wont disturb her if she is eating.
6) with the verbs to get, to grow, to turn to express transition from one state to another:
It is getting dark.
3.3. Past Tense Simple
3.3. 1. Form: - regular verbs: the short infinitive + (e)d
play played
- irregular verbs: the second form of the verb:
write wrote written
3.3.2. Uses:
1) to express actions completed in the past at a definite time. In fact, it is a narrative tense.
I met my friends yesterday.
When did you meet them?
He picked up his hat, said good-bye and left.
When the time is given, adverbials such as: yesterday, last week/ month/ year, that day, the day before
yesterday, the other day, in 1989, on Sunday, (a week, a year etc) ago, in (October), in (autumn), then, just
now etc. occur in the sentence.
The past tense simple is also used to denote an action completed in the past, though the time is not
mentioned (but it is evident from the context).
I bought this ring in Rome.
He met her when he was in Paris.
The train was ten minutes late.
Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays.
2) to express actions or states whose time is not given but which occupied a period of time now
terminated or occurred at a moment in a period of time now terminated:
He lived in Florence for five years.
My grandmother once saw the king.
3) for habitual, repeated actions in the past and with verbs denoting a permanent characteristic:
She always wore white.
He never drank plum brandy.
Tall poplars lined the avenue which led to her house.
Sometimes used to and would may replace the past tense form to express a past routine or pattern:
Grandmother drank three cups of coffee a day.
Grandmother used to/ would drink three cups of coffee a day.
4) a) to express future actions in conditional or temporal clauses when the verb of the main clause is in
the past:
They said they would go on the trip if the weather was fine.
He wanted me to tell the truth as soon as I knew it.
In temporal clauses introduced by when, after etc it can also have the value of a past perfect:
He went out to play after he (had) finished his homework.
b) to express a present tense, when turning Direct Speech into Indirect Speech:
We live in a big house, she said.
She said they lived in a big house.
5) to show politeness and tentativeness. It is called attitudinal past.
I just wanted to ask you to stay with her.
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3.4. Past Tense Continuous

3.4.1. Form: the past tense of the verb BE + the present participle of the main verb.
3.4.2. Uses:
1) to express temporary action in progress:
a) whose exact limits are not mentioned:
The wind was blowing, it was also snowing heavily.
b) at a certain moment in the past:
At 9 o clock, she was washing the dishes.
c) when another action, more important or more dramatic (the foreground action) and probably
shorter took place:
When he came home, the fire was still burning in the fireplace.
d) simultanous with another action going on at the same time in the past:
While she was cooking, her husband was mowing the lawn.
2) to imply gradual development:
It was getting darker.
3) as a past equivalent of the present continuous:
a) in Indirect Speech, to express actions or states:
My doll is sleeping now, little Kate explained.
Little Kate explained that her doll was sleeping then.
b) for a definite future arrangement or plan:
He didnt come to our place as he was leaving that night.
The beauty contest was taking place on the next day.
It can also refer t plans that do not or did not materialize:
I was coming to see you tomorrow but now I find I cant.
c) to denote a repeated action causing annoyance:
He was always asking me silly questions.
4) instead of the past tense simple:
a) to indicate a more casual, less deliberate action:
I was talking to Tom the other day. /vs/ I talked to Tom. (I took the initiative)
b) in questions about how a period was spent, it appears more polite than the simple past:
What were you doing before you came here? /vs/ What did you do before you came here?
5) to make a polite request:
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
I was hoping you could give me a helping hand.
Exercises
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous:
1. I usually go to the cinema on Sundays, but this week I (to go) on Friday. 2.Lucy is sick, she (to
see) a doctor tomorrow. 3. Vegetarians (not to eat) meat. 4. The academic year (to start) on October 1st. 5.
The court (to hear) his case next month. 6.Pardon me, madam, but I (to think) you (to stand) on my feet. 7.
Our plane (to take off) at 12:00. 8. This dog always (to bring) mud into our apartment. 9. What (to go on)?
You (not to be) too friendly tonight 10. I (to hear) he (to come back) from France. 11. He (to realize) how
sad she is. He (to watch) her, (to hesitate), (to stand up)(to sit down) again12. A stitch in time (to save)
nine. 13. We (to spend) this week-end in the mountains. 14. Mom (to taste) the stew again, although she
knows it (to taste) delicious. 15. I (to see) that you (to wear) your best clothes. You (to go) to a party? No,
I (to go)
to a wedding. And who is the unhappy man who (to throw away) his freedom? You must tell him I (to
feel) sorry for him! He (to speak) to you now! (Stannard Allen, Living English Structure)
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2. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Continuous:
1. When I first met them, they were travelling to New York. 2. The path (to wind) to the chalet. 3.
When I was I child, I (to go) to the country every summer. 4. They (to hear) the witnesses when we (to
leave), so we dont know the verdict. But who (to be) tried and for what? 5. He always (to look) at her
while she (to trim) the Christmas tree. 6. As we (to come back) from holiday, a policeman (to stop) us and
(to ask for) the papers of the car. 7. While I (to pump) my bike tyres, a man (to come) to me and asked me
the way to the nearest gas station. 8. Water (to drip) incessantly from the trees that (to line) the road. 9. By
the time we (to reach) the hotel, we (to be) hungry, but cheerful. 10. Scenes from his past (to flash) through
his mind as he (to drown).
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Modulul IV.
NEGOTIATION, MEDIATION, ARBITRATION
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Steps in a typical mediation session
2. Negotiation, mediation, arbitration
Timp alocat: 1 h
Bibliografie:
Longman, 2002;
Bucureti, 1992;
Law, Longman, 2005;
4.1. Steps in a typical mediation session
Step 1. Introduction
The mediator sets the parties at ease and explains the ground rules. The mediators role is not to make
a decision, but to help the parties reach a mutual agreement. The mediator explains that he or she will not
take sides.
Step 2. Telling the story
Each party tells what happened. The person bringing the complaint tells his or her side of the story
first. No interruptions are allowed. Then the other party explains his or her version of the facts.
Step 3. Identifying Facts and Issues
The mediator attempts to identify agreed-upon facts and issues. This is done by listening to each side,
summarizing each partys views, and asking if these are the facts and issues as each party understands them.
Step 4. Identifying Alternative Solutions
Everyone thinks of possible solutions to the problem. The mediator makes a list and asks each party
to explain his or her feelings about each possible solution.
Step 5. Revising and Discussing Solutions
Based on the expressed feelings of the parties, the mediator revises possible solutions and attempts
to identify a solution that both parties can agree to.
Step 6. Reaching Agreement
The mediator helps the parties reach an agreement that both can live with. The agreement should
also discuss what will happen if either of them breaks the agreement.
4.2. Negotiation, mediation, arbitration
Translate into English:
Multe probleme cotidiene pot fi rezolvate n afara curii de justiie. (Many everyday problems can be
solved outside of court.)
Curile de justiie joac un rol important n sistemul juridic american, dar exist i alte modaliti de
aplana conflicte. Printre cele mai obinuite metode pentru rezolvarea disputelor n afara curii de justitie
sunt: negocierea, medierea i arbitrajul.
15

Negocierea nseamn pur i simplu c prile aflate n conflict discut despre problema lor i
ncearc s ajung la o soluie acceptabil pentru toi. Uneori oamenii angajeaz avocai s negocieze n locul
lor.
O alt metod pentru rezolvarea conflictelor este medierea. Aceast are loc atunci cnd o a treia
persoan ajut prile aflate n conflict s discute problema lor. Mediatorii nu impun o decizie prilor
implicate. Ei acioneaz ca persoane neutre, mijlocitoare.
O a treia metod este arbitrajul. Ambele pri aflate n conflict sunt de acord ca o a treia parte s ia o
decizie n locul lor. Un arbitru este ca un judector. El are autoritatea s ia decizia final i i impune
hotrrea prilor n conflict.
Problem 1
Read the following situation and then roleplay a mediation session. Select a person to play the roles
of each party and the mediator. Follow the steps outlined above.
Mariah Fitzgerald took a $200 sport coat to Ace Dry Cleaners to have it cleaned. The coat
was new and had been worn only a few times. When Mariah picked it up, she found a large
cigarette burn on the lapel. She said the burn was not there when she had brought it in and that
she didnt smoke. Mariah asked the cleaners to pay her $200. Ace denied that they were
responsible for the burn and refused to pay. Ace also argued that the coat was used clothing and
such, was no longer worth $200. Mariah countered that she would have to pay at least $200 for
a new coat.
Problem 2
Read the following situations and decide the best method for solving each problem. Consider the
negotiation, arbitration, mediation, court, or other methods. Discuss the reasons for your answer.
a. Two sisters share a room. However, they disagree over how the room should be arranged
and decorated.
b. A married couple wants a divorce.
c. A new stereo breaks after two weeks and the salesperson refuses to fix it.
d. A landlord will not make needed repairs, because he believes the tenant caused them.
e. A labour union and an employer disagree over the wages and conditions of employment.
f. The Internal Revenue Service sends you a letter claiming that you owe another $300 in
taxes. You disagree.
16

Modulul V.
THE VERB
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Present Perfect Simple
2. Present Perfect Continuous
3. Past Perfect Simple
4. Past Perfect Continuous
Timp alocat: 1 h
Bibliografie:
Longman, 2002;
Bucureti, 1992;
Law, Longman, 2005;
5.1. Present Perfect Simple
5.1.1. Form: the present tense of HAVE + the past participle of the main verb
5.1.2. Uses:
Unlike the Past Tense which presents the action without referring to the present moment, the Present
Perfect links the past action with the present. It is a sort of mixture of present and past, always implying a
strong connection with the present. It is therefore used:
1) to express past actions whose time is not definite or not mentioned, because it is not important or
it is not known. The speaker is interested in the result of the action:
I have seen the movie.
I have read the instructions, but I dont understand them.
He has cleaned his car. (i.e. It is clean now.)
He hasnt cleaned his car yet. (i.e. It is still dirty)
The use of the verbs be and go with the present perfect raises some problems of meaning:
He has gone to London. (resultative = he is in London now)
He has been to London. (indefinite past = he paid a visit to London but he has since returned)
2) with adverbs of indefinite time:
a) always, already, ever, never, often, seldom, rarely, just, sometimes which are placed between the
auxiliary and the main verb:
She has never liked this kind of movies.
Tom has just left.
But: He left just now.
With a present perfect, the adverbs ever and never mean at any (no) time up to the present. But
when ever means at any time during a period of time completely past or at any time in the future, it can
be used with other tenses, too.
He never went to Paris. (when he was alive)
He has never gone to Paris. (so far, but he may go in the future)
Ever constructions are also used after superlatives: This is the best champagne I have ever drunk.
and after the first, the second etc., the only (without ever):
This is the second time he has been on a ship.
This is the only book ha has written.
17

Both already and yet may appear in interrogative sentences with one difference: yet indicates that the
question is supposed to find out whether the action is finished or not, already shows surprise that the action
is terminated:
Rick usually gets up at seven oclock in the morning.
It is 7 oclock. Mother gets into Ricks bedroom and asks:
Have you got up yet?
It is 6.30 in the morning. Mother sees that the light is on in Ricks bedroom. She opens the door
and asks him:
Have you got up already?
Already may also occur in affirmative sentences:
Little Mary has already done her homework.
In negative sentences yet has the meaning of (nu) nc:
Richard hasnt answered the letter yet.
b) lately, recently, of late, so far, up to now, till now, up to the present, up to this very moment, the last
few days etc, which are normally placed at the end of the sentence:
We havent seen you lately.
Both lately and recently used with the present perfect indicate an incomplete period of time.
Lately is less usual with the affirmative, except, for actions covering periods of time:
He hasnt been here lately/ recently.
Hes had a lot of good luck lately/ recently.
Recently, used with a simple past tense, means a short time ago:
He left recently. (He left a short time ago.)
Compare: Did you hear her play recently? (on a certain occasion, some time ago)
Have you heard her play recently? (in the near past, not a long time ago)
3) to denote an action performed in an incomplete period of time or which lasts throughout an
incomplete period indicated by such adverbs as: today, this morning/ afternoon/ week/ month/ year, all day,
all night etc:
Ive met your sister today.
The present perfect can be used with this morning only up to about one oclock. After that, this
morning becomes a completed period and the verb must be put into the simple past. The same with this
afternoon, this evening:
Have you seen him this morning? (it is still morning, earlier than noon)
Did you see him this morning? (it is after midday)
4) with since and for.
a) Since as preposition/ conjunction is used with a point in time and means from that point to the
time of speaking:
We have been friends since 1980/ our schooldays.
Her parents havent seen her since she went to Paris.
I have known Maria since she has been working in this town.
b) For refers to a period of time that continues up to the present and perhaps, it will go on in the
future, too:
I have been a teacher for four years.
They have lived in London for ten years. (and still live there)
When for denotes a terminated period of time, the verb must be used in the past tense:
They lived in Paris for five years and then, they moved to London.
It is is followed by a period of time + either a past tense or a present perfect, but never in the negative.
It is three years since I (last) saw Bill. or
It is three years since I have seen Bill. or
I last saw Bill three years ago. or
I havent seen Bill for three years.
5) to express actions which occur further back in the past, but which have a connection with the present
so that the action could be still repeated in the present:
He has written several successful books. (he can still write some)
But: William Shakespeare wrote some famous tragedies. (he wont write any others)
6) a) in conversations
18

A conversation about a past action often begins with the verb in the present perfect, but usually goes
on in the simple past:
Where have you been?
Ive been to a concert. It was marvellous, I had a great time.
b) in newspapers and broadcasts to introduce an action which will then be described in the simple
past tense:
Thirty thousand pounds worth of jewellery has been stolen from Jonathan Wild and Company, the
jewellers. The thieves broke into the flat above some time during Sunday night and entered the shop by
cutting a hole in the ceiling.
c) in conditional and temporal clauses to express anteriority when there is a future in the main
clause:
The little girl will come if your mother has made ice-cream.
Ill call you as soon as Ive checked out at the hotel.
5.2. Present Perfect Continuous
5.2.1. Form: the present perfect of the verb BE + the present participle of the main verb
5.2.2. Uses:
1) to express an action which began in the past and is still continuing at the moment of speaking or has
only just finished. It emphasizes the duration, the continuity of the action:
Ive been waiting for an hour and she hasnt turned up yet.
Compare: Ive worked on this essay since two oclock. (Ive just finished it)
Ive been working on this essay since two oclock. (and Im still working)
Some verbs can be used either in the present perfect simple or in the present perfect continuous in
variation: expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, work etc:
How long have you lived in this house? = How long have you been living in this house?
As the present perfect continuous denotes an action which is apparently uninterrupted, it is not used
when mentioning the number of times a thing has been done or the number of things that have been done:
Ive been writing letters since lunch.
Ive written three letters since lunch.
2) to indicate a recently finished action which explains a present result (the results of the past action are
still apparent):
You are out of breath: you have been running.
3) to express a general activity in progress:
Ive been thinking about changing the furniture.
4) instead of the present perfect simple to express incompleteness:
Who has eaten my sandwich? (there is nothing left of my sandwich)
Who has been eating my sandwich? (part of the sandwich is still left)
5) to express repeated actions, often with a nuance of reproach or irritation:
They have been meeting like this for years on their way to work.
She has been asking me that silly question for almost a week.
5.3. Past Perfect Simple
5.3.1. Form: the past tense of the verb HAVE + the past participle of the main verb
5.3.2. Uses:
The Past Perfect Simple is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect Simple. It is used:
1) to express a past action or state taking place before a past moment or another action in the past:
I had finished my homework by three oclock.
When Doris got to the theatre, the show had started.
The audience went home as soon as the play had finished.
The past tense is commonly used instead of the past perfect in temporal clauses introduced by after,
until, before etc provided that the relationship of anteriority is clear:
The driver started the car after he (had) checked the engine.
2) with just, already, hardly/ barely/ scarcely, no sooner to show that the past action was completed
immediately before another past action:
When the Titanic hit an iceberg, the passengers had just gone to bed.
19

I had hardly/ barely/ scarcely entered yhe room when somebody knocked at the door.
They had no sooner got on the train than it left.
Hardly/ barely/ scarcely and no sooner can be replaced in initial position for the sake of emphasis:
No sooner had they got on the train than it left.
3) with since and for to denote an action which began before another past moment and continued up to
that moment:
In 2000, they had known each other for ten years.
I knew she had not seen him since Christmas.
He had lived in Paris since 1970 when I met him.
4) in Indirect Speech, to express a past tense or present perfect from Direct Speech:
I met your brother last week, said Tom.
Tom said he had met his brother a week before.
5) with such verbs as: expect, hope, intend, mean, think, suppose, want to express past hope, intention
etc which was not materialized, fulfilled:
I had hoped to find tickets for the show, but I couldnt .
5.4. Past Perfect Continuous
5.4.1. Form: the past perfect simple of the verb BE + the present participle of the main verb
5.4.2. Uses:
1) to describe an action in progress in the past, begun and completed before another action in the past:
She had been cleaning up the room before her parents arrived.
Bill had a black eye because he had been fighting with other boys.
2) to refer to an action which began before a point in the past, continued up to it and may have continued
after:
When I saw them, they had been playing basketball for two hours.
3) to express a continuous, repeated action in the past:
He had been writing poems for two years when I met him.
But: He had written one hundred poems when I met him.
4) in Indirect Speech, to express a past tense continuous or present perfect continuous from Direct
Speech:
Ive been reading for two hours, she said.
She said she had been reading for two hours.
Exercise
Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Tense or Simple Past:
1. He has written only half a page so far, Im sure hell fail.
2. I (to go) to Bucharest last week-end.
You (to meet) your old friends?
No, although I (not to see) them for a year.
3. We (not to be) to the seaside since (to get) married.
4. The concert (to start) at 8 p.m. and (to last) for three hours.
5. My grandparents (to live) in the country since the war, but they (to live) in a town until the war.
6. He (to write) several novels and plays. He just (to finish) a tragedy.
7. He is a real friend, he always (to help) me in hard times.
8. The man (to strike) a match, (to light) his cigarette and (to sit down) comfortably.
9. Where you (to find) this gorgeous dress?
I (to find) it in a second hand shop.
Why you (not to leave) it there?
10. I (to lose) my keys. You (to see) them anywhere?
No, Im afraid I (not to see). Where you last (to have) them?
Im sure I (to have) them on me in the morning.
20

Modulul VI.
CRIMES: CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Classification of crimes
2. Crimes against the person
Timp alocat: 1 h
Bibliografie:
Longman, 2002;
3. Brookes, M.; Treutenaere, C. 1000 de cuvinte-cheie n drept, Ed. Compania, Bucureti,
2002;
Bucureti, 1992;
6.1. Classification of crimes
According to Oxford Dictionary of Law, a crime is defined as an act (or sometimes a failure to act)
that is deemed by statute or by the common law to be a public wrong and is therefore punishable by the state
in criminal proceedings.
The modern tendency is to refer to crimes as offences.
In the American legal system, crimes are divided into:
1. Felonies
A felony is an offence punishable by imprisonment for more than one year or by death or
imprisonment generally. Felonies are usually more serious crimes.
2. Misdemeanors
A misdemeanor is a less serious offence, and thus it is sanctioned by less severe penalties
(imprisonment for one year or less).
3. Treason
Treason is a third class of crime. It is the offence whereby a US citizen attempts by overt acts to
overthrow or seriously harm the United States as a nation.
In the British legal system, the earliest classification involved only felonies. Treason was the most
serious offence. In time, other offences were created to maintain order, they were less serious and were
called misdemeanours. The distinction persisted until 1967. Thus, according to the type of trial, offences are
commonly classified into:
1. Indictable offences
An indictable offence is a more serious offence that may be tried on indictment. The word
indictment refers to the process whereby a person is accused of a criminal offence and tried before a judge
and jury.
2. Summary offences
A summary offence is an offence that can be tried summarily, i.e. by magistrates. They are minor
offences.
3. Offences which are triable either way
An offence triable either way is a crime that may be tried as an indictable offence or a summary
offence. Thus, the accused may choose to have the case tried by the magistrates or before a judge and jury.
Elements of a crime
Fill in the blank spaces with the following words and expressions:
mind, consequence, foresee, crime, doubt, secure, intent, risk, omission, offence
21
When a crime is committed, the role of the prosecution is to prove beyond all reasonable that the
accused committed a prohibited act (actus reus) with a guilty (mens rea).
In most cases, the actus reus will simply be an act accompanied by specified circumstances, or it
may just consist in an to act.
Mens rea [Latin: a guilty mind] refers to the state of which must accompany the actus reus in
order to a conviction. The mental element required will vary according to the charged. Mens rea may
take one of the following forms: intention to bring about a particular , recklessness which means the
deliberate taking by the accused of an unjustifiable , and negligence, the failure to the consequences of
his/ her act.
6.2. Crimes against the person
The main offences against the person are:
I. FATAL OFFENCES
1. Homicide
Homicide is the act of unlawfully killing a human being. To be homicide, the victim must be a life
in being and the action of the defendant must have actually caused the death of the victim, and the death
occurred within a year and a day of his/ her action.
1.1. Unlawful homicide constitutes:
a) Murder is the unlawful killing of a person. The mens rea for murder is traditionally known as
malice aforethought., so murder is an offence of specific intent. It means that the defendant intended to cause
the death of the victim or to do serious bodily harm to the victim. The punishment is life imprisonment.
b) Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a person, but without malice aforethought.
It may be voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary manslaughter arises when the defendant had the
intent to kill, but mitigating circumstances, such as provocation or diminished responsibility, reduce the
offence to manslaughter. Involuntary manslaughter is the killing of a person without mens rea. Death
results from an accident or from an unlawful act of omission.
Motoring offences such as causing death by dangerous driving or causing death by careless driving
are not offences against the person, but under certain circumstances causing death by dangerous driving may
amount to reckless manslaughter.
1.2. Lawful homicide is for instance the lawful execution of a criminal. Excusable homicide is the
killing of a human being that results in no criminal liability, like self-defence in a sudden conflict, or
accident not involving gross negligence.
2. Infanticide
Infanticide appears when a mother willfully causes the death of her child under 12 months old. She
is guilty of infanticide and not murder if her mind was disturbed because of the effects of childbirth or
lactation. The punishment is the same as for manslaughter.
3. Child destruction and abortion
It is an offence to destroy the life of an unborn child, unless necessary for the preservation of its
mothers life.
Child destruction appears when a person willfully causes a viable unborn child to die during the
course of pregnancy or birth.
Abortion is the premature termination of a pregnancy.
II. NON-FATAL OFFENCES
1. Assault and battery
Assault is an intentional or reckless act apprehended as an act of violence, whereas battery is the
actual application of force to a person.
There are several types of assaults:
22

a) common/ ordinary assault;
b) assault occasioning bodily harm;
c) assault causing grievous bodily harm;
d) unlawful or malicious wounding;
e) wounding with the intent to do grievous bodily harm.
Aggravated assaults include assault with intent to resist lawful arrest and assault with intent to rob.
Indecent assault is an assault and battery in circumstances of indecency.
2. Sexual offences
a) Rape
It is also an offence :
- to have intercourse with a girl under 16;
- to have intercourse with mental defectives, or to procure defectives;
- to commit incest, etc.
b) Indecency includes: indecent language or behaviour, indecent exposure, indecency with children;
c) Other sexual offences:
- unnatural offences such as buggery (sexual intercourse in an unnatural manner or with an
animal);
- offences connected with prostitution;
- abduction of women.
3. Bigamy
Bigamy is the act of marrying someone when already married to someone else. There is a defence if
the accused honestly and reasonably believed that his/ her first spouse was dead (or presumed to be dead
because the defendants spouse had been continuously absent for seven years or more) or that their previous
marriage was void or had been dissolved.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise
Answer the following questions:
Define a crime. (A crime is defined as an act, or sometimes a failure to act, that is deemed by statute or
by the common law to be a public wrong and is therefore punishable by the state in criminal
proceedings.)
What is the difference between crime and offence?
What was meant by a felony? What categories of offences exist now and to what extent do they
overlap?
What is meant by actus reus? Can a person be guilty of an offence by omitting to act?
What is mens rea?
Define and distinguish between murder and manslaughter. What is meant by malice aforethought in
the former?
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary manslaughter?
Distinguish between assault and battery. Give examples of aggravated assault.
What offences involving sexual intercourse can you define?
Which are the defences available in the case of bigamy?
23

Modulul VII.
CRIMES: CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY
Unitatea de nvare:
Crimes against property
Timp alocat:1 h
Bibliografie:
Longman, 2002;
Bucureti, 1992;
Law, Longman, 2005;
7.1. Crimes against property
Here are a few crimes against property:
1. Criminal mischief (Criminal damage)
Criminal/ malicious mischief , also known as vandalism, is the willful damaging of the property of
another. It may include throwing rocks through windows, slashing car tires, ripping down fences, breaking
off car aerials etc.
Arson is the intentional and malicious burning of another persons property. It is sometimes
expanded by statute to include acts similar to burning, such as exploding.
2. Larceny/ Theft
Before 1969, in the British legal system, the offence of theft was called larceny with the distinction
that larceny was more limited than theft and it required the carrying away of the property.
In the American legal system, larceny is the unlawful taking and carrying away of the personal
property of another, without his/ her consent, by a person not entitled to possession, with intent to steal it.
According to the value of property taken or the method used, larceny is sometimes classified into grand
larceny, which is a felony, and petit (petty) larceny, which is a misdemeanor.
Embezzlement is the fraudulent taking of property by someone to whom it was entrusted. It is often
associated with bank employees, public officials etc who during their lawful activities may happen to take
for their own use property, such as money, which actually belongs to others. In recent years, embezzlement
and larceny have tended to come under the statutory crime of theft.
3. Robbery
Robbery is the unlawful taking of property from a persons immediate possession, by using force
against that person or putting him/ her in fear of being subjected to force. Generally, it is the element of force
that makes the difference between robbery and theft. Armed robbery is robbery aggravated by the fact that
it is committed by a defendant armed with a dangerous weapon that may or may not be used in the course of
committing the crime.
3. Burglary
Burglary is the breaking and entering any structure, such as a building, with the intent to commit a
crime (theft, inflicting grievous bodily harm, causing criminal damage etc).
5. Extortion
Extortion, used interchangeably with blackmail, is the illegal financial gain by using threats (to do
future physical harm, to destroy property, to damage someones character etc).
24

4. Forgery
Forgery is generally defined as the making of a false instrument with the intention that it shall be
used to induce somebody to accept as genuine, thereby causing harm to others. An instrument may be a
document or any device in which information is recorded or stored.
Uttering, which can be a separate crime, is the uttering of a forged instrument with representations
by words or acts, directly or indirectly, that the instrument is valid.
Keeping lost property and receiving stolen property are also crimes against property.
Exercises
1. Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a)
b)
What is arson? (Arson is the intentional and malicious burning of another persons propert.y)
Give examples of criminal mischief.
Is there any difference between larceny and theft?
How many types of larceny do you know?
What is embezzlement?
Distinguish between robbery and burglary.
Imagine the following situations:
A well-executed pickpocketing;
Some boys surrounded a young man threateningly, and the young man, in fear for his safety, offered
money which was accepted.
Can these come under the offence of robbery?
8. What threats do extortion statutes generally cover?
9. What is forgery? Explain the phrase false instrument.
10. What other offences against property do you know?
2. Name the crime

The box below gives the names of 22 crimes. The list gives the definitions of the same crimes.
Match the crimes to their definitions. The first one has been done as an example: the crime of assault.
bigamy
blackmail
bribery
burglary
Arson
assassination assault
embezzlement
espionage extortion forgery fraud libel manslaughter
murder
perjury piracy robbery
slander smuggling theft treason
1. assault
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
acting in such a way as to cause someone to be put in fear of immediate physical harm
betraying your country to a foreign power
copying patented inventions or copyrighted works
entering a building illegally and stealing things
getting money from people by threatening to publicise facts they do not want revealed
getting money from people by using threats
getting property or money from people by making them believe untrue things
going through a ceremony of marriage when you are still married to someone else
killing a public figure illegally and intentionally
killing someone illegally and intentionally
killing someone unintentionally or in mitigating circumstances
making an illegal copy of a banknote or document
offering money corruptly to get someone to do something to help you
saying something which damages someones character
setting fire to a building
stealing something by using force or threatening to use force
stealing, taking property which belongs to someone else
taking goods illegally into or out of a country
25

19.
20.
21.
22.
telling lies when you have sworn an oath to say what is true in court
trying to find out secrets by illegal means
writing, publishing or broadcasting a statement which damages someones
character
using illegally or stealing money which you are looking after for someone else
26

Modulul VIII.
THE VERB MEANS OF EXPRESSING FUTURITY
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Simple Future
2. Future Continuous
3. Future Perfect Simple
4. Future Perfect Continuous
5. Future in the Past Simple
6. Future in the Past Continuous
7. Other means of expressing futurity
Timp alocat: 1 h
Bibliografie:
Longman, 2002;
3. Brookes, M.; Treutenaere, C. 1000 de cuvinte-cheie n drept, Ed. Compania, Bucureti,
2002;
Bucureti, 1992;
8.1. Simple Future
8.1.1. Form: the auxiliaries shall (1st person sing. and pl.) and will + the short infinitive of the main
verb
Shall for the 1st person usually occurs in formal style. In speech, will is preferred for all persons.
8.1.2. Uses:
1) to express pure future, a neutral future event which merely states that a certain action will
happen:
He will play football on Sunday.
Mary will be here soon.
There are several adverbials used with this tense: tomorrow, next week/ month/ year, in the future, in two
years, in ten days time, three days from now etc.
2) to show the speakers opinion about the future after verbs such as: assume, believe, doubt, expect,
hope, know, suppose, think, wonder and with such adverbs as: perhaps, possibly, surely, probably etc:
I think shell come back.
Surely hell be late.
I suppose theyll sell the house.
3) in the main clause of temporal and conditional clauses:
When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.
If I drop this glass, it will break.
4) for formal announcements of future plans and news broadcasts:
The President will open the new heliport tomorrow.
The fog will persist in all areas.
The be going to form is preferred in conversations.
Shall and will can also acquire modal values.
SHALL
1) in the 1st person sing./ pl. it expresses:
a) the speakers determination, resolution:
We shall fight and we shall win.
27

b) request for advice or suggestion (in interrogative sentences):
Where shall I put the book?
Shall we take a taxi?
c) an offer (in interrogative sentences):
Shall I help you?
2) in the 2nd and 3rd persons sing./ pl. it expresses:
a) promise, even threat:
You shall have a sweet. (I promise you a sweet)
If she does such a thing, she shall dearly pay for it.
b) formal instructions, especially in regulations, legal documents, older texts:
Payment shall be made in due time.
WILL
1) in the 1st person sing./ pl. it expresses:
a) unpremeditated intention, spontaneous decision:
Its hot in here.
Ill open the window.
b) willingness, determination:
I will pay you as much as you ask for. (I want to)
2) in the 2nd and 3rd persons sing./ pl, it expresses:
a) request, invitation (in interrogative sentences):
Will you help me with the translation?
Will you come in, please?
b) future habitual actions, something unavoidable or that recurs very often:
Spring will come again. Children will be children.
c) supposition:
That will be the tower.
d) estimation:
This hall will hold a thousand people.
3) in all persons, in negative sentences, will expresses absence of willingness, refusal:
I wont go there. (I dont want to go there)
8.2. Future Continuous
8.2.1. Form: shall/ will + BE + the present participle of the main verb
8.2.2. Uses:
1) to express an action in progress at a given future moment:
I shall be walking at this time next week.
When he comes, she will be watching TV.
2) to indicate a future action which will happen in the normal course of events:
The firm will be signing contracts on the third of the month. (as usual)
Compare: I will write a letter to Tom. (I intend to write)
I will be writing a letter to Tom. (no intention; it is a mere statement of the fact)
Will you help me to lift the piano? (polite request)
Will you be bringing the piano in here? (a mere question)
He wont write his homework. ( refusal)
He wont be writing his homework. (mere statement of the fact)
3) to express supposition:
She will be sleeping now.
8.3. Future Perfect Simple
8.3.1. Form: the future tense of the auxiliary HAVE + the past participle of the main verb.
I shall have written
He will have written
8.3.2. Uses:
1) to indicate an action which will be finished before a certain future moment or another action in the
future. It is usually introduced by: most commonly by, then before, in, when etc.
Dont worry, she will have recovered by next Sunday.
He will have finished the book by the time you come back home.
28

2) to express an action begun before a given future moment and still going on at that future moment:
Tomorrow we shall have been on holiday for a week.
3) to express supposition:
No doubt you will have heard of this writer.
8.4. Future Perfect Continuous
8.4.1. Form: the future perfect of the auxiliary BE + the present participle of the main verb:
I shall have been writing.
He will have been writing.
8.4.2. Use:
It is used to express duration of an action begun before a given future moment and still going on at
that future moment:
When the bell rings, the students will have been writing for two hours.
But: By 6 p.m., they will have been selling blue-jeans for five hours.
By 6 p.m., they will have sold twenty pairs of blue-jeans.
8.5. Future in the Past Simple
8.5.1. Form: should/ would + the short infinitive of the main verb
8.5.2. Use:
It is used to denote a future action or state as viewed from a past moment. It usually occurs in
Indirect Speech after a past reporting verb.
She told me she would go on a trip.
8.6. Future in the Past Continuous

8.6.1. Form: should/ would + BE + the present participle of the main verb
8.6.2. Use:
It expresses a future continuous seen from a past viewpoint, usually after a past reporting verb.
He said he would be sleeping at 3 p.m. the next day.
There is also a Future Perfect in the Past, both simple and continuous:
The doctor said that the patient would have recovered by the end of the week.
He told me that by the time she got there, her husband would have been waiting for two hours.
8.7. Other means of expressing futurity
8.7.1. Be going to (near future)
Form: the present continuous of GO + the long infinitive of the main verb.
Uses:
This construction is used to express:
1) intention, plan, decision:
What are you going to tell us?
Im going to spend the week-end in the mountains.
It is not common to use the verbs go and come into the be going to form. The present continuous is
preferred in this case:
* I am going to come.
I am coming.
The Present Continuous and the Future Simple (will + infinitive) can be used as alternatives to the
Present Continuous:
Compare: Im going to meet my friends at the theatre at seven.
Im meeting my friends at the theatre at seven. (the present implies an arrangement)
I have bought some bricks and Im going to build a garage. (planned, premeditated
intention)
There is somebody at the back door.
Ill go and open it. (unplanned, unpremeditated intention)
2) prediction (implying what the speaker thinks/ believes as inevitable due to present causes or
circumstances):
Its going to rain. (I can see the clouds)
29

I feel dizzy. Im going to faint.
8.7.2. To Be To
Uses:
To be to + infinitive also expresses futurity, having the following values:
1) an official plan or arrangement:
The President is to arrive at 11 p.m.
2) orders, instructions:
The doctor says he is to stay in bed for a week.
3) something that is destined to happen:
If he is to succeed
8.7.3. To Be About To
Uses:
This construction expresses an action which take place in the immediate future:
Our guests are about to leave.
Be on the point of + gerund has the same meaning as be about + infinitive, but it is a shade more
immediate.
Exercises
1. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:
1. He is the manager. He has been running this company for five years.
2. Nobody (to enter) our house since we (to buy) these dogs.
Its not a serious injury, he (to walk) again in a couple of days.
My elder brother never (to listen) to what we (to say), he always (to think) of something else.
When I (to come) in, they (to sit) round the fire. Mark (to read) and Monica (to write) a letter. I (to
go) the sofa and (to sit down).next to them.
This time next Sunday I (to sit) in a caf reading a newspaper.
No, you (not to read), you (to watch) the people.
The train just (to start) when a couple (to come) running up the platform and (to catch) it in the nick
of time.
A few minutes before, I (to intend) to while away my time which (to hang) heavy upon me, but I
(to change) my mind.
They (to leave) as soon as they (to receive) their visas.
By the end of the year all our debts (to be) paid off.
2. Translate into English paying attention to the use of the tenses of the indicative mood:
1. Locuia de 20 de ani n satul acela mic i prsit de lng grani.(He had been living in that
small and abandoned village near the border for twenty years.)
2. Vinetele nu cresc n copaci.
3. mi caut papucii, cineva i fur n mod constant.
4. Houl a refuzat s recunoasc faptul c el furase banii, dar poliia i gsise amprentele pe poeta
doamnei.
5. De ct timp vei fi lucrat ca profesor cnd vei iei la pensie?
6. Cnd i-am ntlnit i plimbau cinele de o or.
7. n main nu era nimeni, dar motorul mergea.
8. Apele linitite sunt adnci.
9. Mama spal vasele, bunica terge praful de pe mobil, iar tata strnge frunzele uscate din
grdin.
10. Plng pentru c am tiat ceap.
11. Mine la ora asta ne vom bea cafeaua n avion.
12. Dac vei face un astfel de lucru vei plti scump.
13. Cnd tatl meu era tnr, alerga timp de o jumtate de or n fiecare diminea.
30

14. Tom se ndreapt spre cellalt col al camerei, trage cu ochiul la sticla de whisky, ofteaz i i
toarn un pahar cu ap.
15. E cam nnorat, o s plou.
16. Eram fascinat de muzica lui de cnd i auzisem primul cntec.
17. A trecut mult vreme de cnd nu l-am mai vzut.
18. Acoperiul casei nu mai este etan de trei luni.
19. Purta o rochie roie pentru c tia c o prinde culoarea.
20. Am crezut c era secretara, dar s-a dovedit a fi efa.
21. Vrei, te rog, s m ajui cu traducerea?
22. Ceainicul fierbe de cteva ore.
23. Ea mereu se plnge de ceva.
24. mi pare ru, dar cred c i-a intrat cmaa la ap.
25. Copacii nfloresc, parcurile miros minunat.
31

Modulul IX.
EUROPEAN UNION
EUROPEAN LAW
Unitatea de nvare:
3. Criminal courts
4. Grammar: The verb the continuous aspect
Timp alocat: 1 h
Bibliografie:
Longman, 2002;
Bucureti, 1992;
Law, Longman, 2005;
9.1. The European Union and the European Community: the basic facts
After the Second World War, the urgent need for reconstruction in Western Europe, the concern to
create conditions in which any future such conflagration would be unthinkable, and the perceived threat of
the Communist regimes to the east of the Iron curtain, could only be dealt with successfully through
concerted action by the countries concerned with the active help of former allies such as the United States
and Canada. Even before the end of the war, voices calling for a form of unity which would prevent future
wars could be heard in the Resistance movements of the occupied countries continental Europe. These
objectives and varying political conditions and priorities in the countries concerned resulted in the
establishment in the late 1940s and early 1950s of a series of organisations and groupings of states, each
dealing with a more or less widely defined aspect of these basic problems. These groupings included various
fora within which those issues could be discussed between governments, with a view to establishing a
common approach and consensus while leaving intact the sovereign freedom of those governments. Others
had a clearly defined mandate and included the creation of institutions with powers to regulate and manage
certain areas of activity.
What we now call the European Union started out as a Community of six in the 1950s: France, West
Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. In 1973 Denmark, Ireland and the UK acceded;
Norway signed a Treaty of Accession, but did not join when membership was rejected by popular vote in a
referendum. Further expansion occurred in 1980 with the accession of Greece, and in 1986 with the
accession of Spain and Portugal, creating a community of twelve. De facto expansion occurred once again in
1990, with the unification of Germany bringing the former German Democratic Republic into the
Community, although not as a separate member. The accession process was completed at the beginning of
1995, with Austria, Finland and Sweden becoming members. The people of Norway declined again the through a referendum vote - to take up the opportunity of membership negotiated for them by their
government. In 2000, with fifteen member States and eleven official languages, the EU had a population of
just over 375 million, a GDP of over 8 billion euros and the highest share of world trade in terms of imports
and exports of goods and services.
In March 1957, the original six sovereign western European states signed a legal document binding
themselves to the creation of an economic community. The signing in Rome of the Treaty establishing the
European Economic Community by its six original Member States was an act which represents a unique and
practical conjunction of the political, the legal and the economic. The aims of the Six in coming together in
this way were outlined in the Preamble to the Treaty. Reconstruct it by filling the blank spaces with the
following words: backwardness, pool, resolved, peoples, lay, competition, means, bind, guarantee, Charter,
barriers.
32
Determined to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe,
to ensure the economic and social progress of their countries by common action to
eliminate the which divide Europe,
Affirming as the essential objective of their efforts the constant improvement of the living and
working conditions of their ,
Recognising that the removal of existing obstacles calls for concerted action in order to
steady expansion, balanced trade and fair ,
Anxious to strengthen the unity of their economies and to ensure their harmonious
development by reducing the differences existing between the various regions and the of
the less favoured regions,
Desiring to contribute, by of a common commercial policy, to the progressive abolition of
restrictions on international trade,
Intending to confirm the solidarity which Europe and the overseas countries and desiring
to ensure the development of their prosperity, in accordance with the principles of the of
the United Nations,
Resolved by thus their resources to preserve and strengthen peace and liberty, and calling
upon the other peoples of Europe who share their ideal to join in their efforts,
Have decided to create a European Economic Community
The EEC Treaty, although of tremendous significance, is however but one of several treaties
underpinning the process of European integration. The first such treaty was the Treaty of Paris concluded in
1951, which came into force on 25 July 1952 and which established the European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC). At the time the Treaty of Rome was signed in 1957, so too was the Euratom Treaty (which came
into force on 1 January 1958) and was the legal basis of the European Atomic Energy Community
(EURATOM).
Under the Maastricht Treaty on European Union (TEU), signed on 7 February 1992, the European
Economic Community was significantly renamed the European Community and the amended EEC Treaty
accordingly became the EC Treaty.
The Treaty of Maastricht was intended to enter into force on 1 January 1993, but difficulties in the
ratification process involving an initial rejection in a referendum in Denmark, ratification by only a small
majority in a referendum in France, considerable opposition in the UK Parliament and a constitutional
challenge in Germany delayed the coming into force of the Treaty until 1 November 1993.
The new Union comprises three internationally recognized legal persons, the EC, ECSC and
Euratom. These three entities known as the European communities make up the first pillar of the Union
together with two further policies and forms of intergovernmental cooperation in the areas of foreign affairs
and justice and home affairs. Thus, the treaty of Maastricht introduced what is commonly described as a
three-pillar structure, of which the existing corpus of law based around the Communities remains the
central pillar (first pillar). The side pillars are:
- Common Foreign and Security Policy (which has evolved out of European Political
Cooperation), (Title V of the TEU: the second pillar or CFSP); and
- Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters (Title VI of the TEU: the third pillar or
PJC).
In fact, this precise structure and the current designation of the third pillar are the result of a further
set of amendments to the whole framework of Treaties, introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam. This Treaty
was signed in 1997 and came into force on 1 May 1999. The old third pillar Cooperation in Justice and
Home Affairs (JHA) was reduced in size and changed in scope as certain matters were transferred into the
first pillar or communitarised (i.e. incorporated into the framework of the European Community in the
strict sense).
33

The Preambles and introductory sections of the founding Treaties contain statements of the aims,
goals and values of the European Community and the European Union. Article 1TEU recalls the longstanding commitment in the Preamble to the EEC Treaty to the creation of an ever closer union among the
peoples of Europe, and identifies the creation of the Union as a new stage in this process, one in which
decisions are taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizen. The task is to organise, in
a manner demonstrating consistency and solidarity, relations between the member States and between their
peoples.
Exercises
1. Decide whether the following sentences are true or false? Give reasons for your choice.
1) The European Union was established by the Treaty on European Union (TEU), by the Treaty of
Maastricht.
2) The main objectives of the European Union are to strengthen political unity and protect human rights.
3) There are important legal differences between the European Communities, on the one hand, and the
European Union, on the other hand.
4) The European Communities form a part of the European Union, called the first column.
5) One of the European Communities is the European Coal and Steel Community.
6) The European Community is one of the European Communities and originated as the European
Economic Community.
7) There is a third European Community called EURATOMIC.
8) The single source of European law are the treaties.
9) The European Court of justice may deal with cases in English or French.
10) The International Court of Justice, based at the Hague, is sometimes referred to as the World Court.
2. Here are the objectives of the Union (Article 2TEU). Fill in the missing words using the English
equivalents of the following Romanian words and expressions:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
prevenirea i combaterea crimei;

cetenie;
State membre;
folosirea forei de munc;
ntrire;
echilibrat;
eficacitate;
cu scopul;
n ce msur;
acquis-ul comunitar;
libera circulaie a persoanelor;
moneda unic;
a afirma;
elaborare;
politic extern i de securitate;
implementare.
- to promote economic and social progress and a high level of and to achieve and sustainable
development, in particular through the creation of an area without internal frontiers, through the of
economic and social cohesion and through the establishment of economic and monetary union, ultimately
including a ;
- its identity on the international scene, in particular through the of a common including the
progressive of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defence;
to strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of the nationals of its through the introduction of
the of the Union;
- to maintain and develop the Union as an area of freedom, security and justice, in which the is assured
conjunction with appropriate measures with respect to external border controls, asylum, immigration and the
34

- to maintain in full the and build on it with a view to considering the policies and forms of cooperation
introduced by this Treaty may need to be revised of ensuring the of the mechanisms and the institutions
of the Community.
3. Answer the following questions:
1) What does EU stand for? (EU stands for European Union, which was established under the
Maastricht Treaty on European Union.)
2) The unification of the nation states of Europe has been a consistent theme in political thinking
for many centuries. Since when has significant progress been made towards realising the ideals
of a unified Europe?
3) How and when did the European Union start out?
4) How many members did the original European Economic Community have? How did it
enlarge?
5) Which are the turning points in the development of what we call now the EU?
6) Why do you think the terms European Community and European Union are misleading
and what ambiguities can arise when they are used?
7) Explain the three-pillar structure of the EU.
8) How have the Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam contributed to the deepening and
widening of the integration process within the EU?
9.2. Sources of European law
Exercise
Fill in the blank spaces with the following words and expressions: constitutional, writings, in
accordance with, regulations, principles, treaties, case, binding.
1. Treaties which are the principal source or European law and provide its foundations. Because
they are instruments adopted international law, European law, in its various guises, is
occasionally considered as a branch or a subset of international law;
2. Legislation. Legislation in the form of , directives and legally decisions is an important
source of law for the European Communities and the European Economic Area;
3. General of law;
4. The law of the courts. This includes not only the judicial decisions of the European courts,
but also judicial decisions taken by national courts;
5. Learned
9.3. European Courts
Exercises
1. There are at least four different judicial bodies entitled to the designation of European Court.
Match the following courts and permissible abbreviations of courts with their interpretation and
explanation:
1) European Court of Justice
a) based in Strasbourg, it is an institution established by the Council of
Europe and part of the enforcement mechanism for the European
Convention on Human Rights.
2) Court of First Instance
b) permissible abbreviation for the Court of Justice of the European
Communities which sits in Luxembourg and ensures the correct
interpretation and application of European Community law.
3) The EFTA Court
c) short for Court of First Instance of the European Communities which
was attached to the Court of Justice in 1989 and also has its seat in
Luxembourg. It hears cases brought by individuals or companies
against decisions of the European Community institutions , but these are
not appeals.
4) European Court of Human
d) based at the Hague, though not a
35

Rights
European court. It is one of the principal

bodies of the United Nations and applies
international law to disputes between
states.
5) The European Commission of e) a court which carried out the role of a Human Rights
preliminary filter of cases submitted to
the European Court of Human Rights
until the entry into force of the Eleventh
Protocol on the European Convention of
Human Rights. It was also based in
Strasbourg.
6) The International Court of f) based in Luxembourg, competent to Justice
deal
with
to decisions taken by
the EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA).
It may deal with requests for advisory
opinions submitted by courts in the
EFTA EEA Member States.
2. Translate into English:

Articolul 5
Statele Membre vor lua toate msurile necesare, generale sau particulare, pentru a asigura ndeplinirea
obligaiilor ce decurg din acest Tratat sau care rezult din aciunea instituiilor Comunitii. (Member States
shall take all appropriate measures, whether general or particula,r to ensure fulfilment of the obligations
arising out of this Treaty or resulting from action taken by the institutions of the Community.)
Ele vor facilita ndeplinirea sarcinilor Comunitii.
Ele nu vor lua nici o msur care ar putea periclita atingerea obiectivelor acestui Tratat.
Articolul 6
1 Statele Membre, n strns colaborare cu instituiile Comunitii, i vor coordona strategiile economice n
aa msur nct s fie atinse obiectivele acestui Tratat.
2 Instituiile Comunitii vor avea grij s nu prejudicieze stabilitatea intern i extern a Statelor Membre.
Articolul 7
Sub incidena acestui Tratat, i fr a prejudicia vreuna din prevederile ce apar n acest Tratat, va fi interzis
orice fel de discriminare pe motive de naionalitate.
Consiliul , pe baza unei propuneri a Comisiei i n colaborare cu Parlamentul European, poate adopta, de
ctre o majoritate competent, reguli ce urmresc s interzic asemenea discriminare.
Articolul 8
1 Piaa Comun se va stabili progresiv de-a lungul unei perioade de tranziie de doisprezece ani.
Aceast perioad de tranziie se va mpri n trei etape de cte patru ani fiecare; durata fiecrei etape poate fi
modificat n funcie de prevederile stabilite mai jos.
2 n fiecare etap, se vor stabili aciuni ce trebuie iniiate i duse la ndeplinire simultan
36

Modulul X.
IF CONDITIONAL
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Condition in English (Type I, II, III)
2. Other synonyms for IF
3. The use of modals in conditional clauses
4. Omission of IF
5. Condition in legal texts
Timp alocat: 1 h
Bibliografie:
1.
Badea, Simina English for Law Students Curs practic de terminologie juridic i limba
2.
Biber, D.; Conrad, S.; Leech, G. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written
English, Longman, 2002;
3.
Brookes, M.; Treutenaere, C. 1000 de cuvinte-cheie n drept, Ed. Compania, Bucureti,
2002;
4.
Brookes, M.; Holden, D.; Hutchinson, W. Engleza pentru juriti, Teora, 1999;
5.
Gleanu-Frnoag, G; Comiel, E. Gramatica limbii engleze pentru uz colar,
Omegapres, Bucureti, 1992;
6.
Grecu, Onorina Dicionar juridic romn-englez, englez-romn, C.H.Beck, Bucureti,
2008;
7.
McKay, W.R.; Charlton, H.E. Legal English How to Understand and Master the
Language of Law, Longman, 2005;
8.
*** Oxford Dictionary of Law, 6th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
10.1. Condition in English
Condition in English is expressed by different means, among which certain tenses of the Indicative
Mood or modal verbs (will, should, would, could, might).
Form of the Present Conditional:
Subject + should/would + short infinitive
Form of the Past Conditional:
Subject + should/would + have + past participle
The growing tendency is to use would in all persons.
There are three basic types of conditional clauses in English:
10.1.1. Type I (open/probable condition)
In an open condition, the clause does not specify whether the condition is fulfilled or not.
Main Clause: Future, Present
If Clause: Present
He will read the book if he finds it.
Read the paper if you dont believe me!
If the water temperature falls below 22C there is a sharp decrease in yield of grain.
He wont go with you unless he feels he has to.
10.1.2. Type II (improbable/ hypothetical/ unreal condition)
A hypothetical condition implies that the condition is not fulfilled in the present.
Main Clause: Present Conditional
If Clause: Past Tense (be were)
He would read that book if he found it.
My friend would give us the answer if she were here.
In fact, the Past Tense is a Subjunctive, denoting improbability.
10.1.3. Type III (impossible condition)
37

It implies that the condition is unfulfilled in the past.
Main Clause: Past Conditional
If Clause: Past Perfect
He would have read the book if he had found it.
The conditional clause expresses a complete hypothesis, something contrary to a past fact. The Past
Perfect indicates past unreality (He did not find the book).
There is also a rhetorical condition, which may take the form of a condition, but combined with the
main clause, makes an assertion.
You may think that I want to do it, but if you believe that, you will believe anything.
The whole sentence has the meaning of a statement: You cannot believe that.
10.2. Other synonyms for IF
A conditional clause may be introduced by a variety of conjunctions: if, unless, but for, in case, on
condition that, so long as, provided/ providing (that), suppose (supposing) that:
We wont have a good time if Tom doesnt bring the new movie.
Unless he brings the new movie, we wont have a good time.
10.3. The use of modals in conditional clauses
WILL
Will is not used in a conditional clause as an auxiliary to form the future. Instead, it may occur with
other uses, namely to express:
a) volition, willingness:
If you will explain this grammar rule to me, I will be able to finish my homework. (= if you want/are
willing to explain)
b) obstinate insistence:
If you will go there, you will be sorry. (= if you insist on going)
c) polite requests;
If you will kindly show me the way to the railway station, Ill be grateful to you.
d) refusal (in the negative form)
If you wont help me, I wont be able to finish my homework. (= if you refuse/ do not want to)
WOULD
Would in conditional clauses can express:
a) volition:
If my brother would give me a helping hand, I would definitely improve my English. (= if he
wanted/were willing to help me)
b) in the constructions would like and would care:
If you would like to join us, I think we would have a good time.
When there is no object after would like, would is usually omitted:
If you like, I shall call on you tomorrow.
c) polite requests:
If you would be kind enough to give me your address, I would send you the information you need.
SHOULD
Should + infinitive may occur in conditional clauses belonging to Type I and Type II in order to
emphasize the hypothetical nature of the action or state, rendering a higher degree of uncertainty.
If his parents should meet him here (= if they happen to meet him here), they will/would get angry.
The same meaning can be expressed (in Type II clauses) by the construction were to + infinitive.
If mother were to find us here, she would be very angry.
COULD
Could (as well as might), can be used in conditional clauses with the meaning of a Present
Conditional.
Im sure he would help me if he could.
38

10.4. Omission of IF
The omission of if takes place in conditional sentences Type II and Type III, case in which the
conditional clause must precede the main clause. The omission of if requires inversion.
If your parents were to find us here, they would be really surprised.
Were your parents to find us here, they would be really surprised.
He would definitely buy a new house if he won in the lottery.
Should he win (= if he happens to win) in the lottery, he would definitely buy a new house.
He would have failed if he hadnt studied so hard.
Had he not studied so hard, he would have failed.
10.5. Condition in legal texts
If the buyer wants to change the frontier station or the loading port, he shall notify the this to the
seller at least 30 days before the respective shipment.
In case samples from the faulty goods need to be taken, it shall be done so in keeping with the
technical documentation.
Inversion is quite common in contracts:
Should the quantity supplied be below the contract quantity to an extent that is less than the allowed
margin, buyers are not entitled to reject the goods.
Should the buyers not accept the excess quantity over the allowed margin, they are not allowed to
reject this quantity shipped in excess.
Exercise
Underline the correct choice:
1. (example) If Parliament ... for amendments, the Commission ... all the changes Parliament
suggests.
a) would ask; would consider;
b) asks; will consider;
c) will ask; will consider.
2. ... the parties fail to reach a written agreement, the seller ... entitled to cancel the contract.
a) should; is;
b) if; would be;
c) should; would have been.
39

Modulul XI.
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Environmental law
2. Pollution
Timp alocat: 1 h
Bibliografie:
Longman, 2002;
Bucureti, 1992;
Law, Longman, 2005;
11.1. Environmental law
People have always endeavoured to improve their standard of living, but their efforts have often
resulted in the pollution of the environment.
Environmental pollution has existed since people began to build and live in towns and cities and its
adverse effects grew with the development of cities during the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, with the
Industrial Revolution, pollution increased dramatically.
In todays world, air, water and land are partially poisoned by chemical wastes, many species of
plants and animals are extinct or have become endangered and the chain reaction may continue.
In this framework, there is an urgent need for solutions, for laws that governments must pass in
order to limit or reverse the threat of environmental pollution.
Environmental law, as a distinct law branch, has been created as a body of regulations,
conventions, policies etc which regulate the interaction between mankind and the natural environment for
the purpose of reducing or minimizing the the impacts of human activity on the natural environment of
which humans are actually an integrated part.
There are several European environmental principles (among which the precautionary principle, the
polluter pays principle etc) that are generally accepted and lie at the basis of the laws regulating
environmental protection.
Exercises
1. Underline the correct answer:
1. (example) Areas of concern in environmental law include:
a) air and water quality;
b) global climate change;
c) remedy for personal damage.
2. Environmental law is influenced by principles of:
a) conservation;
b) stewardship;
c) sustainability.
2. Fill in the blank spaces with the following terms and expressions:
40

pollution, smart growth, fisheries, waste, environment, warming, spills,
biodiversity, greenhouse, forestry, eco-friendly
biodegradable,
1. Those parties for whom land-use and forestry constituted a net source of ... gas emissions shall
take immediate measures.
2. The global ... potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic
emissions shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
3. The marine ... is a precious heritage that must be protected, preserved and, where practicable,
restored with the ultimate aim of maintaining ....
4. Meaures regulating ... management can be taken in the context of the Common Fisheries Policy.
5. is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in the center of a city
to avoid urban sprawl.
6. Most organic wastes paper, wool, leather, wood are , which is not the case for plastics.
7. The green movement has convinced many consumers of the need for green or products.
8. At national and international level, the growing concern about air and water has increased
environmental consciousness.
9. Many problems, among which the disposal of nuclear ... , must be solved in the near future.
10. Oil have killed thousands of marine species and have polluted the shorelines.
11.2. Pollution
There has been an icreasing concern for environmental issues in the last years. Air and water
pollution, deforestation, the excessive use of chemicals in agriculture have been the targets of numerous
campaigns.
11.2.1. Air pollution
Tons of coal and oil are burnt around the world every year, introducing smoke and other byproducts into the atmosphere and causing serious threats to humans and the environment.
Other sources of air pollution are: burning garbage in open dumps, emissions of sulfur dioxide and
other noxious gases by electric power plants, the internal-combustion engine of automobiles etc.
The costs of air pollution are enormous, since it rises the incidence of many diseases: asthma,
bronchitis, emphysema.
11.2.2. Water pollution
Nowadays rivers, lakes, oceans, streams, canals are used as receptacles for every kind of pollution.
Waste materials which can decompose are called biodegradable, but there are also more persistent pollutants
such as metals, plastics and some chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The heavy concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, contained in agricultural fertilizers and
household detergents, cause water pollution as well.
Other sources of water pollution are: sedimentation, the dumping of oils, toxic chemicals and other
industrial wastes etc.
11.2.3. Land and soil pollution
The current agricultural methods have led to the overuse of land in many areas, resulting in the
erosion of topsoil.
One of the most hazardous forms of pollution arises out of agricultural pesticides, often absorbed
into the fruits and vegetables they are meant to protect and thus causing many illnesses among which cancer
and birth defects.
Other sources of land and soil pollution are: the disposal of garbage and nuclear wastes, the testing
of nuclear weapons etc.
11.2.4. Thermal or heat pollution
Heat pollution represents a consequence of the rising need for energy. Electric power plants release
considerable amounts of heat in the process of burning fossil fuels or nuclear fuel to provide energy. Thus,
many aquatic habitats have been affected by the added heat in waters.
41

Even a small rise in the average temperature of the Earths surface could have a deep impact on the
environment, causing profound climate changes.
There are also other types of pollution, such as noise pollution, but it is definitely clear that the
solution to these problems requires cooperation at regional, national and international levels.
Final test
Translate into English:
1. Legislaia romneasc cu privire la mediu se bazeaz pe dou legi fundamentale. (The Romanian
environmental legislation is based/ relies on two fundamental laws.)
2. Principiul "poluatorul pltete" presupune un poluator care prin aciunea sa produce un
prejudiciu pe care este inut s-l repare.
3. Emisia de gaze cu efect de ser afecteaz gradul de nclzire global.
4. Prile vor implementa aceste strategii i msuri n aa msur nct s reduc efectele adverse ale
schimbrilor climatice.
5. Procesul de despdurire la scar larg a avut consecine dezastruoase asupra echilibrului planetei.
6. Efectul cumulativ al polurii aerului reprezint o ameninare serioas pentru oameni i mediu.
7. Poluarea pnzelor freatice reprezint una dintre principalele consecine ale folosirii excesive a
ngrmintelor chimice n agricultur.
8. Ne confruntm cu lipsa instalaiilor de tratare a apei i de incinerare a deeurilor.
9. Tot mai muli consumatori sunt atrai de produsele verzi, care protejeaz stratul de ozon.
10. Trebuie luate msuri pentru conservarea biodiversitii i a ecosistemelor specifice structurii
biogeografice naturale.
42

I. Informaii generale
Date de contact ale titularului de curs
Date de identificare curs i contact tutori
Nume: Diana-Domnica Dnior

Birou: Str. A. I. Cuza, nr. 13, Craiova, Dolj,
Departamentul de Limbi Strine Aplicate, sala 334,
Telefon: 0251-419.900
Fax: 0251-419.900
E-mail: diana_danisor@yahoo.fr
Numele cursului: Francez juridic

Codul cursului: FR2113
An, semestru: An II, Sem. I, Sem. II
Tipul cursului: Obligatoriu
Pagina web a cursului:
Tutore: Simina Badea
E-mail tutore: simina_badea@yahoo.com
II. Suport curs

Modulul I.
Les adjectifs et les pronoms possessifs
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Les adjectifs possessifs.
2. Les pronoms possessifs.
Timp alocat: 2 h
Bibliografie:
1.
Diana Dnior, Le franais juridique, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti, 2007.
2.
Diana Dnior, Dicionar juridic romn-francez/francez-romn, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti, 2008.
3.
Rodica Iordache, Gabriela Scurtu, Grammaire pratique du franais. L'article, le nom, l'adjectif
qualificatif, Lotus Co, Craiova, 1994
Adjectivele posesive
Adjectivele posesive marcheaz posesia i prezint dou serii de forme: forme tonice i forme atone.
1.
Formele tonice nu se mai utilizeaz dect rar, n stilul ngrijit al limbii literare. Formele tonice ale
adjectivului posesiv:
mien(s), tien(s), sien(s),
mienne(s), tienne(s), sienne(s),
ntre(s), vtre(s), leur(s).
2. Formele atone determin substantivul la fel ca articolul le sau demonstrativul ce:
un obiect posedat
un posesor
Mai muli posesori
m
f
mon ma
ton
ta
son
sa
m+f
notre
votre
leur
Mai multe
obiecte posedate
m+f
mes
tes
ses
m+f
nos
vos
leurs
n francez, adjectivul posesiv este ntotdeauna plasat naintea substantivului care-i pierde astfel articolul
hotrt.
a) n faa unui substantiv feminin care ncepe cu vocal sau h mut, n loc de e ma, ta, sa, se utilizeaz
formele mon, ton, son, pentru evitarea hiatului.
Observaie: Substantivele ce indic prile corpului sunt rar precedate de adjectivul posesiv.
b) Atunci cnd posesorul i obiectul posedat se afl n aceeai propoziie, n faa celui de-al doilea se
utilizeaz ntotdeauna son, sa, ses, leur, leurs.
43

c) Adjectivul posesiv se mai utilizeaz i atunci cnd posesorul nu este n aceeai propoziie cu obiectul
posedat, dar acesta este precedat de o prepoziie.
d) Atunci cnd posesorul este un lucru, se utilizeaz son, sa, ses precum i articolul cu en dac lucrul este
susceptibil de posedat.
e) Se pun la singular notre, votre, leur i substantivele pe care le determin: atunci cnd este un singur obiect
posedat n comun; atunci cnd fiecare posesor posed un obiect diferit.
f) Se utilizeaz pluralul notres, votres, leurs atunci cnd fiecare posesor are sau poate avea mai multe obiecte
din acestea.
Pronumele posesive
Pronumele posesiv nlocuiete numele obioectului posedat i, n acelai timp, numele posesorului. El ine
locul numelui, spunnd cui aparin fiinele sau lucrurile despre care se vorbete. SE acord n gen i numr
cu substantivele ce desemneaz obiectele posedate i, n acelai timp, cu numrul posesorilor.
Formele pronumelui posesiv
un obiect posedat
mai multe obiecte
posedate
un poposesor
m
f
m
f
le mien la mienne les miens les miennes
le tien la tienne
les tiens les tiennes
le sien la sienne les siens les siennes
mai muli posesori
m
f
m+f
le ntre la ntre
les ntres
le vtre la vtre
les vtres
le leur la leur
les leurs
La Seine a son cours en France, le Danube a le sien en Roumanie et en dautre pays.
Observaie: a) Articolele le, la i les corespund articolului posesiv din romn i articolele le i les prezint,
cu prepoziiile de i , formele contractate du i aux.
b) Pronumele posesive se utilizeaz de manier absolut:
la singular, pentru a exprima talentul, averea fiecruia, ceea ce-i aparine.
la plural, pentru a desemna rudele, prietenii.
Adjectivele demonstrative
a) Adjectivele demonstrative determin fiina sau lucrul pe care-l preced.
Formele adjectivului demonstrativ
singular
masculin ce, cet
feminin cette
masculin
plural
ces
feminin
b) n vorbire, adjectivele demonstrative pot ntri gestul care arat.
c) Adjectivele demonstrative permit reluarea unui cuvnt dj citat n discurs.
d) Se utilizeaz cet n loc de ce n faa unei vocale sau a unui h mut.
Pronunmele demonstrativ
Pronumele demonstrative prezint dou serii de forme: formele simple i formele compuse:
masculin
feminin
neutru
singular
celui
celui-ci
celui-l
celle
celle-ci
celle-l
ce (c)
ceci
cela
a
44
plural
ceux
ceux-ci
ceux-l
celles
celles-ci
celles-l
-

Formele simple se utilizeaz n urmtoarele cazuri:
a) n faa unui pronume relativ.
b) n faa prepoziiei de.
c) Pronumele neutru ce se utilizeaz n prezentative cest, ce sont, ce sera etc.
Observaie: Atunci cnd fraza ncepe cu pronumele ce, nsoit de unul dintre pronumele qui, que, quoi, dont
i un verb, utilizarea lui ce este obligatorie n faa verbului tre dac acesta este urmat de un substantiv sau
de un infinitiv.
Remarc: Particulele ci i l disting pronumele demonstrativ de apropiere sau de deprtare.
Se d textul:
Fanny et Marius se frquentent depuis leur adolescence. Ils ont clbr l'anniversaire de leur premier baiser
et Marius a promis sa dulcine de l'pouser. Trs mu, il lui offre trois prsents: un livre de pomes, la robe
de marie qu'il a achete en empruntant de l'argent ses amis et une bague ayant appartenu son arriregrand-mre.
Les deux tourteraux dcident de se marier six mois plus tard, lors d'une fte, en prsence de Tout Marseille.
Les amis des deux familles sont dj invits.
Mais, trois jours de la crmonie, un drame se produit. Marius s'embarque sur le voilier "La Malaisie" afin
de rejoindre une autre jeune fille dont il avait fait la connaissance lors de ses nombreux voyages travers le
monde.
Eplore, Fanny vous consulte sur les possibilits d'action dont elle dispose l'encontre de Marius. Trs
attache aux souvenirs qu'il lui a laisss, elle veut connatre leur sort.
Dicionar:
se frquenter = a se frecventa, a se ntlni
depuis= din, de la
clbrer = a celebra, a srbtori
promettre = a promite
pouser = a se cstori cu
mouvoir = a emoiona
mu,-ue = emoionat,-
offrir = a oferi, a da
prsent = cadou, dar
robe de marie = rochie de mireas
acheter = a cumpra
emprunter = a lua bani cu mprumut
prter = a da bani cu mprumut
bague = inel
appartenir = a aparine
se marier = a se cstori
lors de = n timpul
s'embarquer = a se mbarca
voilier = velir, vas cu pnze
afin de = cu scopul de, pentru a
rejoindre = a ntlni
faire connaissance = a face cunotin cu, a cunoate
traver = prin, de-a lungul
plor,-e = plns,-, nlcrimat, -
possibilit daction = posibilitate de aciune, posibilitate de a aciona n instan
disposer = a dispune
l'encontre de = mpotriva
souvenir = suvenir, amintire
sort = soart
1.
Lire et traduire le texte
2.
Rpondre 3 questions:
a.
Marius peut-il librement rompre la promesse de mariage?
b.
Fanny peut-elle demander des dommages-intrts Marius?
c.
Fanny peut-elle conserver les cadeaux de Marius?
Rponses:
45

a.
La jurisprudence est constante depuis le XIXe sicle. Elle refuse de donner plein droit aux promesses
de mariage. Pour la Cour de cassation, ces dernires ne sont qu'un engagement moral qui ne peut limiter la
libert des fianailles, toute promesse de mariage est nulle en soi, comme portant atteinte la libert
illimite qui doit exister dans le mariage.
Marius n'est donc juridiquement pas li par sa promesse de mariage. Toutefois, la jurisprudence pose des
limites cette libert en sanctionnant celui qui abuse de son droit de rompre. L'auteur d'une rupture abusive
commet une faute. Sa responsabilit civile dlictuelle peut tre engage sur le fondement de l'article 1382 du
Code civil si la victime subit un dommage li la rupture. La question est donc de savoir si Marius a commis
une faute. La cour d'appel de Paris a jug fautive la non-prsentation la crmonie justifie par la crevaison
d'un pneu et suivie d'une lettre six jours plus tard. On peut observer que plus la rupture est proche du
mariage, plus elle risque d'tre considre comme fautive. Ont t sanctionns une drobade la veille du
mariage et mme un dpart cinq jours avant. Ainsi, Marius a commis une faute en rompant trois jours avant
la crmonie de mariage. Il a trahi la confiance de Fanny. Mais pour que la responsabilit de Marius soit
mise en uvre, l'article 1382 du Code civil impose que sa faute ait caus un dommage. En l'espce, Fanny a
subi un prjudice moral et matriel. Son prjudice matriel rside dans les frais engags pour la crmonie.
Son prjudice moral est norme tant son chagrin et la honte d'annoncer l'annulation de son mariage lui
psent.
Les conditions de l'article 1382 du Code civil sont remplies (faute et dommage). Fanny peut demander des
dommages-intrts Marius. Mais le principe de la libert du mariage lui interdit d'obliger Marius finir ses
jours avec elle.
b.
Le principe affirm par la Cour de cassation en 1838 demeure. Les fianailles peuvent tre rompues
librement jusqu'au dernier moment. Toutefois, cette libert est limite par la notion d'abus du droit de
rompre. Si la rupture est libre, elle ne doit pas tre abusive, autrement dit fautive. La victime d'une rupture
abusive peut engager la responsabilit dlictuelle de son auteur sur le fondement de l'article 1382 du Code
civil.
Est-ce le cas en l'espce?
Pour dterminer le caractre abusif d'une rupture, les juges examinent la manire dont elle a t opre et les
circonstances dans lesquelles elle s'est produite. Ainsi, une rupture tapageuse ou brutale peut engager la
responsabilit civile de son auteur. La cour d'appel de Paris a jug fautive la non-prsentation la crmonie
justifie par la crevaison d'un pneu et suivie d'une lettre six jours plus tard. Plus la rupture est proche du
mariage, plus elle a des chances d'tre considre comme fautive. Certaines dcisions prennent en compte les
motifs du fianc pour dterminer le caractre fautif de la rupture. Mais une rupture justifie par une nouvelle
rencontre ne constitue pas en elle-mme une faute. En revanche, quitter sa fiance enceinte est analys
comme une rupture abusive.
En l'espce, la rupture est soudaine, brutale et proche de la crmonie. Si le motif de Marius n'est pas
rprhensible, la manire dont il a quitt Fanny est vraiment abusive. Aucun signe ne laissait prsager son
dpart, aucune explication n'a t fournie, aucune compensation financire n'a t propose. La
responsabilit de Marius est par consquent susceptible d'tre engage sur le fondement de l'article 1382 du
Code civil condition que Fanny ait subi un dommage.
Fanny a engag des frais pour la crmonie (frais de rception). Sa peine est indescriptible, sa rputation
entache. Les consquences de la rupture sont donc non seulement morales mais financires.
Un recour form sur l'article 1382 du Code civil a toutes les chances d'aboutir. Fanny obtiendra ainsi la
rparation des prjudices matriel et moral qu'elle a subis.
c.
En analysant les faits, vous avez remarqu que Fanny s'interroge sur le sor des trois prsents offerts
par Marius:
le petit livre de pomes. Il s'agit d'un prsent d'usage puisqu'il ne dpasse pas le train de vie du
donateur. Fanny peut le conserver sans crainte.
La robe de marie achete crdit dpasse le train de vie de Marius. L'indication achete crdit
est essentielle, elle vous permet de qualifier le prsent et de dduire le rgime applicable. Les cadeaux de
prix ou dpassant le train de vie du donateur sont exclus de la catgorie de prsents d'usage. Ils relvent de
l'article 1088 du Code civil affirmant la caducit des donations faites en vue d'unn mariage qui ne s'ensuit
pas. Les cadeaux importants tel sune robe de marie achete crdit doivent tre restitus en cas de rupture
de fianailles. La pauvre Fanny devrait donc se sparer de sa belle robe.
Mais titre exceptionnel, la jurisprudence admet que les cadeaux de prix puissent tre conservs par le (la)
fianc(e) victime d'une rupture abusive, titre d'indemnits. Fanny peut garder la robe titre de rparation
des dommages matriel et moral causs par la rupture.
46

La bague. Cette bague est dans la famille de Marius depuis plusieurs gnrations. Il s'agit d'un
souvenir de famille. La jurisprudence affirme de manire constante que les souvenirs de famille doivent tre
restitus quelques soient les circonstances de la rupture.
47

Modulul II.
Les adjectifs et les pronoms relatifs
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Les pronoms relatifs.
2. Les adjectifs relatifs
Timp alocat: 2 h
Bibliografie:
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pronumele relative
Pronumele relative mai sunt numite i conjuncionale. Ele in locul unui substantiv care le precede,
inroducnd o propoziie nou.
Pronumele relative prezint dou serii de forme:
formele simple: qui, que, dont, o, quoi
formele compuse: lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles (i formele contractate cu prepoziiile de i ).
singular
plural
masculin
feminin
masculin
feminin
lequel
laquelle
lesquels
lesquelles
duquel
de laquelle
desquels
desquelles
auquel
laquelle
auxquels
auxquelles
I. Formele simple ale pronumelui relativ sunt invariabile i pot fi utilizate cu sau fr antecedent.
A. Qui (care, ce) este un pronume relativ masculin sau feminin, ce desemneaz o persoan sau un lucru i
poate fi utilizat cu sau fr antecedent. Poate ndeplini funcuule de:
a) subiect:
cu antecedent exprimat.
fr antecedent exprimat.
neutru.
b) complement direct.
c) complement direct sau circumstanial:
cu antecedent exprimat.
fr antecedent exprimat.
B. Que (pe care, ce) este un pronume relativ ce desemneaz o persoan sau un lucru, la masculin sau feminin,
la singular sau la plural, ce poate fi utilizat cu sau fr antecedent.
Poate ndeplini urmptoarele funcii:
a) complement direct (dup que cu aceast funcie, nu se mai utilizeaz le, la, les cu funcie de complement
direct): atunci cnd are drept antecedent o prepoziie.
b) complement indirect ou circumstanial
c) atribut
d) n locuiuni
C. Dont (de care, din care, despre care; a, al, ai, ale, crui, crei, cror, crora) este un pronume relativ cu
dou genuri i dou numere, ce reprezint o persoan sau un lucru ce servete drept legtur ntre o
propoziie ce corespunde unui complement introdus prin de sau care se utilizeaz cu un antecedent. Dup
dont ordinea cuvintelor este subiect-predicat-complement.
a) Dont exprim complementul unui verb:
cu sensul adberbial al lui do, marcnd proveniena, extragerea, distana, originea, descendena.
cu sensul de avec lequel, de qui, duquel, par lequel.
cu un obiect, un nehotrt, un neutru.
b) Dont exprim complementul adjectivului.
c) Dont exprim complementul substantivului:
posesie, calitate, materie.
o parte dintr-un ntreg.
48

D. O este un pronume relativ cu funcie de complement circumstanial de loc i complement circumstanial
de timp.
a) O complement cirumstanial de loc nlocuiete dans i se traduce prin n care, unde. Poate fi exprimat cu
sau fr prepoziie.
Opoziie o/dans lequel exprim opoziia complement circumstanial de loc/complement indirect (n romn
ambele se traduc prin n care). Pentru complementul circumstanial de loc, o este n variaie liber cu dans
lequel.
Opoziia do/dont exprim opoziia complement circumstanial de loc/complement indirect. Pentru
complementul circumstanial de loc, do este n variaie liber cu dont.
Opoziia par o/par lequel exprim opoziia complement circumstanial de loc/complement circumstanial de
mod. Pentru complementul circumstanial de loc par lequel este n variaie liber cu par o.
b) O complement circumstanial de timp poate avea drept antecedent un substantiv: lhiver, lt, le matin,
le soir, la semaine, lanne, le temps. Se traduce n romn cu n care, cnd.
E. Quoi este un pronume relativ care desemneaz un lucru. ndeplinete funcia de complement prepoziional
i se utilizeaz:
a) ntr-o propoziie relativ la un mod personal:
cu antecedent:
cnd se raporteaz la o idee exprimat anterior.
b) ntr-o relativ la infinitiv .
II. Formele compuse ale pronumelui relativ
El are formele lequel, laquelle. Cu prepoziiile de i , lequel, laquelle se contract n duquel, de laquelle,
desquels, desquelles, auquel, laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles. Poate ndeplini funciile de:
1. subiect:
2. complement indirect:
Observaii: Pronumele relativ compus este utilizat n mod obligatoriu dac este precedat de o prepozii (n
afar de prepoziia de).
Formele compuse care conin prepoziia de sunt nlocuite cu dont (cu excepia cazului n care pronumele
relativ determin un complement indirect).
Formele compuse care conin prepoziia se utilizeaz obligatoriu dac antecedentul este un lucru.
Adjectivele relative
Adjectivul relativ are aceleai forme ca i pronumele relativ compus: lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles,
duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, auquel, laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles. Utilizarea adjectivului
relativ este arhaic i rar, fiind ntlnitp mai ales n textele juridice i administrative.
49

Modulul III.
Les adjectifs et les pronoms interrogatifs
Unitatea de nvare:
3. Les pronoms interrogatifs.
4. Les adjectifs interrogatifs
Timp alocat: 2 h
Bibliografie:
8.
9.
10.
Pronumele interogative
Pronumele interogativ are forme simple i forme compuse.
I. Formele simple invariabile: qui? que? quoi? i formele simple ntrite: qui est-ce qui? qui est-ce que?
quest-ce qui? quest-ce que? prp.+quoi est-ce que?
1. Qui desemneaz o persoan (rar un lucru) i poate fi utilizat ntr-o interogaie indirect sau ntr-o
interogaie direct.
A. ntr-o interogaie direct, qui poate ndeplini funciile de:
a) subiect: cu form simpl, fporm ntrit sau neutr
b) complement direct: form simpl, form ntrit
c) complement indirect (prep. + qui): form simpl, form ntrit (prep. + qui est-ce que):
d) atribut
e) complement de agent
f) complement al adjectivului
Observaie: Cu excepia cazului n care ndeplinete funcia de subiect, pronumele qui cere inversarea
subiectului.
B. ntr-o interogaie indirecte, dup verbele se demander, demander, dire (utilizate n general la forma
imperativ), ignorer, vouloir savoir, ne pas savoir etc., qui poate ndeplini funciile de:
a) subiect
b) atribut
c) complement de agent:
d) complement al adjectivului
2. Que pronume interogativ desemenaz un lucru i ndeplinete funciile de:
a) subiect al unor verbe impersonale (n acest caz il este considerat subiect gramatical i que subiect logic)
b) atribut
c) complement direct:
d) complement circumstanial fr prepoziie:
cu est-ce que, est-ce qui:
3. Quoi pronume interogativ desemenaz un lucru. Poate ndeplini funciile de subiect (ntr-o propoziie fr
verb), atribut (utilizat n faa infinitivului), complement prepoziional sau complement direct (utilizat n faa
infinitivului). El se utilizeaz:
A. ntr-o interogaie indirect
B. ntr-o interogaie direct
C. Eliptic:
pentru a cere completarea informaiei
utilizat ca interjecie
D. quoi que locuiune concesiv, nu trebuie confundat cu quoique conjuncie:
II. Formele compuse ale pronumelui intyerogativ:
singular
plural
masculin
feminin
masculin
feminin
lequel
laquelle
lesquels
lesquelles
duquel
de laquelle
desquels
desquelles
auquel
laquelle
auxquels
auxquelles
50

Pronumele interogativ forme compuse reprezint persoane i lucruri care tocvmai au fost numite sau care
urmeaz a fi numite. El poate fi utilizat n interogaia direct sau indirect. ndeplinete funciile de:
a) subiect
b) complement direct
c) complement prepoziional
Adjectivul interogativ
Adjectivul interogativ servete n general la chestionarea asupra naturii sau identitii unei persoane sau a
unui lucru. Este utilizat att n interogaia direct ct i n interogaia indirect.
A. n interogaia direct ndeplinete funciile de:
a) atribut
b) epitet
Dac quel determin un subiect, nu mai este cerut inversarea
B. n interogaia indirect ndeplinete funciile de:
a) atribut
b) epitet
C. Utilizat ca adjectiv exclamativ, ndeplinete funciile de:
a) atribut
b) epitet
Observaii:
a) Quel poate fi pronume interogativ numai n faa partitivelor
b) Quel poate fi adjectiv relativ, cu verbul tre la conjunctiv (locuiuni concesive)
Se d textul:
Aplicaii caz practic
Suntem pe 9 martie 2004. Domnul Dan Ionescu lucreaz de 15 ani la o mic societate de consultan fiscal.
i mparte viaa cu soia sa Mariana Ionescu, nscut Scarlat. Cstorii de pe 14 mai 1997, locuiesc
mpreun, fr copii, pe strada Jiului nr. 7.
Trebuie spus c de cteva luni, el ntreine o relaie cu Marcu, n vrst de 32 de ani. Cei doi brbai s-au
cunoscut pe Internet, cnd Dan naviga, la serviciu, pe un site de ntlniri. Patronul su, Ion Neamu, mirat c
dosarele lui Dan ntrzie s fie soluionate, instalase mai nti, discret, un microfon la telefonul societii
pentru a nregistra toate apelurile telefonice externe ale salariailor. Apoi, i informase pe cei 8 salariai ai si
c toate e-mailurile primite de ei vor fi duplicate de server i copiate n propria sa mesagerie. Faptul c Ion
Neamu poate s citeasc toate e-mailurile salariailor l-a contrariat foarte tare pe Dan Ionescu, din cauza
corespondenei electronice arztoare pe care o ntreinea cu Marcu.
Credei c Dan Ionescu ar putea obine condamnarea patronului su pentru a nceta s se amestece n viaa sa
privat?
n paralel cu activitatea sa salarial Dan Ionescu s-a lansat n viaa politic de vreo zece ani i a nceput s
capete notorietate local la scara oraului. De diminea l-a surprins, de altfel, pe Edmond Thomas, un
fotograf al ziarului local Oameni, ncercnd s fotografieze prin ferestrele noului su apartament, situat la
parterul unui bloc cu trei etaje, pe strada Florilor, nr. 15. Fotografiile fuseser fcute n timp ce Dan l
mbria pe Marcu. Este adevrat c la nceputul carierei sale politice Dan dduse cteva interviuri
jurnalitilor n care pretindea c nu ascunde nimic din viaa sa privat.
Fotografiile lui Edmond Thomas l deranjau cu att mai mult cu ct dorea cu ardoare s fie recunoscut mai
nti pentru ideile sale economice i sociale, nainte de a fi asociat de comunitatea gay.
Atunci cnd a contactat-o pe Ioana Petre, directorul publicaiei Oameni, aceasta s-a solidarizat cu fotograful,
anunndu-l pe Dan c poza va aprea, inevitabil, pe 14 martie 2004 (deci, n 5 zile), cci, adugase ea,
rznd, o persoan public, precum Dan Ionescu, trebuie s fie transparent pentru electoratul su.
Dan Ionescu poate oare s elimine sau, cel puin s interzic publicarea acestor fotografii?
La doi ani dup acest episod, pe 7 ianuarie 2006, deoarece nu se simea deloc bine n pielea sa de brbat, Dan
Ionescu face un tratament hormonal, apoi o operaie chirurgical de schimbare de sex. Dar, el se ntreab
dac administraia va accepta s modifice schimbarea prenumelui i a sexului n actele de stare civil. n
societate, el a decis s i se spun Dana.
La puin timp dup schimbarea fiziologiei soului su, Mariana Ionescu afl c Dana vrea s pun capt
legturii matrimoniale care-i unete. Dana mparte apartamentul din strada Florilor, nr. 15 cu Marcu.
Credei c Dana poate introduce o aciune de divor? Dac divorul ar fi refuzat, Dana ar putea s se
cstoreasc cu Marcu?
51

Dana este foarte ncurcat de faptul c Mariana vrea s-i rezerve dreptul de a continua s utilizeze numele
Ionescu, pentru a profita de notorietatea sa. Dana ar prefera ca Mariana s-i reia numele de fat pentru a
merge mai departe i a o termina cu aceast relaie care nu i-a completat niciodat, nici pe unul, nici pe
cellalt. Cu att mai mult cu ct Dana dorete s-i refac viaa cu Marcu, care deja a nceput s-i spun
Marcu Ionescu, spre marea iritare a Marianei. Trebuie spus c Dana i Marcu plnuiesc s se cstoreasc
pentru a concretiza ataamentul lor reciproc. Dana auzise, de altfel, c primarul unei comune celebrase o
uniune homosexual cu ctva timp n urm.
Dictionnaire
52

suntem pe 9 on est le 9
o mic societate de consultan fiscal petite
socit en consultance fiscale
a-i mpri viaa cu partager sa vie avec
a locui mpreun vivre ensemnbe
fr copii sans enfants
tebuie spus c il faut dire que
de cteva luni depuis quelques mois
a ntreine o relaie cu entretenir une relation avec
n vrst de g de
a se cunoate se connatre
cnd lorsque
a naviga naviguer
pe un site de ntlniri sur un site de rencontres
mirat tonn
a ntrzia tarder
a fi soluionat tre rsolu
a nregistra enregistrer
a primi recevoir
a fi duplicate de server tre dupliqu par le
serveur
a fi copiate n propria sa mesagerie tre copis
dans sa propre messagerie
a contraria contrarier
coresponden
electronic
correspondance
lectronique
a se amesteca n viaa sa privat se mler dans sa
vie prive
n paralel cu parallellement avec
a se lansa se lancer
n viaa politic de vreo zece ani dans la vie
politique depuis une dizaine d'annes
a cpta notorietate local la scara oraului gagner
de la notorit locale l'chelle de la ville
a surprinde surprendre
de altfel d'ailleurs
un fotograf al ziarului local un photographe du
journal local
a ncerca essayer
prin ferestrele noului su apartament par les
fentres de son nouvel appartement
la parterul unui bloc cu trei etajeau parterre de son
immeuble trois tages
a mbria embrasser
este adevrat il est vrai
la nceputul carierei sale politice au dbut de sa
carrire politique
a da cteva interviuri jurnalitilor donner quelques
interviews aux journalistes
a pretinde pretendre
a nu ascunde nimic din viaa sa privat rien cacher
de sa vie prive
a deranja dranger
cu att mai mult cu ct d'autant plus que
a dori dsirer
cu ardoare ardemment
nainte de a fi asociat de comunitatea gay avant

d'tre associ avec la communaut gay
a se solidariza se solidariser
a anuna annoncer
a aprea paratre
inevitabil invitablement
a aduga ajouter
a rde rire
electoratul su son lectorat
a elimina liminer
cel puin au moins
a interzice interdire
publicarea la publication
nu se simea deloc bine n pielea sa de brbat ne
se sentait pas du tout bien dans sa peau d'homme
a face un tratament hormonal faire un traitement
hormonal
o operaie chirurgical de schimbare de sex une
opration chirurgicae de changement de sexe
a accepta accepter
a modificamodifier
schimbarea prenumelui i a sexului n actele de
stare civil le changement du prnom et du sexe
dans les acted d'tat civil
a decide dcider
la puin timp dup peu de temps aprs
fiziologie la physiologie
a pune capt legturii matrimoniale care-i unete
mettre fin la liaison matrimoniale les unissant
a mpri partager
a introduce o aciune de divor introduire une
action de divorce
a fi ncurcat tre droute
a-i rezerva dreptul de se rserver le droit de
a continua continuer
a utiliza utiliser
a profita de notorietatea sa profiter de sa notorit
a prefera prfrer
a-i relua numele de fat reprendre son nom de
jeune fille
a o termina cu en finir avec
cu att mai mult cu ct
a-i reface viaa cu refaire sa vie avec
iritare iritation
a plnui projeter
pentru a concretiza ataamentul lor reciproc pour
concrtiser leur attachement rciproque
a auzi entendre
de altfel d'ailleurs
a celebra o uniune homosexual clbrer une
union homosexuelle
cu ctva timp n urm il y a quelque temps
53
Etapa 1.
Istoricul faptelor importante i calificarea
Faptele
1989/2004 15 ani de la angajare
14 mai 997: cstorie (fr copii)
A doua jumtate a anului 2003 (cteva luni):
ntlnirea dintre Marcu, 32 de ani, pe Internetul de
la serviciu, prin e-mailuri arztoare i nceputul
relaiei cu Marcu
Puin mai trziu: instalarea secret a unui microfon
pentru a nregistra conversaiile telefonice ale
salariailor cu exteriorul de la locul de munc
Mai trziu: duplicarea e-mailurilor pentru
controlarea coninutului lor salariaii au fost
prevenii
1994 (2004 10 ani): intrarea lui dan n politic;
autorizarea interviurilor i fotografiilor chiar din
viaa sa privat
2004: notorietatea local a lui Dan care nu vrea s
pun n prim plan viaa sa privat
Dreptul
Dreptul de a scrie i de a primi e-mailuri personale

la locul de munc?
Atingere adus vieii private?
Atingere adus vieii private?
Autorizaia dat este una definitiv?
O persoan public (aici, politic) are o via

privat? Sau trebuie s fie transparent pentru
electoratul su?
2004 (dimineaa): Edmond Thomas l-a fotografiat Dreptul la imagine?
pe Dan mbriat, prin fereastra domiciliului su, Via privat?
fr autorizaia acestuia din urm
Publicarea fotografiilor este prevzut pentru 14 Poate s elimine sau s interzic publicarea
martie
fotografiilor?
7 ianuarie 2006, doi ani mai trziu: tratament Dan poate s se numeasc Dana? Poate, mai ales,
hormonal, operaie chirurgical, deoarece nu se s cear schimbarea prenumelui n actele de stare
simise niciodat bine n pielea sa de brbat civil?
schimbare de sex
Concubinajul Danei cu Marcu
Dana trebuie s cear divorul?
Dorina Danei de a se recstori cu Marcu
Cstorie posibil?
BIGAMIE
CSTORIE HOMOSEXUAL?
CSTORIE TRANSSEXUAL?
Mariana poate utiliza numele de cstorie
Este posibil?
Marcu utilizeaz numele Danei, dar nu sunt Este posibil?
cstorii
Etapa a doua: ntrebrile
Din punct de vedere temporal, avem de a face cu dou momente: 2004 i 2006. Asta corespunde la dou
tipuri de ntrebri: protecia vieii private i modificarea strii civile (mai ales cstoria).
n 2004: viaa privat
E-mail: locul de munc
Telefon: locul de munc
Fotografii: domiciliu
n 2006, cstorie (i, mai general, stare civil)
Schimbarea strii civile: prenume i sex?
Necesitatea i posibilitatea unui divor?
Recstorirea Danei cu Marcu?
Utilizarea numelui lui Dan
DE CTRE EX-SOIA SA
DE CTRE CONCUBIN.
Etapa 3: plan i redactare
Introducere
54
Dan Ionescu, cstorit fr copii, salariat ce duce n paralel o via politic local, sufer, concomitent, o
atingere adus vieii sale private la locul de munc i la domiciliul su, cnd i mbria amantul, pe Marcu.
Dan poate cere n instan protecia vieii sale private?
Nesimindu-se bine n pielea sa, el sufer un tratament hormonal, doi ani mai trziu, apoi, o operaie
chirurgical de schimbare de sex i dorete s-i modifice starea civil, apoi s dizolve legtura matrimonial
cu Mariana pentru a se recstori cu Marcu, care utilizeaz deja numele de Ionescu. Mariana, ar dori s
continue s utilizeze numele Ionescu pe care-l poart de 10 ani i pe care nu vrea s-l mpart cu Marcu.
Chestiunile puse de caz in deci, pe de o parte, de protecia contra atingerilor aduse vieii private a lui Dan i,
pe de alt parte, de modificarea strii civile (personal i marital) a lui Dan.
I.
ATINGERILE ADUSE VIEII PRIVATE
Atingerile aduse vieii private a lui Dan sunt de dou feluri, trebuind s fie distinse cu grij. Pe de o parte,
patronul su vrea s controleze activitile private ale lui Dan de la locul de munc. Pe de alt parte, revista
Oameni vrea s publice fotografii intime ale omului politic local Dan, fcute la domiciliul su.
A.
LA LOCUL DE MUNC
Patronul lui Dan a decis s asculte conversaiile telefonice ale salariailor si cu exteriorul fr a le spune
(discret). A declarat apoi c le va consulta e-mailurile. Dan poate cere aprarea atingerilor aduse vieii
sale private la locul de munc?
Curtea European a Drepturilor Omului (CEDO, 4 mai 2000, D 2001, sum. 998, obs. A. LEPAGE) consider
c viaa privat nu este limitat la un cerc intim n care fiecare i poate duce viaa personal dup bunul
plac () respectarea vieii private (trebuind) s nglobeze, ntr-o anumit msur, i dreptul, pentru individ,
de a lega i de a dezvolta relaii cu semenii si. Curtea de casaie reine o soluie identic (Soc. 2 oct. 2001,
Bull. Civ. V, no 292, RTD civ. 2002, 72, obs. J. HAUSSER).
Totui, chestiunea de a ti dac un patron poate sau nu s controleze activitile salariailor la locul de munc
i n timpul serviciului, depinde n mod esenial de faptul c i-a informat sau nu despre acest lucru. Iat de ce
se vor distinge convorbirile telefonice de e-mailuri, ambele ilegale din motive diferite
1.
ILICEITATEA CONVORBIRILOR TELEFONICE PRIVATE
Patronul lui Dan poate s nregistreze i s asculte conversaiile telefonice private ale angajailor si?
n timp ce convorbirile telefonice sunt sever ncadrate n alte circumstane, controlarea de ctre patron a
activitii salariailor si n timpul serviciului, prin ascultarea telefoanelor este licit, numai s nu fie privat.
Or, patronul nu a dat dovad de o astfel de franchee n acest caz. Cu att mai ru pentru el cu ct un
procedeu de supraveghere despre care angajaii nu au fost informai, se dezvluie a fi ilegal. Acesta este
cazul speei, deoarece instalarea a avut loc discret. Patronul risc deci sanciunile civile legate de violarea
vieii private a lui Dan, adic risc s-i plteasc daune-interese.
Acestea ar putea, de altfel, s fie dublate de sanciuni penale, n termenii art. 226-1 al 1, 1o Cod penal
(maxim 1 an de nchisoare i amend de 45 000 de euro), deoarece faptul c Dan nu a fost informat de
supravegherea al crei obiect l fcea, nu poate s lase s se prezume c i-a dat autorizaia (art. 226-, al. 2,
C. Pen. A contrario).
Consultarea oficial a e-mailurilor lui Dan nu este mai licit dect apelurile telefonice private.
2.
ILICEITATEA CONSULTRII OFICIALE A E-MAILURILOR
Patronul ia- prevenit angajaii c le va citi e-mailurile din aceast cauz caracterul oficial al
comportamentului su face licit atingerea adus vieii private a salariailor?
Consultarea e-mailurilor salariailor de ctre patron aduce atingere acestui compartiment al vieii private
constituit de secretul corespondenei. Iat de ce i este interzis patronului s citeasc att e-mailurile trimise,
ct i cele primite de salariaii si, chiar i atunci cnd le-a interzis salariailor s utilizeze calculatoarele n
scopuri private. Deci, patronul risc o sanciune civil pentru atingerea adus vieii private a lui Dan.
La aceast sanciune civil se adaug una penal, deoarece violarea secretului corespondenei este
sancionat penal de art. 226-15 C. Pen. (maxim 1 an de nchisoare i amend de 45 000 de euro).
Dan se poate teme c patronul l va concedia dac afl c este homosexual?
Rspunsul este negativ, dac heterosexualitatea sa nu a fost luat n consideraie n momentul angajrii i
dac homosexualitatea sa nu tulbur funcionarea societii. Dac heterosexualitatea fusese luat n
consideraie la angajare, n aa fel nct un homosexual cu aceleai competene nu ar fi fost angajat pe acelai
post, art. L. 122-45 Codul muncii interzicnd n special discriminarea n baza moravurilor salariailor i-ar
oferi un fundament suplimentar pentru acuzaiile aduse patronului su.
Putem deci concluziona c nici una dintre aciunile patronului nu va fi apreciat de judector dac persist n
imixtiunea sa. Sanciunile civile i sanciunile penale l vor convinge s nceteze.
Dac viaa privat a lui Dan este protejat la locul de munc, ghicim c ea este, a fortiori, i la domiciliul
su.
55
B.
LA DOMICILIU
Fotografierea prin geamul de la domiciliul lui Dan fr autorizaia sa constituie o prim atingerea adus
intimitii vieii private i imaginii lui Dan. Difuzarea acestor fotografii ar constitui o a doua atingere,
presupunnd c nu poate fi mpiedicat.
1.
FOTOGRAFIEREA
Om politic de notorietate local care consimise n urm cu 10 ani s i se fac fotografii i s dea interviuri,
Dan n-a putut s mpiedice ca un fotograf s-l pozeze prin geamul apartamentului su n timp ce-l mbria
pe Marcu. Fotografiile vor fi publicate foarte curnd. Ce fundamente poate invoca pentru a-i proteja
intimitatea i care vor fi consecinele acestora?
Fundamentele posibile sunt de dou feluri. Atingerea adus dreptului la respectarea vieii sale private i
atingerea adus dreptului su la imagine.
n ceea ce privete atingerea adus dreptului la respectarea vieii private, ea presupune dezvluirea unor fapte
ce intereseaz viaa sentimental i familial a unei persoane, fie c este conjugal sau extraconjugal.
Aceast respectare a vieii private a semenilor notri este att de mare nct se impune chiar dup
pronunarea divorului, ntre soi.
n spe, fotografierea ntr-un loc privat (domiciliu) ntrete obligaia pentru fotograf de a-i cere lui Dan
autorizaia. Fotograful va pretinde, poate, c aceast autorizaie i-a fost dat, implicit, cnd a continuat s-l
mbrieze pe Marcu, dup ce l-a vzut c-i fotografiaz. Relatarea nu spune c Dan ar fi fugit s-l prind pe
fotograf. Sarcina probei i va reveni acestuia din urm cruia, fr ndoial, i va fi dificil s-l conving pe
judector c a obinut o autorizaie, n lipsa plii fcute de ctre Dan.
Dan beneficiaz de o mic notorietate local din cauza activitii sale politice. Aceast notorietate l supune
unei obligaii de transparen n privina vieii sale private? Rspunsul trebuie s fie negativ, din moment
ce contextul nu permite s se lege fotografiile de activitatea public a lui Dan. Om politic sau nu, dreptul de a
fixa limitele i condiiile publicrii unor elemente din viaa sa privat nu-i aparine dect lui Dan.
Cu 10 ani n urm, Dan consimise s i se fac fotografii i-i dezvluise viaa privat. Autorizaia sa de
divulgare pe care i-o dduse, i va putea fi opus?
Rspunsul este negativ. Autorizaia dat n trecut nu este o autorizaie dat pentru viitor. Dreptul la
respectarea vieii private constituie un drept al personalitii, deci extrapatrimonial, ce nu poate fi susceptibil
de alienare definitiv. Faptul de a fi consimit n trecut interviuri deschise despre viaa sa privat nu
echivaleaz cu o autorizaie perpetu. n cazul acesta, i revine fotografului (directorului publicaiilor) s
demonstreze c le-a fost dat o nou autorizaie. Tolerana din trecut ar putea autoriza o diminuare a
daunelor-interese.
Cu ocazia interviului, Dan i dezvluise, poate, homosexualitatea latent. O informaie privat fcut
public n trecut, rmne privat? Scurgerea a 10 ani de la divulgarea autorizat de ctre Dan las de
gndit c notorietatea s-a ters cu timpul, n aa fel nct articolul ce purta asupra acelorai fapte necesita o
nou autorizaie. n realitate este important de tiut dac homosexualitatea lui Dan este de notorietate
public, avnd n vedere notorietatea sa local. Dac aa ar sta lucrurile, atingerea adus vieii private ar
putea, poate, s fie eliminat printr-o apreciere suveran a judectorilor fondului. Dar atunci Marcu ar fi cel
care ar putea, sub aceleai condiii, s pretind respectarea vieii sale private
Chiar dac fundamentul de drept al respectrii vieii private ar fi eliminat, fundamentul aplicabil ar fi cel
puin dreptul la imagine, din moment ce Dan n-a consimit s i se fac fotografii la domiciliul su. Cu att
mai mult cu ct imaginea nu numai c a fost luat pentru a fi pstrat fr acordul su, ci a fost luat n
vederea difuzrii.
2.
DIFUZAREA IMAGINII
Chiar i atunci cnd Dan ar fi dat autorizaie s fie fotografiat, asta nu ar antrena autorizaia de publicare a
fotografiilor.
Deoarece difuzarea fotografiilor ar aduce atingere intimitii vieii private a lui Dan, de ce ci de atac
dispune acesta pentru a mpiedica acest lucru?
Dan poate pretinde, mai nti, daune-interese pentru atingerea adus dreptului la imagine chiar dac
fotografiile nu sunt nc publicate cci atingerea adus respectrii datorate vieii private i atingerea adus
dreptului fiecruia asupra propriei imagini ar constitui surse de prejudiciu distincte, ce deschid dreptul la
reparaii distincte.
Art. 9, al. 2 C. Civ. Ofer o cale suplimentar de reacie la atitudinea surd a directorului publicaiei. Dan
poate cere prin ordonan preedinial (pentru c este urgent) s prescrie toate msurile, sechestrul,
poprirea i altele, proprii mpiedicrii sau ncetrii atingerii aduse intimitii vieii sale private.
Putem deci concluziona c relaiile de afeciune dintre Dan i Marcu sunt protejate cu titlu de respectare a
vieii private sau de respectare a dreptului la imagine. El ar trebui s poat obine de la fotograf daune56
interese civile i sanciuni penale n baza art. 226-1, al. 2, 2o, C. Pen. (max. 1 an de nchisoare i amend de
45.000 de euro) i aceeai sanciune contra directorului publicaiei (art. 226-2, al. 1 C. Pen.).
Mai trec 2 ani i nu mai este vorba despre respectarea vieii private a lui Dan, ci de dreptul de a-i modifica
starea civil.
II.
MODIFICAREA STRII CIVILE A LUI DAN
Schimbarea de sex pune problema posibilitii schimbrii anumitor meniuni n actele de stare civil i,
subsecvent, aceea a posibilitii de a avea un nou so.
A.
SCHIMBAREA SEXULUI N ACTELE DE STARE CIVIL
Dan a suferit un tratament hormonal i o operaie chirurgical pentru schimbare de sex. Aceasta este legal
din moment ce atingerea adus integritii fizice a pacientului este justificat de consideraii terapeutice (art.
16-3, al. 1 C. Civ.). Chirurgii i medicii scap deci de orice sanciune penal.
Dan a nceput s fac s fie numit Dana n societate. O astfel de alegere este uneori licit, atunci cnd este
vorba de un prenume de uz care nu modific cu nimic starea civil. n sens juridic, Dana nu este o porecl, ci
un pseudonim, care se dobndete prin posesie ndelungat.
A ti dac Dan poate cere schimbarea prenumelui i a sexului n actele de stare civil, este o alt
chestiune.
Principiul indisponibilitii strii persoanelor a fost mult timp opus cererilor transsexuale pentru a li se
schimba prenumele i sexul n actele de stare civil. Dar pentru c indisponibilitatea nu antrena
imutabilitatea, argumentul pe care judectorii l opun transsexualilor va fi preponderena sexului fiziologic
asupra sexului fizic. Soluia rmnea echivoc deoarece voina putea s exercite o influen asupra numitului
sex fiziologic. Curtea de casaie a decis deci c sexul juridic era mai degrab genetic, dect fizic sau psihic.
Jurisprudena nu i-ar permite deci lui Dan s obin modificarea actelor sale de stare civil.
Dar chestiunea nu a rmas aici. Chiar dac Curtea european a drepturilor omului nu constituie un grad de
jurisdicie superior curii de casaie, ea a fost sesizat de manier autonom de transsexuali pentru a obine c
statul francez, refuznd s modifice starea lor civil, aducea atingere dreptului lor la respectarea vieii private
(art. 8.1 din Convenia european) i la dreptul lor de a se cstori (art. 12 din Convenia european). CEDO
reine primul fundament i condamn statul francez. Pentru a scuti statul francez de astfel de aciuni, Curtea
de casaie decide c transsexualul poate obine schimbarea strii sale civile din moment ce comportamentul
su social i aparena sa l apropie de sexul pe care-l revendic.
Prin urmare, cererea lui Dan de a i se modifica starea civil va fi admis att n ceea ce privete prenumele,
ct i n ceea ce privete sexul. Pentru continuarea cazului, trebuie reinut c el are sexul feminin i se
numete Dana.
Posibilitatea oferit unui transsexual de a-i modifica prenumele i mai ales sexul n actele de stare civil
modific de la sine datele unui alt element al strii civile: cstoria cu Mariana. De altfel, Dana se ntreab
dac va putea divora de Mariana pentru a se cstori apoi cu Marcu i pune chestiunea schimbrii soilor.
B.
SCHIMBAREA SOILOR LA STAREA CIVIL
Dac dispariia legturii matrimoniale ce-o unete pe Dana cu Mariana pare implacabil, trebuie s i se
precizeze cauza i consecinele att n ceea ce privete utilizarea numelui marital ct i a posibilitii
recstoririi.
1.
CAUZA DISPARIIEI LEGTURII MATRIMONIALE NTRE DAN I MARIANA
Mariana se ntreab dac este posibil ca Dan s obin divorul. Rspunsul pare a priori afirmativ
deoarece divorul ca urmare a schimbrii de sex era deja admis naintea reformei din divor. Odat cu
reforma recent, divorul trebuia a fortiori s fie posibil n special pentru deteriorarea definitiv a legturii
conjugale.
Chestiunea care trebuie de fapt s se pun nu este aceea dac este posibil, ci dac este necesar ca Dana s
obin divorul. Cci, dup cum vom observa, recstorirea Danei cu Marcu nu este, probabil, subordonat
divorului su de Mariana.
Cert, o aciune de divor nu ar fi necesar dac cstoria Danei cu Mariana ar fi nul. Nu acesta este cazul
de fa, deoarece condiiile de validitate a cstoriei se apreciaz n momentul formrii sale. Diferena de sex
fiind deci ndeplinit n momentul n care se cuvenea s fie apreciat[, cstoria era valabil.
Dar, n realitate, dac nu este necesar o aciune de divor, este din cauza schimbrii de sex a Danei n actele
de stare civil care face cstoria sa cu Mariana caduc. Prin caducitate se nelege dispariia sau neapariia
unui element esenial existenei unei situaii juridice ca urmare a unei schimbri sau a unei ntreruperi a
circumstanelor.
Aceast dispariie a primei legturi matrimoniale antreneaz mai multe consecine.
2.
CONSECINELE DISPARIIEI LEGTURII MATRIMONIALE NTRE DAN I MARIANA
57
Acestea trebuie apreciate din unghiul dorinelor Danei (s se recstoreasc) i ale Marianei (s utilizeze
numele de cstorie).
*Utilizarea numelui lui Dan
Numele patronimic al lui Dan nu era, pentru soia sa, dect un nume de uz, fruct al unei cutume praeter
legem. Ce trebuie s se decid acum, cnd ea nu mai este soia sa? Poate s pstreze utilizarea
numelui?
n principiu, divorul oblig soia s-i reia numele de fat. Acesta este formularea articolului 264, al. 1, C.
Civ., deoarece el dispune c n urma divorului, fiecare dintre soi pierde uzul numelui soului su.
Principiul nu-i permite deci Marianei s continue s utilizeze numele fostului su so. Rmn totui
excepiile
Art. 264, al. 2 C. Civ. Adaug c unul dintre soi poate totui s pstreze uzul numelui celuilalt, fie cu
acordul acestuia, fie cu autorizarea judectorului, dac justific un interes particular pentru el sau pentru
copii. n spe, nu prea vedem ce interes particular ar avea Mariana n pstrarea numelui din cstorie.
Lipsa copiilor care ar fi putut s-i fie ncredinai i pentru aprarea intereselor crora ar fi putut s se
justifice pstrarea numelui, nu pledeaz nici ea pentru aceast cauz.
Din contr, dac se gndea s profite de numele soului su pentru a se lansa n politic, ar fi fost vorba
despre un abuz manifest care justifica de dou ori interdicia utilizrii numelui.
De fapt, oricare ar fi interesul urmrit de Mariana, nu pare c acesta ar putea constitui un interes particular
n sensul art. 264, al. 2 C. Civ. Deci, ea va trebui s renune la numele fostului su so.
i rmne atunci Marianei consolarea de a-i putea interzice lui Marcu utilizarea aceluiai nume?
O soie poate, efectiv, s obin interdicia utilizrii de ctre amant a numelui soului su. Soluia ar trebui
s fie identic atunci cnd amanta este un amant. Din nefericire, interdicia pare total eliminat din moment
ce soia nu mai este soie i amantul devine so.
Utilizarea numelui de familie a lui Dana de ctre Marcu ar fi total legitimat, numai ca Marcu i Dana s
creeze ntre ei o legtur matrimonial, dup cum plnuiesc. Fiecare so (nu doar soia) dobndete prin
cstorie dreptul de a utiliza numele de familie al celuilalt.
*Crearea unei legturi matrimoniale ntre Dana i marcu
Poate fi creat o legtur matrimonial ntre Dana i Marcu?
Cstoria presupune ntrunirea a trei feluri de condiii: unele fiziologice, altele psihologice i, ultimele, de
ordin sociologic.
Condiiile sociologice, mai nti, sunt ndeplinite, din moment ce nu se mai risc ca fotii soi s mai aib
legturi sau dac au un anumit grad de rudenie. Or, nimic din cazul speei nu las s se presupun incestul
ntre Marcu i Dana.
Ct despre bigamie, cu excepia cazului n care Marcu ar fi deja cstorit (ceea ce nu ni se spune n enun), ea
este exclus, din moment ce legtura matrimonial dintre Dan i Mariana este caduc, dup cum s-a vzut.
Condiiile psihologice sunt ndeplinite din moment ce viitorii soi dispun de capacitate juridic deplin i
exprim un consimmnt neviciat prin eroare sau violen. n acest caz, nimic nu d de gndit c Dana i
Marcu, aparent sntoi mintal, ar putea s nu ndeplineasc aceste condiii.
Condiiile fiziologice sunt ndeplinite din moment ce viitorii soi sunt de sexe diferite, au atins vrsta de
pubertate fixat la 15 ani pentru femei i 18 ani pentru brbai (art. 144 C. Civ.) i medicul le-a eliberat un
certificat prenupial, chiar dac nu sunt complet sntoi (art. 63, al. 2 i 3 C. Civ.). Or, cei doi sunt majori,
Dan ndeplinind aceast condiie, din moment ce fusese cstorit cu Mariana, iar Marcu avea 32 de ani.
n realitate, exigena diferenei de sex este cea care ridic cele mai multe dificulti.
n starea actual a legislaiei franceze, cstoria ntre homosexuali nu pare deschis, din lipsa ndeplinirii
condiiei de diferen de sex. O cstorie care fusese celebrat de un primar, cu violarea acestei condiii, a
fost anulat de Curtea de apel din Bordeaux, pe 19 aprilie 2005.
Totui, s-a vzut c Marcu este brbat, iar Dana nu mai este brbat la starea civil, ci a devenit femeie. Or
legea rmne mut n privina cstoriei cerute de un transsexual.
Cert, cei doi nu vor putea procrea i unii autori vor vedea n aceasta un obstacol n calea cstoriei ntre
homosexuali. Dar aptitudinea de a procrea nefiind o condiie de validitate a cstoriei, cstoria n-ar putea s
le fie refuzat din acest motiv.
Mai ales, condiia de diferen de sex este ndeplinit ntre Marcu i Dana, din moment ce nu este vorba de
sexul genetic al Danei, ci de sexul su civil. Or, dup cum s-a vzut, sexul genetic nu conteaz atunci cnd
este vorba de modificarea strii civile. Nu vedem deci de ce ar conta atunci cnd ar fi vorba s se trag
consecinele meniunilor nscrise n actele de stare civil.
Ni se pare astfel c cstoria dintre Dana i Marcu ar trebui s fie celebrat de ctre ofierul strii civile
competent. Este, de altfel, soluia preconizat de jurisdiciile comunitare. Iat de ce ar trebui decis c dreptul
58
la cstorie al unui transsexual n privina exigenei diferenei de sex se apreciaz n raport cu noul su sex,
deci Marcu i Dana ar trebui s fie declarai so i soie.
59
Modulul IV.
Les adjectifs et les pronoms indfinis
Unitatea de nvare:
1. Les adjectifs indfinis.
2. Les pronoms indfinis
Timp alocat: 2 h
Bibliografie:
1. Diana Dnior, Le franais juridique, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti, 2007.
2. Diana Dnior, Dicionar juridic romn-francez/francez-romn, Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureti,
2008.
3. Rodica Iordache, Gabriela Scurtu, Grammaire pratique du franais. L'article, le nom, l'adjectif
Adjectivele i pronumele nehotrte
1. Adjectivele nehotrte determin substantivul de o manier vag. Ele sunt: aucun*, aucune*, aucuns,
aucunes, autre*, autres*, chaque, diffrents, diffrentes, divers, diverses, certain, certaine, certains*,
certaines*, maint, mainte, maints, maintes, mme, mmes, nul*, nulle*, nuls, nulles, pas un*, pas une*, plus
dun, plus dune, plusieurs, quel que, quelle que, quels que, quelles que, quelconque, quelconques, quelque*,
quelques, tel*, telle*, tels, telles, tout, toute, tous*, toutes*
Adjectivele cu * se utilizeaz i ca pronume nehotrte.
2. Pronumele nehotrte sunt substitute ale unei sintagme nominale i sunt urmtoarele: aucun*, aucune*,
autre*, autre chose, autres*, autrui, certains*, certaines*, chacun, chacune, grand-chose, peu de chose, le
mme, la mme, les mmes, nimporte qui, nimporte lequel , nimporte quoi, nul*, nulle*, on, pas un*, pas
une*, personne, plus dun*, plus dune*, plusieurs*, quelquun, quelquune, quelques uns, quelques unes,
quelque chose, quiconque, qui que ce soit, qui que vous soyez, qui que, quoi que, rien, tel*, telle*, tout,
tous*, toute, toutes*, lun, lautre, les uns, les autres, un, une.
Pronumele cu * se utilizeaz i ca adjective.
Aucun, aucune
Pot fi adjective sau pronume.
1. Ca adjectiv, aucun poate avea dou valori: pozitiv i negativ.
a) Cel mai adesea are o valoare negativ, fiind nsoit de ne, niciodat de pas sau de point. Se traduce prin
niciun, nicio. Se utilizeaz rar la plural.
b) Aucun Poate avea o valoare pozitiv, traducndu-se prinr vreun, vreo n propoziii care exprim ndoiala,
n propoziii interogative cnd rspunsul ateptat este nehgativ, dup sans, sans que, dup un comparativ.
2. Ca pronume, aucun poate avea dou valori: pozitiv i negativ.
a) Are o valoare negativ atunci cnd este nsoit de ne i nseamn niciunul, niciuna.
b) Poate avea o valoare pozitiv n aceleai situaii ca i adjectivul aucun.
Autre
Poate fi adjectiv sau pronume.
1. Ca adjectiv, autre se poate traduce cu: un alt, n alt, celelalte, vreo alt, cu totul alta, diferit, pe nimeni
altul n afar de, altcineva, alte.
Lun et lautre + nom, se traduce cu ambii, amndoi
2. Ca pronume, autre se poate utiliza cu un articol nehotrt sau n anumite expresii ce subliniaz ideea de
reciprocitate.
Autrui
Pronume nehotrt, autrui se traduce prin altul, alii, altuia, altora:
Certain
1. Ca adjectiv, nsoit sau nu de articolul nehotrt, certain:
a) precede un substantiv i se traduce cu un anumit, o anumit, un anume, o anume:
b) este precedat de un substantiv i devine adjectiv calificativ, se traduce prin sigur, cert.
2. Ca pronume, certain poate ndeplini funciile de subiect sau de complement i se traduce prin unii, unora.
Chacun/Chacune
Poate fi numai pronume. Este plasat dup sau nainte de substantiv i se acord n gen cu acesta. Cu valoare
nominal, chacun se utilizeaz doar la masculin. Chacun se traduce prin fiecare.
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Chaque
Poate fi numai adjectiv. Este invariabil, putnd fi utilizat n faa substantivelor masculine sau feminine. Se
traduce prin fiecare.
Chose
Se poate combina cu avec autre, grand, quelque, peu i nseman: autre chose (altceva), dautre chose (de
altceva), quelque chose (ceva), grand-chose (mare lucru), peu de chose (mai nimic, puin)
Differents, differentes, divers, diverses
Sunt adjective nehotrte i pot avea o valoare cantitativ sau pot exprima ideea de varietate (utilizate cu un
substantiv la plural fr articol) sau pot avea o valoare cantitativ (nsoite de un articol sau alt determinant).
Lun (les uns), lune (les unes)
Sunt pronume care se traduc cu unul (unii), una (unele). Pot fi utilizate cu sau fr articol naintea unui
substantiv sau a unui pronume la plural care exprim totalitatea. Dup en se utilizeaz ntotdeauna fr
articol. Articolul nu se omite niciodat n urmtoarele cazuri: de deux choses lune din dou lucruri unul,
de deux jours lun din dou zile una.
Observaie: Lun este urmat de lautre (legate sau nu prin conjunciile et, ou, ni) dac exprim
reciprocitatea, succesiunea sau opoziia i poate ndeplini funcia de pronume sau de adjectiv pronominal.
Maint
ndeplinete funcia de adjectiv pronominal nehotrt i se traduce prinmai mult de unul, mai muli, de (n)
nenumrate, acordndu-se n gen i numr cu substantivul pe care-l nsoete.
Mme
Exprim n general identitatea avnd urmtoarele:
1. Ca adjectiv, mme are valri diferite, n funcie de locul pe care-l ocup:
a) plasat n faa substantivului i precedat de un articol sau de un alt determinant, exprim identitatea sau
asemnarea a cel puin dou fiine i se traduce prin acelai, aceeai, aceiai, aceleai.
b) dup un substantiv sau un pronume personal, subliniaz identitatea, traducerea corespunznd pronumelui
de identitate din romn nsumi, nsmi, nsui, nsi etc.
2. Precedat de articolul nehotrt, are o valoare nominal, utilizat la masculin plural i se traduce prin aceiai.
3. Ca adverb, mme este invariabil, fiind nsoit de un verb, un adjectiv, un adverb sau un substantiv plasat
dup el (sau un pronume) i se traduce prin chiar.
Observaie: Adverbul mme este plasat dup verb sau ntre verb i participiul trecut sau naintea
substantivului subiect.
Nimporte qui
Este o locuiune pronominal care reprezint o persoan fr a-i preciza identitatea. Se traduce prin oricine.
Nimporte quoi
Este o locuiune pronominal care reprezint n mod nedefinit lucruri, aciuni i se traduce prin orice.
Nimpote lequel (laquelle)
Este o locuiune pronominal care reprezint o persoan sau un lucru de manier nedefinit. Se traduce prin
oricine.
Nimporte quel (quelle)
Este o locuiune adjectival care indic de manier nedefinitp o persoan sau un lucru. Precede substantivul
i se traduce prin orice.
Nul (nulle)
1. Ca adjectiv nehotrt, nul (nulle) aparine limbajului literar, utilizndu-se mai ales la singular, nsoit de
negaia ne i avnd sensul lui daucun (niciun, nicio).
2. Ca pronume, nul (nulle) se utilizeaz uneori ca echivalent al lui personne. Se traduce prin niciunul, niciuna,
nimeni.
On
On nu poate fi utilizat dect ca subiect. Se traduce prin cineva, noi, voi, ei, cine, oricine etc.:
Pas un (pas une)
Se utilizeaz ca pronume i ca adjectiv.
1. Ca pronume, pas un (pas une) este cel mai adesea nsoit de ne i se traduce prin niciunul, niciuna,
ntrind ideea negativ.
Observaie: Pas un nensoit de ne (n propoziii comparative) se traduce prin nimeni altul.
2. Ca adjectviv, poate fi ntrit prin seul i se traduce prin nici un, nici mcar un.
Observaie: Dup pas un ... qui fr ne expletiv, se utilizeaz conjunctivul.
61
Personne
Poate ndeplini funcie de pronume nehotrt i poate avea dou valori:
1. O valoare negativ cnd este nsoit de ne i se traduce prin nimeni:
2. Fr a fi nsoit de negaia ne, personne are n general un sens pozitiv, sinonim cu acela al pronumelui
quelquun i se traduce prin cineva, careva. Se utilizeaz:
a) n propoziii care exprim ndoiala sau n propoziii interogative la care rspunsul este negativ.
b) n propoziii subordonate care depind de o propoziie principal negativ.
c) dup avant que, sans que, trop ... pour.
d) dup un comparativ.
e) n propoziii condiionale.
Plusieurs
Poate ndeplini funciile de adjectiv sau de pronume.
1. Ca adjectiv, plusieurs nsoete substantivul la plural, indicnd o pluralitate. SE traduce prin mai muli, mai
multe.
2. Plusieurs poate ndeplini i funcia de pronume.
Quelque
Poate fi utilizat ca adjectiv nehotrt, cu o valoare adverbial i poate intra n compunerea locuiunii
concesive quelque ... que.
1. Ca adjectiv nehotrt, quelque poate fi utilizat numai cu un substantiv nearticulat la singular.
2. Quelque are o valoare adverbial atunci cnd este utilizat n faa unui numeral cardinal i indic o
aproximaie, traducndu-se cu vreo.
Observaie: Dac quelques este plasat dup un numeral cardinal, fiind legat de acesta prin conjuncie et, se
traduce prin numeral + i ceva i este considerat adjectiv.
3. Quelque ... que, ca locuiune concesiv are urmtoarele valori:
a) n faa unui substantiv quelque ae funcia de adjectiv, acordndu-se n gen i numr cu substantivul pe care
l determin.
b) n faa unui adjectiv, quelque este invariabil, avnd o valoare adverbial.
c) n faa unui adjectiv urmat de un substantiv, quelque poate fi:
adjectiv, dac determin substantivul i se traduce prin orice, orici, oricte
adverb, dac determin adjectivul i se traduce prin orict
Observaie: Dup locuiunea concesiv quelque ... que se utilizeaz ntotdeauna conjunctivul.
Quelquun
Poate ndeplini funciea de pronume nehotrt, indicnd o persoan a crei identitate este necunoscut, Poate fi
utilizat singur, urmat de o propoziie relativ, urmat de de i de un adjectiv masculin. Se traduce prin cineva.
Observaie: Quelquun poate avea o valoare emfatic, traducndu-se prin cineva, o persoan important,
drept cineva, cuiva.
Quelque chose
Se utilizeaz ca pronume nehotrt pentru a desemna lucruri. Se traduce de obicei prin ceva. Poate fi utilizat
singur, urmat de o propoziie relativ, urmat de de i de un adjectiv la masculin (acordul se face, n acest caz, la
masculin).
Observaie: Quelque chose, ca i quelquun de altfel, poate fi utilizat cu valoare emfativ.
Quelques
NU este pluralul lui quelque, ci opusul lui plusieurs, precednd un substantiv i indicnd o mic cantitate
nedefinit. Se traduce prin cteva.
Quelconque
Are o valoare adjectival, utilizndu-se dup un substantiv i nevariind dect dup numr. Se traduce prin
oarecare.
Observaie: nsoit de trs, aussi, bien etc., se traduce prin oarecare, nensemnat, mediocru:
Quiconque
ndeplinete funcia de pronume nehotrt, utilizndu-se doar la singular. SE traduce prin oricine, cine,
oricui.
Quelques-uns (quelques-unes)
ndeplinete funcia de pronume nehotrt, fiind corespondentul adjectivului nehotrt quelques. Indic un
numr nedeterminat dar limitat de persoane sau de lucruri. Se traduce prin unii, unele, civa, cteva.
Observaie: Dac quelques-uns este urmat de un adjectiv sau de un participiu, acesta este precedat de
prepoziia de.
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Qui
Este echivalentul lui quiconque. Se traduce prin cine, cel care, cui, aceluia care. SE utilizeaz adesea n
proverbe.
Qui que ce soit, qui que tu sois, qui que vous soyez
Se reref numai la persoane i se traduce prin oricine, oricui. n propoziii negative, se traduce prin nimeni.
Quel (quels), quelle (quelles)
Sunt adjective relative care, precedate de je ne sais, on ne sait etc., formeaz locuiuni adjectivale nehotrte.
Se traduce prin nu tiu ce.
Qui, quoi
Sunt pronume relative care, precedate de je ne sais, on ne sait, il ne sait etc. formeaz locuiuni pronominale
nehotrte. Se traduc prin nu tiu cine, nu tiu cui, cine tie ce.
Rien
ndeplinete funcia de pronume nehotrt neutru i poate avea o valoare negativ sau pozitiv .
1. Dac pronumele nehotrt rien este nsoit de negaia ne, se traduce prin nimic.
2. Fr negaia ne, rien are adesea o valoare pozitiv i se traduce prin ceva, fiind echivalentul lui quelque
chose. Cu aceast valoare, apare frecvent n urmtoarele cazuri:
a) n propoziii care exprim ndoiala sau n propoziii interogative la care rspunsul ateptat este negativ.
b) n subordonate care depind de o propoziie negativ.
c) Dup avant que, sans que sans, trop ... pour que (avant de ..., trop ... pour + verb la infinitiv).
d) n propoziii condiionale.
Observaie: Rien intr n compunerea locuiunilor adverbiale: comme si de rien ntait (ca i cum nimic n-ar
fi), il nen est rien (este total neadevrat), cela ne fait rien ( nu face nimic, nu are nicio importan), en moins
de rien (foarte repede), ne tenir rien (a nu exista niciun obstacol, a nu ine la nimic, a nu avea nicio
dorin), pour rien (pe nimica toat, degeaba, zadarnic), rien que a! (numai att), rien de rien ( absolut
nimic), ne faire rien qui vaille (a nu face nimic bun), rien du tout (absolut numic)
Tel (telle)
Poate ndeplini funciile de pronume nehotrt i de adjectiv nehotrt.
A. Ca adjectiv nehotrt, are mai degrab o valoare demonstrativ i indic identitatea sau asemnarea. Poate avea
urmtoarele valori:
a) Atunci cnd nsoete un substantiv i se combin cu articolul acestuia, are o valoare demontrativ,
traducndu-se cu asemenea, astfel de.
b) Poate exprima intensitatea i se traduce prin de o/un asemenea, un/o astfel de.
c) Fr articol, se traduce prin cutare i (sau) cutare, o/un astfel de.
d) Folosit la nceputul unei propoziii, tel poate rezuma coninutul a ceea ce precede, traducndu-se prin
acesta, aceasta, acetia, acestea.
e) Tel poate fi utilizat fr articol, ndeplinind funcia de nume predicativ, sau poate fi utilizat n proverbe,
maxime sau enunuri cu valoare sentenioas ce exprim comparaia.
f) Tel que, urmat de un substantiv determinat (sau de un pronume) i un verb la indicativ, exprim
comparaia i se traduce prin aa ca, aa cum.
Observaie: Tel que (tel ... que) introduce o propoziie ce exprim consecina. Se traduce prin aa o/un
nct .
g) Tel quel are sensul de aa cum este, mediocru, nesatisfctor.
h) Tel intr n compunerea locuiunilor conjuncionale care indic consecina, scopul.
Pentru o consecin real, se utilizeaz verbul la indicativ.
Pentru o consecin dorit, o intenie sau un scop, se utilizeaz verbul la conjunctiv.
i) Tel formeaz cu anumite verbe expresii n care se face acordul cu substantivul pe care-l determin i se
traduce prin atare.
B. Ca pronume nehotrt, tel se utilizeaz mai ales la singular, nsoit sau nu de articol, i se traduce prin cel
care, cine, unul, altul, cutare.
Observaie: Tel se utilizeaz adesea n faa unui termen de comparaie cu care se acord, n locul lui comme.
Se traduce prin ca i, ntocmai ca
Tout (tous), toute (toutes)
Poate ndeplini funciile de pronume, adjectiv sau adverb.
1. Ca adjectiv nehotrt, are mai multe sensuri, acordndu-se n gen i numr cu substantivul pe care l
determin.
a) Cnd precede un substantiv nsoit de un articol hotrt, un adjectiv posesiv, un adjectiv demonstrativ, are
sensul de tot, toat, toi, toate.
63
Observaie: n anumite situaii, tout, chiar i precedat de un substantiv articulat, are o valoare adverbial,
traducndu-se prin exact, leit, tocmai.
b) Cnd este precedat de un substantiv nsoit de articolul nehotrt, are sensul de un ntreg, o ntreag. n
aceste cazuri, este utilizat numai la singular.
c) Cnd este precedat de un substantiv care nu este nsoit de nici un determinant, are sensul de orice,
oricare, fiecare.
d) n faa unui numeral nsoit de articolul hotrt les, are un sens aparte: tous les dix jours (la fiecare 10
zile), tous les deux mtres (din doi n doi metri),tous les deux (amndoi), toutes les cinq minutes (din cinci n
cinci minute).
e) Tout intr n construcia anumitor expresii, mai ales locuiuni, care se traduc prin cu toat, n toat : en
toute simplicit (cu toat...), un paysage de toute beaut (de toat frumuseea), courir toute vitesse (cu toat
viteza, foarte repede), cest de toute vidence (este foarte evident), cest un problme de toute urgence (foarte
urgent), tout moment (ntr-una), de toute sorte (oricum), tout propos (ntr-una, mereu), en tout temps (de
cnd e lumea), en toutes lettres (neprescurtat; n litere, nu n cifre), toutes proportions gardes (pstrnd
msura), en tout tat de cause (oricum, oricare ar fi situaia), somme toute (scurt, ntr-un cuvnt), tout de
mme (totui, cu toate acestea).
2. Ca pronume, tout (toute, tous, toutes) se utilizeaz:
a) pentru a reprezenta fiine i lucruri, mai multe fiine sau mai multe lucruri ntr-o enumerare. Se traduce cu
toi, toate.
b) Tous cu valoare nominal, se utilizeaz doar pentru persoane i poate fi nlocuit prin lociunea tout le
monde (dup aceast locuiune, verbul se folosete la persoana a treia singular). Se traduce cu toi, toat
lumea.
c) La singular, tout poate avea sensul opus lui rien. Se traduce prin tot, totul, orice.
3. Ca adverb, tout este invariabil, cu excepia cazului n care precede un adjectiv feminin ce ncepe n
consoan sau h aspirat. El poate avea urmtoarele:
a)Poate exprima un superlativ sau poate indica o stare, dac precede un (tout + adjectif). Se traduce prin
foarte, complet + adjectiv.
b) tout + adjectiv + que exprim o concesie i se utilizeaz cu indicativul sau conjunctivul. Se traduce prin
orict de, dei.
c) tout + prepoziie are o valoare superlativ.
d) tout + substantiv poate fi considerat adjectiv. Se traduce cu numai.
e) tout + verb la gerunziu subliniaz simultaneitatea i continuitatea aciunilor sau opoziia dintre ele. Se
traduce prin n timp ce, dei.
Observaie: Tout intr n compunerea unor locuiuni adverbiale frecvent utilizate, unele dintre ele cu valoare
superlativ: elle est tout fait belle (cu totul, ct se poate de frumoas), il ressemble tout fait sa mre
(exact, ntru totul, leit), jai trouv tout de mme une ressemblance entre les deux frres (totui), il chante
tout haut, tout bas (tare de tot, ncet de tot).
Se d textul:
ARTICLE 8
Tout Franais jouira des droits civils.

ARTICLE 9
Chacun a droit au respect de sa vie prive.
Les juges peuvent, sans prjudice de la rparation du dommage subi, prescrire toutes mesures, telles que squestre,
saisie et autres, propres empcher ou faire cesser une atteinte l'intimit de la vie prive : ces mesures peuvent, s'il
y a urgence, tre ordonnes en rfr.
ARTICLE 9-1
Chacun a droit au respect de la prsomption d'innocence.

64
Lorsqu'une personne est, avant toute condamnation, prsente publiquement comme tant coupable de faits faisant
l'objet d'une enqute ou d'une instruction judiciaire, le juge peut, mme en rfr, sans prjudice de la rparation du
dommage subi, prescrire toutes mesures, telles que l'insertion d'une rectification ou la diffusion d'un communiqu,
aux fins de faire cesser l'atteinte la prsomption d'innocence, et ce aux frais de la personne, physique ou morale,
responsable de cette atteinte.
ARTICLE 10
Chacun est tenu d'apporter son concours la justice en vue de la manifestation de la vrit.
Celui qui, sans motif lgitime, se soustrait cette obligation lorsqu'il en a t lgalement requis, peut tre contraint
d'y satisfaire, au besoin peine d'astreinte ou d'amende civile, sans prjudice de dommages et intrts.
ARTICLE 16-1
Chacun a droit au respect de son corps.
Le corps humain est inviolable.
Le corps humain, ses lments et ses produits ne peuvent faire l'objet d'un droit patrimonial.
ARTICLE 16-2
Le juge peut prescrire toutes mesures propres empcher ou faire cesser une atteinte illicite au corps humain ou
des agissements illicites portant sur des lments ou des produits de celui-ci.
ARTICLE 16-4
NUL NE PEUT PORTER ATTEINTE L'INTGRIT DE L'ESPCE HUMAINE.
TOUTE PRATIQUE EUGNIQUE TENDANT L'ORGANISATION DE LA SLECTION DES
PERSONNES EST INTERDITE.
SANS PRJUDICE DES RECHERCHES TENDANT LA PRVENTION ET AU TRAITEMENT
DES MALADIES GNTIQUES, AUCUNE TRANSFORMATION NE PEUT TRE APPORTE AUX
CARACTRES GNTIQUES DANS LE BUT DE MODIFIER LA DESCENDANCE DE LA
PERSONNE.
ARTICLE 16-6
Aucune rmunration ne peut tre alloue celui qui se prte une exprimentation sur sa personne, au
prlvement d'lments de son corps ou la collecte de produits de celui-ci.
Lire et traduire les articles.
Nasalisations
Mettez les articles la forme affirmative
jouir= a beneficia, a se bucura de

avoir droit = a avea dreptul
le respect de sa vie prive= respectarea vieii sale private
sans prjudice de = fr a mpiedica
dommage subi =daun suferit
prescrire quelque chose= a prescrie ceva
saisie= sechestru
empcher= a mpiedica
faire cesser= a face s nceteze
une atteinte = o atingere adus
tre ordonnes en rfr= a fi ordonate n procedur de urgen/prin ordonan preedinial
la prsomption d'innocence= prezumie de inocen/de nevinovie
tre coupable de = a fi vinovat de
65
faits faisant l'objet d'une enqute ou d'une instruction judiciaire= fapte ce fac obiectul unei anchete sau al unei
instrumentri judiciare
en rfr=prin ordonan preedinial
l'insertion d'une rectification = introducerea/inserarea unei rectificri
la diffusion d'un communiqu= difuzarea unui comunicat
aux fins de = cu scopul de
faire cesser = a face s nceteze
l'atteinte = atingerea adus
aux frais de = pe cheltuiala
apporter son concours = a-i aduce concursul/a ajuta
en vue de = n vedere/cu scopul
la vrit= adevrul
sans motif lgitime= fr motiv legitim
se soustrait = a se sustrage de la
tre lgalement requis = a fi legal cerut
tre contraint d'y satisfaire= a fi constrns s satisfac ceva
au besoin = la nevoie
peine d'astreinte ou d'amende civile= sub sanciunea constrngerii sau a unei amenzi civile
dommages et intrts =daune-interese
faire l'objet = aface obiectul
un droit patrimonial = un drept patrimonial
une atteinte illicite= atingere ilicit
agissements illicites= aciuni ilicite
porter sur= a purta asupra
PRATIQUE EUGNIQUE= PRACTIC GENETIC
TENDRE =A TINDE LA/SPRE
LA PRVENTION =PREVENIREA
TRAITEMENT = TRATAREA
MALADIES GNTIQUES= BOLI GENETICE
DANS LE BUT DE = N SCOPUL DE
rmunration = remuneraie/plat
tre alloue= a fi alocat
se prter = ase preta la/ a se deda la
le prlvement= prelevarea
1.
2.
3.
Lire et traduire les articles

Nasalisations
Mettez les articles la forme affirmative, respectivement la forme ngative.
2.NASALISATIONS
ARTICLE 8
Tout Fra nais jouira des droits civils.
ARTICLE 9
Chacu n a droit au respect de sa vie prive.
Les juges peuvent, sa ns prjudice de la rparatio n du dommage subi, prescrire toutes mesures, telles que squestre,
saisie et autres, propres e mpcher ou faire cesser une atte nte l' ntimit de la vie prive : ces mesures peuvent, s'il
y a urge nce, tre ordonnes e n rfr.
Article 9-1
Chacu n a droit au respect de la prso mption d'innoce nce.
Lorsqu'une personne est, ava nt toute co nda mnatio n, prse nte publiqueme nt comme ta nt coupable de faits faisa nt
l'objet d'une e nqute ou d'une nstructio n judiciaire, le juge peut, mme e n rfr, sa ns prjudice de la rparatio n du
dommage subi, prescrire toutes mesures, telles que l' nsertio n d'une rectificatio n ou la diffusio n d'u n communiqu,
aux f ns de faire cesser l'atte nte la prso mptio n d'innoce nce, et ce aux frais de la personne, physique ou morale,
respo nsable de cette atte nte.
Article 10
Chacu n est tenu d'apporter so n co ncours la justice e n vue de la manifestatio n de la vrit.
66
Celui qui, sa ns motif lgitime, se soustrait cette obligatio n lorsqu'il e n a t lgaleme nt requis, peut tre co ntra int
d'y satisfaire, au beso n peine d'astre nte ou d'ame nde civile, sa ns prjudice de dommages et ntrts.
Article 16-1
Chacu n a droit au respect de so n corps.
Le corps huma n est nviolable.
Le corps huma n, ses lme nts et ses produits ne peuvent faire l'objet d'u n droit patrimonial.
Article 16-2
Le juge peut prescrire toutes mesures propres e mpcher ou faire cesser une atte nte illicite au corps huma n ou des
agisseme nts illicites porta nt sur des lme nts ou des produits de celui-ci.
Article 16-4
Nul ne peut porter atte nte l' ntgrit de l'espce humaine.
Toute pratique eugnique te nda nt l'organisatio n de la slectio n des personnes est nterdite.
Sa ns prjudice des recherches te nda nt la prve ntio n et au traiteme nt des maladies gntiques, aucune
tra nsformatio n ne peut tre apporte aux caractres gntiques da ns le but de modifier la desce nda nce de la
personne.
Article 16-6
Aucune rmunratio n ne peut tre alloue celui qui se prte une exprime ntatio n sur sa personne, au prlveme nt
d'lme nts de so n corps ou la collecte de produits de celui-ci.
3.Mettre la forme affirmative/ngative correspondante
Tout Franais jouira des droits civils.
Aucun Franais ne jouira de droits civils.
Chacun a droit au respect de sa vie prive.
Personne n'a droit au respect de sa vie prive.
Les juges peuvent, sans prjudice de la rparation du dommage subi, prescrire toutes mesures, telles que squestre,
saisie et autres, propres empcher ou faire cesser une atteinte l'intimit de la vie prive : ces mesures peuvent, s'il
y a urgence, tre ordonnes en rfr.
Les juges peuvent, sans prjudice de la rparation du dommage subi, ne prescrire aucunes mesures, telles que
squestre, saisie et autres, propres empcher ou faire cesser une atteinte l'intimit de la vie prive : ces mesures
peuvent, s'il y a urgence, tre ordonnes en rfr.
Chacun a droit au respect de la prsomption d'innocence.
Personne/Nul n'a droit au respect de la prsomption d'innocence.
Chacun est tenu d'apporter son concours la justice en vue de la manifestation de la vrit.
Nul n'est tenu d'apporter son concours la justice en vue de la manifestation de la vrit.
Chacun a droit au respect de son corps.
Nul n'a droit au respect de son corps.
Nul ne peut porter atteinte l'intgrit de l'espce humaine.
Chacun peut porter atteinte l'intgrit de l'espce humaine.
67
TOUTE PRATIQUE EUGNIQUE TENDANT L'ORGANISATION DE LA SLECTION DES

PERSONNES EST INTERDITE.
AUCUNE PRATIQUE EUGNIQUE TENDANT L'ORGANISATION DE LA SLECTION DES
PERSONNES N'EST INTERDITE.
DES MALADIES GNTIQUES, AUCUNE TRANSFORMATION NE PEUT TRE APPORTE AUX
PERSONNE.
DES MALADIES GNTIQUES, TOUTE TRANSFORMATION PEUT TRE APPORTE AUX
PERSONNE.
Aucune rmunration ne peut tre alloue celui qui se prte une exprimentation sur sa personne, au prlvement
d'lments de son corps ou la collecte de produits de celui-ci.
Toute rmunration peut tre alloue celui qui se prte une exprimentation sur sa personne, au prlvement
d'lments de son corps ou la collecte de produits de celui-ci.
68
Modulul V.
Le numeral
Unitatea de nvare:
Numeralul
Timp alocat: 2 h
Bibliografie:
2008.
Numeralul
n francez, numeralele sunt considerate adjective numerale.
Adjectivele numerale determin substantivul, adugndu-i fie o idee de cantitate (numeralul cardinal), fie o
idee de rang (numeralul ordinal).
1. Adjectivele numerale cardinale marcheaz numrul, cantitatea. Ele au forme simple i forme compuse.
a) Toate numeralele cardinale sunt invariabile n afar de:
1 care are o form de masculin un i o form de feminin une;
vingt et cent primesc un s la plural dac sunt multiplicate i nu sunt urmate de un alt numeral. Dac sunt urmate
de un alt numeral, rmn invariabile.
b) Numeralele cardinale six i dix se pronun sis i dis cnd sunt utilizate singure; si i di cnd sunt urmate
de un substantiv sau un adjectiv care ncepe n consoan sau h aspirat; siz i diz cnd sunt urmate de un
substantiv sau un adjectiv care ncepe n vocal sau h mut.
c) Pentru numeralele cardinale cinq i huit, consoanele finale -q i -t se prononun numai dac numeralul nu
este urmat de un substantiv sau un adjectiv, sau dac substantivul sau adjectivul ncep n vocal sau h mut.
Dac substantivul sau adjectivul ncep n consoan sau h aspirat, consoanele finale nu se pronun.
d) Pentru numeralele cardinale sept i neuf, consoana final se pronun. Consoana -p- din numeralul sept nu
se pronun.
e) Numeralele cardinale compuse sunt formate fie prin adunarea a dou sau mai multe numerale simple, fie
prin nmulirea a dou sau mai multe numerale simple; pn la cent sunt scrise cu ajutorul unei liniue de
unire.
f) Pentru numeralele compuse, nainte de un i onze, se pune conjuncia et. Fac excepie de la aceast regul
numeralele quatre-vingt, cent i mille.
g) Numeralul mille (pronunat mil), poate fi scris i mil (cnd exprim o dat istoric dine ra noastr i dac
este urmat de un alt numeral). Este invariabil, n afar de cazul n care indic distana ca substantiv masculin:
mille marine. n acest caz, adaug un s la plural.
h) Atunci cnd se exprim date istorice, se utilizeaz mai degrab formele: 1800 dix-huit cents, n loc de
mille huit cent; 1998 dix-neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-huit n loc de mille neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-huit.
2. Adjectivele numerale ordinale marcheaz ordinea, rangul.
a) Provin din adjectivele numerale cardinale la care se adaug terminaia -ime. Forma de masculin i de feminin
este distins prin articolul antepus.
b) Numeralul ordinal corespondent numeralului cardinal un are dou forme: le premier/la premire;
numeralul ordinal corespondent numeralului cardinal deux are i el dou forme, cu distincia
masculin/feminin, pentru fiecare dintre ele: le/la deuxime le second, la seconde.
c) Numeralele cardinale terminate n -e mut pierd aceast vocal nainte de a primi terminaia -ime: quatre
le (la) quatrime;
d) Numeralul cardinal cinq adaug vocala u nainte de a primi terminaia -ime: cinq le cinquime;
e) Numeralul cardinal neuf schimb -f n -v nainte de a primi terminaia -ime.
f) Pentru numeralele compuse, doar numeralul care indic unitile primete terminaia -ime: le
vingt-troisime, le trente et unime.
69
Observaie: n francez, million, milliard i trillion sunt considerate substantive, fiind deci variabile la
plural.
ARTICLE 112
(insr par Loi n 77-1447 du 28 dcembre 1977 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 29 dcembre 1977 en vigueur le
31 mars 1978)
Lorsqu'une personne a cess de paratre au lieu de son domicile ou de sa rsidence sans que l'on en ait eu
de nouvelles, le juge des tutelles peut, la demande des parties intresses ou du ministre public, constater
qu'il y a prsomption d'absence.
ARTICLE 113
31 mars 1978)
Le juge peut dsigner un ou plusieurs parents ou allis, ou, le cas chant, toutes autres personnes pour
reprsenter la personne prsume absente dans l'exercice de ses droits ou dans tout acte auquel elle serait
intresse, ainsi que pour administrer tout ou partie de ses biens ; la reprsentation du prsum absent et
l'administration de ses biens sont alors soumises aux rgles applicables l'administration lgale sous contrle
judiciaire telle qu'elle est prvue pour les mineurs, et en outre sous les modifications qui suivent.
ARTICLE 114
31 mars 1978)
Sans prjudice de la comptence particulire attribue d'autres juridictions, aux mmes fins, le juge fixe,
le cas chant, suivant l'importance des biens, les sommes qu'il convient d'affecter annuellement l'entretien
de
la
famille
ou
aux
charges
du
mariage.
Il
dtermine
comment
il
est
pourvu
l'tablissement
des
enfants.
Il spcifie aussi comment sont rgles les dpenses d'administration ainsi qu'ventuellement la
rmunration qui peut tre alloue la personne charge de la reprsentation du prsum absent et de
l'administration de ses biens.
ARTICLE 115
31 mars 1978)
Le juge peut, tout moment et mme d'office, mettre fin la mission de la personne ainsi dsigne ; il peut
galement procder son remplacement.
ARTICLE 229
(insr par Loi n 75-617 du 11 juillet 1975 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 12 juillet 1975 en vigueur le 1er
janvier 1976)
Le divorce peut tre prononc en cas :
- soit de consentement mutuel ;
- soit de rupture de la vie commune ;
- soit de faute.
ARTICLE 231
(insr par Loi n 75-617 du 11 juillet 1975 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 12 juillet 1975 en vigueur le 1er
janvier 1976)
Le juge examine la demande avec chacun des poux, puis les runit. Il appelle ensuite le ou les avocats.
Si les poux persistent en leur intention de divorcer, le juge leur indique que leur demande doit tre
renouvele
aprs
un
dlai
de
rflexion
de
trois
mois.
A dfaut de renouvellement dans les six mois qui suivent l'expiration de ce dlai de rflexion, la demande
conjointe sera caduque.
ARTICLE 515-1
(insr par Loi n 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 16 novembre 1999)
UN PACTE CIVIL DE SOLIDARIT EST UN CONTRAT CONCLU PAR DEUX PERSONNES
PHYSIQUES MAJEURES, DE SEXE DIFFRENT OU DE MME SEXE, POUR ORGANISER
LEUR VIE COMMUNE.
ARTICLE 515-2
(insr par Loi n 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 16 novembre 1999)
70
A
peine
de
nullit,
il
ne
peut
y
avoir
de
pacte
civil
de
solidarit :
1 Entre ascendant et descendant en ligne directe, entre allis en ligne directe et entre collatraux jusqu'au
troisime
degr
inclus ;
2 Entre deux personnes dont l'une au moins est engage dans les liens du mariage ;
3 Entre deux personnes dont l'une au moins est dj lie par un pacte civil de solidarit.
Lire et traduire les articles du texte propos
Souligner les nasalisations
Dictionnaire
Journal Officiel = Jurnalul Oficial
en vigueur = n vigoare
cesser de paratre= a nceta s apar
au lieu de son domicile ou de sa rsidence= la locul domiciliului sau al reedinei sale
le juge des tutelles = judectorul ce se ocup de tutele
la demande de = la cererea
prsomption d'absence= prezumie de absen
parents ou allis = rude sau aliai
le cas chant = dac este cazul, eventual
dans l'exercice de ses droits= n exercitarea drepturilor sale
administration lgale sous contrle judiciaire = administrare legal sub control judiciar
sans prjudice de = fr a mpiedica
aux mmes fins= n/cu aceleai scopuri
il convient = se cuvine
l'entretien de la famille= ntreinerea familiei
charges du mariage=sarcinile/obligaiile/ndatoririle cstoriei
pourvoir = a participa la/a asigura
l'tablissement des enfants=plasarea/stabilirea copiilor
les dpenses d'administration= cheltuielile de administrare
la rmunration= remuneraia, salariul
allouer = a aloca
personne charge de la reprsentation du prsum absent= persoana nsrcinat cu reprezentarea
prezumatului absent
l'administration de ses biens= administrarea bunurilor sale
tout moment et mme d'office = n orice moment i chiar din oficiu
mettre fin = a pune capt, a ncheia
le remplacement= nlocuirea
consentement mutuel =consimmnt mutual
rupture de la vie commune = rupere a vieii comune
faute = culp
la demande = cererea, reclamaia
les poux= soii
appeller = a chema, a apela, a cita
persister en leur intention de = a persista, a continua n intenia lor de
aprs un dlai de rflexion = dup un termen de reflecie
dfaut de = n lipsa
la demande conjointe sera caduque = cererea/aciunea conjunct va fi caduc
un pacte civil de solidarit = un pact civil de solidaritate
peine de nullit = sub sanciunea nulitii
en ligne directe = n linie direct
jusqu'au troisime degr inclus = pn la gradul al treilea, inclusiv
tre engage dans les liens du mariage = a fi angajat prin cstorie
ARTICLE 112
( nsr par Loi n 77-1447 du 28 dcembre 1977 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 29 dce mbre 1977 e n vigueur le
31 mars 1978)
71
Lorsqu'une personne a cess de paratre au lieu de so n domicile ou de sa rside nce sa ns que l'on en ait eu
de nouvelles, le juge des tutelles peut, la dema nde des parties ntresses ou du ministre public, co nstater
qu'il y a prso mptio n d'abse nce.
ARTICLE 113
( nsr par Loi n 77-1447 du 28 dce mbre 1977 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 29 dce mbre 1977 e n vigueur le
31 mars 1978)
Le juge peut dsigner u n ou plusieurs pare nts ou allis, ou, le cas cha nt, toutes autres personnes pour
reprse nter la personne prsume abse nte da ns l'exercice de ses droits ou da ns tout acte auquel elle serait
ntresse, a nsi que pour administrer tout ou partie de ses bie ns ; la reprse ntatio n du prsum abse nt et
l'administratio n de ses bie ns so nt alors soumises aux rgles applicables l'administratio n lgale sous co ntrle
judiciaire telle qu'elle est prvue pour les mineurs, et e n outre sous les modificatio ns qui suivent.
ARTICLE 114
31 mars 1978)
Sa ns prjudice de la co mpte nce particulire attribue d'autres juridictio ns, aux mmes f ns, le juge fixe,
le cas cha nt, suiva nt l' mporta nce des bie ns, les sommes qu'il co nvie nt d'affecter annuelleme nt l'e ntretie n
de la famille ou aux charges du mariage.
Il dtermine comme nt il est pourvu l'tablisseme nt des e nfa nts.
Il spcifie aussi comme nt so nt rgles les dpe nses d'administratio n a nsi qu've ntuelleme nt la
rmunratio n qui peut tre alloue la personne charge de la reprse ntatio n du prsum abse nt et de
l'administratio n de ses bie ns.
ARTICLE 115
31 mars 1978)
Le juge peut, tout mome nt et mme d'office, mettre f n la mission de la personne a nsi dsigne ; il peut
galeme nt procder so n re mplaceme nt.
ARTICLE 229
( nsr par Loi n 75-617 du 11 juillet 1975 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 12 juillet 1975 e n vigueur le 1er
ja nvier 1976)
Le divorce peut tre prono nc e n cas :
- soit de co nse nteme nt mutuel ;
- soit de rupture de la vie commune ;
- soit de faute.
ARTICLE 231
( nsr par Loi n 75-617 du 11 juillet 1975 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 12 juillet 1975 e n vigueur le 1er
ja nvier 1976)
Le juge examine la dema nde avec chacu n des poux, puis les runit. Il appelle e nsuite le ou les avocats.
Si les poux persistent e n leur ntentio n de divorcer, le juge leur ndique que leur dema nde doit tre
renouvele aprs u n dlai de rflexio n de trois mois.
A dfaut de renouvelleme nt da ns les six mois qui suivent l'expiratio n de ce dlai de rflexio n, la dema nde
co njo nte sera caduque.
ARTICLE 515-1
( nsr par Loi n 99-944 du 15 nove mbre 1999 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 16 nove mbre 1999)
U N PACTE CIVIL DE SOLIDARIT EST U N CO NTRAT CO NCLU PAR DEUX PERSONNES
PHYSIQUES MAJEURES, DE SEXE DIFFRE NT OU DE MME SEXE, POUR ORGANISER
LEUR VIE COMMUNE.
ARTICLE 515-2
( nsr par Loi n 99-944 du 15 nove mbre 1999 art. 1 Journal Officiel du 16 nove mbre 1999)
A peine de nullit, il ne peut y avoir de pacte civil de solidarit :
1 E ntre asce nda nt et desce nda nt e n ligne directe, e ntre allis e n ligne directe et e ntre collatraux jusqu'au
troisime degr nclus ;
2 E ntre deux personnes do nt l'une au mo ns est e ngage da ns les lie ns du mariage ;
3 E ntre deux personnes do nt l'une au mo ns est dj lie par u n pacte civil de solidarit.
72
73
Modulul VI.
Le verbe
Unitatea de nvare:
Le verbe
Timp alocat: 2 h
Bibliografie:
2008.
Verbul
Verbul exprim o aciune sau o stare. El este susceptibil s primeasc mrcile de timp, de mod i de persoan i
cunoate opoziia de gen.
Verbul poate avea o form simpl sau o form compus. n ultimul caz, este precedat de un auxiliar care ia
mrcile de mod, timp i persoan, i un participiu trecut.
A. Dup construcia n care intr verbele, acestea sunt mprite n: verbe copulative; verbe tranzitive; verbe
intranzitive.
a) Verbele copulative de tipul tre, sunt n mod obligatoriu urmate de un constituent (o sintagm nominal, o
sintagm adjectival, sau o sintagm prepoziional).
b) Verbele translative sunt n mod obligatoriu urmate de o sintagm nominal obiect. AStfel, se disting
verbele translative directe, urmate de un complement direct, i verbele translative indirecte, urmate de un
complement indirect.
Observaie: Unele verbe translative pot fi utilizate intranzitiv. Exist, de asemenea, verbe tranzitive care
cers au admit o construcie dubl obiect direct + obiect indirect (sau complement de atribuie).
c) Verbele intranzitive nu sunt urmate de un complement obiect. Unele verbe intranzitive trebuie obligatoriu
s fie urmate de un complement circumstanial.
Observaie: Uneori verbele intranzitive sunt urmate de un complement direct sau indirect pleonastic, adesea
cu valoare intensiv.
B. Conjugarea este ansamblul formelor pe care le ia verbul pentru a exprima diferenele de persoan, de
numr, de mod i de timp.
a) Radicalul. Terminaia.
Orice verb se compune din dou pri: radicalul (partea stabil a verbului, n principiu) i terminaia (partea
verbului care variaz pentru a exprima relaiile de persoan, de numr, de timp etc.). Unele verbe prezint
doi radicalu de origine diferit: je vais, nous allons, jirai.
b) Persoana. Numrul.
Persoana este forma pe care o capt terminaia verbului, dup cum subiectul joac primul, al doilea sau al
treilea rol n discurs. Verbul are trei persoane: persoana I este cea care vorbete; persoana a II-a este cea
creia i se vorbete; persoana a III-a este cea despre care se vorbete.
Numrul este forma pe care o mbrac terminaia verbului dup cum subiectul este singular sau plural:
singulier
pluriel
je certifie
nous certifions
tu certifies
vous certifiez
il (elle) certifie
ils (elles) certifient
Grupe de verbe
1. Grupa I: verbele care la indicativ prezent activ persoana I singular se termin n -e i la infinitiv n -er (de
tip parler); aller care se termin n -er la infinitiv, are o conjugare neregulat. Din aceast grup fac parte:
accepter a accepta; accuser a acuza; actionner a aciona, a urmri n instan; admonester a
admonesta; agrer a agrea, a admite; (s)allier a se uni prin cstorie; aliner a aliena, a nstrina;
annuler a anula; appeler a apela, a face apel; apposer a aplica, a insera; apprhender a aresta, a pune
mna pe; approuver a aproba; arguer a acuza, a ataca, a contesta; arrenter a arenda; arrrager a fi n
ntrziere de plat, a rmne datorat (les termes sarrragent, restent dus); articuler a articula, a enuna
articol cu articol; assigner a atribui, a cita, a afecta o sum unei pli; assister a asista, a interveni n
actele unui incapabil; atermoyer a amna, a tergiversa; attaquer a ataca, a contesta validitatea; autoriser
a autoriza, a abilita; avantager a avantaja, a favoriza; bnficier a beneficia ; blmer a blama, a
74
dezaproba, a admonesta oficial; cautionner a cauiona, a depune cauiune, a garanta bnete; cder a
ceda, a renuna la ceva, a transfera, a vinde; certifier a certifica, a garanta printr-un act; charger a
nsrcina, a depune mpotriva cuiva; colloquer a nscrie; commercialiser a comercializa, a reglementa
prin dreptul comercial; commissionner a comisiona, a atribui o funcie, a desemna pentru o munc;
commuer a comuta, a schimba o pedeaps cu una mai mic; communaliser a face s depind de comun,
a pune sub dependena comunei; communiquer a comunica, a pune la dispoziia; compulser a consulta, a
examina, a lua la cunotin despre; concilier a mpca, a concilia; constituer a constitui, a institui, a
stabili pe cineva ntr-o situaie legal; se constituer prisonier a se preda juistiiei; constitutionnaliser a
constituionaliza; convoler a se recstori; copier a copia, a reproduce un nscris; copossder a
coposeda, a poseda mpreun cu ali posesori; correctionnaliser a urmri n faa tribunalului corecional,
calificnd o infraciune drept delict; crier a striga, a vinde cu strigare; criminaliser a erija un delict n
crim, a face s treac de la jurisdicia civil sau corecional la cea penal; cumuler a cumula, a reuni n
persoana sa; dbouter a respinge; dcerner a da, a ordona juridic; dcliner a declina, a respinge, a
refuza, a (se) pretinde incompetent pentru a statua; dcrter a decreta, a ordona printr-un decret, a decide, a
reglementa; dfrer a deferi, a denuna; a aduce (o afacere) un acuzat n faa autoritii judiciare
competente; dlaisser a renuna la posesia a ceva; demander a cere, a reclama n instan; dmobiliser a
demobiliza; dnaturaliser a denaturaliza, a priva de drepturile dobndite prin naturalizare; dnommer a
denumi; dnoncer a denuna, a acuza, a pr, a anuna despre ceva nite teri, a anula, a declara nul;
dpnaliser a depenaliza; a sustrage o aciune, o infraciune sanciunii dreptului penal; dporter a deporta; se
dporter a se recuza; dposer a depune mrturie, a face depoziie, a depune; droger a deroga, a
transgresa, a viola, a contraveni, a nu observa, a nu aplica; dsaffecter a dezafecta, a schimba destinaia
unui imobil; dsavouer a dezmini, a retracta, a dezavua, a renega, a tgdui; dshypothquer a
dezipoteca; (se) dsister a se desista; a renuna la o aciune n justiie, la o urmrire; a abandona; dtourner a
deturna, a sustrage, a fura; diffamer a defima, a ponegri, a ataca, a discredita; disposer a dispune, a-i
exersa dreptul de proprietate; disqualifier a descalifica, a declasa o infraciune i a clasa-o ntr-o alt
categorie; divaguer a rtci; domicilier a domicilia; a atribui, a fixa un domiciliu; donner a da, a drui;
doter a nzestra, a da dot; manciper a emancipa, a elibera un minor de sub autoritatea parental sau de
sub tutel; enregistrer a nregistra, a ncrie ntr-un registru, a proceda la nregistrarea unui act; entacher a lovi;
entriner a confirma, a valida, a ratifica, a nregistra; ester a intenta, a urmri, a susine o aciune n
justiie n calitate de reclamant sau de prt; vincer a evinge, a deposeda juridic pe cineva prin eviciune;
voquer a evoca, a examina, a sesiza; vorbind despre o jurisdicie, a atrage la sine competena de a judeca o
cauz; exciper a ridica o excepie n justiie, a se sprijini pe un document, a se servi de ceva n aprarea sa;
exciter a excita, a mpinge la o activitate blamabil, a aa; excuser a scuza, a scuti, a dispensa un
judector de o sarcin, de o obligaie; excuter a executa, a urmri, a pedepsi cu moartea; a face reale,
efective, executorii dispoziiile unui act, ale unei sentine, ale unui text; a trece la executarea forat a
bunurilor, a sechestra; exhrder a dezmoteni; exhiber a exhiba, a afia, a etala; a prezenta, a arta un
document oficial n faa autoritii; expdier a expedia, a elibera o copie conform cu minuta unei sentine, a
unui act notarial; exploiter a exploata, a notifica; exproprier a expropria, a deposeda legal pe cineva de un
bun; a executa, a sechestra; extrader a extrda; filialiser a filializa, a lua controlul direct sau indirect al
unei ntreprinderi, prin rscumprarea aciunilor sau prilor sociale; a transfera n una sau mai multe filiale
totul sau o parte din activitatea sa; fonder a fonda, a crea, a institui, a forma, a constitui, a ntemeia;
fulminer a lansa o condamnare n mod formal, n formele prevzute; grever a greva, a nsrcina pe cineva
cu o substituie, cu un fideicomis; a ncrca cu impozite, taxe; habiliter a abilita, a conferi dreptul de a ..., a
autoriza; hter a grbi, a fora; homologuer a omologa, a ratifica, a valida; hypothquer a ipoteca, a
garanta printr-o ipotec; ignorer a ignora, a nu recunoate; immobiliser a imobiliza; a converti fictiv n
imobil prin procedura imobilizrii; imptrer a obine de la autoritatea competent n urma unei cereri;
inculper a inculpa, a acuza, a incrimina, a imputa cuiva o infraciune sancionat penal; indexer a indexa, a
atribui mrci distinctive pentru a clasa ceva; infirmer a infirma, a anula o decizie dat de o jurisdicie
inferioar; informer a informa, a instrumenta n materie penal; inhiber a prohibi; insinuer a nscrie un
act ntr-un registru care-i d autenticitate; instituer a institui, a numi un motenitor prin testament;
instrumenter a instrumenta, a ntocmi un document; intenter a intenta, a ntreprinde contra cuiva o
aciune n justiie; interjeter a introduce, a face s intervin un apel; interloquer a ntrerupe un proces, o
aciune printr-o sentin interlocutorie; interpeller a interpela, a chestiona n privina identitii; intimer a
cita, a notifica; invalider a invalida, a anula; juger a judeca; a supune o cauz, o persoan deciziei
75
jurisdiciei sale; justifier a justifica, a dovedi, a aduce proba; lacrer a rupe un nscris prin autoritate de
justiie, prin sentin; lgitimer a legitima, a face legitim, a recunoate drept legitim; liciter a licita, a
vinde prin licitaie; liquider a lichida; livrer a livra; a pune ceva n posesie, la dispoziia cuiva; a remite;
marchander a negocia, a se tocmi; militer a milita; minuter a redacta un act pentru a servi drept minut;
mobiliser a mobiliza, a declara mobil prin convenie ceea ce este imobil prin natur; nier a nega, a refuza, a
denega; nommer a numi, a desemna, a recunoate ca atare, a declara, a institui; a da, a conferi cuiva titlul
de; notifier a notifica, a aduce un act juridic la cunotina unei persoane i n formele legale; nover a
nova, a rennoi o obligaie, a face o novaie; obtemprer a asculta, a se supune unui ordin; occuper a
ocupa, a postula, a se ngriji de; opiner a opina, a adera, a consimi, a-i da asentimentul; a spune, a enuna
o opinie, a-i da avizul ntr-o adunare, ntr-o deliberare; opposer a opune; opter a opta, a alege; ordonner
a ordona, a decide, a statua, a prescrie printr-o ordonan; passer a ntocmi un act, a ncheia un acord;
(se) primer a (se) perima, a (se) prescrie; perptrer a comite, a face, a executa un act criminal; persister
a persista n, a menine ferm ceea ce s-a spus; personnaliser a personaliza, a da calitatea de persoan
moral; possder a poseda, a deine, a avea ceva la dispoziia sa n mod efectiv i n general exclusiv;
postuler a postula, a repezenta n justiie i a face actele de procedur; praviser a preaviza, a da un
preaviz cuiva; prempter a face s funcioneze un drept de preemiune pentru a dobndi ceva; prfixer a
prefixa, a fixa dinainte; prjuger a prejudeca, a lua o decizie provizorie lsnd s prevaleze sentina definitiv;
prlever a preleva; a lua o parte dintr-un tot, dintr-o mas nainte de partaj; prvariquer a trda
ndatoririle sarcinii, ale mandatului su; a se face vinovat de rea-credin; procder a trece la, a executa un
act juridic, a efectua ceva, a celebra; prononcer a pronuna; a da sau a citi o sentin; a lua sau a face
cunoscut o decizie n virtutea unei puteri; protester a protesta, a declara public c recuzi din cauz de, a te
opune; purger a dezipoteca, a elibera un bun de sarcinile care-l greveaz; rapporter a raporta; a abroga, a
anula; raliser a realiza; a face, a ndeplini; rassigner a cita din nou, a reatribui; rassurer a reasigura;
receler a deine, a dosi obiecte furate; rceptionner a recepiona; a primi, a verifica i a nregistra o
livrare; rcoler a verifica, a controla; rcuser a recuza, a contesta; a refuza s accepi pe cineva ca
judector, arbitru, expert, jurat sau martor; rformer a reforma, a corecta n mare parte; rincarcrer a
rencarcera; relater a consemna, a meniona; relaxer a pune n libertate, a declara nevinovat; relguer a
expulza, a muta disciplinar; remployer a reutiliza, a cumpra un bun cu capitalurile obinute din vnzarea altui
bun; renvoyer a achita, a exclude, a expulza, a concedia, a respinge, a remite, a amna; rpter a cere, a
reclama din nou; reprsenter a reprezenta, a expune, a arta; reprocher a reproa, a recuza; rpudier a
repudia, a respinge, a renuna voluntar la; requalifier a recalifica, a da o nou calificare; rescinder a
anula, a casa; a declara c o sentin, o convenie nu are niciun efect; rserver a rezerva, a reine, a pune
deoparte; a atribui dinainte cuiva; rsider a rezida, a avea reedina; ristourner a anula o poli de
asigurare; squestrer a sechestra, a pune sub sechestru; signifier a notifica, a face cunoscut legal; simuler
a simula; sommer a soma, a cita, a avertiza prin somaie; soumissionner a subscrie; sous-traiter a face
o subantrepriz; stipuler a stipula; a enuna ca o condiie ntr-un contract, ntr-un act; suborner a corupe,
a seduce; subroger a subroga, a substitui prin subrogare; substituer a substitui; a lsa n motenire prin
substituie; supposer a presupune; a da drept autentic prin nelciune; transfrer a transfera; a transmite
proprietatea asupra unui bun sau drept de la o persoan la alta dup formalitile cerute; transiger a face o
tranzacie cu cealalt parte, a cdea la nvoial; transporter a transporta, a condamna la blam, a deporta, a
ceda un drept; vagabonder a vagabonda, a comite delictul de vagabondaj; ventiler a evalua una sau mai
multe poriuni dintr-un ntreg ntr-o vnzare; a repartiza o sum ntre mai multe conturi; vicier a vicia, a
afecta de un viciu; warranter a ctiga o pia printr-un warant.
2. Grupa a II-a: verbele care la indicativ prezent activ persoana I singular se termin n s i la infinitiv n er
i al cror participiu prezent este n -issant (de tipul finir, finissant).
Fac parte din aceast grup: ameublir a face s se intre n comunitate imobile proprii unuia dintre soi, ceea
ce conduce la a trata imobilele ca mobile; dguerpir a abandona proprietatea, posesiunea unui imobil
pentru a se sustrage unei servitui; dessaisir a deposeda; a-i lua cuiva bunul, responsabilitile; divertir a
sustrage, a deturna; largir a elibera, a pune n libertate; garantir a garanta, a sigura; impartir a acorda,
a da n partaj; jouir a beneficia, a se bucura de, a fi titular, a dispune de; nantir a pune un creanier n
posesia unui gaj pentru sigurana datoriei; ressaisir a reintra n posesie; ressortir a depinde, a ine de
resortul, de competena unei jurisdicii; saisir a aresta, a pune mna pe, a sechestra, a rechiziiona, a
confisca; a pune pe cineva n posesia a ceva; sortir a obine ; surenchrir a supralicita
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3. Grupa a III-a: toate celelalte verbe. Radicalul lor este adesea invariabil i creeaz n conjugare aparente
neregulariti. Terminaiile la infinitiv sunt: -ir (cueillir), -oir (recevoir), -re (rendre).
Fac parte din aceast grup: absoudre a absolvi, a disculpa; accrotre a beneficia, a-i reveni cuiva;
apparoir a aprea, a reiei, a rezulta, a fi constatat; a fi aparent, evident, manifest; commettre a comite, a
compromite, a discredita, a desemna, a numi; comparatre a se nfia, a se prezenta; compromettre a
compromite, a conveni cu partea advers de a te ncredina arbitrajului unui ter penru a trana un litigiu;
conclure a concluziona, a ncheia; a rspunde printr-un act de procedur la motivele prii adverse ;
concourir a intra n concurs, a avea aceleai drepturi; consentir a consimi, a acorda; contraindre a
constrnge, a obliga pe calea dreptului; contrevenir a contraveni, a deroga de la; a aciona contrar unei
prescripii, unei obligaii; a viola, a transgresa; (se) dmettre a demite, a destitui, a revoca; a demisiona;
disjoindre a separa; dissoudre a dizolva, a anula, a rupe; a pune legal capt; choir a-i reveni, a ajunge
la scaden; mettre a emite, a exprima, a pronuna; a pune n circulaie; a face apel; entendre a asculta, a
audia; a admite, a accepta; faire a face; forclore a exclude, a priva de beneficiul unui drept neexersat n
termenele fixate, a decdea din drepturi; forfaire a nclca un jurmnt, o promisiune; a face confiscabil
printr-o nelegiuire; inscrire a nscrie; sinscrire en faux a contrazice, a dezmini, a nega, a nscrie n fals;
instruire a instrumenta; a pune o cauz n stare de a fi judecat; intervenir a interveni; a se ntmpla, a se
produce n timpul unui proces; introduire a introduce; a sesiza tribunalul cu o afacere; obtenir a obine;
obvenir a-i reveni; our a audia, a primi depoziia cuiva; plaire a-i plcea, a binevoi; 1. Plaise ...
formul utilizat n faa tribunalelor pentru redactarea concluziilor; 2. formule: employe devant les
tribunaux pour la rdaction des conclusions. Plaise la Cour dclarer ... ; pourvoir a face recurs, a te adresa
unei jurisdicii superioare; prescrire a prescrie, a supune prescripiei, a obine prin prescripie, a fi abrogat
prin prescripie, a exersa un drept de prescripie; produire a produce, a prezenta un act, un document; a
depune, a furniza; recevoir a primi, a accepta drept admisibil; reconduire a prelungi, a rennoi prin
confirmare; recourir a recurge, a face appel; redevoir a redatora un rest dintr-o datorie sau dintr-un cont;
remettre a remite, a amna, a se lsa n grija; rpondre a rspunde, a da un rspuns la ceva; 1. rpondre
une requte se spune despre judectorul care elibereaz o ordonan n partea de jos a unei cereri; requrir
a cere, a reclama, a solicita; a pronuna rechizitoriul, a acuza; a soma; rsoudre a rezolva, a anula, a
rezilia, a revoca; retenir a reine, a admite, a lua n consideraie; surseoir a amna, a ntrerupe, a
suspenda, a atepta trecerea unui termen pentru a proceda la; survenir a surveni, a se ntmpla; a se aduga
la; traduire a traduce; a cita, a deferi; transmettre a transmite, a face s treac de la o persoan la alta pe
cale legal; a delega; valoir a valora, a echivala; a avea valoare, interes, utilitate; vendre a vinde, a ceda
cuiva n schimbul unei sume de bani.
Verbe auxiliare
Sunt verbele care formeaz timpurile compuse ale altor verbe. Distingem dou feluri de verbe auxiliare:
1. Auxiliarele propriu-zise: verbele avoir i tre. Ele se combin cu participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat
i servesc la construirea: a) diatezei pasive; b) a timpurilor compuse: viitorul anterior, mai mult ca perfectul,
perfectul compus, condiionalul trecut, trecutul anterior; c) a timpurilor supracompuse.
2. Semi-auxiliarele: aller, venir, devoir. mpreun cu infinitivul verbului de conjugat, formeaz perifraze
verbale i servesc la modificarea sensului verbului.
a) aller este auxiliarul viitorului apropiat
b) venir (+de) este auxiliarul trecutului recent
c) devoir este auxiliarul obligaiei.
Moduri i timpuri
Modul este maniera de a prezenta aciunea sau starea pe care o exprim.
Exist 6 moduri: indicativul, condiionalul, conjunctivul, infinitivul, imperativul i participiul (+ gerunziul
= participiul prezent precedat de en).
Fiecare mod are un anumit numpr de timpuri.
Timpurile sunt formele pe care le ia verbul pentru a arta la ce epoc se raporteaz starea sau aciunea.
Modurile personale: indicativul, condiionalul, conjunctivul, imperativul, au o form proprie pentru fiecare
persoan la singular i la plural.
Modurile impersonale: infinitivul i participiul nu au forme speciale n funcie de persoane i se raporteaz
indistinct la fiecare din cele trei persoane.
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1. Indicativul este modul faptelor certe, sau crora li se confer cea mai mare certitudine (este modul
realitii).
Modul indicativ are 8 timpuri: prezent, imperfect, perfect simplu, perfect compus, trecut recent, mai mult ca
perfectul, viitor, viitor anterior.
2. Condiionalul, caracterizat printr-o desinen n -rais, paralel cu aceea a viitorului (n -rai), respinge faptul
exprimat prin verb, n domeniul eventualitii, al incertitudinii.
a) Este utilizat adesea pentru a atenua ceea ce are indicativul prea categoric.
b) Folosit la nceputul unei fraze, sau precedat de au cas o, quand, quand mme, servete la exprimarea unei
ipoteze.
c) Folosit ntr-o propoziie principal, marcheaz o consecin eventual a unei condiii anterior exprimate
d) Exprim aciuni eventuale a cror realizare depinde de satisfacerea unei condiii sau de o supoziie.
e) Poate exprima o rugminte, o supoziie, un repro, o dezaprobare, un regret.
Condiionalul are dou timpuri: prezent i trecut.
3. Imperativul este foarte apropiat de conjunctiv, de la care mprumut unele forme, i exprim un fapt nerealizat,
fie sub forma unui ordin, fie sub forma unei ipoteze.
Imperativul are doup timpuri: prezent-viitor i trecut.
4. Conjunctivul.
A. Utilizat ntr-o propoziie principal, exprim aproape aceleai nuane ca i imperativul: ordinul, supoziia.
B. Poate servi la exprimarea unui protest, a unei indignri (la fel ca i condiionalul).
C. Conjunctivul este prin excelen modul folosit n propoziii subordonate atunci cnd se dorete s se prezinte
un fapt ndoielnic, nedeterminat, supus unei restricii oarecare.
Conjunctivul este utilizat ntotdeauna:
a) Dup verbele care exprim ndoiala: douter, tre douteux, tre possible, se pouvoir, ne pas croire, ne pas
penser etc.
b) Dup verbele care exprim dorina, necesitatea, voina, ordinul: avoir envie, dsirer, vouloir, souhaiter,
aimer, demander, exiger, ordonner, il est bon, il est juste, il est ncessaire, il est utile, il faut, il importe etc.
c) Dup verbele care exprim permisiunea sau interdicia: permettre, dfendre, empcher, interdire, souffrir
etc.
d) Dup verbele care exprim regretul, indignarea, mirarea: stonner, regretter, sindigner, se fcher,
smerveiller, tre ravi, tre content, tre indign, tre regrettable, tre fcheux, tre dommage etc.
e) Dup verbele care exprim teama: craindre, apprhender, avoir peur etc.
f) Dup un superlativ: lunique, le seul, le premier, le dernier, le plus grand etc.
g) Dup anumite conjuncii: au cas que, afin que, moins que, avant que, bien que, ce nest pas que, de crainte
que, de peur que, encore que, et que, jusqu ce que, malgr que, non pas que, non que, o que, pour peu que,
pourvu que, quoique, sans que, si ... que, soit que, supposer que, en admettant que, a condition que etc.
Observaie: Atunci cnd subiectul a dou verbe este acelai, se utilizeaz infinitiul sup: condition de,
avant de, pour, afin de, sans.
h) n propoziii relative cu antecedent incert.
Observaie: Atunci cnd existena antecedentului este cert, se utilizeaz indicativul.
Conjunctiul are 4 timpuri: prezent, trecut, imperfect, mai mult ca perfectul.
5. Infinitivul are o valoare modal cnd este folosit n naraiuni; trebuie s fie considerat atunci ca un
substitut al indicativului.
Infinitivul este utilizat:
A. n propoziii independent, traducnd faptul verbal n cel mai simplu i mai puin determinat mod. Servee
la simple interogaii, exclamaii, indicaii foarte generale sau poate avea o valoare imperativ.
Observaie: Infinitivul poate avea o valoare nominal, putnd ndeplini toate funciile substantivului.
B. Infinitivul complement al verbului se utilizeaz:
a) Dac cele dou verbe au acelai subiect.
b) Dup verbele voir, regarder, entendre, couter, sentir, infinitivul are un subiect propriu, care este n
acelai timp complement al verbului principal.
c) Dup verbele faire i laisser dac infinitivul are un subiect exprimat.
d) Infinitivul este obligatoriu dup verbele modale i dup alte verbe precum: pouvoir, devoir, aller, sen aller,
courir, daigner, se dpcher, descendre, seffacer, essayer, faillir, se hter, oser, paratre, sembler (utiliss
comme verbes personnels), rentrer, venir etc.
78
e) Infinitivul complement poate fi exprimat cu sau fr prepoziie.

C. Infinitivul trecut exprim anterioritatea, fiind echivalentul oricrui timp comopus al indicativului. Avnd
ntotdeauna acelai subiect ca i verbul principal, se utilizeaz fr prepoziie sau dup prepoziiile: aprs, avant
de, pour, sans.
Observaie: Precedat de prepoziiea , infinitivul este echivalent cu supinul romnesc.
Infinitivul are dou timpuri: prezent i trecut.
6. Participiul prezent. Adjectiv verbal i gerunziu. Forma verbal terminat n -ant poate avea trei utilizri
distincte:
A. Participiu adjectival sau adjectiv verbal. Atunci cnd marcheaz o calitate, forma n -ant trebuie
considerat un veritabil adjectiv, ce se acord n gen i numr cu termenul la care se raporteaz.
Observaie: Unele forme n -ant, utilizate ca adjectiv, difer n ortografie de formele de participiu
corespunztoare: convaincre: part. convainquant, adj. convaincant; extravaguer: part. extravaguant, adj.
extravagant; fatiguer, intriguer, naviguer, suffoquer (voir extravaguer); diffrer: part. diffrant, adj.
diffrent; prcder, quivaloir, exceller, violer (voir diffrer); ngliger: part. ngligeant, adj. ngligent;
diverger (voir ngliger).
B. Participiul prezent. Participiul n -ant ine de verb atunci cnd marcheaz o aciune sau o stare i este
urmat de un complement, fiind invariabil i putnd fi nlocuit de un alt timp al verbului precedat de qui.
C. Gerunziul, ntotdeauna invariabil, se distinge de participiul prezent prin faptul c este precedat de
prepoziia en. Echivaleaz cu un complement circumstanial (cauz, mod etc) cu sens identic.
Participiul trecut
Participiul trecut permite formarea timpurilor compuse, ceea ce-i confer un rol important n sistemul verbal
francez. Poate fi utilizat cu sau fr auziliar.
Fr auxiliar, participiul trecut poate:
constitui predicatul unei propoziii principale, dac participiul era un subiect propriu, diferit de cel al
verbului principal.
avea valoare unui adjectiv verbal cu sens pasiv, putnd fi nsoit de un complement de agent.
Acordul participiului trecut
1. Utilizat fr auxiliar, participiul trecut se acord n gen i numr cu substantivul sau pronumele pe care l
determin.
Observaie: Sunt considerat prepoziii i rmn invariabile, urmtoarele participii trecute utilizate n faa
substantivului: approuv, attendu, certifi, communiqu, except, pass, reu, suppos, vu.
Rmn invariabile i participiile trecute ce intr n compunerea urmtoarelor locuiuni: non compris
(exclusiv), y compris (inclusiv), tant donn (dat fiind), ci-joint (alturat), ci-inclus (inclus), dac aceste
locuiuni se afl n faa substantivului.
2. Acordul participiului trecut utilizat cu auxiliar.
A. Participiul trecut al verbelor conjugate cu auxiliarul tre se acord n gen i numr cu subiectul. Se
conjug cu auxiliarul tre:
a) verbele intranzitive de micare: aller, arriver, entrer, mourir, natre, partir, rester, sortir, tomber, venir
etc.
b) verbele la diateza pasiv:
c) verbele la diateza pronominal:
acord obligatoriu pentru verbele esenialmente pronominale: se souvenir, se repentir, sabstenir,
sagenouiller, scrouler.
verbele accidental pronominale (care se utilizeaz i la diateza activ) fac acordul participiului trecut cu
subiectul numai dac pronumele reflexiv ndeplinete funcia de complement direct. Dac pronumele reflexiv
ndeplinete funcia de complement indirect, participiul trecut nu se mai acord.
B. Participiul trecut al verbelor conjugate cu auxiliarul avoir:
a) se acord n gen i numr cu complementul direct care le precede. Acest complement direct este cel mai
adesea pronumele le, la, les, pronumele relativ que sau fraze interogative sau exclamative.
Observaie: Dac complementul direct antepus este pronumele neutru le sau pronumele adverbial en,
particpiul trecut nu se mai acord.
b) rmne invariabil dac complementul direct lipsete sau dac este postpus.
Timpurile
Formarea timpurilor simple
1. Timpuri formate de la radicalul infinitivului+terminaiile specifice: indicativul prezent, indicativul
imperfect, indicativul perfect simplu, imperativul prezent, participiul prezent, participiul trecut.
2. Timpuri formate din infinitiv+terminaii specifice: viitor simplu, condiional prezent.
79
3. Conjunctivul prezent se formeaz de la radicalul persoanei a III-a plural indicativ prezent+terminaiile

specifice.
4. Conjunctivul imperfect se formeaz de la persoana a II-a singular indicativ perfect simplu, prin dublarea
consoanei s+ terminaiile specifice. Pentru persoana a III-a singular se suprim grupul ss, vocala capt un
acccent circumflex i se adaug terminaia t.
Formarea timpurilor compuse
Timpurile compuse sunt formate din auxiliarul avoir sau tre + participiul trecut al verbelor de conjugat
(atenie la acordul participiului trecut):
1. Infinitivul trecut = infinitivul prezent al auxiliarului + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat
2. Indicativul perfect compus = indicativul prezent al auxiliarului + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat
3. Indicativul mai mult ca perfectul = indicativul imperfect al auxiliarului + participiul trecut al verbului de
conjugat
4. Indicativul trecut recent = indicativul perfect simplu al auxiliarului + participiul trecut al verbului de
conjugat
5. Indicativul viitor anterior = indicativul viitor simplu al auxiliarului + participiul trecut al verbului de
conjugat
6. Condiionalul trecut = condiionalul prezent al auxiliarului + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat
7. Conjunctivul trecut = conjunctivul prezent al auxiliarului + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat
8. Conjunctivul mai mult ca perfectul = conjunctivul imperfect al auxiliarului + participiul trecut al verbului
de conjugat
Terminaiile timpurilor simple
Grupa I
Grupa a II-a
Grupa a III-a
-er
-ir
-ir
(-issant)
-oir
-re
Indicativ prezent
Radicalul
-e
-is
-s(x*) -e**
infinitivului +
-es
-is
-s(x) -es
-e
-it
-(t) -e
-ons
-issons
-ons -ons
-ez
-isses
-ez -ez
-ent
-issent
-ent -ent
Imperfect
Radicalul
-ais
-issais
-ais
infinitivului +
-ais
-issais
-ais
-ait
-issait
-ait
-ions
-issions
-ions
-iez
-issiez
-iez
-aient
-issaient
-aient
Perfect simplu
Radicalul
-ai
-is
-is
-us
infinitivului +
-as
-is
-is
-us
-a
-it
-it
-ut
-mes
-mes
-mes -mes
-tes
-tes
-tes -tes
-rent
-irent
-irent -urent
Viitor simplu
Infinitiv +
-ai
-ai
-ai
-as
-as
-as
-a
-a
-a
-ons
-ons
-ons
-ez
-ez
-ez
-ont
-ont
-ont
Conjunctiv prezent
Radicalul
-e
-isse
-e
persoanei a 3-a
-es
-isses
-es
80
pl. al ind. prez +
-e
-ions
-iez
-ent
radical pers. a 2-a

sg. perf.
simplu+ss+
(pentru pers. A 3a sg., se elimin
ss, se pune accent
circumflex pe
vocal i se
adaug t final)
-e
-es
-t
-ions
-iez
-ent
Infinitiv +
-ais
-ais
-ait
-ions
-iez
-aient
Radicalul
infinitivului +
-e
-ons
-ez
-er
Radicalul
infinitivului +
Radicalul
infinitivului +
-isse
-issions
-issiez
-issent
Conjunctiv imperfect
-e
-es
-t
-ions
-iez
-ent
-e
-ions
-iez
-ent
-e
-es
-s
-ions
-iez
-ent
Condiional prezent
-ais
-ais
-ait
-ions
-iez
-aient
Imperativ present
-is
-issons
-issez
Infinitiv prezent
-ir (avec
-iss)
-ant
Participiu present
-issant
Participiu trecut
-i
-e
-es
-t
-ions
-iez
-ent
-ais
-ais
-ait
-ions
-iez
-aient
-s
-ons
-ez
-
-e
-ons
-ez
-
-ir (sans
-iss)
-oir
-re
-ant
-i (-is,-it)
-u (-us),-t,-s
Verbe a cror conjugare prezint o particularitate

1. Verbe n -cer, -ger:
Verbele n -cer primesc sedil n faa lui a i o: dnoncer, vincer, prononcer.
Verbele n -ger primesc un e dup g n faa lui a i o: arrrager, avantager, charger, droger, prjuger,
subroger, transiger.
2. Verbele n -yer schimb y n i n faa unui e mut: atermoyer, grossoyer, remployer; verbele n -ayer pot
pstra y n faa unui e mut: payer
3. Verbele n -eler (v. appeler) dubleaz consoana l n faa unei silabe care conine un e mut, cu excepia
verbelor: celer, ciseler, congeler, dceler, dmanteler, carteler, sencasteler, geler, marteler, modeler, peler,
receler, regeler care schimb e mut de pe penultima silab de la infinitiv n deschis.
4. Verbele n -eter (v. jeter) dubleaz consoana t n faa unei silabe ce conine un e mut, cu excepia verbelor:
acheter, bgueter, corseter, crocheter, fileter, fureter, haleter, racheter care schimb e mut de pe penultima
silab de la indicativ n deschis.
5. Verbele a cror penultim silab conine un e mut sau un nchis. Aceste verbe schimb e mut sau nchis
n deschis, cnd silaba urmtoare conine un e mut. La viitor i la condiional, verbele a cror penultim
81
silab la infinitiv conine un nchis, pstreaz acest nchis (v. semer, rvler): copossder, dcrter,
dfrer, dshypothquer, exhrder, grever, hypothquer, imptrer, obtemprer, possder, prlever,
procder, rpter, transfrer, cder, lacrer.
6. Verbele terminate n -ier primesc un i ntre radical i terminaia persoanei a 2-a i a 3-a plural indicativ imperfect i
conjunctiv prezent; primesc un e ntre radical i terminaia viitorului simplu i a condiionalului prezent: allier,
bnficier, certifier, concilier, copier, crier, exproprier, disqualifier, domicilier, justifier, nier, notifier, rpudier,
requalifier, signifier, substituer, vicier.
7. Verbele terminate n -user primesc un e la viitor simplu i la condiional prezent, ntre radical i
terminaie: constituer, commuer, dsavouer, instituer.
8. Verbele terminate n -rir dubleaz consoana r la viitor simplu i la condiional prezent nainte de a primi
terminaia: recourir, requrir.
9. Verbele terminate n -indre pstreaz -gn la persoana I i a II-a plural indicativ imperfect i conjunctiv
prezent nainte de a primi terminaie: contraindre, disjoindre, teindre.
Concordana timpurilor
Concordana timpurilor la indicativ
Timpul din
Timpul din
Raportul temporal
Timpul din
regent
subordonat
subordonat n
romn
prezent
prezent
simultaneitate
acelai timp
sau
viitor
posterioritate
acelai timp
viitor
trecut
anterioritate
acelai timp
trecut
imperfect
simultaneitate
prezent
cond. prezent
posterioritate
viitor
mai mult ca
anterioritate
perfect compus
perfectul
(mai mult ca perfectul)
Je crois (je croirai) quil gagne.
Je crois (je croirai) quil gagnera.
Je crois (je croirai) quil a gagn.
Il ma dit quil tait au tribunal.
Il ma dit quil viendrait me voir en prison.
Il ma dit quil avait termin le tmoignage.
Concordana timpurilor la conjunctiv
Timpul din
Timpul din subordonat
Raportul
Timpul din
regent
temporal
subordonat n
romn
prezent
subj. prsent
simultanit
subj. prsent
ou
sau
postriorit
viitor
trecut
sau
subj. pass
conj. imperfect
antriorit
simultaneitate
sau
posterioritate
subj. pass
conj. prezent
condiional conj. m.m.c.p

conj. trecut
(prezent sau
anterioritate
trecut)
Je cherche une solution par laquelle je puisse gagner ce procs.
Il faudra que tu aille le voir.
Je regrette quil soit vaincu.
Je crains que vous vous soyez tromp en ce qui concerne laffaire juger.
Jtais heureux quelle ft dans la salle.
Jaurais voulu quelle vnt me voir la maison.
Il tait content quelle ft venue.
Elle exigeait que les devoirs fussent finis avant le dner.
Observation: Cu excepia persoanei a III-a sinhular, se utilizeaz n mod curent conjunctivul prezent n
locul conjunctivului imperfect i conjunctivul trecut n locul conjunctivului mai mult ca perfectul.
82
Jtais heureux quelle soit dans la salle.

Elle exigeait que les devoirs soient finis avant le dner.
Regula lui SI condiional
Timpul din
Timpul din
Raportul
regent
subordonat
temporal
cond. prezent
viitor
sau
ind. prezent
cond. trecut
ind. imperfect
ind. prezent
simultaneitate
posterioritate
ind. m.m.c.p.
anterioritate
Timpul din
subordonat n
romn
cond. prezent
viitor
sau
ind. prezent
cond. trecut
sau
cond. trecut forma a
2-a
Sil faisait beau temps je partirais en excursion.
Sil fait beau temps je partirai en excursion.
Sil avait fait beau temps, je serais parti en excursion.
Se d textul:
Cass.civ. 1re, 2 juin 1993
La Cour
Joint les pourvois no 91-10.971, 91-10.929 et 91-12.013 en raison de leur connexit:
Motifs:
Attendu qu'Erich Slomovic, tudiant de nationalit Yougoslave, s'est trouv au cours de l'anne 1939, en
possession d'une importante collection d'objets et de tableaux de valeur, provenant de la galerie d'Ambroise
Vollard; qu'aprs le dcs de ce dernier, survenu le 22 juillet 1939, il a dpos une partie de cette collection
dans un coffre la Socit Gnrale, et transport l'autre partie en Yougoslavie o elle a t expose
Zagreb en novembre 1940; qu' Erich Slomovic a disparu au cours de la seconde guerre mondiale; que la
Socit Gnrale a fait procder le 24 octobre 1946 l'ouverture du coffre, puis conserv son contenu dans
une caisse Nantes jusqu'en 1977; qu'elle a alors fait inventorier les objets renferms dans cette caisse par un
commisseur-priseur, puis obtenu, par ordonnance de rfr, la dsignation d'un sequestre avec mission de
faire procder la vente publique de ces objets; que deux commissaires-priseurs, mandats par le sequestre
pour organiser la vente, ont ralis une large publicit pour la vente publique fixe aux 19 et 20 mars 1981;
qu'informe par cette publicit, Mme Assunta Bertozzi veuve Jonas, aux droits de laquelle se trouve
actuellement son neveu et hritier M. Louis Sbastien, a revendiqu, en sa qualit d'ayant cause d'Ambroise
Vollard, la proprit de la majeure partie des objets trouvs dans le coffre de la Socit Gnrale; qu' cette
instance sont intervenus en leur qualit d'hritiers d'Erich Slomovic, d'une part les consorts Goldfinger-Eshel,
ses cousins en ligne maternelle, d'autre part, Mme Zdenka Slomovic, sa parente en ligne paternelle; qu'un
premier arrt de la Cour d'appel de Paris en date du 26 fvrier 1987 a reconnu Mme veuve Jonas qualit
pour agir, dclar recevable comme non prescrite son action en revendication et ordonne une expertise;
qu'ensuite du dpt du rapport de l'expert, la Cour d'appel de Paris, a, par un second arrt du 3 octobre 1990,
dclar M. Sbastien propritaire de certains lots, dit que les autres lots faisaient partie de la succession
d'Erich Slomovic, dont la dvolution s'oprait, conformment la loi franaise, par moiti entre, d'une part,
les consorts Goldfinger-Eshel et Mme Zdenka Slomovic; qu'elle a condamn proportion de leurs droits
hrditaires, les consorts Goldfinger-Eshel et Mme Zdenka Slomovic payer la Socit Gnrale les
sommes de 30894 Francs et 400 216, 64 Francs, et dbout toutes les parties de leurs demandes de
dommages-intrts;
Sur le moyen unique, pris entre ses deux branches du pourvoi no 91-10.971 dirig par les consorts
Goldfinger-Eshel contre l'arrt du 26 fvrier 1987:
Attendu, que les consorts Goldfinger-Eshel font grief l'arrt attaqu jug recevable parce que non prescrite
l'action exerce par Mme Jonas et poursuivie par M. Sbastien, au motif que la prescription n'avait couru
son encontre qu' compter de la vente publique de 1981, alors d'une part, qu'il n'tablissait pas que
l'ignorance dans laquelle se trouvait Mme Jonas de l'existence des biens litigieux jusqu'en 1981 prsentait
pour elle un caractre irrsistible, et alors, qu'il rsultait des propres constatations de l'arrt que Lucien
Vollard, frre d'Ambroise Vollard et auteur de Mme Jonas connaissait l'existence des uvres et ouvrage en
possession d' Erich Slomovic qui les avait exposs Zagreb en 1940, sans que Lucien Vollard ait jamais
cherch reprendre la possession de ces uvres;
83
(Attendu de principe)
Mais attendu que la proprit ne s'teignant pas par le non-usage, l'action en revendication n'est pas
susceptible de prescription extinctive; que par ce motif de pur droit, substitu aux motifs de la Cour
d'appel, l'arrt se trouve lgalement justifi;
(Motifs)
Sur le pourvoi no 90-21.982 dirig par M. Sbastien contre l'arrt du 3 octobre 1990.
Sur le sixime moyen, pris entre ses deux branches: (sans intrt):
Sur le septime moyen, pris en ses deux branches:
Attendu que M. Sbastien reproche encore l'arrt attaqu de l'avoir dbout de sa demande de dommagesintrts forme contre la Socit Gnrale, alors que, d'une part, la banque n'tait plus tenue au secret vis-vis de son dposant aprs la rsiliation du contrat de garde en 1946, et devait donc faire connatre la
succession Vollard l'existence d'objets susceptibles de l'intresser, et alors, d'autre part, que la cour d'appel
aurait d rechercher si le silence de la banque aprs 1946 n'avait pas rendu plus difficile pour les hritiers
Vollard la preuve de la prcarit de la possession d' Erich Slomovic;
(Attendu de principe)
Mais attendu que l'obligation au secret auquelle est tenu le banquier ne cesse pas avec la rsiliation du
contrat de garde conclu avec son client; que c'est donc bon droit que l'arrt retient que la Socit
Gnrale n'avait pas divulguer aux ayants cause d'Ambroise Vollard le contenu d'un coffre lou par Erich
Slomovic mme aprs l'ouverture de ce coffre; que par ce seul motif, la cour d'appel a lgalement justifi
sa dcision.
(Motifs)
Mais sur le troisime moyen, prin en sa seconde branche:
Attendu que, pour carter le caractre quivoque de la possession de ces tableaux par Erich Slomovic, la
cour d'appel retient que les documents soumis son apprciation n'apportent pas la preuve que Slomovicait
exerc des fonctions de courtier pour le compte d'Ambroise Vollard ou ait t son prpos; qu'en faisant
uniquement porter son examen sur deux hypothses relatives l'origine possible de cette possession, en
omettant d'ailleurs celle d'un mandat occasionnel ayant pu porter sur tout ou une partie des uvres qui lui
avaient t remises, et sans rechercher si, pris en eux-mmes, les actes du possesseur rvlaient san
ambigut son intention de se comporter en propritaire de ces uvres, et cela dans des circonstances
qui n'taient pas de nature faire douter de cette qualit, la cour d'appel n'a pas donn de base lgale sa
dcision; Et attendu que la cassation de l'arrt attaqu du 3 octobre 1990 sur le pourvoi de M. Sbastien
rend ventuel l'intrt qui s'attache aux griefs articuls par les consorts Goldfinger et par Mme Zdenka
Slomovic;
(Dispositif)
PAR CES MOTIFS, et sans qu'il y ait lieu de statuer sur lae autres griefs du pourvois de M. Sbastien ni des
pourvois des consorts Goldfinger-Eshel et Mme Zdenka Slomovic; rejette le pourvoi no 91-10. 971 dirig
par les consorts Goldfinger contre l'arrt du 26 fvrier 1987; casse et annule, dans toutes ses dispositions,
l'exception de celles relatives aux demandes de dommages-intrts formes par M. Sbastien contre les
hritiers d'Erich Slomovic d'une part, et contre Socit Gnrale d'autre part l'arrt rendu le 3 octobre 1990,
entre les parties, par la Cour d'appel de Paris; [], renvoie devant la Cour d'appel d'Amiens.
84
Joindre les pourvois a conexa recursurile

attendu que avnd n vedere c
s etrouver a se gsi, a se afla
au cours de l'anne n cursul anului
provenir a proveni
le dcs de ce dernier decesul, moartea acestuia
din urm
survenir a surveni
dposer dans un coffre a depune ntr-un seif
disparatre a disprea
au cours de la seconde guerre mondiale n cursul,
n timpul celui de-al doilea rzboi mondial
procder l'ouverture du coffrea proceda, a trece
la deschiderea seifului
une caisse o cas de depozit
inventorier a inventaria
les objets renferms dans cette caisse obiectele
nchise n aceast cas
un commissaire-priseur adjudector
par ordonnance de rfr ordonan
preedinial, ordonan dat n procedur de
urgen
la dsignation d'un sequestre desemnarea unui
comisar sechestru
aux droits de laquelle se trouve actuellement n
drepturile creia se afl actualmente
en sa qualit d'ayant cause n calitatea sa de avnd
cauz
qu' cette instance sont intervenus c n acest
proces, instan au intervenity
un premier arrt o prim hotrre
reconnatre quelquun qualit pour agir a-i
recunoate cuiva calitatea de a aciona
dclarer recevable a declara admisibil
non prescrite neprescris
action en revendication aciune n revendicare
ordonner une expertise a ordona o expertiz
dpt du rapport de l'expert depunerea raportului
expertului
la dvolution devoluiunea
condamner proportion de leurs droits
hrditaires a condamna proporional cu drepturile
lor ereditare
dbouter toutes les parties de leurs demandes de
dommages-intrts a respinge cererile de dau-ne
interese tuturor prilor
sur le moyen unique asupra unicului mijloc
faire grief a ataca, a se plnge de
courir son encontre a curge mpotriva sa
biens litigieux bunuri litigioase
reprendre la possession de a reintra n posesia
attendu de principe considerent de principiu
la proprit ne s'teignant pas par le nonusage, l'action en revendication n'est pas
susceptible
de
prescription
extinctive
proprietatea nestingndu-se prin neutilizare,
aciunea n revendicare nu este susceptibil de

prescripie extinctiv
moyen mijloc, dispoziie, cale
reprocher a reproa
tre tenue au secret a fi inut de obligaia de
secret
contrat de garde contract de paz
aurait d rechercher si ar fi trebuit s cerceteze
dac
la preuve de la prcarit de la possession de proba
precaritii posesiei lui
la rsiliation du contrat de garde conclu avec
son client rezilierea contractului de paz
ncheiat cu clientul su
c'est bon droit pe bun dreptate
le contenu d'un coffre lou coninutul unui seif
nchiriat
la cour d'appel a lgalement justifi sa dcision
curtea de apel i-a justificat legal decizia
pour carter pentru a elimina
tre son prpos a fi prepusul su
remettre a remite, a preda
son intention de se comporter en propritaire a
se comprta ca un proprietar
le dispositif dispozitivul
PAR CES MOTIFS prin aceste motive
et sans qu'il y ait lieu de statuer sur les autres
griefs i fr a fi nevoie s se statueze asupra
celorlalte capete de acuzaie
rejetter le pourvoi a respinge recursul
casse et annule, dans toutes ses dispositions
caseaz i anuleaz n ntregime/n toate
dispoziiile sale
renvoyer devant a retrimite la
85
Se cere:
1.
Prezentarea faptelor
2.
Calificarea juridic a faptelor
3.
Procedura
4.
Preteniile prilor
5.
Problema de drept
6.
Decizia Curii de casaie
7.
Ideile principale
8.
Comentariul hotrrii
1.
Faits
Une importante collection d'objets d'art et de tableaux de valeur provenant de la galerie d'Ambroise Vollard
tait en possession d'un tudiant yougoslave en 1929. Ce dernier, aprs le dcs du clbre marchand de
tableaux, dposa une partie de la collection dans le coffre d'une banque et transporta l'autre partie Zagreb
o les uvres furent exposes en 1940. L'tudiant disparut au cours de la seconde guerre mondiale.
La banque fit procder l'ouverture du coffre en 1946 et plaa son contenu dans une caisse jusqu'en 1977.
Sur la demande de la banque, un commissaire-priseur effectua un inventaire.
2.
Qualification
Le contrat conclu entre l'tudiant et la banque constitue un contrat de garde ou de coffre-fort. Il s'agit d'un
contrat consensuel et innom, titre onreux, par lequel une personne remet un ou des biens mobiliers dans
un coffre situ dans une banque charge pour le banquier de garder la chose en scurit et de la surveiller.
3.
Procdure
La banque obtint par ordonance de rfr la dsignation d'un squestre qui mandata deux commissairespriseurs chargs d'organiser la vente publique de ces objets et plus spcialement de raliser une large
publicit cet effet. Un ayant cause d'Ambroise Vollard revendiqua la plus grande partie des uvres d'art.
En leur qualit d'hritiers, les cousins en ligne maternelle et une parente en ligne paternelle de l'tudiant
dcd intervinrent cette instance.
En 1987, un premier arrt de la Cour d'appel de Paris reconnut au revendiquant qualit pour agir, et dclara
recevable comme non prescrite son action en revendication, au motif que la prescription n'avait couru son
encontre qu' compter de la vente publique intervenue en 1981.
En 1990, postrieurement au dpt du rapport d'expertise qu'elle avait ordonn, la cour d'appel, dans un
second arrt, dclara l'ayant cause d'Ambroise Vollard propritaire de certains lots, et jugea que les autres
lots revenaient la succession de l'tudiant, cartant le caractre quivoque de sa possession. La cour d'appel
dcida que les documents soumis son apprciation n'tablissaient pas que l'tudiant ait exerc des fonctions
de courtier ou qu'il ait t le prpos du marchand de tableaux. Par l'effet de la dvolution lgale, la moiti de
ces lots fut attribue aus cousins et l'autre moiti la parente en ligne paternelle. Enfin, la cour d'appel
dbouta l'ayant cause de Vollard de sa demande en paiement de dommages-intrts dirige contre la banque,
en retenant que celle-ci n'avait pas lui divulguer le contenu du coffre lou par son auteur.
4.
Prtentions des parties
Deux pourvois furent forms contre ces arrts. Le premier dirig contre l'arrt de 1987 par les ayants cause
de l'tudiant, reprochant la cour d'appel d'avoir jug que l'action en revendication tait recevable car non
prescrite. Selon le pourvoi, la cour n'ssant pas le caractre irrsistible de l'ignorance de l'existence des uvres
par 'ayant cause de Vollard jusqu'en 1981. La Cour d'appel de Paris constatait de surcrot que le frre du
marchand de tableaux connaissait l'existence des biens dont il n'avait jamais cherch reprendre possession.
Le second pourvoi dirig contre l'arrt de 1990 par l'ayant cause de Vollard critiquait la cour d'appel, en ce
qu'elle avait cart le caractre quivoque de la possession des tableaux par l'tudiant l'aide d'une
motivation insuffisante.
Enfin, un autre moyen au mme pourvoi faisait grief la cour d'appel d'avoir dbout l'ayant cause de
Vollard, estimant d'une part, que l'obligation au secret laquelle tait tenue la banque l'gard de son
dposant conscutivement la rsiliation du contrat de garde ayant eu lieu en 1946, s'tait teinte cette
date, et d'autre part, que la banque aurait d faire connatre aux hritiers du marchand de tableaux l'existence
d'uvres pouvant les intresser. Enfin, le pourvoi considrait que le silence de la banque aprs la rsiliation
du contrat avait rendu plus difficile l'tablissement de la preuve de la prcarit de la possession.
5.
Question de droit
Trois questions de droit taient poses la cour d'appel.
L'action en revendication de biens mobiliers peut-elle tre teinte par l'effet de la prescription extinctive?
86
Pour carter le caractre quivoque d'une possession de biens mobiliers, le juge peut-il se fonder sur des
documents n'tablissant pas que le possesseur ait exerc des fonctions de courtier ou ait t le prpos du
propritaire?
Un banquier est-il tenu de rvler le contenu d'un coffre aux hritiers du propritaire des biens mobiliers
aprs la rsiliation du contrat de garde et l'ouverture conscutive du coffre?
6.
Dcision de la Cour de cassation
La Cour de cassation rejette le pourvoi form contre l'arrt rendu en 1987 et prononce la cassation du second
arrt rendu en 1990. On remarquera l'tonnante absence de visa s'agissant d'un arrt de cassation.
D'une part, procdant une substitution de motifs, la Haute Juridiction nonce que la proprit ne s'teignant
pas par le non-usage, l'action en revendication ne peut pas faire l'objet d'une prescription extinctive.
D'autre part, la Cour suprme casse pour manque de base lgale le second arrt aux motifs que la cour
d'appel, pour carter le caractre ambigu de la possession, n'avait fait qu'exprimer deux hypothses relatives
son origine, excluant par ailleurs celle d'un mandat occasionnel, alors qu'elle aurait d rechercher si les
actes du possesseur rvlaientsans ambigu son intention de se comporter en propritaire.
Enfin, la Cour de cassation dcide que l'obligation au secret pesant sur le banquier demeure postrieurement
la rsiliation du contrat de garde, et que la banque n'avait pas rvler le contenu du coffre aux hritiers du
propritaire.
7.
Ides principales
D'une part, cette dcision est relative l'un des attributs du droit de proprit, sa perptuit. Caractris par
la libre trasnmissibilit et le libre usage, el est traditionnellement admis que le droit de proprit dure tant
que la chose existe. Le droit de proprit ne peut pas s'teindre par le non-usage. Aussi, l'action en
revendication qui sanctionne le doit de proprit n'est pas susceptible d'extinction par l'effet de la
prescription. Dans cet arrt, la Cour de cassation tend aux actions en revendication portant sur des biens
mobiliers la solution qu'elle appliquait depuis le dbut du XXe sicle aux actions en revendication portant sur
des biens immobiliers.
Nanmoins, il peut tre fait chec la revendication lorsque le droit de proprit a t acquis par prescription
acquisitive. Vis--vis d'un bien mobilier, le possesseur ne peut acqurir le droit de proprit que si les
conditions poses par les articles 2229 et 2279 du Code civil sont runies. La possession est constitue d'un
lment matriel, le corpus, et d'un lment intentionnel, l'animus. Pour tre utile, la possession doit en outre
prsenter une absence de vice. En l'espce, la question portait sur le caractre quivoque de la possession. En
cas de possession quivoque, il existe un doute sur l'animus, sur la volont de se comporter en propritaire.
La Cour de cassation contrle la motivation des juges du fond quant l'existence ou l'bsence d'animus. A cet
gard, la Haute Juridiction rappelle l'objet de la recherchepermettant d'exclure le caractre quivoque de la
possession. Une recherche qui porterait exclusivement sur l'absence de qualit de courtier ou de prpos du
possesseur n'est pas suffisante. Non seulement la cour d'appel n'avait pas envisag l'hypothse d'un mandat
occasionnel, mai surtout ele aurait d analyser les actes intrinsques du possesseur, afin de dterminer s'ils
rvlaient son intention de se comporter en propritaire, et ce, dans des circonstances qui n'taient pas de
nature faire douter de cette qualit. Dans cette affaire, la question de la bonne foi du possesseur, au sens de
l'article 2279 du Code civil, n'tait pas en cause et ne mrite par consquent pas de dveloppement
particulier.
D'autre part, l'arrt trait au secret professionnel auquel est tenu le banquier dans le cadre d'un contrat de
coffre-for. Initialement considr comme un devoir civil de discrtion, le manquement cette oblogation
constitue aujourd'hui une infraction pnale (article L. 226-13 et 226-14 du nouveau Code pnal, article 378
de l'ancien Code pnal). Depuis la loi du 24 janvier 1984 relative l'activit et au contrle des tablissements
de crdit, le respect de cette obligation est expressment prvu par l'article 57 qui dispose:
Tout membre d'un conseil d'administration et, selon le cas, d'un conseil de surveillance et toute personne
qui un titre quelconque participe la direction ou la gestion d'un tablissement de crdit ou qui est
employe par celui-ci, est tenu au secret professionnel dans les conditions et sous les peines prvues aux
articles 226-13 et 226-14 du Code pnal.
Outre les cas o la loi le prvoit, le secret professionnel ne peut tre oppos ni la commission bancaire, ni
la Banque de France, ni l'autorit judiciaire agissant dans le cadre d'une procdure pnale.
En l'espce, la banque ne pouvait pasm sans violer cette obligation, rvler aux hritiers du cocontractant
possesseur le contenu du coffre, et ce, mme postrieurement son ouverture conscutive la rsiliation du
contrat. La solution peut paratre excessive. Elle est toutefois dicte par le souci de protection des intrts
particuliers du client et par le respect de l'impratif lgitime de scurit juridique dans la vie des affaires.
Postrieurement cette dcision, la Cour de cassation a jug que le secret professionnel auquel est tenu un
tablissement de crdit constitue un empchement lgitime opposable au juge civil, et en a dduit qu'une
87
banque pouvait valablement refuser de communiquer aux hritiers du tireur le verso des chques que ce
dernier avait mis. L'arrt du 2 juin 1993, en consacrant la survie de l'obligation au secret du banquier
postrieurement la rsiliation du contrat de garde, s'inscrit au sein de cette jurisprudence tendant renforcer
le secret professionnel du banquier. Ces trois aspects de l'arrt doivent tre dvelopps dans le corps du
commentaire.
8.
Commentaire d'arrt
Une importante collection d'objet d'art et de tableaux de valeur provenant de la galerie d'Ambroise Vollard
tait en possession d'un tudiant yougoslave en 1939. Ce dernier, aprs le dcs du clbre marchand de
tableaux, dposa une partie de la collection dans le coffre d'une banque et transporta l'autre partie Zagreb
o les uvres furent exposes en 1940. L'tudiant disparut au cours de la seconde guerre mondiale. La
banque fit procder l'ouverture du coffre en 1946 et plaa son contenu dans une caisse jusqu'en 1977. Sur la
demande de la banque, un commissaire-priseur effectua un inventaire.
Le contrat conclu entre l'tudiant et la banque constitue un contrat de garde ou de coffre-fort. Il s'agit d'un
contrat consensuel, innom, et titre onreux, par lequel une personne remet un ou des biens mobiliers dans
un coffre situ dans une banque, la charge pour le banquier de garder la chose en scurit et de la surveiller.
La banque obtint par ordonnance de rfr la dsignation d'un squestre qui mandata deux commissairespriseurs chargs d'orgabiser la vente publique de ces objets, et plus spcialement de raliser une large
publicit cet effet. Un ayant cause d'Ambroise Vollard revendiqua la plus grande partie des uvres d'art.
En leur qualit d'hritiers, les cousins en ligne maternelle et une parente en ligne paternelle de l'tudiant
dcd intervinrent cette instance.
En 1987, au premier arrt de la Cour d'appel de Paris reconnut au revendiquant qualit pour agir, et dclara
recevable come non prescrite son action en revendication au motif que la prescription n'avait couru son
encontre qu' compter de la vente publique intervenue en 1981.
En 1990, postrieurement au dpt du rapport d'expertise qu'elle avait ordonn, la cour d'appel, dans un
second arrt, dclara l'ayant cause d'Ambroise Vollard propritaire de certains lots, et jugea que les autres
lots revenaient la succession de l'tudiant, cartant ainsi le caractre quivoque de sa possession, en
retenant que les documents soumis son apprciation n'tablissaient pas qu'il ait exerc des fonctions de
courtier ou qu'il ait t le prpos du marchand de tableaux. Par l'effet de la dvolution lgale, la moiti de
ces lots fut attribue aux cousins et l'autre moiti la parente en ligne paternelle. Enfin, la Cour d'appel
dbouta l'ayant cause de Vollard de sa demande en paiemnt de dommages-intrts dirige contre la banque,
au motif que celle-ci n'avait pas a lui divulguer le contenu du coffre lou par son auteur.
Deux pourvois furent forms contre ces arrts. Le premier, dirig contre l'arrt de 1987 par les ayants cause
de l'tudiant, reprochant la cour d'appel d'avoir jug que l'action en revendication tait non prescrite. Selon
le pourvoi, elle n'tablissait pas le caractre irrsistible de l'ignorance de l'existence des uvres par l'ayant
cause de Vollard jusqu'en 1981. La Cour d(appel de Paris constatait de surcrot que le frre du marchand de
tableaux connaissait l'existence des biens dont il n'avait jamais cherch reprendre possession.
Le second pourvoi dirig contre l'arrt de 1990 par l'ayant cause de Vollard critiquait la cour d'appel en ce
qu'elle avait cart le caractre quivoque de la possession des tableaux par l'tudiant l'aide d'une
motivation insuffisant.
Un autre moyen au mme pourvoi faisait grief la cour d'appel d'avoir dbout l'aynat cause de Vollard,
estimant d'une part, que l'obligation au secret laquelle tait tenue la banque l'gard de son dposant
conscutivement la rsiliation du contrat de garde ayant eu lieu en 1946 s'tait teinte par l'effet de la
prescription extinctive? Pour carter le caractre quivoque d'une possession de biens mobiliers, le juge peutil se fonder sur des documents n'tablissant pas que le possesseur ait exerc des fonctions de courtier ou ait
t le prpos du propritaire? Un banquier est-il tenu de rvler le contenu d'un coffre aux hritiers du
propritaire des biens mobiliers aprs la rsiliation du contrat de garde et l'ouverture conscutive du coffre?
La Cour de cassation rejette le pourvoi form contre l'arrt rendu en 1987 et prononce la cassation du second
arrt rendu en 1990. D'une part, procdant une substitution de motifs, la Haute Juridiction nonce que la
proprit ne s'teignant pas par le non-usage, l'action en revendication ne peut pas faire l'objet d'une
prescription extinctive. D'autre part, la Cour suprme casse pour manque de base lgale le second arrt aux
motifs que la cour d'appel, pour carter le caractre ambigu de la possession n'avait fait qu'examiner deux
hypothses relatives son origine, ecluant par ailleurs celle d'un mandat occasionnel alors qu'elle aurait d
rechercher si les actes du possesseur rvlaient sans ambigut son intention de se comporter comme
propritaire.
Enfin, la Cour de cassation dcide que l'obligation au secret pesant sur le banquier demeure postrieurement
la rsiliation du contrat de garde, et qu'il n'avait pas rvler le contenu du coffre aux hritiers du
propritaire. Ds lors, il convient d'envisager d'une part,l'absence d'extinction du droit de proprit par le
88
non-usage (I), et d'autre part,la survie de l'obligation au secret professionnel du banquier suite la rsiliation
du contrat de garde (II).
I.
Le droit de proprit ne s'teint pas par le non-usage
L'imprescriptibilit du droit et de l'action attachs la proprit d'un bien ne peut s'expliquer que grce au
caractre perptuel du droit de proprit (A). En matire mobilire, il peut nanmoins tre fait chec
l'action en revendication condition d'tre possesseur au sens des articles 2229 et 2279 du Code civil (B).
A.
Imprescriptibilit du droit et de l'action attachs la proprit
Bien que le Code civil ne contienne pas de disposition dictant le caractre perptuel du droit de proprit,
cet lment est traditionnellement considr comme contingent ce droit rel principal. Certains auteurs,
tirant notamment argument de l'existence de texte prvoyant une extinction du droit d'exploitation d'une
uvre cinquante ans aprs le dcs de l'auteur, prfrant parler de longvit pour justifier la mme
imprescriptibilit du droit de proprit. Cette rfrence la longvit du droit de proprit est descriptive et
vide de sens technique. Le droit demeure tant que la chose existe. Plus techniquement, la perptuit du droit
de proprit emporte deux consquences: la libre transmissibilit et le libre usage. A la diffrence de la
servitude, de l'usufruit et, d'une manire gnrale, de tous les droits rels constitus sur la chose d'autrui, qui
eux s'teignent par prescription, le non-usage du droit par le propritaire pendant un certain temps n'en
affecte pas l'existence.
L'article 706 du Code civil prvoit en effet que La servitude est teinte par le non-usage pendant trente
ans. Or aucun texte ne prvoit l'extinction du droit de proprit par l'effet du non-usage. En l'absence de
texte, la Cour de cassation, en jugeant que la proprit ne s'teint pas par le non-usage, fait uvre cratrice.
Certes, la Cour suprme avait dj admis l'imprescriptibilit de l'action en revendication d'un bien
immobilier. Cependant, l'arrt du 2 juin 1993 affirme pour la premire fois l'imprescriptibilit de l'action en
revendication d'un bien mobilier, solution qui n'avait en ralit t conteste que par une minorit d'auteurs.
Le raisonement suivi par la cour d'appel tait captieux, en ce qu'il admettait la prescriptibilit de l'action en
revendication de biens mobiliers, tablissant une distinction arbitraire applicable au droit de proprit selon
qu'il porte sur un meuble ou un immeuble. Cette argumentation avait abouti juger l'action en revendication
recevable, parce que non prescrite. La Cour de cassation, l'aide d'un attendu de principe, censure l'arrt
d'appel en y substituant ses propres motifs de pur droit. Techniquement, la dcision attaque de 1987 mritait
la cassation. Nanmoins, celle-ci n'tait pas utile dans la mesure o la solution du fond du litige aurait t la
mme. Il en allait diffremment s'agissant de l'arrt rendu en 1990.
B.
La possession utile paralyse l'action en revendication
La possession d'un bien entrane une prsomption de titularit du droit de proprit et la facult d'acqurir
par voie de prescription. En matire mobilire, il est fondamental de tenir compte de l'article 2279 du Code
civil dictant une rgle de preuve et une rgle de fond. En l'espce, le dbat n'intressait que l'aspect
probatoire de la possession. Plus prcisment, la question se rduisait la preuve de l'existence ou de
l'absence de caractre quivoque de la possession conformment l'article 2229 du Code civil.
La cour d'appel, pour carter l'absence de caractre quivoque de la possession s'tait cantonne exclure la
qualit de courtier et de prpos du possesseur. Une telle motivation n'tait que trop partielle. En premier
lieu, elle n'avait pas envisag l'existence d'un mandat occasionnel au profit du possesseur prsum, lequel
mandat, s'il avait t constat, aurait entach la possession du vice d'quivoque. En second lieu, la Cour de
cassation reproche l'arrt d'appel de ne pas avoir recherch si, pris en eux-mmes, les actes du possesseur
rvlaient sans ambigut son intention de se comporter en propritaire, et cela dans des circonstances qui
n'taient pas de nature faire douter de cette qualit. En d'autres termes, puisque la cassation intervient pour
manque de base lgale, la Cour suprme exerce son contrle sur la motivation des juges du fond lorsque
ceux-ci doivent apprcier l'lment intentionnel de la possession. L'animus tant prsumm il appartenait aux
hritiers de Vollard de prouver que la possession n'tait pas exerce titre de propritaire, mais qu'il n'tait
qu'un dtenteur prcaire, cet lment constitutif de la possession s'apprciant in abstracto, c'est--dire de
manire subjective.
II.
La survie de l'obligation au secret professionnel du banquier suite la rsiliation du contrat de
garde
La conclusion d'un contrat de coffre-fort entre le banquier et un client fait natre une obligation au secret
laquelle l'tablissement bancaire est tenu. Celle-ci aurait pu s'teindre lors de la rsiliation du contrat. En
jugeant que cette obligation survit la rsiliation du contrat, la Cour de cassation contribue clairer le
rgime juridique de cette obligation (B). Pralablement, son contenu ncessite d'tre rappel (A).
A.
Le contenu de l'obligation au secret professionnel du banquier
Envisag initialement comme un devoir civil de discrtion, l'obligation du banquier de ne pas divulguer des
informations relatives son client fut, sur le fondement de l'article 378 de l'ancien Code pnal, incrimine.
89
Bien que cet article ne vise pas expressment le secret professionnel du banquier, il sanctionnait toute
personne dpositaire de secrets qui, par tat ou profession ou par fonctions temporaires ou permanentes, les
aurait rvls.
Par la conclusion du contrat de coffre-fort, le banquier s'est trouv tenu au respect de cette obligation
l'gard de l'tudiant yougoslave. Ds lors, il ne pouvait pas rvler des tiers le contenu des biens placs
dans le coffre de son tablissement sans commettre l'infraction prvue par l'article 378 de l'ancien Code pnal
(devenu l'article L 226-13 du nouveau Code pnal).
Par ailleurs, depuis la loi du 24 janvier 1984, l'obligation au secret professionnel du banquier fait l'objet d'une
disposition spciale (art. 57 de cette loi). Ce texte renvoie aux articles L 226-13 et 226-14 du nouveau Code
pnal et nonce que, sauf exception lgale, le secret professionnel ne peut tre oppos, ni la commission
bancaire, ni la Banque de France, ni l'autorit judiciaire agissant dans le cadre d'une procdure pnale.
Cet affinement de l'obligation au secret professionnel du banquier s'explique par une volont de protger,
tant des intrts particuliers, que l'intrt gnral. La Cour de cassation a pos pour principe postrieurement
cet art, qu' l'gard de son client, le secret professionnel du banquier n'tait que de simple protection, et
que, ds lors, le client pouvait y renoncer. Par consquent, la Cour de cassation considre que, dans les
relations noues entre le banquier et son client, le respect de l'obligation au secret relve d'un ordre public
relatif permettant au crancier d'y renoncer. En outre, la scurit juridique dans la vie des affaires impose que
les informations transmises aux banques ne puissent pas tre rvles des tiers. Cette obligation trouve
notamment sa limite dans le cadre d'une procdure pnale, parce que le banquier ne saurait se rfugier
derrire le secret professionnel pour refuser de fournir les renseignements demands par l'autorit judiciaire.
Ainsi, la protection des intrts particuliers cde devant celle de l'intrt gnral. Il n'en reste pas moins qu'en
dehors d'une procdure pnale, le respect du secret professionnel s'analyse en une obligation essentielle du
banquier justifiant son maintien en cas de rsiliation du contrat qui lui a donn naissance.
B.
Consquences juridiques de la qualification d'obligation au secret professionnel
L'ouverture du coffre en 1946 avait entrain la rsiliation du contrat de garde. L'ayant cause du marchand de
tableaux, tiers au contrat de coffre-fort, avait demand la banque que lui soit rvl le contenu du coffre.
Devant son refus, l'ayant cause de Vollard avait attaqu le banquier en paiement de dommages-intrts sur le
fondement de l'article 1382 du Code civil. Le pourvoi prtendait que la cour d'appel aurait d rechercher si,
par son silence, la banque n'avait pas commis une faute qui aurait rendu plus difficile pour les hritiers du
propritaire la preuve de la prcarit de la possession de l'tudiant.
Un tel raisonement sous-tendait une extinction de l'obligation au secret professionnel depuis la rsiliation du
contrat. Ni la cour d'appel, ni la Cour de cassation, ne sont entres dans les arcanes de cette analyse.
L'obligation au secret professionnel laquelle est tenu le banquier ne cesse pas avec la rsiliation du contrat.
Il en rsulte une opposabilit du secret professionnel aux hritiers du propritaire de biens placs dans le
coffre-fort, et ce, en dpit de la rsiliation du contrat. En d'autres termes, cet arrt consacre la survie de cette
obligation, alors que le contrat a pris fin. L'hritier du propritaire ne peut pas obtenir communication du
contenu du coffre. De plus, la Cour de cassation a rcemment dcid qu'une banque pouvait valablement
refuser de communiquer aux hritiers du tireur le verso du chque que ce dernier avait mis. En l'espce, la
ncessit du respect de l'obligation est juge si importante qu'elle limite le droit l'information, non pas des
hritiers du cocontractant, mais de l'hritier du propritaire des biens susceptibles de faire l'objetd'une
revendicationet dposs dans le coffre de la banque. En dpit de son caractre restrictif, cette solution mrite
d'tre approuve. Celle-ci est conforme au fondement mme de l'existence du secret professionnel: elle
respecte l'impratif de scurit dict par les intrtsdu client dont la personne est continue par ses hritiers.
90
Modulul VII.
Ladverbe
Unitatea de nvare:
Ladverbe
Timp alocat: 1 h
Bibliografie:
2008.
Adverbul
Adverbul este un cuvnt invariabil pe care-l adugm unui adjectiv, unui verb sau altui adverb, pentru a-i
modifica sensul. Adverbul poate modifica chiar o propoziie ntreag.
Adverbele marcheaz n mod obinuit:
a) locul: ailleurs, alentour, autour, ci, dea, del, dedans, dehors, derrire, dessous, dessus, devant, ici, l,
loin, o, partout, prs, y etc.
b) timpul: alors, aujourdhui, aussitt, autrefois, avant, bientt, dj, demain, depuis, dsormais, enfin,
ensuite, hier, jadis, jamais, parfois, quelquefois, souvent, tantt, toujours etc.
c) cantitatea: assez, beaucoup, combien, davantage, encore, gure, mme, moins, peu, plus, que, quelque, si,
tant, tellement, tout, prs, trop etc.
d) comparaia: aussi, autant, moins, plus etc.
e) afirmaia i negaia: assurment, certainement, certes, oui, peut-tre, sans doute, vraiment etc.; ne, non,
nullement, pas, point etc.
f) ndoiala: apparemment, probablement etc.
g) interogaia: pourquoi?, comment? etc.
h) modul: este imposibil s facem o list cu acestea, numrul lor crescnd o dat cu evoluia limbii. Cu
excepia ctorva adverbe de mod numite ereditare, marea lor majoritate deriv din adjective. Distingem
astfel:
adverbele de mod ereditare: bien, mal, pis, mieux, plutt, ainsi, exprs, gratis etc.
adjective utilizate cu valoare adverbial: bon, beau, fort, grand, cher etc.
adverbe n -ment, formate n majoritate de la femininul adjectivelor: admirablement, cordialement etc.
locuiuni adverbiale compuse fie dintr-o prepoziie i un substantiv sau un adjectiv (de nouveau), fie din
dou substantive sau dou adjective legate printr-o prepoziie (nez nez, petit petit), fie dintr-un verb i un
substantiv (darrache-pied), fie dintr-o parte de fraz (pour ainsi dire).
Formarea adverbelor de mod:
1. ADverbele de mod se formeaz n general prin adugarea terminaiei -ment la forma de feminin a
adjectivului: franc-franche franchement; heureux-heureuse heureusement; rel-relle rellement; doux-douce
doucement; vif-vive vivement; clair-claire clairement; sot-sotte sottement; chaud-chaude chaudement.
Aceast regul prezint excepii:
a) adjectivele terminate la masculin singular n -ai,- , -i, -u, cnd devin adverbe, pierd n general terminaia
-e mut de la feminin, motiv pentru care unele dintre ele primesc un accent circumflex pe u: vrai-vrai(e)
vraiment; ais-ais(e) aisment; joli-jolie joliment; absolu-absolu(e) absolument; assidu-assidu(e) assidment;
cru-cru(e) crment; continu-continu(e) continment;
b) numeroase adverbe schimb e mut de la adjectiv n , nainte de a primi sufixul -ment:
commun-communment;
commode-commodment;
conforme-conformment;
immense-immensment;
obscure-obscurment;
c) adverbele ce provin din adjective terminate n -ent, -ant, schimb aceste terminaii n -emment, -amment:
constant-constamment; dcent-dcemment; vident-videmment; lgant-lgamment; puissant-puissamment;
prudent-prudemment;
Fac excepie cteva adverbe: prsent-prsentement; lent-lentement; vhment-vhmentement
2. Unele adverbe sunt formate de la participiul trecut al verbelor, la care se adaug terminaia -ment:
aveuglment; prcisment; conformment; forcment; modrment; passionnment.
3. Unele adverbe terminate n -ment deriv:
91
din adjective pronominale: aucun-aucune-aucunement, tel-telle-tellement, nul-nulle-nullement,

autre-autrement;
din adverbe: comme-comment;
din interjecii specifice limbajului familiar sau din substantive utilizate ca interjecii n limbajul familiar:
fichetre-fichetrement, diable-diablement, vache-vachement;
din adjective calificative utilizate ca adverbe: ces robes cotent cher, sentir bon.
Gradele de comparaie
Unele adverbe se utilizeaz, ca i adjectivele, la comparativ i la superlativ. Gradele de comparaie se
formeaz ca i la adjective.
1. Pozitiv: reprezint forma normal a adverbului: rapidement.
2. Comparativ:
de inferioritate: format cu adverbul moins moins rapidement;
de egalitate: format cu adverbul aussi aussi rapidement;
de superioritate: format cu adverbul plus plus rapidement.
3. Superlativ:
relativ: format cu articolul hotrt + adverbul plus le plus rapidement;
absolut: format cu adverbele trs (bien, fort) - trs (bien, fort) rapidement.
Unele adverbe au forme speciale pentru comparativul de superioritate i pentru superlativul relativ:
pozitiv
bien
mal
beaucoup
peu
comp. de sup. mieux
pis (plus mal)
plus
moins
sup. rel.
le mieux le pis (le plus
le plus
le moins
mal)
Observaii:
Adverbul beaucoup nu are superlativ absolut.
ADverbele de cantitate i cteva adverbe de mod (conformment, contrairement, indpendamment,
prfrablement, relativement), pot avea un complement.
Utilizarea ctorva adverbe
Dedans, dehors, dessus, dessous, iniial utilizate ca prepoziii i ca adverbe, sunt astzi utilizate numai ca adverbe,
prepoziiile lor corespondente fiind dans, hors, sur, sous. Aceste adverbe se utilizeaz numai cu un
complement dac sunt precedate de o prepoziie sau dac se opun dou cte dou:
Observaie: Nu spunei: Il a davantage de chance que moi ci Il a plus de chance que moi.
Plus tt, scris n dou cuvinte este opusul lui plus tard.
Plutt, scris ntr-un singur cuvnt, indic preferina.
De suite semnific lun aprs lautre.
Tout de suite semnific sur-le-champ.
Tout coup semnific subitement.
Tout dun coup semnific en une seule fois, du premier coup.
Aussitt nu trebuie s aib drept complement un substantiv singur.
Trs nu poate modifica dect un adjectiv, un adverb sau un participiu utilizat cu valiare adjectival.
Aussi, autant marcheaz comparativul de egalitate.
Si, tant marcheaz intensitatea i semnific tellement
Putem utiliza si pentru aussi i tant pentru autant.
Le droit des contrats spciaux se trouve situ entre la thorie gnrale des obligations et lorganisation
particulire dun contrat individuel.
Lexpression de contrats spciaux est trompeuse : tous les contrats sont spciaux et il nexiste pas de
contrat gnral ; de mme que toute infraction est spciale : un abus de confiance, un faux, une
banqueroute... Mais tout contrat, sappliquent plusieurs types de rgles juridiques. Les unes sont gnrales,
indiffrentes la catgorie laquelle appartient le contrat : elles constituent la thorie gnrale des
obligations contractuelles ; de mme, le droit pnal gnral gouverne toutes les infractions quelle quen soit
la qualification. Dautres rgles dpendent de lespce laquelle appartient le contrat : elles constituent le
droit des contrats spciaux. La thorie gnrale des obligations pose les rgles communes lensemble des
contrats ; elle prsente un tour abstrait, nonant le rgime applicable tout contrat, quel quil soit (force
obligatoire et relativit du contrat, intgrit du consentement, etc.).
92
Un certain nombre de contrats sont spcialement organiss, soit par la loi, soit par les usages professionnels.
Pour cette raison, on les appelle des contrats spciaux , qui constituent aussi des contrats nomms ,
parce que la loi ou les usages qui les rglementent leur donnent un nom (par exemple, vente, bail, prt,
assurance, etc.). Le droit des contrats spciaux est plus labor et plus concret que ne lest la thorie
gnrale : il nonce les rgles principales dun certain nombre de contrats, en quelque sorte leur cadre
essentiel. Il leur donne souvent un contenu prconstitu omnibus , permettant aux parties de personnaliser
facilement leur contrat et de ladapter la fin quelles poursuivent. Il suffit une personne de dire : je
vends ma maison telle personne qui accepte et tel prix , pour que lon sache aussitt quelles vont tre les
consquences du contrat.
Le droit des contrats spciaux prsente ainsi un aspect vivant et une diversit auxquels parvient difficilement
la thorie gnrale des obligations. Le phnomne est particulirement saisissant aujourdhui avec
lapparition dune multitude de contrats nouveaux spontanment crs par la pratique et les
recommandations de la commission des clauses abusives qui chenille, clause par clause, les contrats usuels ;
non la vente, ni la vente mobilire, ni la vente de marchandises, ce qui serait trop gnral pour saisir la vie
contractuelle quotidienne, mais la vente de matriels de cuisine ou celle dautomobiles neuves : le droit
devient plus proche de la ralit.
Un contrat spcial nest pas un contrat individuel : deux ventes ne sont jamais compltement identiques ;
pour le moins, les parties doivent dterminer la chose et le prix. Habituellement, la loi ne fixe pas la teneur
de chaque contrat ; la volont individuelle de le faire.
Le droit des contrats est donc constitu par trois corps successifs de rgles, allant du gnral au particulier :
la thorie gnrale des contrats ; les rgles des contrats spciaux, labores par type chaque contrat
individuel, dont les modalits particulires sont convenues par les parties.
Dictionnaire
le droit des contrats spciaux = dreptul contractelor speciale
trompeux,-euse = neltor,-oare
de mme que = tot aa cum, la fel cum
un abus de confiance = un abuz de ncredere
un faux= un fals
une banqueroute = o bancrut
indiffrentes la catgorie = indiferente fa de/n raport cu categoria
de mme = la fel, tot aa
quelle quen soit la qualification= oricare ar fi calificarea lor
lespce laquelle appartient le contrat = specia creia-i aparine contractul
pose les rgles = stabilete regulile
un tour abstrait= o privire de ansamblu abstract
quel quil soit = oricare ar fi el
intgrit du consentement = integritatea consimmntului
soit par la loi, soit par les usages professionnels = fie de lege, fie de uzanele profesionale
pour cette raison = din acest motiv, din aceast raiune
aussi = de asemenea, n consecin
des contrats nomms = contracte numite
vente = vnzare
bail = locaiune, nchiriere,
prt = mprumut
assurance = asigurare
en quelque sorte = ntructva
un contenu prconstitu omnibus un coninut preconstituit, bun la toate, care convine tuturor
l'adapter la fin quelles poursuivent= a-l adapta scopului pe care-l urmresc
telle personne = cutrei persoane, unei anumite persoane
tel prix = pe cutare pre, pe un anumit pre
aussitt = imediat
parvenir difficilement = a ajunge cu dificultate
saisissant,-ante = frapant,-
la commission des clauses abusives = comisia clauzelor abuzive
cheniller = a debarasa
clause par clause = clauz cu clauz
saisir la vie contractuelle quotidienne = a sesiza viaa contractual cotidian
93
pour le moins = cel puin

dterminer la chose et le prix = a determina lucrul i preul
la teneur = coninutul, substana
la volont individuelle de le faire = voinei individuale i rmne obligaia de a o face
allant du gnral au particulier = mergnd de la general la particular
tre convenues par les parties = a fi convenite de ctre pri
A partir des adjectifs, former les adverbes correspondants et donnez leurs synonymes
gnrale gnralement, habituellement, ordinairement, couramment, d'ordinaire, en gnral, frquemment,
souvent, volontiers, d'habitude, communment, d'une manire gnrale, globalement, la plupart du temps,
majoritairement, totalement, toujours, traditionnellement, unanimement
particulire particulirement, spcialement, surtout, considrablement, minemment, singulirement,
prodigieusement, principalement, notamment, extrmement, autrement, en particulier, expressment,
intimement, notablement, spcifiquement
individuel individuellement personnellement, singulirement, sparment
spciale spcialement, particulirement, en particulier, expressment, surtout, autrement, exprs,
nommment, notamment, principalement
juridique juridiquement, judiciairement
commune communment, couramment, habituellement, gnralement, ordinairement, en gnral,
frquemment, souvent, usuellement
abstrait abstraitement, couramment, habituellement, gnralement, ordinairement, en gnral, frquemment,
souvent, usuellement
obligatoire obligatoirement, ncessairement, forcment, infailliblement, inluctablement, invitablement,
srement, fatalement, immanquablement, indispensablement
concret concrtement, objectivement, physiquement, pratiquement
principales principalement, surtout, notamment, particulirement, avant tout, essentiellement, plus,
singulirement, spcialement, tout d'abord
essentiel essentiellement, absolument, avant tout, constitutionnellement, de sa nature, exclusivement, de sa
nature, fondamentalement, intrinsquement, principalement, typiquement
abusives abusivement, excessivement, immodrment, improprement, incorrectement, indment,
injustement, outrageusement
usuels usuellement, habituellement, ordinairement, communment, couramment, d'ordinaire
mobilire mobilirement
contractuelle contractuellement
quotidienne quotidiennement, journellement, par jour, tous les jours
identiques identiquement, pareillement
successifs successivement, alternativement, tour tour, aprs, mesure, la suite de, tantt, rcursivement,
rythmiquement, priodiquement, par degr, l'un aprs l'autre, isolment, coup par coup, conscutivement,
tour de rle
Identifier les adverbes du texte
Plusieurs, spcialement, aussi, plus, souvent, facilement, aussitt, ainsi, difficilement, particulirement,
aujourdhui, spontanment, trop, plus proche, jamais, compltement, pour le moins, habituellement
94
Modulul VIII.
La prposition. Linterjection
Unitatea de nvare:
1. La prposition.
2. Linterjection
Timp alocat: 1 h
Bibliografie:
2008.
Prepoziia
Prepoziia este un cuvnt invariabil care servete la unirea a doi termeni, marcnd raporturile dintre ei.
Principalele prepoziii sunt:
depuis
hormis
sans
aprs
derrire
hors
selon
avant
ds
malgr
sous
avec
devant
outre
suivant
chez
durant
par
sur
contre
en
parmi
vers
dans
entre
pendant
voici
de
envers
pour
voil
Sunt folosite n mod accidental ca prepoziii urmtoarele cuvinte: attendu, considr, tant donn, except,
vu, concernant, joignant, plein, touchant etc.
Principalale locuiuni prepoziionale:
cause de
au lieu de
faute de
grce
ct de
au milieu de
afin de
auprs de
hors de
au prix de
jusqu
force de
la faveur de
autour de
le long de
loin de
au-dessous de
de peur de
prs de
en dpit de
au-dessus de
en face de
quant
au-devant de
Prepoziia exprim:
locul, direcia: Nous allons Paris.
timpul: La leon de franais commence 9 heures.
cazul dativ: Jcris une lettre ma mre.
destinaia: une machine crire
apartenena: Ces cahiers sont moi.
module: aller pied, courir toute vitesse
preul: des pommes 10 francs le kilo.
Prepoziia de exprim:
locul de plecare: Je viens de lcole.
materia: une porte de fer
apartenena: la maison de mon pre
cazul genitiv: les chemins de la libert
originea: la fille de Bucarest
destinaia: une robe de soir
cauza: il est mort de faim
particula de noblee: Alfred de Musset
Prepoziia pour exprim:
direcia: Je pars pour Paris.
95
scopul: Il faut apprendre pour russir.

cauza: Il est content pour avoir bien travaill.
destinaia: coiffeur pour dames
substituirea: prendre une vache pour une poule
preul: acheter un manteau pour 3000 francs
Prepoziia par exprim:
locul: passer par une belle rgion
timpul: nous sommes partis par un beau temps
cauza sau instrumentul: prir par pe, agir par ambition
agentul: Le champs a t labour par les tracteurs.
Prepoziia sous exprim:
locul: nager sous leau
timpul: il a vcu sous la dictature
dependena: tenir sous sa domination
cauza: agir sous lempire de la colre
Prepoziia sur exprim:
locul le livre est sur la table
timpul: sur ses vieux jours, il est devenu fou
raportul: deux sur trois
subiectul despre care se vorbete: se tromper sur un point
Prepoziia avec exprim:
modul: manger avec soin
compania: se promener avec des copains
instrumentul: crire avec un crayon
Observaie: Cnd substantivul care indic instrumentul sau modul este nsoit de un determinant, prepoziia
avec este omis:
Se promener les mains derrire son dos.
Une petite dame, une parapluie la main, se promenait dans le jardin.
Lcolier, la gibecire au dos, venait de lcole
Lenfant, la toupie dans sa poche, tait trs content
Prepoziiile en i dans: n general, en se utilizeaz n faa unui substantiv nearticulat, n timp ce dans se
utilizeaz n faa unui substantiv precedat de articolul hotrt.
Nous sommes en classe
Elle est entre dans la maison.
Prepoziia en exprim:
locul: monter en bus
timpul: Jai donn tous les examens en un mois.
modul: couper en deux
materia: une table en bois
Prepoziia dans exprim:
locul: monter dans le train
timpul: Je reviens de Paris dans dix jours.
scopul: agir dans son seul intrt
Prepoziiile , de, en se repet n faa fiecrui complement:
Il est parti Bucarest, Arad et Craiova.
Il est plein de ressources et denthousiasme.
Il a voyag en Afrique, en Amrique et en Asie.
Celelalte prepoziii se repet atunci cnd complementele au sensuri diferite:
Il faut avoir le sens de la responsabilit envers la patrie, envers les siens, envers soi-mme.
La prposition ne se rpte jamais avant deux noms formant une seule et mme expression:
La fable de lHirondelle et les Petits Oiseaux est trs jolie.
Sans nu se repet cnd ultimul complement este precedat de ni:
Il a pass cinq jours sans boire ni manger.
96
Conjuncia
Conjuncia servete la unirea a dou propoziii sau a dou pri asemntoare dintr-o propoziie.
Principalele conjuncii: ainsi; aussi; car; cependant; comme; ni; or; ou; puisque; quand; donc; et; lorsque; mais;
nanmoins; que; quoique; si; soit; toutefois etc.
n francez distingem:
1. Conjunciile de coordonare: sunt conjunciile care unesc termenii unei propoziii sau propoziii de aceeai
natur: et; ni; ou; mais; or; car etc.
Conjunciile de coordonare sunt:
a) copulative - care exprim unirea: et, ni.
b) adversative care exptim opoziie: mais, cependant, pourtant, toutefois, nanmoins:
c) disjunctive care exprim disjuncia sau alternativa: ou, ou bien.
d) conclusive care exprim consecina sau concluzia: donc, enfin, ainsi, aussi, par consquent.
e) cauzale care exprim cauza: car, en effet, cest--dire.
2. Conjunciile de subordonare: sunt conjuncii care servesc la introducerea unei propoziii subordonate: que;
lorsque; parce que etc.
3. Locutiunile conjuncionale: grupurile de cuvinte care ndeplinesc rolul de conjuncii. Principalele locuiuni
conjuncionale sunt: condition que; afin que; ainsi que; alors que; mesure que; moins que; aprs que;
depuis que; de sorte que; ds que; jusqu ce que; attendu que; aussitt que; autant que; avant que; bien
que; cest-dire; de mme que; parce que; quand mme etc.
Utilizarea ctorva conjuncii:
a) et se utilizeaz cel mai adesea numai naintea ultimului termen al enumeraiei. Et se repet uneori naintea
fiecrui termen al unei enumeraii.
Se suprim et:
a) cnd se dorete ca o enumeraie s fie mai rapid.
b) cnd termenii enumeraiei sunt sinonimi sau sunt plasai prin gradaie.
c) ntre dou propoziii ce ncep fiecare cu plus, mieux, moins, autant.
d) Conjuncia ni servete la unirea a dou propoziii principale negative din care a doua este eliptic, a dou
propoziii care depind de aceeai propoziie principal negativ, a prilor asemntoare dintr-o propoziie
negativ.
Interjecia
Interjecia este un cuvnt invariabil ce servete la exprimarea unui sentiment puternic (admiraie, bucurie, durere,
surpriz, descurajare etc.). Interjecia este un cuvnt izolat, acre nu are nici un fel de relaie cu celelalte
cuvionte, fiind complet prin el nsui. Interjeciile sunt adesea zgomote imitative (onomatopee) care servesc
nu att la exprimarea sentiment ct la traducerea sunetului exprimat de un obiect familiar.
Principalele interjecii i onomatopee exprim:
surpriza: ah! oh! ouais! fichtre!
durerea: ae!
dispreul: fi!
descurajarea: hlas!
un apel: eh! h! pst! hol! hep!
indiferena: bah!
dezgustul: pouah!
laprobarea: bon! bravo!
ndoiala: hum! euh!
incitarea la tcere: sst!
uurarea: ouf!
onomatopeele: cric! crac! boum! vlan! paf! pan! patatras! miaou! cocorico!
Unele cuvinte pot deveni accidental interjecii. Acestea sunt, n special:
substantive: alerte!, attention! ciel! dame! diable! halte! silence! courage! malheur! misricorde! paix!
peste! idiot!
adjective: bon! parfait!
verbe: allons! gare! tiens!
adverbe: bien!
Locuiunile interjecionale Orice grup de cuvinte ce 97ndeplinete rolul de interjecie: Ah! bah!; Dieu du
ciel!; Dieu me pardonne!; Eh bien!; En avant!;
Grand Dieu!; H quoi!; Ma foi!; Mon Dieu!; Oui
da!; Qui vive!; Tout beau! etc.

CONVENTIONS DARBITRAGE
Compromis et clause compromissoire. Lobjet des conventions darbitrage est la soumission un
arbitre dun litige ventuel (clause compromissoire) ou actuel (compromis). Le droulement de larbitrage
relve du droit judiciaire. Un expos pralable permettra de comprendre dans quel processus sengagent les
parties (Premires vues). Seules seront exposes les rgles qui gouvernent ces conventions : rgles
communes leur domaine (Chapitre I) ; rgles propres la clause compromissoire (Chapitre II) et au
compromis (Chapitre III), pour leur rgime juridique.
PREMIRES VUES SUR LARBITRAGE
La notion darbitrage ( 1) et la distinction entre larbitrage interne et larbitrage international ( 2)
conduisent lexamen de sa nature juridique ( 3).
NOTION
Un juge priv. Deux voies souvrent aux parties lorsquelles dcident de faire trancher par un tiers le
litige qui les oppose. Elles peuvent avoir recours la justice publique, cest--dire des magistrats
professionnels, organiss au sein du service public de la justice. Elles peuvent aussi dcider de faire trancher
le litige par une personne ou un collge de personnes quelles choisissent et investissent de leur confiance :
les arbitres.
Larbitrage est une justice prive, dont la source se trouve dans la volont des parties au litige. Celui-ci est
soustrait aux juridictions de droit commun ; il est confi des individus qui reoivent des parties la mission
de juger. Il prsente un double visage : juridictionnel, car, comme celle dun juge, la fonction de larbitre est
de trancher le litige en disant le droit ; ce titre, il est investi du pouvoir de jurisdictio ; conventionnel, car
lorigine de ce pouvoir se trouve dans un accord de volonts : le compromis ou la clause compromissoire.
la diffrence du juge tatique, dpositaire de lautorit publique, larbitre ne dispose pas du pouvoir de
contrainte, en tout cas, pas pleinement : il est dnu de limperium. Cette infriorit de larbitrage par rapport
au procs tatique rendra souvent ncessaire une collaboration du juge et de larbitre, afin dassurer
lexcution des dcisions de celui-ci.
Les avantages de larbitrage sont divers, mais contests et relatifs dans le temps et lespace.
Traditionnellement, la justice arbitrale prsente trois qualits : elle est plus rapide, moins onreuse et surtout
plus efficace que la justice tatique. Mais il y a des arbitrages qui nen finissent pas, alors que le procs civil,
lpoque contemporaine, peut tre rapide. Larbitrage est devenu souvent onreux, ne serait-ce quen raison
de la rmunration des arbitres, en plus des auxiliaires de justice. la diffrence du juge, larbitre est choisi
par les parties ; il bnficie de leur confiance ; le droulement de linstance arbitrale dpend de leur
convention ; larbitre est souvent choisi en raison de ses comptences techniques, dont on peut attendre une
meilleure justice ; le recours larbitrage, la diffrence du procs tatique, permet parfois de prserver des
relations daffaires, malgr le litige. Enfin, larbitrage peut demeurer secret, alors que la justice tatique est
publique, ce qui, dans le monde des affaires, nest pas ngligeable.
Encouragement tatique ; droit spontan. Larbitrage est une institution ancienne et universelle.
Certains voient en lui lorigine de la justice tatique, ce qui est contest, que, pour le moins, il concurrence
directement. Pourtant, en France, ltat na jamais vritablement cherch imposer son monopole. Au
contraire, ds lAncien droit, larbitrage a t encourag et mme impos en certaines matires par la loi. Il a
travers la tourmente rvolutionnaire, et fait lobjet, dans le Code de procdure civile de 1806, dun titre
entier. Malgr un srieux coup darrt donn au dveloppement de la clause compromissoire par la Cour de
cassation au milieu du XIXe sicle, il na cess de stendre, notamment sous linfluence du commerce
international.
Aujourdhui, il est lobjet de deux groupes de textes. Dune part, les articles 2059 2061 du Code civil, qui
comportent quelques rgles gnrales relatives au domaine du compromis et celui de la clause
compromissoire. Dautre part, et surtout, le livre quatrime du Nouveau Code de procdure civile (art. 14421507), qui ne rglemente pas seulement la procdure arbitrale, mais aussi les conventions darbitrage
(titre 1er) et larbitrage international (titre 5e). En outre, certaines lois spciales organisent des arbitrages
particuliers : ainsi, la loi du 29 mars 1935 instituant la Commission arbitrale des journalistes (C. trav., art.
L. 761-1 et s.), charge de trancher les contestations relatives lindemnit de licenciement dun journaliste,
sous certaines conditions. On trouve dsormais larbitrage au cur de toutes sortes de matires qui pourtant
sont a priori trangres aux affaires : consommation, travail, contrats mdicaux, rapports locatifs, famille... Il
faut galement compter avec le droit spontan, au cur des affaires : droit des socits, marchs financiers,
marchs publics internationaux. Il se dveloppe galement sur lInternet. La doctrine joue un rle
98
important.
Institutions darbitrage. Les parties la convention darbitrage peuvent lorganiser elles-mmes dans
ses moindres dtails : choix des arbitres, dlais, sige du tribunal arbitral, rgles de procdure... Cette
organisation propre un litige dtermin est qualifie darbitrage ad hoc. La mthode prsente
linconvnient de ncessiter un accord spcial sur tous les lments de la procdure, auquel il peut tre
difficile de parvenir une fois que le litige est n. En outre, lorsquil existe entre les parties un flux de
relations commerciales, susceptibles de donner naissance une pluralit de litiges analogues, la rptition de
conventions spciales est une perte de temps et dargent.
Lessor de larbitrage commercial a suscit, depuis plusieurs annes, la cration par les professionnels du
commerce et les juristes dinstitutions darbitrage, qui, sous des appellations diverses (Cour darbitrage,
Chambre arbitrale, Comit darbitrage, Association darbitrage...), ont pour objet doffrir aux parties une
structure permanente et organise. Ces institutions ne procdent pas elles-mmes larbitrage ; mais elles
administrent le procs en proposant aux parties une liste darbitres quelles ont choisis, en dictant un
rglement darbitrage qui dtermine le droulement du procs et en soffrant rgler les principales
difficults qui peuvent surgir. Les institutions sont varies : prives ou publiques, certaines sont spcialises
dans larbitrage international la plus connue et la plus importante est sans doute la Cour darbitrage de la
Chambre de Commerce Internationale , dautres dans larbitrage interne ; les unes sont rserves certains
litiges spcialiss, les autres ont une vocation gnrale ; et elles sont aussi nombreuses. Il suffit aux parties
de dsigner telle institution, pour que son organisation et son rglement deviennent des lments de leur
convention ; elles sont ainsi dispenses dorganiser elles-mmes larbitrage. Ces institutions nont pas que
des avantages ; elles constituent cependant une puissante incitation larbitrage. Lorsque le litige met en
cause des lments techniques spciaux (qualits, performances dun produit, dun procd...) ou les usages
dune profession, ces organisations inspirent davantage confiance que le juge tatique. Sous leur gide
slabore progressivement une jurisprudence arbitrale , particulirement utile dans le commerce
international, et tendant constituer la lex mercatoria. Elles nont cependant pas fait disparatre larbitrage
ad hoc.
Larbitrage prsente trois caractres essentiels : il implique lexistence dun litige, tranch par la dcision
dun tiers, laquelle simpose aux parties.
Cest labsence de lun de ces lments qui permet de distinguer les institutions voisines de larbitrage : la
transaction, la conciliation et lexpertise.
Arbitrage et transaction. Comme la transaction, larbitrage nat de la convention des parties et a pour
objet le rglement dun litige. Mais la transaction est un contrat, tandis que la sentence arbitrale est un acte
juridictionnel : les recours des parties ne sont pas les mmes. Le pouvoir de transiger nimplique pas celui de
compromettre (art. 1989). La question se pose surtout lorsque les parties en litige conviennent de sen
remettre un tiers dont elles acceptent par avance la dcision : compromis ou transaction ?
La diffrence est nette en principe : la transaction constate une renonciation rciproque des parties leur
action ; elle implique, immdiatement, des concessions rciproques, qui teignent le litige. Tandis que le
compromis et la clause compromissoire laissent entires les prtentions des parties ; larbitre pourra
consacrer totalement lune delles. Lorsque la convention relative au litige doit tre acheve par lactivit
dun tiers, tout dpend de la mission de celui-ci : trancher un litige ou complter laccord des parties. En cas
de doute, on examinera si, au moment de la convention, les parties renoncent dores et dj un droit
(transaction), ou si au contraire elles maintiennent leurs prtentions (compromis).
Arbitrage, mdiation et conciliation. Entre la conciliation ou la mdiation et larbitrage, il est de
nombreuses relations. Ils sont des modes alternatifs de rglement des diffrends . Lune et lautre
permettent de mettre un terme un litige, par lentremise dun tiers, conciliateur, mdiateur ou arbitre. Ce
sont galement des procds conventionnels. Souvent, les parties sengagent se soumettre une procdure
de conciliation, avant dexercer leur action ; la Cour de cassation entend donner cette convention une force
comparable celle de la clause compromissoire, en dcidant que la demande en justice est irrecevable, tant
que le pralable de la conciliation na pas t mis en uvre. Les institutions darbitrage proposent galement
des rglements de conciliation et darbitrage. Larbitre peut avoir t un conciliateur. Lacceptation dune
mdiation nexclut aucunement le recours larbitrage. Enfin, en tout juge ou arbitre sommeille un
conciliateur (NCPC, art. 21).
La diffrence essentielle tient lautorit de la dcision du tiers qui sentremet. La dcision de larbitre, que
les parties ignorent lorsquelles se livrent larbitrage, simpose elles ; cest un acte juridictionnel. Au
contraire, les propositions du mdiateur ou du conciliateur doivent tre acceptes par les parties : seul cet
accord, qui a la nature dune transaction, leur donne force obligatoire.
Lorsquil statue comme amiable compositeur, larbitre est surtout proccup de trouver une
solution quitable et acceptable par les parties.99Lesprit de conciliation plane sur larbitrage. Mais
la dcision de larbitre amiable compositeur est juridictionnelle et simpose aux parties.

La distinction prsente un vif intrt : la convention de conciliation nest pas une convention darbitrage ; le
domaine des conventions darbitrage (compromis et surtout clause compromissoire) est limit par une srie
de rgles qui ne simposent pas en matire de conciliation. En outre, la procdure de conciliation est labri
des principes gnraux du procs.
Arbitrage et expertise. Lexpert est un tiers qui intervient souvent loccasion dun litige, afin dclairer
les parties, le juge ou larbitre sur certains lments techniques. Il ne rend pas une dcision, mais donne un
avis ; lobjet de celui-ci nest pas une prtention juridique, mais une question technique.
Il existe pourtant de nombreux cas o la qualification nest pas claire. Par exemple, les parties conviennent
de sen remettre un technicien pour lvaluation dun prjudice ; inversement, une personne peut tre
charge de donner un avis sur un problme juridique. Sans parler des institutions-frontires , que sont
lexpertise-arbitrage ou larbitrage de qualit, destin trancher un litige sur la qualit dun produit.
Le critre de distinction principal a trait la mission confie au tiers : trancher le litige par sa dcision, ou
donner un avis. La dcision de larbitre simpose aux parties, non lavis de lexpert ; en outre, la premire
tranche une question de droit, non le second.
Un auteur estime cependant que lexpertise irrvocable dont les parties dclarent quelles accepteront par
avance les rsultats devrait en principe tre considre comme un arbitrage, ds lors que l avis de
lexpert est susceptible dune excution force.
Arbitrage juridictionnel et arbitrage contractuel . Larbitrage contractuel , par opposition
larbitrage juridictionnel, dsigne les situations dans lesquelles les parties sen remettent un tiers pour
complter leur contrat ; larticle 1592 en est une application. Cette technique pourrait tre utilise de manire
plus gnrale pour dterminer un lment quelconque du contrat, ou en organiser ladaptation aux
circonstances conomiques.
Larbitrage contractuel implique le recours un tiers dont la dcision simpose aux parties. la
diffrence de larbitrage juridictionnel, pourtant, il na pas pour objet de trancher un litige, mais de complter
le contrat, la demande des parties elles-mmes : le tiers arbitre est leur mandataire commun. Il ne rend
pas une sentence ; sa dcision sincorpore la convention, dont elle partage la nature ; elle nest pas
susceptible dun exequatur. Plus subtilement, elle est destine permettre le maintien ou ladaptation du lien
contractuel, alors que la sentence arbitrale sanctionne la dsagrgation dun lment de ce lien.
Dans les contrats internationaux de longue dure, portant sur la ralisation dun ouvrage complexe (ex. : un
tunnel et son systme dexploitation, un ensemble industriel...), les obligations respectives des parties ne sont
pas compltement dtermines lors de la conclusion de laccord. Par exemple, un contrat dentreprise met
la charge de lentrepreneur la conception et la ralisation de louvrage ( design and built ) ; de nombreux
accords doivent intervenir lavenir afin que le contrat puisse tre excut. Une clause compromissoire
figure gnralement dans ces contrats. Mais les parties dsignent en outre un comit dexperts qui sige
en permanence et rend des dcisions sincorporant la convention. Sa mission comporte aussi, naturellement
la conciliation des parties. Un arbitrage ensuite peut intervenir sur ces dcisions. Cette technique assure au
contrat souplesse et permanence.
ARBITRAGE INTERNE ET ARBITRAGE INTERNATIONAL
Un climat diffrent. Le droit franais distingue pour linstant entre deux catgories darbitrage :
larbitrage interne et larbitrage international. Le Nouveau code de procdure civile porte la marque de cette
distinction. Une rforme, tendant les rapprocher, est ltude.
La diffrence sexplique par des raisons structurelles et conjoncturelles.
Lorsque le litige met en cause des intrts purement franais, sa solution dpend de lordre juridique
franais. Larbitrage entre en concurrence directe avec la justice tatique. La possibilit dy recourir, les
rgles qui le gouvernent, les effets de la sentence arbitrale et les rgles applicables au fond du litige relvent
de la loi franaise. Si ltat tolre larbitrage, il lencadre troitement.
Le litige international, par exemple celui qui nat dun contrat international (vente lexportation,
investissements ltranger, transfert international de technologie...), met en cause, par hypothse, diffrents
ordres juridiques nationaux. Comme il nexiste aucune juridiction internationale de droit priv, les parties, si
elles veulent soumettre leur litige un juge tatique, doivent choisir un ordre juridique qui sera tranger
lune, voire toutes les parties. La solution la plus naturelle est de faire trancher le litige par une personne
indpendante de tout ordre juridique tatique, qui appliquera les rgles de procdure et de fond quauront
choisies les parties. Larbitrage est donc, dans lordre international, un mode naturel de rglement des litiges,
ce qui explique lessor des institutions internationales darbitrage. Au fond, la communaut des commerants
pratique un corps de rgles indpendant de toute intervention tatique. Larbitrage est lorgane
juridictionnel de cette communaut ; il contribue la100conscration de ses rgles.
Le droit franais reconnat que le caractre international dune opration lui permet dchapper aux
contraintes du droit tatique : ainsi en matire de paiement international et de contrat international. Il admet
aussi depuis longtemps lautonomie de larbitrage international, qua consacre le dcret du 12 mai 1981.
Dictionnaire
Conventions darbitrage = convenii de arbitraj
Compromis et clause compromissoire = compromis i clauz compromisorie
la soumission = supunerea la
un litige ventuel ou actuel = un litigiu eventual sau actual
le droulement = derularea
relever = a ine de, a releva de
un expos pralable = oexpunere prealabil
le processus = proces
sengager = a se angaja
premires vues = prime consideraii
la notion darbitrage = noiunea de arbitraj
un juge priv = un judecvtor privat
la voie = calea
faire trancher par un tiers le litige qui les oppose = a face ca litigiul s fie tranat de un ter care le opune
avoir recours la justice publique = a avea recurs la justiia public
au sein du service public de la justice = n snul/n interiorul serviciului public de justiie
un collge de personnes = un colegiu de persoane
choisir et investir de leur confiance = a alege i a investi cu ncrederea lor
les parties au litige = prile n litigiu
tre soustrait = a fi sustras
tre confi = a fi ncredinat
recevoir des parties la mission de juger= a primi de la pri misiunea de a judeca
trancher le litige en disant le droit = a trana litigiu spunnd dreptul
un accord de volonts = un acord de voine
la diffrence de = spre deosebire de
dpositaire de lautorit publique = depozitar al autoritii publice
pouvoir de contrainte = putere de constrngere
en tout cas, pas pleinement n orice caz, nu deplin
tre dnu de = a fi lipsit/privat de
afin de = cu scopul de
moins onreuse = mai puin oneroas/mai ieftin
la rmunration des arbitres = remuneraia arbitrilor
les auxiliaires de justice = auxiliarii de justiie
la diffrence de = spre deosebire de
tre choisi = a fi ales
le droulement de linstance arbitrale = derularea instanei arbitrale
parfois = uneori
prserver = a apra
malgr le litige = n ciuda litigiului
enfin = n fine
demeurer secret = a rmne secret
alors que = n timp ce
encouragement tatique = ncurajare statatl
pour le moins = cel puin
pourtant = totui, cu toate acestea
au contraire = din contr
malgr = n ciuda
un srieux coup darrt = o serioas lovitur
stendre = a se extinde, a se lrgi
notamment = n special
dune part = pe de o parte
dautre part = pe de alt parte
101
surtout = mai ales, n special
la procdure arbitrale = procedura arbitral

les conventions darbitrage = conveniile de arbitraj
en outre = n plus, mai mult
ainsi = astfel
commission arbitrale des journalistes = comisia arbitral a jurnalitilor
charge de trancher les contestations relatives lindemnit de licenciement dun journaliste = nsrcinat s
traneze contestaiile relative la indemnizaia de liceniere a unui jurnalist
sous certaines conditions= cu/n anumite condiii
dsormais = de acum nainte
pourtant = totui, cu toate acestea
rapports locatifs = raporturi locative
marchs financiers = piee financiare
marchs publics internationaux = piee publice internaionale
les parties la convention darbitrage = prile la convenia de arbitraj
dans ses moindres dtails n cele mai mici detalii
choix des arbitres = alegerea arbitrilor
dlais = termene
sige du tribunal arbitral = sediul tribunalului arbitral
rgles de procdure = regulile de procedur
parvenir = a ajunge la
susceptibles de donner naissance = susceptibile de a da natere la
une perte de temps et dargent = o pierdere de timp i de bani
lessor = avntul, dezvoltarea
susciter = a suscita
sous des appellations diverses= sub diverse apelaii
cour darbitrage = curte de arbitraj
chambre arbitrale = camer arbitral
comit darbitrage = comitet de arbitraj
association darbitrage = asociaie de arbitraj
avoir pour objet de = a avea drept obiect s
un rglement darbitrage = un regulament de arbitraj
le droulement du procs = derularea procesului
soffrir = a se oferi
surgir = a surveni, a se ntmpla
sans doute = fr ndoial
la cour darbitrage de la chambre de commerce internationale = curtea de arbitraj a camerei de comer
internaionale
mettre en cause = a pune n cauz/ a pune sub semnul ntrebrii
les usages dune profession = uzanele unei profesii
inspirer davantage confiance que = a inspira mai mult ncredere dect
sous leur gide = sub egida lor
tranch par la dcision dun tiers, laquelle simpose aux parties = tranat prin decizia unui ter care li se
impune prilor
les institutions voisines de larbitrage = instituiile nvecinate cu/ similare arbitrajului
tandis que = n timp ce
les mmes = aceleai
le pouvoir de transiger = puterea de a face tranzacie/de a tranzaciona
pouvoir de compromettre = puterea de a face compromis
les parties en litige = prile n litigiu
sen remettre = a se da pe mna/ a se ncredina
accepter par avance = a accepta n avans/dinainte
teidre le litige = a stinge litigiul
tre acheve = a fi ncheiat/terminat
en cas de doute = n caz de dubiu/de ndoial
renoncer dores et dj = a renuna dj
maintenir = a menine
102
la mdiation = mediere
modes alternatifs de rglement des diffrends = moduri alternative de reglare a diferendumurilor

mettre un terme = a termina, a pune capt
par lentremise de = prin intermedierea, interpunerea
avant de = niante de
la demande en justice irrecevable = cerere n justiie inadmisibil
mis en uvre = pus n oper/n practic/n aplicare
le recours = recursul/recurgerea la
sommeiller = a fi n somnolen
tenir = a ine de
sentremettre = a se interpune
se livrer = a se livra/a se deda la
donner force obligatoire = a da for obligatorie
lorsque = atunci cnd
amiable compositeur = mediatorul
tre labri de = a fi la adpost de
afin dclairer les parties = cu scopul de a lmuri prile
rendre une dcision = a da o decizie
donner un avisn = a da un aviz
sen remettre = a se ncredina
institutions-frontires = instituii-frontier
lexpertise-arbitrage = expertiza-arbitraj
larbitrage de qualit = arbitrajul de calitate
la mission confie au tiers = misiunea ncredinat terului
lexpertise irrvocable = expertiza irevocabil
ds lors que = din moment ce
tre susceptible dune excution force = a fi susceptibil de o executare silit/forat
par opposition = prin opoziie cu
dsigner = a desemna
un lment quelconque du contrat = un element oarecare al contractului
le recours un tiers = recurgerea la un ter
le tiers arbitre est leur mandataire commun = terul arbitru este mandatarul lor comun
dont elle partage la nature = a crei natur o mprtete
les contrats internationaux de longue dure = contractele internaionale de lung durat
lors de la conclusion de laccord = n momentul ncheierii acordului
mettre la charge de = a pune n sarcina
siger = a avea sediul/ a se gsi
porte la marque de = a purta marca
tre ltude = a fi n studiu
entrer en concurrence = a intra n concuren
recourir = a recurge la
les rgles applicables au fond du litige = regulile aplicabile litigiului pe fond
encadrer troitement = a ncadra strict
vente lexportation = vnzare la export
investissements ltranger = investiii n strintate
transfert international de technologie = transfer internaional de tehnologie
voire = ba chiar
la conscration = consacrarea
chapper = a scpa de
les contraintes du droit tatique = constrngerile dreptului statal
paiement international = plat internaional
depuis longtemps = de mult timp
103

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UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.

Universitatea din Craiova

Lect. univ. dr. Simina Badea

Prof. univ. dr. Diana-Domnica Dnior

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

Date de identificare curs i contact tutori

Nume: Simina Badea

Numele cursului: Limba englez

II. Suport curs

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

3.1. Present Tense Simple

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

3.4. Past Tense Continuous

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

2. Name the crime

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

8.6. Future in the Past Continuous

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

prevenirea i combaterea crimei;

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

European court. It is one of the principal

2. Translate into English:

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996

Date de identificare curs i contact tutori

Nume: Diana-Domnica Dnior

Numele cursului: Francez juridic

II. Suport curs

Mai muli posesori

UCV/FDSA Material didactic pentru FR protejat prin Legea nr.8/1996