UNIVERSITATEA TEHNIC DE CONSTRUCII BUCURETI

FACULTATEA DE CONSTRUCII CIVILE, INDUSTRIALE I AGRICOLE

SEISMOLOGIE INGINEREASC I
INGINERIE SEISMIC
- 17 OCTOMBRIE 1989-CUTREMURUL
LOMA PRIETA -

BUNEA OCTAVIAN-IOAN
MASTER I.S., AN I

CUPRINS

1. Seismologie Inginereasc .....................................................................................................3

1.1. Mecanismul de focar.......................................................................................................3
1.2. Calculul momentelor Mo i Mw ......................................................................................4
1.3. Ipoteza Poisson pentru 1989 Loma Prieta......................................................................4
1.4. Date despre cutremur......................................................................................................6
2. Inginerie Seismic..................................................................................................................9
2.1. Date generale..................................................................................................................9
2.2. Prezentare spectrelor rezultate n 3 staii reprezentative...............................................11
2.3. Comparaia spectru Fourier-spectru de rspuns al staiei nr. 1......................................16
2.4. Comparaia spectrelor de rspuns cu pseudospectrele de rspuns...............................19
2.5. Prelucrarea spectrelor.....................................................................................................20
2.6. Concluzii..........................................................................................................................21
3. Bibliografie.............................................................................................................................22

1.Seismologie Inginereasc

1.1 Mecanismul de focar

Pe data de 17 Octombrie 1989, ora 5:04:15 p.m. (Pacific Daylight Time), a avut loc un
cutremur de magnitudine 6.9 (Mw ), 6.7 (Ml ), 7.1 (Ms )

ce a zguduit sever zonele San Francisco i

Monterey Bay. Epicentrul a fost localizat lng vrful Loma Prieta, n munii Santa Cruz. Mecanismul
de focar al acestui cutremur a fost oblic, iar sursa ce a declanat cutremurul este Southern San
Andreas. Momentul seismic estimat al acestuia este ntre 2.21019 Nm i 3.51019 Nm , durata
cutremurului la surs a fost de 6 pn la 15 secunde, iar scderea medie a presiunii a fost de cel
puin 50 bari. Lunecarea dintre plci a avut loc pe lungimi de falie de 35 km la o adncime de 7 pn
la 20 km. Deplasarea maxim nregistrat a fost de 2.3 m. Datorit distribuiei lunecrii, aproximativ
jumtate din energia cutremurului a fost direcionat ctre zona urban San Francisco, iar cealalt
jumtate s fie direcionat ctre sud-est.

Starea actual a faliei San Andreas.[1]

1.2 Calculul momentelor   

Conform sitului peer.berkley.edu, caracteristicile

cutremurului sunt: limea suprafeei de

rupere W=18 km, lungimea suprafeei de rupere L=40 km, deplasarea medie dmed =108.1 cm.
Astfel, avnd =30 GPa:
M0 = S dmed =30109 40103 18103 108.110-2 =2.334961019 Nm;
 = 2
3   6.0 = 2
3  2.33496 10 6 = 6.91;

1.3 Ipoteza Poisson pentru 1989 Loma Prieta

Considernd ipoteza Poisson de producere a cutremurelor de o anumit magnitudine ntr-un

numr t de ani PN1=1-e-m t i folosind repartiia Gutenberg-Richter trunchiat pentru  =
5   = 9, se va calcula i reprezenta grafic probabilitatile ntr-un an, n 10 ani, n 50, n 100 i n

475 de ani de apariie a cel puin o data a diferitelor nivele de magnitudine.

Conform sitului USGS, n medie, n zona de sud a Californiei au loc 10000 de cutremure pe
an. Avnd n vedere c numrul mediu de cutremure pe an este 10a , rezult c a= log 10000=4 .
Conform aceluiai site, factorul b corespunztor sursei Southern San Andreas este de 0.82.
! = " ln 10 = 9.21
% = & ln 10 = 1.89
()*


=+

,-.

1 + -.(0123 -)

1 + -.(0123 -0156 )

Valorile rezultate se regsesc n graficele urmtoarele:

0.0001
5

5,5

6,5

7,5

8,5

0.0000

lambdam

0.0000
G-R
Trunchiata
0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

magnitudine

1,2

1-Fp(mt)

0,8
t=1an
t=10 ani

0,6

t=50 ani
t=100 ani

0,4

t=475 ani
0,2

0
5

5,5

6,5

7
magnitudine

7,5

8,5

1.4 Date despre cutremur

Cutremurul din 17 Octombrie 1989 a fost unul din cele mai distrugtoare seisme ce au zguduit
coasta de vest a Statelor Unite. A provocat 63 de mori, 3757 de rnii 23408 de case avariate i
1000 de case distruse. A avut n jurul a 7000 de replici pn pe data de 1 Octombrie 1990.
Cele mai catastrofale evenimente induse de seism au fost colapsul viaductului Cypress Street
din Oakland, cedarea seciunii din podul San Francisco-Oakland Bay, colapsul mai multor cldiri din
districtul Marina al oraului Santa Cruz i din zona Pacific Garden Mall, acestea fiind aproape de
epicentru. Dup cum este cunoscut, cutremurul Loma Prieta a fost unul de adncime mic, avnd
efecte devastatoare pe o suprafa apropiat de epicentru. Este posibil ca o mare parte din
distrugerile cauzate n zona San Francisco-Oakland s fie cauzate de undele de suprafa, care,
avnd viteze de deplasare mai mici au cauzat micri puternice n pmnturile moi din zon.
Este important de notat c distrugerile majore au fost cauzate n mare parte de greeli n
proiectarea construciilor, principala fiind subaprecierea forelor seismice.
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge este format din dou poduri ce leag oraele, acestea
intlnindu-se pe o insul n mijlocul golfului. Podul din partea de vest este unul suspendat urmat de
un tunel prin insul. n partea de est, podul este este format din 5 segmente, i anume: 4 deschideri
de 88 de metri simplu rezemate de beton armat, un pod din grinzi cu zbrele de 730 m, 5 deschideri
de 153 m simplu rezemate zbrelite, 14 deschideri de 88 de metri simplu rezemate i 16 deschideri
pentru viaductul de acces din oel i beton. Ambele poduri au tablier cu 2 nivele a cte 5 bande.
Terenul de fundare este format din gresii n apropiere de insul i din aluviuni n partea de est.
Au fost mai muli factori care au influenat performana podului. Din cauza distanei epicentrale
mari (~100 km), undele ce au ajuns la pod au fost de frecvene mici. Dat fiind c terenul de fundare
pentru partea de est a celui de-al doinea pod era moale, au aprun amplificri puternice. Pilele
podului din zona ce a cedat erau proiectate a fi flexibile, cea care a cedat era proiectat s preia fore
seismice, fiind mai rigid. Fora a fost mult mai mare de 0.1g (fora presupus n proiectare).
nbinrile ce ineau tablieul n loc s-au rupt i acesta a czut peste nivelul inferior. Aparatul de reazem
neputnd s permit micri ale tablierului de 25 cm longitudinal i 12 cm transvesal. n cazul n care
reazemul putea permite o micare mai mare, tablierul ar fi lunecat fr avarii serioase.

Profilul terenului de fundare. [2]

Structura viaductului Cypress Street era de format din pile de beton armat ce susineau un
tablier pe dou nivele a cte 4 benzi fiecare. Acestea aveau 11 configuraii diferite n funcie de zona
viaductului. Articulaiile n suprastructur erau la fiecare 3 deschideri i fiecare pil avea o articulaie
n reazem la ambele nivele. Viaductul fiind proiectat n anul 1949, articulaiile au fost introduse pentru
a uura calculul structurii. Aceasta a fost calculat s reziste la o for seismic de 0.06 din greutatea
sa.
Lafel ca podul San Francisco-Oakland Bay, acest viaduct era fundat pe un teren moale. Roca
de baz n acea zon este la ~150 m adncime. Aceast structur a suferit cele mai catastrofale
distrugeri cauzate de cutremur. Cedarea structurii a fost n mare parte cauzat de conexiunea slab
ntre cadrul inferior i cadrul superior al pilei, lucru cauzat de confinarea slab la nivelul tablierului
inferior n jurul barelor de armtur. Acestea nefiind inute bine de beton au flambat i structura a
cedat. Numai 2 pile din toate cele n zona de teren moale au rmas n picioare.

Situaia geologic a viaductului i modul de cedare.[3]

Distrugerile masive n rndul structurilor normale au fost observate n zonele epicentrale, dup
cum era de ateptat, dar i sporadic n zonele cu amplificri cauzate de condiiile de amplasament,
sau la structurile slabe proiectate fr considerente seismice. Multe construcii inadecvate au reuit
s supravieuiasc cutremurului, indicnd c micarea nu a fost puternic peste tot.
Cele mai multe distrugeri au fost observate la structurile din zidrie nearmat, avnd structura
acoperiului i a planeelor din lemn. Acest tip de structur este foarte ntlnit n California,
majoritatea fiind construite n anii 1930. Acestea sunt ntlnite n general n zonele aglomerate din
centrul unor orae californiene.
Cu toate c acest cutremur a cauzat multe pagube i a lsat comuniti ntregi n ruin este de
notat c 28 de cldiri instrumentate seismic au putut nregistra seismul, acestea conducnd la
nelegerea mai bun a condiiilor locale de amplasament i a interaciunii teren structur.

2.Inginerie Seismic
2.1 Date generale
Loma Prieta
1989/10/18
00:05
Nr.

Record ID

Statie

P0733

47379 Gilroy Array #1

P0739

57191 Halls Valley

P0740

57064 Fremont - Mission San Jose

P0741

58219 APEEL 3E Hayward CSUH

P0742

57066 Agnews State Hospital

P0743

1652 Anderson Dam (Downstream)

P0744

47125 Capitola

P0746

57425 Gilroy Array #7

P0748

58223 SF Intern. Airport

10

P0749

58135 UCSC Lick Observatory

11

P0752

1652 Anderson Dam (L Abut)

PGV
PGD
Componenta
PGA (g)
(cm/s)
(cm)
14
5.59
LOMAP/G01-UP
0.209
LOMAP/G01000
0.411
31.6
6.38
LOMAP/G01090
0.473
33.9
8.03
8.4
4.07
LOMAP/HVR-UP
0.056
LOMAP/HVR000
0.134
15.4
3.3
LOMAP/HVR090
0.103
13.5
5.46
LOMAP/FRE-UP
0.08
8.5
5.3
LOMAP/FRE000
0.124
11.5
5.43
LOMAP/FRE090
0.106
8.8
4.36
4.2
3.33
LOMAP/A3E-UP
0.047
LOMAP/A3E000
0.078
5.6
3.93
LOMAP/A3E090
0.084
6.4
3.57
LOMAP/AGW-UP
0.093
8.3
4.43
LOMAP/AGW000
0.172
26
12.64
LOMAP/AGW090
0.159
17.6
9.75
LOMAP/AND-UP
0.151
9.9
3.17
LOMAP/AND270
0.244
20.3
7.73
LOMAP/AND360
0.24
18.4
6.73
LOMAP/CAP-UP
0.541
19.4
2.6
LOMAP/CAP000
0.529
36.5
9.11
LOMAP/CAP090
0.443
29.3
5.5
LOMAP/GMR-UP
0.115
5.6
2.87
LOMAP/GMR000
0.226
16.4
2.52
LOMAP/GMR090
0.323
16.6
3.26
LOMAP/SFO-UP
0.065
5.2
2.47
LOMAP/SFO000
0.236
25.5
4.2
LOMAP/SFO090
0.329
27.9
6.03
LOMAP/LOB-UP
0.367
10.6
5.39
LOMAP/LOB000
0.45
18.7
3.84
LOMAP/LOB090
0.395
17.6
5
LOMAP/ADL-UP
0.053
9.3
4.07
LOMAP/ADL250
0.064
12.2
11.87
LOMAP/ADL340
0.077
10
5.54

Nr.

Record ID

Statie

12

P0757

58373 APEEL 10 - Skyline

13

P0761

57504 Coyote Lake Dam (Downst)

14

P0768

1032 Hollister - SAGO Vault

15

P0773

58264 Palo Alto - 1900 Embarc.

PGV
PGD
Componenta
PGA (g)
(cm/s)
(cm)
LOMAP/A10-UP
0.037
8
3.71
LOMAP/A10000
0.103
13.9
8.55
LOMAP/A10090
0.088
24
7.35
LOMAP/CLD-UP
0.095
9.9
4.51
LOMAP/CLD195
0.16
13
6.11
LOMAP/CLD285
0.179
22.6
13.2
LOMAP/SGI-UP
0.042
5
3.95
LOMAP/SGI270
0.036
7.1
4.55
LOMAP/SGI360
0.06
8.4
4.89
LOMAP/PAE-UP
0.08
7.3
3.33
LOMAP/PAE000
0.204
22
11.67
LOMAP/PAE090
0.213
39.6
17.13

Distante(mi)
Nr.

Closest to surface projection of rupture

Closest to fault
rupture

Vs,30(m/s)

10.5

11.2

1428

29.3

31.6

281.6

42

43

367.6

56

57.1

597.1

27

28.2

239.7

20

21.4

488.8

8.5

14.5

288.6

24.3

24.2

333.9

Distante(mi)
Nr.

Closest to surface projection of rupture

Closest to fault
rupture

Vs,30(m/s)

63.2

64.4

190.1

10

12.5

17.9

714

11

20

21.4

488.8

12

46.6

47.8

391.9

13

21.7

22.3

295

14

29.9

30.6

684.9

15

34.8

36.1

209.9

2.2 Prezentarea spectrelor rezultate n 3 staii reprezentative

Se vor prezenta spectrele staiilor 1,4 i 9.

LOMAP/G01090

0,6

0,6

0,4

0,4

0,2

0,2
a(g)

a(g)

LOMAP/G01000

0
-0,2

10

0
-0,2

-0,4

-0,4
-0,6

t(s)

-0,6

t(s)

10

18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
,0

LOMAP/G01090-SD

2%

SD

SD

LOMAP/G01000-SD

5%
10%

,0

5,0

18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
,0

10,0

2%
5%
10%

,0

5,0

T(s)

T(s)

100,0
90,0
80,0
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
,0

LOMAP/G01090-SV
180,0
160,0
140,0

2%

SV

SV

LOMAP/G01000-SV

5%
10%

,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0

1,50.0

120,0
100,0

2%

80,0
60,0

5%
10%

40,0
20,0
,0

2,0.0

,0.0

T(s)

,50.0

1,0.0

1,50.0

2,0.0

T(s)

LOMAP/G01000-SA
2,0.0
1,80.0
1,60.0
1,40.0
1,20.0
1,0.0
,80.0
,60.0
,40.0
,20.0
,0.0

LOMAP/G01090-SA
3,0.0
2,50.0
2,0.0
2%
5%

SA

SA

10,0

2%

1,50.0

5%

1,0.0

10%

10%
,50.0
,0.0

,0.0

,50.0
T(s)

1,0.0

,0.0

,50.0
T(s)

1,0.0

LOMAP/A3E000

LOMAP/A3E090

0,15
0,1

0
-0,05

10

15

20

25

a(g)

a(g)

0,05

-0,1
-0,15
-0,2

t(s)

0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
-0,1 0
-0,2
-0,3
-0,4
-0,5
-0,6

18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
,0

15

20

25

t(s)

35,0
30,0
25,0
2%
5%

20,0

2%

15,0

5%

10,0

10%

10%

5,0
,0
,0

5,0

10,0

,0

5,0

T(s)

LOMAP/A3E090-SV

2%
5%
10%

,50.0

1,0.0
T(s)

1,50.0

2,0.0

SV

90,0
80,0
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
,0
,0.0

10,0

T(s)

LOMAP/A3E000-SV

SV

10

LOMAP/A3E090-SD

SD

SD

LOMAP/A3E000-SD

200,0
180,0
160,0
140,0
120,0
100,0
80,0
60,0
40,0
20,0
,0

2%
5%
10%

,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0 1,50.0 2,0.0

T(s)

LOMAP/A3E090-SA

1,0.0
,90.0
,80.0
,70.0
,60.0
,50.0
,40.0
,30.0
,20.0
,10.0
,0.0

2%

SA

SA

LOMAP/A3E000-SA

5%
10%

,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0

2,0.0
1,80.0
1,60.0
1,40.0
1,20.0
1,0.0
,80.0
,60.0
,40.0
,20.0
,0.0

2%
5%
10%

,0.0

1,50.0

T(s)

1,50.0

LOMAP/SFO090

0,3

0,3

0,2

0,2
0,1
a(g)

0,1
a(g)

1,0.0
T(s)

LOMAP/SFO000

0
0

10

15

20

25

30

-0,1

0
-0,1

10

20

30

-0,2

-0,2

-0,3

-0,3

-0,4

t(s)

t(s)

LOMAP/SFO000-SD
18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
,0

LOMAP/SFO090-SD
14,0
12,0
10,0
2%
5%
10%

SD

SD

,50.0

8,0

2%

6,0

5%

4,0

10%

2,0
,0
,0

5,0
T(s)

10,0

,0

5,0
T(s)

10,0

LOMAP/SFO000-SV

LOMAP/SFO090-SV

120,0

140,0

100,0

120,0
100,0
2%

60,0

SV

SV

80,0

5%

40,0

2%

60,0

5%

40,0

10%

20,0

80,0

10%

20,0

,0

,0
,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0

1,50.0

2,0.0

,0.0

T(s)

1,0.0 1,50.0 2,0.0

T(s)

LOMAP/SFO000-SA

LOMAP/SFO090-SA

1,60.0

1,60.0

1,40.0

1,40.0

1,20.0

1,20.0

1,0.0

1,0.0

,80.0

2%

,60.0
,40.0
,20.0

SA

SA

,50.0

,80.0

2%

5%

,60.0

5%

10%

,40.0

10%

,20.0

,0.0

,0.0
,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0
T(s)

1,50.0

2,0.0

,0.0

,50.0 1,0.0 1,50.0 2,0.0

T(s)

LOMAP/G01--5%
5,0.0
4,50.0
4,0.0
3,50.0
3,0.0
2,50.0
2,0.0
1,50.0
1,0.0
,50.0
,0.0

00
90

,0.0

,20.0

,40.0

,60.0

,80.0

1,0.0

T(s)

LOMAP/A3E--5%
5,0.0
4,50.0
4,0.0
3,50.0
3,0.0
2,50.0
2,0.0
1,50.0
1,0.0
,50.0
,0.0

00
90

,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0

1,50.0

T(s)

LOMAP/SFO--5%
4,0.0
3,50.0
3,0.0

2,50.0
2,0.0

00

1,50.0

90

1,0.0
,50.0
,0.0
,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0
T(s)

1,50.0

2,0.0

2.3 Comparaia spectru Fourier-spectru de rspuns al staiei nr. 1

SA

LOMAP/G01000-Spectru Acceleraii
2,0.0
1,80.0
1,60.0
1,40.0
1,20.0
1,0.0
,80.0
,60.0
,40.0
,20.0
,0.0

2%

,0.0

,20.0

,40.0

,60.0

,80.0

1,0.0

T(s)

LOMAP/G01000-Spectru Fourier
,180.0
,160.0
,140.0
,120.0
,10.0
,080.0
,060.0
,040.0
,020.0
,0.0
-,020.0 ,0.0

SF

,20.0

,40.0

,60.0
T(s)

,80.0

1,0.0

LOMAP/G01090-Spectru Acceleraii
3,0.0
2,50.0

SA

2,0.0
1,50.0
2%

1,0.0
,50.0
,0.0
,0.0

,20.0

,40.0

,60.0

,80.0

1,0.0

T(s)

LOMAP/G01090-Spectru Fourier
,30.0
,250.0
,20.0
A

,150.0
SF

,10.0
,050.0
,0.0
-,050.0

,0.0

,20.0

,40.0

,60.0

,80.0

1,0.0

T(s)

Pentru construcia spectrelor Fourier s-a folosit transformarea Fourier rapid (FFT), cu ajutorul
programului Microsoft Excel. S-au ales 4096 de valori ale accelerogramei pentru a forma spectrul.
Pasul de timp al nregistrrii este de 0.05 s, ca urmare a rezultat un pas de frecven de
1

40960.05 =0.0488 Hz. S-a folosit pentru comparaie spectrul de acceleraii cu amortizare de 2%,
pentru a se face mai uor distincia ntre vrfuri.

2.4 Comparaia spectrelor de rspuns cu pseudospectrele de rspuns

Se vor compara spectrele rezultate pentru amortizare de 5%.

LOMAP/G01090-SV/PSV

80,0

140,0.0

70,0

120,0.0

60,0

100,0.0

50,0
40,0

SV

30,0

SV/PSV

SV/PSV

LOMAP/G01000-SV/PSV

PSV

20,0

80,0.0
60,0.0

SV

40,0.0

PSV

10,0

20,0.0

,0

,0.0
,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0

1,50.0

2,0.0

,0.0

,50.0 1,0.0 1,50.0 2,0.0

T(s)

T(s)

LOMAP/G01000-SA/PSA

LOMAP/G01090-SA/PSA
2,50.0

1,40.0
1,20.0

2,0.0

,80.0
,60.0

SA

,40.0

PSA

SA/PSA

SA/PSA

1,0.0
1,50.0
SA

1,0.0

PSA
,50.0

,20.0
,0.0

,0.0
,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0
T(s)

1,50.0

2,0.0

,0.0

,50.0

1,0.0 1,50.0 2,0.0

T(s)

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.008
0.010
0.013

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.008
0.010
0.013

2.5 Prelucrarea spectrelor

Prelucrri direcie 00

0.05

0.05

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.00

m
sigma

sigma
beta05

beta05
beta09

beta09
CV

CV
m+1as

Prelucrri direcie 90

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.00

m+1as

Pentru prelucrarea spectrelor s-au folosit toate valorile spectrelor ce aveau componentele pe
direcia 00 i 90. m este media lui i este abaterea standard a lui . Formula cu care se
determin

8 este e;<=>?@AB<=> , unde z.G = 0 i z. = 1.282

mln i ln sunt ln

m
I1+CV2

iar

formulele

pentru

respectiv Iln (1+CV ) .Valorile de pe axa orizontal nu au semnificaie

2

fizic.
Se poate observa c graficul format de media + o abatere standard este apropiat de graficul
format de 0.9 i graficul format de medie este apropiat de cel format de 0.5 .

2.6 Concluzii

Cele 3 spectre prezentate la nceputul acestei pri au vitezele undelor secundare mediate pe
30 de metri 1420 m/s, 597 m/s respectiv 190 m/s. Conform clasificrilor terenurilor date de USGS,
primul teren este de clas A (>750 m/s), al doilea este de clas B (360-750 m/s) iar al treilea este de
clas C (180-360 m/s). Accelerogramele i spectrele rezultate au caracteristici tipice pentru terenuri
de tipul lor.
Se observ pe accelerograme cum durata vibraiilor este mai mare n cazul terenurilor mai
moi i cum acceleraia este mai mare n cazul terenurilor mai tari. Spectrele de rspuns n acceleraii
pentru pmntul mai moale au paliere la valori ale perioadelor mai mare dect cele ale pmnturilor
mai tari. Amplificrile importante nu mai apar dup 0.4 secunde n cazul primului teren, ns n
celelalte cazuri ele continu pn la 1 secund. Geografic, prima staie se af la nord de epicentrul
cutremurului. Se observ c agresivitatea micrilor este mai mare pe direcia E-V (90) n cazul
primei staii (pentru cse afla la est de epicentru) i n cazul staiei nr. 3 agresivitatea este mai mare
pe direcia N-S (00) (pentru c se afl la nord de epicentru).

Bibliografie:
[1] www.earthquake.usgs.gov; USGS Proffesional paper 1515;
[2],[3] www.earthquake.usgs.gov; USGS Proffesional paper 1552;