DREPTURILE OMULUI

ANUL XXI NR. 1 2011

INSTITUTUL ROMAN PENTRU DREPTURILE OMULUI

DREPTURILE OMULUI Revist clasificat de Consiliul Naional al Cercetrii tiinifice din nvmntul Superior nregistrat la OSIM sub numrul de marc 109255/2010 Consiliul tiinific Prof. univ. dr. Grard Conac, membru de onoare al Academiei Romne; Prof. univ. dr. Nicolas Mateesco Matte, membru de onoare al Academiei Romne; Prof. univ. dr. Vasile Stnescu, membru al Academiei Romne; Prof. univ. dr. Karel Vasak; Prof. univ. dr. Gheorghe Vlduescu, membru al Academiei Romne. Colegiul de redacie Conf. univ. dr. Gheorghe Brlea; Prof. univ. dr. Monna-Lisa Belu Magdo; Prof. univ. dr. Jean Marie Bernard, director de cercetare CNRS; Prof. univ. dr. Raluca Beteliu; Prof. univ. dr. Dominique Rousseau, Universitatea Paris I; Prof. univ. dr. Nicole Guimezanes, Universitatea Paris XII, Membru al Academiei Internaionale de Drept Comparat; Prof. univ. dr. Ioan Le; Emil Marinache; Prof. univ. dr. Irina Moroianu Zltescu, membru al Academiei Internaionale de Drept Comparat; Prof. univ. dr. Nicolae Popa; Prof. Ioan Oancea; Prof. univ. dr. Dumitra Popescu; Gheorghe Prvan, redactor ef; Valeriu Rendec; Andon Sergiu; Dr. Ianfred Silberstein; Dr. Rodica erbnescu; Prof. univ. dr. Laureniu oitu; Prof. univ. dr. Ioan Vida.

Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului Bucureti, B-dul Nicolae Blcescu, nr. 21 Tel.+40 213114921 e-mail: office@irdo .ro www.irdo.ro

SUMAR

I. STUDII, CERCETRI, ARTICOLE .............................................................................. Respectarea drepturilor economice, sociale i culturale n noul deceniu prof. univ. dr. Irina Moroianu Zltescu .................................................................................................. Noi orizonturi ale proteciei internaionale a drepturilor omului: responsabilizarea mediului de afaceri dr. Alexandru Frca ..................................................................... Rolul Consiliului legislativ n protejarea i promovarea drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale ale omului consilier Ctlin Ciora, ef sector Consiliul Legislativ ........ Egalitatea de anse ntre femei i brbai n 2010 dr. Elena Marinic .......................... Youth rights between aspirations and realities dr. Ioan Voicu, Florina Dorina Voicu Reglementri privind acordarea unei forme de protecie cetenilor strini n Romnia Adrian Bulgaru ................................................................................................................. Explicaii juridice i judiciare asupra erorii n drept. Studiu de caz. Eroarea i dreptul de proprietate Ioana Cristina Vida ..................................................................................... Aspecte ale evoluiei funciei publice n Romnia dr. Constantin Sava, dr. Marcel Iulian Sava ........................................................................................................................ II. IRDO Annual Report 2010 ............................................................................... III. IRDO Report on the Evolution of Human Rights Legislation in Romania and in the European Union .......................................................................

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IV. SEMNAL ......................................................................................................................... 100 Nouti editoriale ................................................................................................................ 100 V. REMEMBER .................................................................................................................... 104

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CONTENTS

I. STUDIES, RESEARCH, ARTICLES ............................................................................. Observance of the economic, social and cultural rights in the new decade Prof. Dr Irina Moroianu Zltescu .................................................................................................. New horizons for the international protection of human rights: increasing responsibility of the business Dr Alexandru Frca ............................................................................ Role of the Legislative Council in the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms Councilor Ctlin Ciora, Head of Department, Legislative Council ............................................................................................................................... Equal opportunities for men and women in 2010 Dr Elena Marinic .......................... Youth rights between aspirations and realities Dr Ioan Voicu, Florina Dorina Voicu Regulations related to the provision of a form of protection for foreign citizens in Romania Adrian Bulgaru .............................................................................................. Judicial and legal explanations to errors by court. A case study. Error and the right to property Ioana Cristina Vida ........................................................................................ Comments on the public office development in Romania Dr Constantin Sava, Dr Marcel Iulian Sava ...................................................................................................... II. IRDO Annual Report 2010 ....................................................................................... III. IRDO Report on the Evolution of Human Rights Legislation in Romania and in the European Union .............................................................................................................. Recent publications ..............................................................................................................

5 5 10 15 24 29 36 40 43 49 88 100

IV. SIGNAL ........................................................................................................................... 100 V. REMEMBER .................................................................................................................... 104

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I. STUDII. CERCETRI. ARTICOLE

Carta social
Prof. univ. dr. Irina Moroianu Zltescu* ABSTRACT
The true history of human rights at international level is considered to start with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Another important moment in the development of these rights was the adoption, in 1966, of the two Covenants for the implementation of the Declaration. Unfortunately, however, the economic, social and cultural rights were not viewed on equal terms with the civil and political rights. While the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establishes an instrument for the promotion and protection of these rights, that is, the Human Rights Committee, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is lacking such a provision. At regional, European level, the European Social Charter and the European Social Charter revised are very important instruments for the protection of these rights. However, the absence of a genuine control mechanism resulted, in time, in a weaker vigilance on behalf of the international community in terms of the economic, social and cultural rights as compared to the civil and political ones. Keywords: Human rights, civil, political, economic, cultural rights, protection instruments, control mechanisms, progressive exercise, programmes, structural adjustment, vulnerable categories.

nc din timpul celui de al doilea rzboi mondial, opinia public cerea instituirea unei protecii internaionale, organizate, a drepturilor omului. Acestea i fcuser apariia n dreptul internaional la sfritul primului rzboi mondial. Ne referim, de exemplu, la preconizata nscriere a libertii credinei n Statutul Societii Naiunilor, la propunerea preedintelui Wilson, i la protecia persoanelor aparinnd minoritilor. La puin timp dup crearea Societii Naiunilor, s-au fcut n cadrul acestei organizaii propuneri privind protecia internaional a drepturilor omului, propuneri care ns nu s-au materializat. Izbucnirea celui de al doilea rzboi mondial, atrocitile comise i nevoia crerii unei noi organizaii au demonstrat eecul Ligii Naiunilor. Au aprut astfel, numeroase iniiative i documente1 care, n fapt, erau acte pregtitoare ale constituirii ONU, dar care tratau deja problema drepturilor omului. Ar trebui amintit aici Declaraia preedintelui Roosevelt din 21
Prof. univ. dr., SNSPA, Bucureti, Facultatea de Administraie Public; Universitatea Ecologic, Bucureti, Facultatea de Drept; IRDO-UNBM, Catedra UNESCO pentru Drepturile Omului, Democraie, Pace i Toleran. 1A se vedea, A. Verdoodt, Naissance et signification de la Dclaration Universelle des Droits de lHomme, Louvain, Paris, 1963, p.41-43.
*

ianuarie 1941 privind libertatea de opinie i de exprimare, libertatea credinei, dreptul de a se afla la adpost de nevoile materiale i garania unei viei n care frica s fie exclus. Pe aceeai idee a mers i Carta Atlanticului din 14 august 1941, semnat de Roosevelt i Churchill, care cuprindea, n principiu, aceleai liberti, la care s-au adugat cerina progresului economic i securitii sociale. Ele au fost preluate n Declaraia Naiunilor Unite din 1 ianuarie 1942 i sunt ridicate la rangul de drepturi i obligaii internaionale. Cteva luni mai trziu, n octombrie 1942 reprezentanii mai multor state reunii la Conferina de la Dumbarton Oaks au propus elaborarea proiectului unei noi organizaii internaionale care urma s succead Societii Naiunilor al crei eec, aa cum am menionat mai nainte, se constatase deja. n aprilie 1945, la San Francisco, reprezentanii celor patru mari puteri au analizat proiectul organizaiei i i-au adus unele amendamente. n privina drepturilor omului, proiectul prevedea c documentul trebuia s exprime mai clar i mai energic ansamblul drepturilor omului, s cuprind alturi de drepturi civile i politice i drepturi economice, sociale i culturale, s fie creat alturi de alte

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instituii i o Comisie de drepturile omului n cadrul organizaiei. Dup ce la 26 iunie, a fost prezentat la San Francisco Carta Naiunilor Unite. Aceasta a fost semnat la 24 octombrie 1945, dat rmas n istorie ca zi de natere a Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite - ONU. n Cart se regsesc drepturile omului att n Preambul, sub forma unei trimiteri generale i n cuprinsul ei. Ulterior, ONU a elaborat un document special care a interpretat Carta din punct de vedere al drepturilor omului. Este vorba de Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului, cu care se consider c ncepe adevrata istorie modern a drepturilor omului pe plan internaional. Un moment important n evoluia drepturilor omului a fost marcat de adoptarea n 1966 a celor dou Pacte de punere n aplicare a Declaraiei Universale a Drepturilor Omului. Pactul privind drepturile civile i politice care a instituit Comitetul pentru drepturile omului (art. 28, paragraful 45) ale crui atribuii, componen i competene sunt prevzute pe larg. O astfel de prevedere nu apare n Pactul cu privire la drepturile economice, sociale i culturale. ntr-adevr, Articolul 16 se limiteaz la a afirma c statele pri se angajeaz s prezinte rapoarte cu privire la msurile pe care le-au adoptat i progresele realizate n vederea asigurrii respectrii drepturilor recunoscute n Pact. Pactul nu precizeaz modalitatea prin care rapoartele vor fi examinate de ctre Consiliul Economic i Social al ONU. Prevede doar includerea organismelor specializate (OIM, UNESCO, OMS etc.) precum i obligativitatea ECOSOC de a prezenta un raport de activitate Secretarului General al ONU. Absena unui mecanism real de control a avut ca efect de-a lungul timpului, o mai slab vigilen a comunitii internaionale cu privire la drepturile economice, sociale i culturale, comparativ cu cele civile i politice. S-ar putea spune chiar c n primii ani nu a existat de fapt un sistem serios de control. n absena unui acord internaional cu privire la condiiile unei politici sociale i economice conform pactului, editorii au exclus orice intruziuni posibile din partea unor organisme externe, de unde a decurs i ideea examinrii rapoartelor de ctre 6

ECOSOC, fr intervenia unei expertize independente. De abia n anul 1985, ECOSOC a stabilit printr-o rezoluie crearea Comitetului pentru probleme economice, sociale i culturale a crui prim sesiune a avut loc n 1987 i care, juridic i instituional, nu asigur o protecie jurisdicional sau mcar cvasijurisdicional. El nu este dect un organ ajuttor al ECOSOC ce a fost constituit n baza articolului 68 al Cartei Naiunilor Unite. n literatura juridic s-a exprimat ngrijorarea c el poate cel puin din punct de vedere teoretic s fie dizolvat printrun simplu vot majoritar din interiorul ECOSOC. La sesiunea Comitetului din 1996, a fost propus proiectul unui Protocol facultativ, care a fost adoptat n 2008 dar nu a intrat nc n vigoare nefiind ratificat de un numr suficient de state. Acesta instituie un mecanism ce const n sesizarea cu plngeri individuale sau colective a Comitetului drepturilor economice, sociale i culturale, mecanism care nc nu funcioneaz. Evident, procesul de evaluare a respectrii drepturilor omului de ctre un stat, rmne incomplet dac se limiteaz la simpla examinare a rapoartelor prezentate de ctre statul parte, a crui tendin natural este s ofere ntotdeauna o imagine pozitiv a realitii. Principalele dificulti cu care s-a confruntat Comitetul rezult chiar din redactarea Pactului. Astfel, n articolul 2 din Pact se prevede caracterul progresiv al exercitrii depline a acestor drepturi recunoscute n cuprinsul su. Caracterul progresiv este neles i justificat, fr ndoial, prin legtura incontestabil dintre drepturile economice, sociale, culturale i nivelul de dezvoltare mai mult sau mai puin avansat al unei ri la un moment dat. Articolul 2 oblig fiecare stat parte s acioneze, att prin eforturi proprii, ct i prin intermediul asistenei i cooperrii internaionale, la capacitatea maxim a resurselor sale disponibile. Prin interpretarea pe care Comitetul o d articolului 2 termenului de a aciona se estimeaz c statele iau msuri concrete n domeniile unde s-au nregistrat regrese. i dac Pactul evideniaz msurile legislative este evident c expresia prin toate mijloacele necesare este mult extins nelegndu-se n acest context pentru anumite drepturi i
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controlul judiciar al normelor i msurilor luate de ctre stat. Este cazul, de exemplu al art. 2 (3) privind interzicerea discriminrii, art. 7 lit. a privind dreptul la salarii echitabile, ori art. 8 privind drepturile sindicale; art. 10 (3) privind protecia tineretului i art. 13 (2) lit. a privind gratuitatea nvmntului primar. Comitetul a considerat ntotdeauna c n majoritatea rilor, n multe cazuri, legislaia intern a intervenit pentru a asigura aceste drepturi (de exemplu, dreptul la grev i libertatea de asociere, dreptul la locuin). Dar, situaia este mult mai delicat pentru alte drepturi, n special cele prevzute de articolul 11 (dreptul la via, hran i mbrcminte), art. 12 (dreptul la sntate) sau de art. 13 i 14 (dreptul la educaie) i, mai ales, n condiiile unei crize financiare sau a unei crize economice internaionale. Pe baza raportului de ar are loc dialogul dintre Comitet i statul parte. Dar, acest lucru este insuficient pentru formarea unei viziuni reale asupra unei situaii specifice la un moment dat, deoarece de cele mai multe ori aceste rapoarte sunt prea scurte i descriu n general mai mult legislaia n vigoare dect dificultile ntmpinate. Instituiile specializate ale Naiunilor Unite vor trebui, credem, s furnizeze Comitetului informaii i analize vaste cu privire la statele parte i la aciunile lor. n privina organismelor specializate cu caracter economic sau financiar (PNUD, Banca Mondial, FMI) se impune tot mai mult organizarea unor dezbateri cu privire la politicile actuale de ajustare structural, mai ales c din cauza crizei economice este necesar elaborarea unor reele de siguran social n confruntarea cu ajustarea macro-economic2. Comitetul las ONG-urilor o arie larg de aciune pe timpul desfurrii sesiunilor pentru a afla care este punctul de vedere al societii civile cu privire la aplicarea Pactului. Dar, prezena acestora mai ales n perioada de criz economic este destul de redus. ONG-urile naionale elaboreaz rapoarte paralele cu celor ale statelor i le trimit Comitetului pentru ca acesta s aib o imagine ct mai obiectiv asupra situaiei dintr-un anumit stat.
2

Singurul caz n care Pactul prevede o obligaie concret este cel al art.14 care oblig statele parte care nu au asigurat nc nvmntul primar obligatoriu i gratuit s se angajeze s fac acest lucru. Evident, acelai tip de angajament trebuie luat i cu privire la alte drepturi, cum ar fi, dreptul la sntate sau stabilirea unui salariu minim care s poat garanta o via demn pentru salariat i familia lui. Evident, este vorba de a stabili prioritile i alegerile bugetare care s permit respectarea acestor prioriti, iar pentru rile n curs de dezvoltare, de a face un apel la cooperarea internaional, ceea ce implic obligaia rilor bogate de a consacra o parte semnificativ din bugetul lor cooperrii internaionale. Desigur, totul se complic n privina programelor de ajustare structural, adesea impuse rilor n curs de dezvoltare de ctre instituiile financiare internaionale, fr a integra sau a ine seama de dimensiunea drepturilor omului, nici de consecinele cel mai adesea nefaste pe care aceste programe impuse le-ar putea avea asupra populaiei i, mai ales, a categoriilor vulnerabile, prin reducerea cheltuielilor publice, suprimarea controlului preurilor, privatizarea unor numeroase sectoare sociale, precum i povara datoriilor externe. La nivel regional trebuie menionat adoptarea la 4 noiembrie 1950 Conveniei pentru aprarea drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale. Convenia a deschis noi ci de dezvoltare a dreptului internaional. Pentru prima dat a fost creat un instrument regional eficace pentru drepturile civile i politice ale omului. Textul Conveniei a fost completat i mbogit prin paisprezece protocoale adiionale.3 Mecanismul creat n baza Conveniei, Curtea European a Drepturilor Omului, completeaz n mod fericit sistemele naionale de protecie fiind de natur s pun la
3

Apreciem ncheierea recent a Protocolului dintre PNUD i UE.

Romnia a devenit membr a Consiliului Europei n 1993, prin Legea nr.64 din 1993, publicat n Monitorul Oficial I, nr.238 din 4 octombrie 1993 i a ratificat Convenia European a Drepturilor Omului i protocoalele adiionale adoptate pn atunci prin Legea nr.30/1994, publicat n Monitorul Oficial I, nr.135 din 31 mai 1996.

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dispoziia celor vtmai prin nerespectarea drepturilor omului, care n-au reuit s-i impun punctul de vedere n faa instanelor naionale, noi ci pentru a face ca aceste drepturi s triumfe.4 Un instrument foarte important n protecia drepturilor economice, sociale i culturale ale omului este Carta Social European deschis spre semnare la Torino la 18 octombrie 19615 i intrat n vigoare la 26 februarie 1965. Evident, este vorba despre un evantai de nousprezece drepturi fundamentale ale cror norme privesc protecia muncii, protecia social i protecia unor categorii de persoane, la care s-au adugat, prin Protocolul adiional din 1988, nc patru drepturi. n timp, controlul asupra respectrii angajamentelor asumate de Statele pri s-a ntrit prin Protocolul adiional din 1991, care a adus modificri de procedur, precum i prin prevederile Protocolului din 1995 referitoare la instituirea unui sistem de reclamaii colective. Reflectnd evoluiile produse n timpul scurs de la adoptarea Cartei din 1961, Carta Social European revizuit a deschis, totodat, o ampl perspectiv n materia drepturilor economice i sociale. Acest instrument regional amendeaz i completeaz lista drepturilor consacrate cuprinznd ntr-un instrument unic drepturile prevzute n documentele precedente, precum i alte opt noi drepturi. Romnia a semnat noul tratat cu prilejul Colocviului referitor la Carta Social a Secolului XXI", desfurat la Strasbourg ntre 14 i 16 mai 1997, i l-a ratificat n 5 mai 1999. 6 ntrunind numrul necesar de ratificri, trei, Carta a intrat n vigoare la 1 iulie 1999. Momentul ratificrii coincide n mod semnificativ cu mplinirea a 50 de ani de activitate a Consiliului Europei.
4

A se vedea, V.D. Zltescu, I. M. Zltescu, Drepturile omului n aciune Human Rights in Action, Ed. IRDO, Bucureti, 1994, p.75. 5 A se vedea, I. M. Zltescu, Carta Social European, Editura IRDO, Bucureti, 2009, p.3 i urm. 6 La 3 mai 1996 a fost adoptat la Strasbourg Carta Social European revizuit. Aceasta a fost ratificat de Romnia prin Legea nr.74/1999, publicat n Monitorul Oficial I, nr.193 din 4 mai 1999.

Evident, un asemenea moment, ca i cel din octombrie 1994, cnd ara noastr a semnat varianta iniial a Cartei, sau cel din 1997, nu ar fi fost posibil dac n Romnia nu s-ar fi produs schimbri de esen, care s permit nu numai asumarea, dar i garantarea respectrii unor angajamente a cror raiune de a fi i are originea n drepturile omului. Pe de alt parte, ratificarea unui asemenea document dovedea, dincolo de aspectul formal, responsabilitate n nelegerea adevrului c democraie real i structuri adecvate nu pot exista dac nu se pornete de la faptul c respectarea demnitii umane constituie fundamentul libertii i prosperitii la scar naional, continental i mondial, de la recunoaterea interdependenei i indivizibilitii drepturilor omului n cadrul general al aciunilor viznd transpunerea principiilor n realiti palpabile. De asemenea, respectarea drepturilor omului nu poate coexista cu srcia, cu discriminarea n societate i la locul de munc, cu lipsa locuinelor, a securitii sociale i asistenei medicale. Astfel, prin Carta Social revizuit, aria drepturilor ce trebuie asigurate, respectate i garantate este mbogit prin includerea unor noi prevederi referitoare la drepturi ce privesc, ntre altele, condiiile de munc echitabile, securitatea i igiena muncii, protecia copiilor i adolescenilor, formarea profesional, protecia mamelor aflate n activitate, integrarea profesional, integrarea social a persoanelor handicapate, protecia n caz de omaj, demnitatea muncii, procedurile n caz de concedieri colective. Unul dintre noile drepturi pe care le garanteaz este dreptul la demnitate n munc. Mai mult, Carta Social revizuit este primul tratat internaional care consacr dreptul la protecie mpotriva srciei i a excluderii sociale, dou atingeri majore aduse demnitii umane. Se marca astfel, pentru prima dat printr-un document internaional, legtura dintre social i demnitate. Sunt, cum este lesne de observat, prevederi care intereseaz i trebuie s intereseze n cel mai nalt grad pe membrii societii romneti actuale, pe oamenii politici confruntai evident, din unghiuri de interes diferite cu procese i fenomene sociale ale cror efecte negative se manifest uneori acut n perioada pe
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care o parcurgem, n special n condiiile crizei mondiale. n Recomandarea 1355 (1998) referitoare la lupta mpotriva excluderii sociale i la consolidarea coeziunii sociale n Europa, Adunarea Parlamentar a Consiliului Europei sublinia: Pentru c pacea social i restaurarea dialogului social sunt o condiie necesar stabilitii democratice n Europa, este urgent necesar s se insufle un nou elan luptei mpotriva excluderii i s se combat provocarea viznd ntrirea coeziunii sociale. n special coeziunea social implic promovarea unei Europe a drepturilor sociale, care, reprezint, ca i drepturile civile i politice, drepturi fundamentale ale omului (punctele 12 i 13). Consiliul Europei se arta n acelai document reprezint singura organizaie paneuropean susceptibil de a propune efectiv tuturor statelor de pe continent msurile indispensabile n vederea consolidrii coeziunii sociale n Europa, ca factor al stabilitii democratice a continentului". n prefaa primei lucrri publicate de IRDO, n 1999, pe tema Cartei Sociale, Pierre-Henri Imbert, n calitatea sa de director al Direciei Drepturilor Omului a Consiliului Europei, atrgea atenia asupra faptului c: Unii folosesc pretextul mondializrii economiei i al tendinei actuale de nlturare a reglementrilor pentru a invoca o pretins contradicie ntre drepturile sociale i economia de pia sau o necesar subordonare a drepturilor sociale fa de legile economice i ... aceste argumente de fals logic trebuie lsate deoparte. Trebuie s revedem n ntregime concepia pe care o avem despre societile noastre, s regndim, de pild, raporturile dintre brbat sau femeie i munc, legtura social, noiunile de solidaritate, de interes colectiv, rolurile respective ale statului i ale iniiativei private, adic s regndim democraiile noastre. Socialul este o component necesar a creterii economice i a dezvoltrii, precum i unul dintre fundamentele democraiei; Carta social, soclu minim de recunoatere i de salvgardare a drepturilor fundamentale, nu poate fi, prin urmare, un obstacol n calea dezvoltrii sau a economiei de pia, din moment ce ea are tangen cu ceea ce este fundamental, iar Europa drepturilor omului
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va fi incomplet fr aceast dimensiune social". Aceste constatri sunt mai actuale ca oricnd i par a exprima un adevr elementar. De aceea trebuie reamintite, subliniate, reafirmate cu trie i, mai ales, luate n considerare n construirea strategiilor. Controlul aplicrii prevederilor Cartei se realizeaz de ctre un Comitet de experi independent, un Comitet guvernamental, Adunarea parlamentar prin avizul pe care l elaboreaz n atenia Comitetului de Minitri i Comitetul de Minitri prin recomandri.7 Deci, contrar drepturilor civile i politice, care se bucur de protecie jurisdicional, drepturile economice nu dispun de aceasta. Totui, prin art.4, care interzice sclavia i munca forat i prin art.11 din Convenie privind libertatea sindical, dar i prin protocolul la Convenie sau prin art.2, dreptul la instruire, art.4 cu privire la munca forat se ajunge la jurisdicia Curii Europene, chiar dac este vorba de drepturi prevzute n Carta Social8. ntrebarea care se pune, n aceast perioad n care Europa se confrunt cu o criz economic fr precedent, privete modul n care se poate face fa unei realiti pe care statul nsui nu reuete s o controleze. Unii specialiti n domeniul drepturilor omului propun s se fac apel ca unele instituii i organizaii financiare internaionale (Banca mondial, FMI, PNUD, OMC) s ia n considerare dimensiunea social a dezvoltrii i consecinele negative pe care planurile de ajustare structural le pot avea asupra situaiei drepturilor economice, sociale i culturale ale categoriilor vulnerabile din rndul populaiilor rilor unde se aplic aceste planuri. Se propune, de asemenea, organizarea sub egida Centrului ONU de la Geneva a unor seminare, mese rotunde, dezbateri cu participarea unor experi n domeniu, specialiti n economie i drepturile omului, reprezentani ai organismelor financiare internaionale, membri ai Comitetului pentru
A se vedea, Drepturile sociale. Tratate europene, coordonator I.M.Zltescu, Editura IRDO, Bucureti, 2009. 8 Carta Social European a intrat n vigoare la 26 februarie 1965.
7

drepturi economice, sociale i culturale, ONG-uri etc. Ar fi interesant de analizat i posibilitatea elaborrii cu concursul Comitetului pentru drepturile economice, sociale i culturale a unui Cod internaional de conduit pentru societile transnaionale, n care s se in cont de drepturi-

le economice, sociale i culturale. Considerm c ar fi necesar crearea, la nivel regional, a unui mecanism jurisdicional de protecie a drepturilor economice, sociale i culturale asemntor celui pentru protecia drepturilor civile i politice.

NOI ORIZONTURI ALE PROTECIEI INTERNAIONALE A DREPTURILOR OMULUI. RESPONSABILIZAREA MEDIULUI DE AFACERI
Dr. Alexandru Frca ABSTRACT
The evolution of the international realities proves that the first decade of 21st century is marked by the introduction of the issues regarding the universal and indivisible rights, economic, social, cultural, political and civil human rights in conferences, debates and forums around the world on economic and social governance of the world, involving not only governments but also other social factors: nongovernmental organizations, trade unions, employers of all the industries and economic services, religious organizations, media representatives, powers/local and regional communities. Keywords: Human rights, fundamental rights, international regulations, regional, monitoring, economic development, business environment, responsibilities, control, mechanisms, means, context, protection, compliance, remediation, appeals, administrative, judicial.

Scurt prezentare a evoluiei sistemului internaional de protecie a drepturilor omului. Definirea perioadei actuale. Construcia actualului sistem mondial de protecie a drepturilor omului a fost iniiat de adoptarea la San Francisco, n 1945, a Cartei Naiunilor Unite, tratat internaional multilateral la care sunt astzi pri toate statele independente i suverane ale lumii, ce i-au asumat astfel obligaii de drept internaional public de a considera domeniul drepturilor omului ca domeniu de preocupare comun a lor i de cooperare loial interguvernamental panic pentru a asigura respectul universal i ndeplinirea drepturilor omului i a libertilor fundamentale pentru toi (toate fiinele umane de pe toate continentele lumii n.n.), fr deosebire de ras, gen, limb sau religie. Prevederile referitoare la drepturile omului din Carta ONU au fost explicitate n Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului, adoptat la 10 decembrie 1948, care proclam drepturile civile, politice, economice, sociale i culturale, codificate la nivel mondial pe parcursul celor 60 10

de ani care au urmat, n 170 de pacte, convenii, protocoale i tratate internaionale la care sunt parte practic toate statele independente i suverane, 192 la numr, ale lumii de azi1. Arhitectura internaional a normelor de drept internaional public n materia drepturilor omului, dezvoltat sub egida Naiunilor Unite, este completat de Convenia european pentru aprarea drepturilor omului (care reglementeaz n premier i singular pn n prezent, drepturi civile i politice justiiabile de ctre persoane particulare n faa Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului, care adopt hotrri obligatorii contra statelor reclamate), Carta Social European Revizuit (care reglementeaz drepturile sociale i de munc ale cetenilor din Europa lrgit) i cele 210 convenii multilaterale ale statelor Consiliului Europei referitoare la cooperarea interguvernamental n domenii relevante
1

A se vedea, Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Drepturile omului - un sistem n evoluie , Ediia a 2-a, IRDO, Bucureti, 2008, p.35-38.

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pentru realizarea tuturor drepturilor omului, cele 190 de convenii i recomandri ale Organizaiei Internaionale a Muncii, tratatele multilaterale i reglementrile politice ale organizaiilor interguvernamentale regionale din America, Africa i Asia, de regulile de drept internaional privind comerul mondial i cooperarea pentru dezvoltare convenite n cadrul Organizaiei Mondiale a Comerului i a Organizaiei Economice pentru Cooperare i Dezvoltare, de Carta Comunitii Europene privind drepturile lucrtorilor, precum i de Carta drepturilor fundamentale n Uniunea European, adoptat la Nisa n anul 2000 i investit cu for juridic obligatorie de tratat multilateral ntre Statele Membre prin Tratatul de la Lisabona, intrat n vigoare la 1 decembrie 2009. Dac pe parcursul perioadei Rzboiului Rece, aplicarea universal a drepturilor omului potrivit Cartei internaionale a drepturilor omului a fost afectat de disputele ideologizate n legtur cu primatul drepturilor politice i civile fa de drepturile economice, sociale i culturale, precum i n legtur cu falia mondial ntre Nordul dezvoltat i Sudul subdezvoltat ori n curs de dezvoltare, anii 1990 au cunoscut o cretere notabil a cooperrii internaionale a marii majoriti a statelor lumii n domeniul drepturilor omului. Cu rare excepii, n anii 1990, statele lumii au ratificat cvasi-totalitatea instrumentelor mondiale i regionale de protecie a drepturilor omului, s-au angajat s coopereze cu mecanismele de monitorizare i control a respectrii angajamentelor juridice internaionale din materia drepturilor omului, particip la procedurile de raportare periodic prevzute n tratatele internaionale multilaterale de drepturile omului i la cooperarea internaional n materie prin intermediul forurilor permanente ori temporare, tematice ori generale, de dezbateri i recomandare n domeniul aplicrii drepturilor omului reglementate internaional precum Adunarea General ONU, Consiliul ONU pentru drepturile omului, Adunarea Parlamentar a Consiliului Europei, conferinele mondiale sau continentale privind drepturile omului, dezvoltarea durabil, schimbrile climatice, comerul mondial, dezvoltarea social, protecia mediului nconjurtor2.
A se vedea, Irina Moroianu Zltescu, op. cit., p.79119.
2

Practic, la sfritul secolului XX opera de stabilire a standardelor i de codificare internaional a drepturilor omului a fost ndeplinit, ca i intrarea n funciune fa de mai toate statele lumii a mecanismelor internaionale de monitorizare i control a obligaiilor internaionale etatice de asigurare a respectrii drepturilor omului consacrate prin instrumentele internaionale adoptate. Primul deceniu al secolului XXI este marcat de introducerea problematicii drepturilor universale i indivizibile, economice, sociale, culturale, politice i civile ale omului n dezbaterile forurilor i conferinelor mondiale privind guvernana economic i social a lumii, la care particip nu numai guvernele statelor lumii ci i ceilali factori societali: organizaii non-guvernamentale, sindicate, patronate ale tuturor industriilor i serviciilor economice, organizaii religioase, reprezentani media, puteri/comuniti locale i regionale. Aceast evoluie evident a realitilor internaionale este nsoit la nivel ideatic de mprosptarea public a proclamaiei categorice din Preambulul Declaraiei Universale a Drepturilor Omului : toate organele societii, avnd constant n vedere aceast Declaraie, se vor strdui ca prin nvmnt i educaie, s dezvolte respectul pentru aceste drepturi i s asigure pe calea msurilor progresive de ordin naional i internaional recunoaterea universal i aplicarea efectiv n rndul populaiilor statelor membre i al celor de pe teritoriile aflate sub jurisdicia lor. Aceast prevedere din Preambulul Declaraiei Universale a fost dezvoltat n Declaraia ONU privind dreptul i responsabilitatea persoanelor, a grupurilor i organelor societii de a promova i proteja drepturile omului i libertile fundamentale universal recunoscute (1998)3. Analiza succint a situaiei socio-economice mondiale actuale din perspectiva promovrii drepturilor omului. Economia internaional a ultimelor doua decenii, devenit globalizat, monetarizat i financiarizat, a determinat modificarea profund a echilibrelor politice i
A se vedea, Declaraia ONU privind dreptul i responsabilitatea persoanelor, grupurilor i organelor societii de a promova i proteja drepturile i libertile universal recunoscute, adoptat prin Rezoluia A/53/144 din 1998 a Adunrii Generale ONU, Biblioteca Centrului de Informare ONU, Bucureti.
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sociale create dup sfritul celui de al doilea rzboi mondial. n societile occidentale cel puin, compromisul societal postbelic fusese realizat n cadrele naionale prin conflicte, negocieri i cooperare ntre patronate i partenerii sociali, cu o intervenie mai mult sau mai puin activ a statului, n funcie de circumstanele specifice fiecrei ri n parte. Diminuarea rolului statului, transformrile substaniale din micarea sindical i dezvoltarea ntreprinderilor transnaionale au dus la schimbarea raporturilor de for ntre aceti trei actori societali de prim mrime. Pe cale de consecin, mecanismele de creare a normelor de reglementare a relaiilor dintre acetia s-au modificat semnificativ. Ramificarea exponenial a ntreprinderilor ntr-o reea mondial de filiale, furnizori i subcontractani, activitile multinaionalelor i activitatea colaboratorilor externi i interni ai acestora nu mai sunt reglementate ntr-un singur cadru naional. Regimurile politice diferite, aciunile i politicile guvernamentale necoordonate de la o ar la ar, de la un continent la altul i mai ales cadrele juridice specific naionale ale rilor lumii determin mari diferene ntre componentele cu divers localizare geografic ale ntreprinderilor transnaionale. Mai ales n raport cu statele mcinate de probleme interne sau mai slabe din punct de vedere al capacitilor financiare, aceste diferene sunt folosite de ntreprinderi n cutarea lor de a obine profitabilitate maxim i cucerirea unor noi piee de aprovizionare, producie i desfacere. Creterea demografic i a activitilor lucrative ale omenirii peste posibilitile reale de reglementare i control din partea statelor lumii, exploatarea resurselor naturale, producia, transformarea, transportul i consumul mrfurilor, de o amploare fr precedent n ultimele decenii, genereaz i efecte care pun n pericol perenitatea mediului nconjurtor. Cu tot progresul indiscutabil adus de noile tehnologii, expansiunea economiei globalizate, realizat de sute de mii sau milioane de ntreprinderi mari, mijlocii i mici, marea majoritate nonetatice sau 12

private, aduce n mod evident i probleme de inechitate social i riscuri societale att n societile occidentale ct i n rile emergente de pe toate continentele lumii4. Se ridic astfel ntrebri grave asupra guvernanei economice a omenirii i, ca parte a acesteia, asupra valabilitii principiilor generale ale sistemului mondial de protecie a drepturilor omului, la baza cruia se afla conceptul egalitii i nediscriminrii fiinelor umane n exercitarea plenar i indivizibil a tuturor drepturilor civile, politice, economice, sociale i culturale proclamate n Declaraia Universal i Carta internaional a drepturilor omului. Binomul stat persoan uman, piatra unghiular a proteciei drepturilor omului n lume. Corporaiile i companiile de afaceri, actori cu importan n cretere pe plan mondial n procesul realizrii internaionale a drepturilor omului. ntregul sistem actual internaional de protecie i promovare a drepturilor omului universal recunoscute se bazeaz pe norme de drept internaional create de state prin tratatele internaionale n materie care conin angajamente juridice internaionale asumate de statele-pri, unele fa de celelalte, de a recunoate n ordinea lor intern de drept drepturile persoanelor fizice definite n respectivul instrument internaional, de a apra persoana fa de nclcarea acestor drepturi de ctre orice persoane, inclusiv ageni proprii ai statului, de a remedia situaia, prin proceduri administrative sau judectoreti efective, n caz de nclcare a acestor drepturi, de a pedepsi pe autorii nclcrilor, de a preveni alte nclcri i de a educa populaia i instituiile publice pentru respectarea i aplicarea efectiv a drepturilor omului consacrate prin respectivul tratat internaional. Dreptul internaional al drepturilor omului este format aadar din obligaii internaionale ale statelor, obligaii corelative fiecrui drept economic, social, cultural, politic i civil recunoscut prin instrumentele mondiale i regionale ori bilaterale5. Economia internaional, globalizat i financiarizat, din zilele noastre, se realizeaz i
A se vedea, La responsabilit des entreprises en matire de droits de lhomme, tude de la Commission nationale consultative des droits de lhomme, coordonn par Prof. Olivier Maurel, Paris, 2008, p.18-22. 5 A se vedea, International Law, Second Edition, by Antonio Cassese, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005, p.375-377.
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se dezvolt prin activitatea sutelor de mii i milioanelor de ntreprinderi mari, mijlocii i mici, multe cu legturi transnaionale, 80 de mii de societi transnaionale i 800 de mii de subsidiare ale acestora, care activeaz n mediul cvasi-mondial de comer liberalizat, creat prin acordurile statelor lumii. Rolul major pe care l ocup n economia mondial actorii economici n general i ntreprinderile transnaionale n special le confer o responsabilitate de netgduit n materia respectrii drepturilor omului, ndeosebi a celor economice i sociale, n domeniul lor de activitate cu privire la condiiile de munc i de via ale persoanelor, dar i n plan socioeconomic, de protecie a mediului nconjurtor i de dezvoltare durabil prin protejarea intereselor generaiilor umane actuale i viitoare6. Ca expresie a continuitii abordrilor conflictuale Nord-Sud i a rmielor ideologizate ale trecutelor nfruntri Est-Vest, state n general opuse dezvoltrii sistemului internaional de monitorizare a respectrii drepturilor omului au cutat s impun companiilor transnaionale obligaii de respectare i responsabiliti privind respectarea drepturilor omului similare celor nscrise de instrumentele internaionale de drepturile omului n sarcina statelor lumii. Un grup de lucru al Comisiei ONU pentru drepturile omului a elaborat documentul intitulat Norme privind corporaiile transnaionale i alte ntreprinderi de afaceri, care a provocat o dezbatere ndrjit timp de mai muli ani ntre reprezentanii organizaiilor nonguvernamentale de promovare a drepturilor omului i cei ai patronatelor internaionale i ai ntreprinderilor transnaionale. Statele membre ale Comisiei ONU pentru drepturile omului nu i-au nsuit aceste Norme, n schimb a fost creat, n anul 2005, postul de Reprezentant special ONU pentru chestiunea drepturilor omului n relaie cu ntreprinderile transnaionale, care Reprezentant special a lansat un amplu proces de documentare i consultare internaional asupra poziiei prilor n materie, asupra punctelor de vedere ale
A se vedea, La responsabilit des entreprises en matire de droits de lhomme, tude de la Commission nationale consultative des droits de lhomme, coordonn par Prof. Olivier Maurel, Paris, 2008, p.2327.
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guvernelor, organizaiilor i forurilor internaionale, asupra reglementrilor i bunelor practici la nivel naional, asupra propunerilor de abordare sau reglementare pentru viitor7. Acumulri progresive n domeniu. Chestiunea mediului de afaceri n raport cu drepturile omului a devenit permanent nscris pe agenda politic global n anii 1990, acest fapt reflectnd marea expansiune mondial a sectorului privat n acea vreme i creterea corespunztoare a activitii economice transnaionale. Aceste dezvoltri au sporit percepia public a impactului substanial al mediului de afaceri asupra drepturilor omului i au atras totodat atenia Naiunilor Unite. Pn la ora actual statele lumii nu au creat norme internaionale obligatorii juridic n aceast materie. Pot fi identificate ns trei iniiative internaionale, cu caracter de recomandri adresate de statele membre ale respectivelor organizaii internaionale corporaiilor multinaionale: Declaraia tripartit de principii a Organizaiei Internaionale a Muncii privind ntreprinderile multinaionale i politica social, Principiile directoare ale Organizaiei Economice pentru Cooperare i Dezvoltare referitoare la ntreprinderile multinaionale precum i Pactul Mondial al Naiunilor Unite (Global Compact), care cuprinde iniiativa Secretarului General ONU adresat ntreprinderilor s-i asume voluntar i unilateral angajamente publice internaionale de respectare i promovare a drepturilor omului n activitatea lor i n toate locurile de activitate a lor. Reprezentantul special ONU pentru mediul de afaceri i drepturile omului a prezentat Consiliului ONU pentru drepturile omului n anul 2008 recomandarea intitulat Cadrul de protecie, respectare i remediere, care a fost nsuit n unanimitate de statele membre ale Consiliului ONU pentru drepturile omului8. Tendine. Sensul posibilelor dezvoltri viitoare. Subiectul mediul de afaceri i drepturile omului rmne i n zilele noastre viu
A se vedea, Rapport du Conseil des droits de lhomme, Nations Unies 2008, Biblioteca Centrului de Informare ONU, Bucureti. 8 A se vedea, Report of the UN Secretary General Representative for Business and Human Rights, doc. A/HRC/8/5, Protect, Respect and Remedy, A Framework for Business and Human Rights, 2008, Biblioteca Centrului de informare ONU, Bucureti.
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controversat. Organizaiile non-guvernamentale i instituiile naionale de promovare a drepturilor, mai ales cele angajate pentru combaterea srciei, excluziunii sociale i pentru aprarea mediului nconjurtor din rile subdezvoltate, afectate de practicile firmelor transnaionale, se pronun categoric pentru reglementri juridice internaionale de natur s controleze i s nfrneze tendinele de nclcare a drepturilor omului de ctre corporaiile strine n statele incapabile s aplice fa de acestea standardele legale internaional recunoscute. n raportul su final de activitate, pregtit pentru sesiunea Consiliului ONU pentru drepturile omului din 2011, Reprezentantul special ONU pentru mediul de afaceri i drepturile omului propune un set de recomandri adresate statelor, corporaiilor i societii civile, trasnd totodat perspectiva elaborrii n viitor a unui standard internaional n materie sub forma unei declaraii a Adunrii Generale ONU. Recomandrile din Cadrul de protecie, respectare i remediere, avansate de Reprezentantul special ONU pentru mediul de afaceri i drepturile omului cheam statele, ca n exercitarea obligaiilor lor internaionale asumate n materie, s ofere protecie complet contra nclcrii drepturilor omului de ctre oricine, inclusiv companiile de afaceri, prin politici publice corespunztoare, reglementri interne, inclusiv de criminalizare a infraciunilor svrite n strintate de companiile comerciale din statul lor. Corporaiilor de afaceri li se recomand s recunoasc responsabilitatea lor social de respectare a drepturilor omului care nseamn s fac toate eforturile posibile de a evita nclcarea drepturilor altora i s abordeze direct impactul negativ ce ar putea s rezulte din activitatea lor. n sfrit, statele sunt chemate s garanteze victimelor nclcrii drepturilor omului de ctre companiile de afaceri mijloace i ci efective de atac i de remediere a situaiei,

pe cale administrativ i judectoreasc9. n Uniunea European, ntreprinderile care primesc granturi publice pentru realizarea politicii europene de sprijin i cooperare pentru dezvoltarea rilor de pe alte continente sunt obligate prin contractele ncheiate cu Comisia European s respecte toate drepturile omului n activitile lor n strintate. ntregul sprijin extern de dezvoltare oferit de Uniunea European este guvernat de acordurile parteneriale de la Cotonou, care integreaz obligatoriu dimensiunile umane autohtone, sociale i de respectare a drepturilor omului. Legislaia naional anti-corupie i cea penal contra nclcrilor flagrante ale normelor de folosire a unor categorii de for de munc n strintate i de protecie a mediului, pdurilor i a unor specii animale, din state membre ale Uniunii Europene, este aplicabil companiilor europene private care activeaz pe alte continente10. Se poate concluziona c mecanismul internaional de creare de standarde n acest domeniu delicat n care afirmarea universal a drepturilor omului se ntreptrunde cu dezvoltarea economic i aplicarea progresului tehnologic este pornit i c, in timp, acesta va duce la responsabilizarea social crescut a lumii afacerilor fa de interesul general de promovare universal a drepturilor omului i de respectare a intereselor generale ale generaiilor actuale i viitoare ale omenirii.

A se vedea, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporation and other business enterprises, John Ruggie, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework , Geneva, 21 March 2011, Biblioteca Centrului de Informare ONU, Bucureti. 10 A se vedea, EU Contribution to the Millenium Development Goals, European Commission, Europe Aid Cooperation Office, European Union, Brussels, 2010.

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ROLUL CONSILIULUI LEGISLATIV N PROTEJAREA I PROMOVAREA DREPTURILOR I LIBERTILOR FUNDAMENTALE ALE OMULUI
Consilier Ctlin Ciora, ef sector Consiliul Legislativ ABSTRACT
In this study, the author outlines the specific means of the Legislative Council institution, the authority that must have an overview of the legal system, besides its duty to promote and protect fundamental human rights and to defend human values underlying the foundation of the civilization itself. Thus, to fulfill its constitutional duties, the Legislative Council is required to suggest the promoting of clear and precise legal rules, which must comply with certain requirements of form, content and style specific to this area and also to ensure the preservation of a legal and judicious balance between principle of law and that the stability of its dynamics, militating to restore confidence in the rule of law and the respect for human fundamental rights. Keywords: System, legal, technical, opinion, advisory, project, document, legal, accessible, language, uniform, clear, concise, harmonization, accessibility, knowledge, application, rights, liberties, fundamental, defense, protection, systematic, evidence, repertory

Mijloacele de aprare, garantare i asigurare a respectrii drepturilor omului pe plan intern decurg din sistemul legislativ naional, din normele interne ale statului. Unul dintre mijloacele cele mai importante de asigurare a respectrii drepturilor omului l constituie controlul constituionalitii legilor. Este recunoscut i admis c un act normativ trebuie emis de organul de stat competent, n limitele atribuiilor sale, cu respectarea procedurii legale i, mai ales, cu respectarea dispoziiilor din actele juridice normative situate mai sus n ierarhia normativ. n momentul n care supremaia constituiei s-a afirmat ca o regul fundamental de drept sa pus i problema controlului conformitii actelor normative cu Constituia. Acest control a aprut ca firesc vizavi de caracterizarea dat Constituiei drept lege fundamental. Motiv pentru care, odat cu trecerea timpului, s-a impus controlul jurisdicional, realizat fie prin instane din sistemul puterii judectoreti, fie prin autoriti jurisdicionale distincte i specializate, denumite frecvent curi constituionale, tribunale constituionale, curi de arbitraj. Dac acest control ar fi ncredinat Parlamentului, s-ar ivi unele neajunsuri, cum ar fi faptul c acesta ar fi judector n propria cauz, precum i faptul c acesta ar putea fi pus n situaia de a-i critica propria lege.

Examinnd constituiile din Romnia vom observa c au fost explicit mputernicite cu acest control: nalta Curte de Casaie i Justiie, n seciuni unite (1923 i 1938); Marea Adunare Naional (1965). Constituia din 1991, n titlul V, ncredineaz acest control Curii Constituionale. Nu este ns lipsit de interes s precizm c Parlamentul, n ara noastr, are nu numai dreptul ci i obligaia, n procesul de legiferare, de a urmri respectarea Constituiei, fiind sprijinit, n acest sens, de ctre organul su specializat, Consiliul Legislativ. Acesta, conform art.79 al Constituiei, este organul consultativ de specialitate al Parlamentului, care avizeaz proiectele de acte normative n vederea sistematizrii, unificrii i coordonrii ntregii legislaii. El ine evidena oficial a legislaiei Romniei. Consiliul Legislativ nu face parte din puterea legislativ, nici din puterea executiv i nici din puterea judectoreasc; el reprezint o autoritate administrativ autonom, pus sub autoritatea Parlamentului, pentru a aviza proiectele de legi, propunerile legislative ce pot veni din partea cetenilor, deputailor i senatorilor, precum i proiectele de ordonane i de hotrri cu caracter normativ ale Guvernului. Avizul Consiliului Legislativ este un aviz consultativ, care oblig, ns, pe cel ce emite proiectul de act normativ s-l solicite ntotdeauna, fr ca prin aceasta s fie obligat s se conformeze avizului.1
1

A se vedea I. Vida, Drepturile omului n reglementri

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Dreptului i implicit legislaiei i revine ndatorirea sacr de a promova i proteja, prin mijloacele sale specifice, drepturile fundamentale ale omului2, de a apra valorile umane ce stau la baza nsi a civilizaiei. Unul dintre cele mai sensibile i invocate drepturi fundamentale ale omului n zilele noastre este dreptul la liber acces n justiie. n Romnia, potrivit spiritului Constituiei, dreptul la justiie nu este un simplu principiu, ci un adevrat drept fundamental. n vederea aplicrii n practic a acestui drept al omului liber, un rol important revine i Consiliului Legislativ, care are menirea de a ajuta la elaborarea unor acte normative, a unor legi ct mai accesibile pentru cetean. A construi o astfel de lege, printr-o formulare ct mai adecvat a normelor, prin utilizarea unui limbaj semnificativ i uniform, ct mai corect, nseamn crearea condiiilor pentru ca ceteanul s respecte legea i, totodat, s fie protejat prin lege. Rolul i misiunea Consiliului Legislativ. Norma juridic este un element constitutiv al dreptului. Ea este o regul de conduit instituit de puterea public sau recunoscut de aceasta, a crei respectare este asigurat, la nevoie, prin fora coercitiv a statului. Scopul normei juridice este acela de a asigura convieuirea social n direcia promovrii i consolidrii relaiilor sociale potrivit idealurilor i valorilor ce guverneaz societatea respectiv, avnd la baz respectarea drepturilor, libertilor i ndatoririlor fundamentale ale oamenilor. Prin intermediul normelor juridice se reglementeaz n forme specifice dreptului relaiile interumane. Normele juridice reprezint celula de baz a dreptului i constituie sistemul juridic elementar, alctuind, mpreun cu relaiile juridice nscute n baza lor, ordinea de drept3. Referitor la aciunea n timp a normelor juridice este deosebit de important stabilirea datei exacte a intrrii n vigoare i a ncetrii sau ieirii din vigoare a acestora. Existena normei juridice nu coincide cu durata aciunii sau cu
internaionale, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 1999, p. 34. 2 A se vedea I. Moroianu Zltescu, Drepturile omului un sistem n evoluie, Ed. a 2-a, IRDO, 2008. 3 A se vedea N. Popa, M. C. Eremia, S. Cristea Teoria General a Dreptului, Ediia 2, Ed. All Beck, Bucureti, 2005, p. 130.

faptul de a fi n vigoare, adic de a avea eficien juridic. Intrarea n vigoare a normelor juridice se face prin publicarea acestora ntr-o publicaie oficial, cum este n ara noastr Monitorul Oficial. Exist i posibilitatea intrrii n vigoare a normelor juridice din momentul adoptrii lor, dac organul emitent prevede expres acest lucru4. n legtur cu ncetarea aciunii normelor juridice, respectiv ieirea lor din vigoare, de principiu acestea se adopt pe o perioad nedeterminat, urmnd ca ulterior s se decid asupra ncetrii aciunii lor. Aceasta se realizeaz prin abrogarea, de ctre organul emitent, a respectivei norme juridice. Ca forme sunt cunoscute mai multe feluri de abrogare, cum ar fi de exemplu: abrogarea expres, tacit sau implicit, abrogarea total sau parial etc. Dreptul ca i component juridic a vieii sociale este un fenomen deosebit de complex a crui cunoatere presupune o cercetare aprofundat a legilor existenei i dinamicii sale, a factorilor care l configureaz i valorilor care le promoveaz. De-a lungul timpului, dreptul a primit numeroase definiii. Astfel, pentru romni, noiunea de drept era explicat numai n contextul unor categorii ale moralei, cum este astfel cunoscutul adagiu jus est ars aequi et boni (dreptul este arta binelui i a echitii)5. Astzi, dreptul este un ansamblu de norme sau reguli de conduit obligatorii destinate a reglementa comportarea oamenilor n societate. Ele consfinesc drepturi, liberti i obligaii fundamentale ale oamenilor n relaiile lor reciproce, a cror respectare este asigurat la nevoie de ctre fora public. Omul nu poate tri dect n societate i orice societate uman are nevoie de organizare, ordine i disciplin. Totodat, fenomenul dreptului nu poate fi neles, analizat i explicat n afara interdependenelor sale cu statul. Regulile i normele menite a organiza convieuirea oamenilor, a le armoniza i orienta
Pentru detalii privind publicitatea i intrarea n vigoare a normelor juridice a se vedea S. Popescu, V. ndreanu, Probleme actuale ale tehnicii legislative, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2003, p. 212 240. 5 A se vedea N. Baran, Drept civil - suport de curs pentru nvmnt la distan , disponibil la adresa de internet http://www.svedu.ro/curs/dc_nbaran.pdf.
4

16

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interesele constituie normele de drept. Evoluia societii umane a confirmat dictonul ubi societas, ibi jus (unde este societate, acolo este drept)6. Dac la nceput dreptul i are sorgintea n normele de morala i n cutum (obiceiuri), datorit evoluiei societii, dreptul s-a emancipat de sub tutela iniial a moralei, ajungnd s rspund intereselor i necesitilor societii moderne, o societate bazat pe cunoatere. Astfel, conform cunoscutului jurist francez Leon Duguit, reprezentant al curentului solidaritii sociale, regula de drept este linia de conduit care se impune indivizilor n societate, respectul creia este considerat la un moment dat de ctre o societate, ca o garanie a interesului comun i a crei violare antreneaz o reacie colectiv mpotriva autorului acelei violri. Desfurarea vieii ntr-o societate este guvernat de o multitudine de reguli impuse de voina majoritii membrilor si care asigur un climat de siguran social, n cadrul participrii la circuitul juridic. Tocmai aceast voin general constituie esena dreptului, fiind oficializat, transpus n legi i norme de conduit, devenind voin juridic i aprat pe cale statal. Deci, ceea ce deosebete dreptul, ca sistem normativ, de celelalte sisteme sociale normative, este tocmai aceast calitate juridic a voinei sociale. Dar dreptul nu poate rmne n starea de voin, preceptele sale gsindu-i concretizarea n ansamblul legilor care dau expresie concret voinei generale ce reclam oficializarea i garantarea lor pe cale etatic, ceea ce constituie nsui coninutul dreptului. Deci coninutul dreptului are o component dominant prin sistemul normelor juridice, care va cpta expresie exterioar prin forma dreptului care este legea7. Importana cunoaterii dreptului este o necesitate n primul rnd pentru organul de elaborare a actelor normative, dar i a organului de aplicare a acestora. n egal msur este
A se vedea D. Mazilu, Teoria general a dreptului, Editura All Beck, Bucureti 1999, p. 142. 7 A se vedea n acest sens i H. Kelsen, Doctrina pur a dreptului, Editura Humanitas, Bucureti, 2000, p. 340 i urm.
6

necesar ns ca i fiecare membru al societii s acorde atenie cunoaterii i aplicrii corecte a normelor juridice, potrivit principiului nemo censetur ignorare legem. Dup intrarea sa n funciune la 1 aprilie 1996, Consiliul Legislativ a jucat un rol nsemnat n ce privete activitatea legislativ viznd aprarea drepturilor omului. El nu s-a rezumat doar s avizeze proiectele de legi i de alte acte normative, ci s-a evideniat i prin elaborarea normelor de tehnic legislativ i a urmrit ca prin stricta lor aplicare legea s fie clar, deci ct mai accesibil cetenilor. De asemenea, programul su de asanare a legislaiei, activitatea de eviden legislativ, informatizarea acesteia au permis cetenilor s se descurce mai uor n labirintul legislativ. De remarcat c prin avizul dat de Consiliul Legislativ la Legea de revizuire a Constituiei, titlul privind drepturile i libertile omului este dezvoltat i amplificat. Toate eforturile depuse de Consiliul Legislativ au fost ndreptate, cu precdere, spre apropierea de cetean a activitii legislative, a legilor rii. Pentru realizarea unui asemenea deziderat, Consiliul Legislativ vegheaz ca fiecare act normativ s aib o structur adecvat, o form prescriptiv corespunztoare, un limbaj simplu, clar, precis i concis. De altfel, pentru ca legea s conving cetenii, s poat fi corect aplicat i respectat, s fie bine neleas, trebuie s ntruneasc unele exigene de form, coninut, calitate i stil care i sunt specifice. De activitatea Consiliului Legislativ depinde, n mare msur, ca proiectele actelor normative care se prezint autoritilor competente pentru adoptare s se caracterizeze prin claritate, accesibilitate, concizie i armonie interioar, avndu-se n vedere faptul c legea se impune nu numai prin caracterul imperativ, ci i prin soluiile sale convingtoare, exprimate ntr-un limbaj adecvat. Proiectele i propunerile legislative trimise spre avizare Consiliului Legislativ sunt examinate i sub aspectul concordanei acestora cu reglementrile Uniunii Europene. Consiliul Legislativ este permanent preocupat de problema armonizrii att a sistemului legislativ n ansamblu, ct i a fiecrui act normativ n parte cu reglementrile comunitare. n ce privete materia drepturilor i 17

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libertilor fundamentale ale omului, se face raportarea la Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului, la Pactul internaional cu privire la drepturile politice i civile i, mai ales, la Convenia european pentru aprarea drepturilor omului i a libertilor fundamentale8. Pentru cetean, claritatea textului legii este esenial n vederea exercitrii cu succes a drepturilor sale. Iar pentru atingerea acestui obiectiv, aplicarea normelor de tehnic legislativ joac un rol hotrtor, pentru c ele militeaz pentru creterea claritii i, n consecin, a accesibilitii pentru cetean a actelor normative, fapt ce nu s-a reuit n toate cazurile. Tehnica legislativ presupune cutarea procedeelor, regulilor i formulelor destinate unei redactri corecte i unei mai bune nelegeri a textelor normative, ajungndu-se la aceast finalitate prin armonie intern, claritate i eliminarea contradiciilor ntre diverse norme. De altfel, muli specialiti sunt de prere c redactarea textelor normative reprezint i o art, nu numai o tiin. Tehnica legislativ vine n ajutorul ceteanului prin faptul c se strduiete s cunoasc mai bine procesul prin care sunt ntocmite legile din punct de vedere lingvistic i juridic, cum sunt ele aplicate i interpretate. Ea i propune, de asemenea, s gseasc metode care s permit ameliorarea calitii legislaiei i creterea eficacitii ei, cu att mai mult cu ct necesitatea de a elabora i de a adopta rapid acte normative poate conduce la apariia unor insuficiene i carene calitative, fapt ce ar afecta n mare msur apropierea de cetean a legilor rii. Consiliul Legislativ, n limitele competenei atribuite prin lege, a reuit s contribuie la reexaminarea global a legislaiei anterioare actualei Constituii, soldat cu abrogarea i modificarea a numeroase acte normative contrare textelor i principiilor constituionale, fapt ce uureaz, de asemenea, accesul ceteanului la justiie. Iar pe baza unei evidene din ce n ce mai perfecionate a fondului normativ existent, prin informatizarea acestei evidene, s-au creat condiii optime pentru edificarea unei arhitecturi legislative coerente,
8

A se vedea I. Moroianu Zltescu, op. cit.

ct mai apropiat de nelegerea ceteanului. Nu n ultim instan, Consiliul Legislativ are n vedere armonizarea echilibrat a normelor legale, la nivelul impus de modernitatea unei democraii care proiecteaz prin drept o nou filozofie politico-economic. Consiliul Legislativ reprezint una dintre principalele instituii democratice autonome ale rii, fiind, conform prevederilor art. 79 alin. (1) din Constituie, organ consultativ de specialitate al Parlamentului, care prin activitatea sa constituie un filtru de calitate n procesul de elaborare a proiectelor de acte normative. Consiliul Legislativ trebuie s analizeze, n faza de concepie, anterior adoptrii, concordana proiectelor de acte normative i a normelor juridice prevzute n acestea cu principiile Constituiei i cele ale statului de drept. Scopul principal al Consiliului Legislativ const deci n avizarea proiectelor de acte normative n vederea sistematizrii, unificrii i coordonrii ntregii legislaii, totodat innd i evidena oficial a legislaiei Romniei. n activitatea sa, Consiliul Legislativ analizeaz reglementrile propuse att din punct de vedere al legalitii soluiilor preconizate, ct i al tehnicii legislative, iar potrivit art. 2 alin. (2) din Legea nr. 73/1993, republicat, instituia prezint n fiecare an Parlamentului un raport asupra activitii desfurate. Pentru a-i asigura independena politic, obiectivitatea i imparialitatea Consiliului Legislativ, legea de organizare i funcionare a acestei instituii, care are un caracter tehnic, prevede c personalul su nu poate desfura activiti politice i nici s ndeplineasc alte funcii, cu excepia funciilor didactice n nvmntul superior juridic. Totodat, avizul pe care Consiliul Legislativ l emite n desfurarea activitii sale nu poate cuprinde consideraii cu caracter politic. Independena politic a Consiliului Legislativ se asigur i prin faptul c aceast instituie este un organ consultativ de specialitate al Parlamentului i nu al Executivului, n acest din urm caz, neputndu-se asigura o desprindere real fa de factorul politic care ar influena n mod negativ activitatea i rolul pe care trebuie s le ndeplineasc Consiliul Legislativ, ferit de orice fel de conotaii politice. Astfel, Consiliul Legislativ nu poate face parte nici din puterea
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18

legislativ, nici din cea executiv, ca s nu mai vorbim de puterea judectoreasc, fiind o autoritate administrativ autonom aflat sub autoritatea Parlamentului. Consiliul Legislativ, ca instituie democratic, i propune s respecte normele de tehnic legislativ, cele referitoare la structura, limbajul i modul de adresare a actelor normative. n ndeplinirea atribuiilor sale constituionale, Consiliul Legislativ este dator s sugereze i s propun promovarea unor reglementri normative clare i precise, precum i s vegheze la pstrarea unei drepte i judicioase cumpene ntre principiul stabilitii dreptului i acela al dinamicii acestuia, militnd pentru restabilirea ncrederii n norma de drept i respectarea drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale ale omului. Aceste obiective pot fi ndeplinite nu numai prin activitatea de avizare, pe fond, a proiectelor de acte normative, cnd pentru fiecare proiect n cauz se ncearc s se asigure o ct mai bun aplicare a dreptului cetenilor la o bun administrare, la respectarea, protejarea i promovarea drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale, ci i prin eforturile ce trebuie depuse pentru stricta aplicare a normelor de tehnic legislativ, care urmresc ca legea s fie clar i, deci, ct mai accesibil cetenilor, prin programul de abrogare a actelor normative anterioare Constituiei din 1991 (revizuit n anul 2003), care contravin prevederilor i principiilor acesteia, prin informatizarea legislaiei, prin ntreaga activitate de eviden legislativ, care, toate, cumulate, permit cetenilor, instituiilor, tuturor utilizatorilor dreptului s se descurce mai uor n labirintul legislativ. n avizele sale referitoare la proiecte care au legtur cu drepturile i libertile fundamentale, Consiliul Legislativ a reinut n mod constant c Tratatele ratificate de Parlament, potrivit legii, fac parte din dreptul intern. Astfel, deoarece Convenia European a Drepturilor Omului i protocoalele la aceasta au fost ratificate prin Legea nr. 30/1994, acestea fac parte din dreptul intern, fiind necesar a se ine cont de prevederile lor la toate proiectele de acte normative care au tangen cu acest domeniu. De asemenea, s-a mai
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precizat c, potrivit art. 20 alin. (2) din legea fundamental, Dac exist neconcordane ntre pactele i tratatele privitoare la drepturile fundamentale ale omului, la care Romnia este parte, i legile interne, au prioritate reglementrile internaionale, cu excepia cazului n care Constituia sau legile interne conin dispoziii mai favorabile. Deci, reglementrile internaionale referitoare la drepturile fundamentale ale omului prevaleaz fa de actele interne, cu excepia cazului n care n legislaia intern sunt dispoziii mai favorabile dect cele din cuprinsul pactelor sau tratatelor la care Romnia este parte. Astfel, atribuia fundamental a Consiliului Legislativ de a aviza proiectele de acte normative se realizeaz prin emiterea de avize consultative, care contribuie la securitatea juridic, sistematizarea i coerena edificiului legislativ, acestea referindu-se la chestiuni precum respectarea competenelor, armonia textului cu dreptul pozitiv existent, unitatea intern a actului normativ, ncercnd ca n fiecare caz n parte s se asigure o mai bun promovare i protejare a drepturilor i libertilor omului. Pentru ca legile s fie nelese mai bine i s fie mai corect puse n practic, aplicate i respectate, este esenial s se vegheze asupra calitii redacionale i acest lucru se poate realiza doar prin respectarea cu strictee a regulilor de tehnic legislativ. Aceasta constituie de altfel activitatea curent a Consiliului prin care, n mod concret, se urmrete realizarea urmtoarelor obiective principale: a) concordana soluiilor legislative cuprinse n proiectul de act normativ cu prevederile i principiile Constituiei; b) respectarea naturii juridice a propunerilor de reglementare (a nivelului actului normativ), n raport cu competenele stabilite prin Constituie i alte legi; c) armonizarea soluiilor legislative preconizate cu reglementrile Uniunii Europene i cu prevederile conveniilor internaionale la care Romnia este parte; d) corelarea prevederilor proiectului cu actele normative de nivel superior; e) implicaiile noii reglementri asupra legislaiei n vigoare i modul cum acestea sunt rezolvate n textul proiectului, prin abrogri, modificri, completri, dup caz; 19

f) caracterul complet al reglementrii cuprinse n proiect n raport cu cazuistica din cmpul de aplicare al viitoarei reglementri; g) evitarea crerii unor paralelisme n reglementare; h) redactarea corespunztoare a textului din punct de vedere al tehnicii legislative, preciziei, conciziei i claritii n exprimare, unitii terminologice, al unei bune sistematizri, astfel nct s se asigure proiectului un coninut ordonat i o stare de armonie intern. Observaiile i propunerile, att de ordin general, ct i punctual, la normele juridice propuse spre adoptare, se refer la emiterea actelor normative fr anticiparea consecinelor aplicrii soluiilor preconizate, neconformitatea cu prevederile Constituiei, contradictorialiti i paralelisme, precum i alte imperfeciuni de tehnic legislativ. O prim grup de aspecte de ordin general se refer la deficiene privind integrarea proiectului n ansamblul legislaiei, constatndu-se o lips de corelare cu legislaia de interferen, promovarea prin actele de executare a unor soluii care nu concord pe deplin cu normele i principiile existente n actele de nivel superior, ori depirea, prin actele de executare, a reglementrilor primare n baza crora au fost emise. Alegerea inadecvat a nivelului actului normativ prin neobservarea normelor de competen, nerezolvarea prin textele proiectului a impactului acestuia asupra actelor n materie existente n legislaia n vigoare, propuneri de norme care existau n aceeai form n cuprinsul unor acte normative n vigoare, contravenind principiului unicitii reglementrii n materie sunt alte probleme sesizate n avizele emise de Consiliul Legislativ. O alt grup de observaii se refer la elementele speciale i derogatorii i anume, nerezolvarea n cadrul proiectului a unor situaii tranzitorii, n special n cazul suspendrii aplicrii ori respingerii unor ordonane ale guvernului, nscrierea de prevederi derogatorii fr s se menioneze n mod expres actul de la care se face derogarea. Se formuleaz observaii n legtur cu insuficienta conturare a soluiilor de o manier clar i precis, menit s faciliteze aplicarea prevederilor actului normativ, constatndu-se o lips de armonie intern ntre soluiile 20

legislative exprimate n cuprinsul proiectului, existena unor exprimri confuze, echivoce sau eliptice din care nu rezult clar voina legiuitorului i care sunt de natur a crea dificulti n activitatea de aplicare. Se folosesc n mod inadecvat concepte deja consacrate sau nu se definesc, sub aspectul funcionalitii, termenii i expresiile folosite n textul proiectului. Se utilizeaz cuvinte neasimilate n limba romn, sau, n cazul prelurii unor soluii legislative din alte ri, se recurge deseori la operaiuni de mprumut de cuvinte strine, fr ca vreo necesitate s o impun i fr a schia vreun efort de gsire a unor echivalente lexicale autohtone. Recurgerea la o terminologie neunitar, att n cadrul proiectului, ct i n raport cu restul legislaiei n materie sau chiar cu restul actului normativ care rmne nemodificat reprezint alte aspecte de tehnic legislativ semnalate n avize. Accesul la legislaie ca msur de protejare i promovare a drepturilor omului. Elementul primordial al societii n care trim, o societate aflat ntr-o epoc bazat pe cunoatere, este reprezentat de informaie, ca mijloc de comunicare. Pentru a asigura organizarea unui circuit informaional corect ntre emitentul informaiei i beneficiarul ei a fost necesar constituirea unui adevrat sistem de principii, norme, garanii, drepturi i obligaii juridice. Informaia i informarea nu pot fi privite n afara raporturilor dintre oameni i societate. Aceste raporturi au coexistat de la nceputurile civilizaiei, dezvoltndu-se i diversificndu-se odat cu evoluia societii. Prin respectarea dreptului la informaie, ca drept fundamental al omului prevzut la art. 31 din Constituia Romniei, republicat, i asigurarea posibilitii accesului la date i informaii se creeaz cadrul necesar pentru o mai bun dezvoltare a spiritului uman, prin cunoaterea, protejarea, promovarea i exercitarea drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale prevzute de Constituie. Coninutul dreptului la informare este n continu dezvoltare, dimensiunile sale fiind complexe i dinamice, garantnd accesul prompt, exact i clar la orice informaie de interes public.
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Dezvoltarea mijloacelor moderne de comunicare (radio, televizor, telefon, fax, internet) a crescut fluxul i viteza de informare, toate relaiile importante, n special cele sociale economice, politice, militare, juridice etc. fiind reglementate n scris, sub form legislativ ori regulamentar, beneficiind de fora obligatorie atribuit, care poate fi pus n practic la nevoie prin fora de constrngere a statului. Totui, avnd n vedere faptul c uneori oamenii nu au posibilitatea concret de informare corect asupra unui aspect determin anumite carene, mai ales c a aciona n necunotin de cauz nu este scuzabil din partea legii9. Principiul nemo censetur ignorare legem, conform cruia nimeni nu se poate prevala de necunoaterea legii, implic prezumia cunoaterii legii de ctre destinatarii ei. Din principiul menionat anterior s-au desprins mai multe adagii, dintre care amintim necunoaterea legilor nu scuz pe nimeni, nimeni nu poate fi considerat c nu cunoate legea, nimeni nu are voie s nu cunoasc legea, nimeni nu poate invoca n aprarea sa necunoaterea legii etc. Acest principiu nu reprezint prezumia cunoaterii legii n orice circumstane, ci doar faptul c legea are for obligatorie fa de toi, chiar i fa de cei care o ignor sau fa de cei care nu au depus suficiente diligene pentru a cunoate corect coninutul sau nelesul actului normativ. n acest sens, principiul nu este un obstacol pentru invocarea erorii de drept, ci doar o piedic n calea sustragerii de la aplicarea legii pe considerentul ignorrii ei10. La principiul enunat anterior, doctrina a consacrat i dou excepii: cnd o parte din teritoriul rii este izolat i fr nici o legtur din cauz de for major i n materie de convenii, cnd o parte contractant ignor consecinele pe care legea le face s decurg din contract i poate cere anularea acestuia pentru
Pentru detalii a se vedea S. Guan, Prezumia cunoaterii legii - de la teorie la realitate, f.p., disponibil la adresa de internet http://www.armyacademy.ro/biblioteca/anuare/2007/a2 8.pdf. 10 A se vedea I. Deleanu, Cunoaterea legii i eroarea de drept, n Revista Dreptul, nr. 7/2004, p. 39.
9

eroare de drept11. n continuare, prin termenul de lege vom nelege sensul larg al acestei noiuni, respectiv orice act normativ, indiferent de nivelul acestuia. Pentru ca acest principiu s poat fi invocat este necesar, conform prevederilor constituionale, ca legea s fie publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei. Totodat, pentru a putea stabili cu precizie momentul de la care un act normativ intr n vigoare trebuie s avem n vedere prevederile art. 12 din Lega nr. 24/2000 privind normele de tehnic legislativ pentru elaborarea actelor normative, republicat12. Potrivit acestui articol: (1) Legile i ordonanele emise de Guvern n baza unei legi speciale de abilitare intr n vigoare la 3 zile de la data publicrii n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, sau la o dat ulterioar prevzut n textul lor. Termenul de 3 zile se calculeaz pe zile calendaristice, ncepnd cu data publicrii n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, i expir la ora 24,00 a celei de-a treia zi de la publicare. (2) Ordonanele de urgen ale Guvernului intr n vigoare la data publicrii n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, sub condiia depunerii lor prealabile la Camera competent s fie sesizat, dac n cuprinsul lor nu este prevzut o dat ulterioar. (3) Actele normative prevzute la art. 11 alin. (1), cu excepia legilor i a ordonanelor, intr n vigoare la data publicrii n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, dac n cuprinsul lor nu este prevzut o dat ulterioar. Atunci cnd nu se impune ca intrarea n vigoare s se produc la data publicrii, n cuprinsul acestor acte normative trebuie s se prevad c ele intr n vigoare la o dat ulterioar stabilit prin text, iar potrivit art. 11 alin. (1) n vederea intrrii lor n vigoare legile i celelalte acte normative adoptate de Parlament, hotrrile i ordonanele
11

A se vedea D. Mazilu, Teoria general a dreptului , Editura All Beck, Bucureti 1999, p. 191, N. Popa, Teoria general a dreptului, Editura Actami, Bucuresti 1996, p. 177, I. Rosetti Blnescu, O. Sachelarie, N.G. Nedelcu, Principiile dreptului civil romn, Editura de stat, Bucureti, 1947, p. 19. 12 Legea nr. 24/2000 a fost republicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 260 din 21 aprilie 2010.

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Guvernului, deciziile primului-ministru, actele normative ale autoritilor administrative autonome, precum i ordinele, instruciunile i alte acte normative emise de conductorii organelor administraiei publice centrale de specialitate se public n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea I. De asemenea, conform alin. (5) al art. 1 din legea fundamental, este instituit supremaia Constituiei n cadrul sistemului juridic intern, precum i obligativitatea respectrii sale i a celorlalte acte normative. Aceste obligaii revin att tuturor cetenilor, ct i instituiilor autoritilor publice13. Principiul cunoaterii legii este deseori pus la ndoial de practica unei legislaii mult prea stufoase, care face ca toi cei interesai s ntmpine dificulti deosebit de mari n procesul de depistare i stabilire a coninutului unui act normativ sau al unei dispoziii legale, n vigoare la data unui anumit eveniment. Putem afirma c legislaia romneasc sufer, n condiiile n care numeroase acte normative importante sunt modificate n mod substanial i repetat n decursul unei perioade scurte de timp, ceea ce face ca i aplicarea i respectarea ei s fie greoaie. Ritmul mediu anual, de aproximativ 2000 de acte normative adoptate n ultimii ani, numai la nivelul Parlamentului i Guvernului, fr a lua n considerare i actele ministerelor sau altor organe ale administraiei publice care sunt publicate n Partea I a Monitorului Oficial al Romniei, ilustreaz poate cel mai bine aceast situaie. Este subliniat faptul c uneori adoptarea unui act normativ este impus de noile realiti social-politice i economice, ns spiritul de pruden n adoptarea unor astfel de intervenii legislative ar impune ca acestea s fie mai puin numeroase, astfel nct norma de drept s fie ct mai constant i pe cale de consecin mai bine cunoscut de ceteni, fiind i mai uor de aplicat n practic. n acest sens subliniem faptul c mai mult de o treime din actele normative adoptate au fost deja abrogate, iar marea majoritate a suferit una sau mai multe intervenii substaniale de modificare ori completare.
A se vedea C.C. Manda, Controlul administrativ n spaiul juridic european, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2005, p. 9 i 105.
13

Din pcate, de multe ori modificrile sau chiar abrogrile intervin la foarte scurt timp dup adoptarea actelor normative iniiale, chiar n cursul aceluiai an i, uneori, n cursul aceleiai luni. Situaia prezentat este de natur s erodeze autoritatea legii, ncrederea ceteanului n norma de drept i s creeze o imagine extern nefavorabil, care poate descuraja sau chiar ndeprta investitorii strini. Aceast dinamic poate demonstra i o insuficient elaborare a soluiilor, o evaluare limitat a implicaiilor acestora, precum i o anumit uurin n propunerea reglementrii, o slab conlucrare i corelare ntre departamente, mai ales cnd toate acestea se conjug i cu unele aspecte de incoeren legislativ, manifestate prin soluii contradictorii cu privire la acelai tip de probleme, prin schimbarea frecvent i uneori precipitat a soluiilor, prin reveniri la soluii iniiale abandonate, prin repunerea n aplicare a unor acte normative etc. Acest ritm i aceast dezordine normativ creeaz numeroase prejudicii pentru ansamblul actorilor societii: dezorienteaz cetenii care i pierd reperele i nu au timp de a le afla pe cele noi, penalizeaz operatorii economici i prejudiciaz atractivitatea firmelor naionale, ele descumpnesc autoritile publice nsrcinate cu aplicarea i pe judectorii confruntai fr ncetare cu noi norme. Curtea European a Drepturilor Omului a statuat n jurisprudena sa c norma legal trebuie s fie suficient de accesibil i de previzibil, astfel nct s permit ceteanului s dispun de informaii suficiente asupra normelor juridice aplicabile ntr-un caz dat i s fie capabil s prevad ntr-o msura rezonabil consecinele care pot aprea. Ca mijloc de acces la legislaie, pe lng publicarea actelor normative n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, o informare asupra acestora i a coninutului lor se poate face i prin alte mijloace publice sau private de informare (mass-media, Internetul), ns n mare msur acestea sunt greu accesibile ceteanului de rnd, datorit mai multor factori. Printre posibilitile pe care o astfel de persoan le are la ndemn pentru a avea acces n timp util la legislaie menionm: abonamentul pe suport electronic sau de hrtie la Monitorul
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Oficial al Romniei; cumprarea unui soft legislativ; consultarea coleciilor Monitorului Oficial la o instituie care poate pune la dispoziia cetenilor apariiile acestui editorial (n special biblioteci); accesnd internetul, prin consultarea site-urilor care pun la dispoziie cu plat, a se vedea Indaco, sau gratuit, a se vedea www.cdep.ro sau www.clr.ro, portale de legislaie. n practic, acest mijloc este folosit numai de cei care au cunotine de navigare pe internet pentru a putea afla cum poi avea acces, gratuit sau cu plat, la o baza de date legislative. n plus, fiecare baz de date are anumite carene (de exemplu cele care permit consultarea gratuit nu ofer i versiunea full text a tuturor actelor normative), iar accesul la internet nu este disponibil n toate zonele rii. Procesul cunoaterii i accesului la legislaie este ngreunat i de faptul c dup momentul aderrii Romniei la Uniunea European, respectiv dup 1 ianuarie 2007, dispoziiile regulamentelor comunitare au aplicabilitate direct n ordinea juridic intern i prevaleaz asupra acesteia. Astfel, regulamentele adoptate de instituiile comunitare sunt obligatorii n toate elementele lor, fr s fie necesare msuri prealabile de preluare sau publicare, n dreptul naional, producnd efecte directe i prioritare n ordinea juridic a fiecrui stat membru din momentul intrrii n vigoare, asemenea unei legi interne, ele putnd fi consultate n timp util doar prin intermediul internetului. Perceperea integral a prevederilor legale i regsirea facil a informaiei juridice de ctre toi elaboratorii i utilizatorii dreptului, n contextul apariiei de noi reglementri, dar i n cazul interveniilor legislative la care acestea sunt supuse n decursul timpului ca urmare a schimbrilor cu caracter politic, social, economic sau cultural ce apar n domeniul reglementat, nu ar fi posibil fr ajutorul unei sistem de eviden a legislaiei, a unei baze de date legislative complete i precise, Consiliul Legislativ fiind organul care trebuie s aib o privire de ansamblu i de amnunt asupra tuturor actelor normative ce reglementeaz sau au reglementat viaa politic i social a rii. n acest sens, potrivit dispoziiilor art.79 din Constituia Romniei, republicat, Consiliului
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Legislativ, ca organ consultativ de specialitate al Parlamentului, i revine i obligaia inerii evidenei oficiale a legislaiei Romniei i furnizrii informaiei necesare desfurrii procesului legislativ, elabornd n acest sens Repertoriul legislaiei Romniei evidena oficial, ajuns n prezent la ediia a XV-a, care cuprinde i o variant online pus la dispoziia publicului larg pe site-ul www.clr.ro. Aceste atribuii au ca fundament principiul existenei n Romnia a unei singure evidene oficiale a legislaiei, care s permit cunoaterea exact a situaiei juridice a fiecrui act normativ, la un moment istoric dat, asigurnduse astfel posibilitatea furnizrii informaiilor la zi privind starea juridic a respectivului act. n aceste adevrate cri de identitate ale actelor normative se menioneaz, pe lng interveniile exprese suferite de actul normativ de-a lungul existenei sale (modificri, completri, abrogri, suspendri, prorogri de termene etc.), i alte date importante, respectiv trimiterile i contingenele cu alte reglementri, derogrile, normele n alb, normele de republicare, ceea ce reprezint un ajutor calificat i substanial n vederea accesului la legislaie de ctre cei interesai. Textele normative sunt ns modificate fr ncetare, multiplicnd insecuritatea juridic a ceteanului. Modificrile devin din ce n ce mai speciale, rmn adesea pariale, neabrogndu-se ntotdeauna n mod expres dispoziiile perimate. La aceast abunden de norme se adaug, pe de alt parte, complexitatea sa. Simplicitatea, claritatea i calitatea tehnic nu mai sunt caracteristicile principale ale dreptului contemporan. Viaa cetenilor este din ce n ce mai normat, regulile generale sunt adesea lsate deoparte n favoarea celor detaliate14. ntruct modificrile, completrile i abrogrile la care sunt supuse actele normative fac dificil perceperea integral a prevederilor acestora, pentru o regsire facil a informaiei juridice n asemenea cazuri, s-a recurs la operaiunea juridic a republicrii. Pentru a avea valoare legal, oficial, republicarea actului trebuie s aib loc tot n Monitorul Oficial, orice
A se vedea S. Popescu, C. Ciora, V. ndreanu, Aspecte practice de tehnic i eviden legislativ, Editura Monitorul Oficial, Bucureti 2008, p. 21 i urm.
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alt tiprire a actului normativ, chiar dac cuprinde toate interveniile pe care acesta le-a suferit pe parcursul existenei sale, nu are o semnificaie oficial i nu poate fi invocat n faa unei autoriti publice. Pe de alt parte, textul actelor normative devine att de criptic i alambicat, nct fr intervenia unui specialist (uneori chiar pe un anumit domeniu) accesul la legislaie nu ajut prea mult, sau este nevoie de foarte mult timp pentru obinerea informaiei utile i corecte. Simplificarea legislaiei ar trebui s dea satisfacie principiului de claritate al legii i al obiectivului cu valoare constituional al cunoaterii legii. ntr-adevr, egalitatea n faa legii enunat de Constituie la art.16 alin (1), ca drept fundamental al omului, ar putea s nu fie protejat efectiv dac cetenii nu dispun de o cunoatere suficient a normelor ce-i sunt aplicabile i nici de mijloacele adecvate pentru a se asigura nsuirea i respectarea acestor

norme. Desigur, forma regulii de drept poate mpiedica ceteanul s aib o nelegere real asupra textului. Totodat, norma juridic nu poate fi accesibil cu uurin din cauza inflaiei textelor i a modificrilor succesive fcute de legiuitor. Claritatea actului normativ impune coerena textelor unele cu altele. n acest scop, prezentarea legislaiei ntr-un ansamblu organizat, construit dup un plan de ansamblu sistematic, este indispensabil. ndatorirea fundamental de a respecta Constituia i celelalte legi este o obligaie care revine att tuturor cetenilor unui stat ct i autoritilor publice, dar care n lipsa asigurrii accesului la normele de drept, ca drept fundamental al omului privind accesul la informaie, poate aduce atingere principiului conform cruia nimeni nu este mai presus de lege, principiu consacrat n cadrul art. 16 alin. (2) din Constituia Romniei, republicat.

EGALITATEA DE ANSE NTRE FEMEI I BRBAI N 2010

Elena Marinic ABSTRACT
Based on the observations of the General Report on equality between women and men in the European Union in 2010, issued within the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender equality and the provisions of the Strategy for Equal Opportunities for the period 2010-2015 issued by the European Commission last year, the studys author emphasizes that equal opportunities policies must be maintained and budgets to be designated for compliance and implementation of this principle must be at least equal to the year 2010 or even higher. It is also mentioned that the new strategy on gender equality is based on three main principles: attracting, developing and maintaining a balanced workforce, promoting a more flexible work environment, ensuring the adoption of the strategy at the highest level. Keywords: Opportunity, equality, gender, participation, responsibility, non discrimination, the global financial crisis, gender-based violence, persecutions, protection, advanced legal framework, labor market, unemployment, education, social life, social cohesion, common policies, promoting women.

Dac se pornete de la definiiile date n literatura de specialitate, prin egalitate de anse ntre femei i brbai se nelege un nivel egal de vizibilitate, autonomie, responsabilitate i participare a celor dou sexe la i n toate sferele vieii publice i private. Conceptul de egalitate ntre sexe, n afara oricror referiri la diferenele biologice legate de sex, se opune pur i simplu conceptului inegalitii dintre sexe, respectiv diferenelor dintre statutul i condiiile de via ale femeilor i brbailor (principiul drepturilor egale i a tratamentului egal pentru femei i 24

brbai).1 n doctrin se consider c egalitatea de anse ndeplinete o funcie de drept-garanie iar n dreptul comparat, principiul egalitii n varianta sa modern este mai degrab interpretat ca o interdicie general a arbitrariului, impus n egal msur att legiuitorului ct i administraiei.2
A se vedea, Irina Moroianu Zltescu, Mihaela MuraruMndrea, Egalitate. Nediscriminare. Bun administrare, IRDO, Bucureti, 2008, p.99. 2 A se vedea, Ioan Alexandru, Administraia public,
1

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Principiu fundamental al Uniunii Europene egalitatea de anse ntre femei i brbai - este recunoscut i regsit att n dispoziiile Tratatului privind Uniunea European ct i n Carta drepturilor fundamentale a Uniunii Europene, respectarea i punerea n aplicare a acestuia fiind necesare pentru ndeplinirea obiectivelor Uniunii Europene de integrare a principiului egalitii de anse n toate politicile comunitare i a msurilor specifice privind promovarea femeilor i nu n ultimul rnd a ocuprii forei de munc i a coeziunii sociale la nivelul U.E. Anul 2010 a fost pus n continuare sub semnul efectelor crizei financiare, economice i sociale avnd repercusiuni n mod evident i asupra condiiilor de via ale cetenilor, n general. Astfel, la nivelul Uniunii Europene a fost ntocmit n cadrul Comisiei pentru drepturile femeii i egalitii de gen un Raport General referitor la egalitatea ntre femei i brbai n Uniunea European n 2010 - (2010/2138 (INI)) n care se precizeaz pe lng realizrile U.E. pe anul care tocmai a trecut i provocrile cu care Uniunea European se va confrunta din perspectiva egalitii de gen la ieirea din aceast criz. n 2010 criza financiar global a afectat n mai puin msur femeile dect brbaii n ceea ce privete ocuparea locurilor de munc i a omajului, din cauza prezenei lor mai importante n sectoare afectate ntr-o mai mic msur de criz (ex. sntate, educaie, ajutor social etc). ns i aceste sectoare risc s fie afectate pe termen mai lung, ceea ce ar duce la instalarea unei stri de precaritate pe termen lung a femeilor n raport cu brbaii. Cu toate acestea, femeile au fost grav afectate i pe viitor situaia risc s se agraveze. Este nevoie ca statele membre ale Uniunii Europene i Comisia European s se asigure c politicile din domeniul egalitii ntre femei i brbai sunt meninute i c bugetele alocate respectrii i punerii n aplicare a acestui principiu s fie cel puin egale anului 2010 dac nu chiar mai mari. Astfel, diferenele dintre salariile femeilor i brbailor se situeaz n continuare n jurul
ediia a-IV-a, Ed. Lumina Lex, Bucureti, p.472.

procentului de 18% n Uniunea European, n unele ri depind 25% i chiar 30% n altele, n pofida eforturilor i progreselor nregistrate. O alt constatare fcut n acest raport confirm faptul c femeile aparinnd minoritilor, i n special femeile de etnie rom, sunt n mod regulat victimele discriminrii multiple i intersectoriale i sunt dezavantajate nu doar n comparaie cu majoritatea femeilor, ci i n comparaie cu brbaii care aparin minoritilor etnice, iar riscul excluziunii sociale este deosebit de ridicat. De asemenea, violena mpotriva femeilor reprezint n continuare o problem de actualitate, aceasta fiind o nclcare a drepturilor fundamentale, fr limite geografice, economice, culturale sau sociale i reprezint un obstacol fundamental n calea egalitii (ntre 20-25% dintre femeile din Europa sunt supuse violenelor fizice de-a lungul vieii). Au fost luate o serie de msuri la nivel comunitar i naional pentru combaterea violenei la adresa femeilor, ns se subliniaz c acest fenomen rmne o problem major nesoluionat iar statele membre trebuie s ia msuri pentru a garanta accesul la servicii de sprijin menite s previn violena din motive de gen i s protejeze femeile mpotriva acestei violene, indiferent de statutul lor juridic, ras, vrst, orientare sexual, origine etnic sau religie. Astfel, n decursul anului 2010 a fost adoptat o Directiv privind ordinul european de protecie3 n vederea protejrii persoanelor ameninate de nclcri serioase ale integritii lor de ctre alte persoane, chiar i atunci cnd se deplaseaz n Europa. Aceasta reprezint un instrument important n cadrul eforturilor de a proteja femeile care se confrunt cu violen i persecuii. Parlamentul European a atras deja atenia asupra necesitii colectrii datelor pentru luarea unor decizii cu privire la msurile care ar trebui luate prioritar n cadrul politicii penale pentru a elimina violena bazat pe gen. Astfel, a luat fiin Institutul European pentru Egalitatea de Gen, creat de la sfritul anului 2009 i complet operaional din iunie 2010, institut care are un
Ordinul european de protecie 2010/C69/02 publicat n Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene nr.C69 din 18 martie 2010.
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rol important n acest sens. Una din principalele sarcini ale Institutului european pentru egalitatea de anse ntre femei i brbai este colectarea i analizarea datelor ntruct evaluarea i compararea situaiilor reale n diferitele state membre U.E. prin centralizarea informaiilor disponibile va avea un impact pozitiv. Se dorete furnizarea de date comparabile, crearea unor instrumente metodologice pentru integrarea principiului egalitii ntre femei i brbai, ncurajarea schimburilor de experien precum i promovarea problemelor legate de gen printre cetenii europeni. Se va dezvolta un index pentru egalitatea de gen, care are ca scop evaluarea progresului n acest domeniu n statele membre ncurajnd cetenii s propun candidai pentru calendarul anual al Femeilor ce inspir Europa i va folosi reelele de site-uri de socializare pentru promovarea modelelor pozitive de femei ce au succes. Spania a creat un sistem de colectare a informaiilor din diferitele sisteme juridice, legate de anchetele judiciare i aciunile n instan. De asemenea, se dorete ca, n urmtorii patru ani, Comisia s instituie, un An european pentru combaterea violenei mpotriva femeilor. Ar trebui adugat c, i la nivelul O.N.U. de la 1 ianuarie 2011 s-a constituit UN Women , instituie care se va ocupa exclusiv de protejarea drepturilor femeilor din ntreaga lume. Astfel, naltul forum internaional a jucat i continu s joace un rol decisiv n naintarea spre realizarea egalitii de jure, prin crearea i perfecionarea cadrului juridic internaional i a egalitii de facto printr-o continu sensibilizare a opiniei publice i a autoritilor statale la actele discriminatorii fa de femei.4 Aceasta instituie a fost creat pentru c ONU nu a reuit s i respecte promisiunile datorit faptului c a fragmentat responsabilitile pentru eliminarea discriminrii femeilor n lume, ntre instituiile sale. n ceea ce privete rata de ocupare a forei de munc n mediul rural, aceasta este mai mic
A se vedea, Irina Moroianu-Zltescu, Protecia juridic a drepturilor omului, IRDO, Bucureti, 1996, p.115.
4

att pentru brbai, ct i pentru femei, din acest motiv, persoanele care locuiesc la ar sunt dezavantajate de lipsa unor locuri de munc de calitate. n plus, o cifr exact a ratei omajului nu se poate da i datorit faptului c multe femei nu fac parte oficial din fora de munc i, prin urmare, nu sunt nregistrate ca omeri, situaie care d natere unor alte situaii de inegalitate pentru acestea n raport cu brbaii, lipsa ncadrrii legale pe un loc de munc dnd natere pe lng lipsa ajutorului de omaj i a privrii de alte drepturi precum dreptul de maternitate, concediul de boal i acumularea de drepturi de pensie. Au fost fcute o serie de studii prin care se arat c, dac rata de ocupare a forei de munc, a locurilor de munc cu fraciune de norm i a productivitii n rndul femeilor ar fi similar cu cea a brbailor, PIB-ul ar crete cu 30%. i n anul 2010 segregarea pieelor muncii n funcie de gen continu s existe fiind necesar combaterea fenomenului angajrii femeilor n profesii mai slab pltite, n vederea respectrii principiului remuneraiei egale pentru munc egal, ntruct conform studiilor, o femeie cetean al U.E. trebuie s munceasc, n medie, 418 zile calendaristice pentru a ctiga ct un brbat ntr-un an calendaristic. n Raport se insist asupra lurii de msuri urgente n vederea combaterii discriminrii salariale prin modificarea directivei n vigoare, prin ntocmirea de planuri pe etape i reducerea diferenelor salariale cu 0,5% pn n 2020, cu scopul de a elimina discriminarea direct i indirect sau prin ncurajarea negocierilor colective, prin formarea de consilieri n materie de egalitate, prin abordarea problemei inegalitilor dintre femei i brbai n ceea ce privete munca neremunerat i prin elaborarea de planuri privind egalitatea de gen n cadrul ntreprinderilor i la alte locuri de munc. De asemenea, s-a constatat c, n ceea ce privete reprezentarea femeilor n politic sau n funcii de conducere, dei au fost nregistrate progrese, este necesar intensificarea eforturilor n vederea creterii unei astfel de reprezentri.
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Conform unor statistici doar 3% din marile ntreprinderi sunt conduse de ctre femei i se ofer ca exemplu Norvegia, ar care a aplicat cu succes din 2003 o politic de cote pentru a garanta paritatea n consiliile de administraie ale ntreprinderilor, exemplul acesteia fiind urmat n prezent i de Spania i Frana. Astfel, pentru a combate nedreptile din motive de gen la locul de munc n statele membre, trebuie create la nivel legislativ planuri i strategii viznd egalitatea la nivel de profesie i de sector economic, pentru a stabili obiective obligatorii care s garanteze paritatea ntre brbai i femei n posturile de conducere din ntreprinderi, administraia public i organismele politice. Alturat acestui Raport la finele anului trecut, Comisia European a lansat o nou Strategie privind egalitatea de anse pentru perioada 2010-2015, strategie care se bazeaz pe trei principii majore i anume: atragerea, dezvoltarea i pstrarea unei fore de munc echilibrate, promovarea unui mediu de lucru mai flexibil, asigurarea asumrii strategiei la cel mai nalt nivel. Strategia stabilete obiective multianuale pn n 2014, cnd se dorete ca 25% din funciile de conducere de nivel superior ar trebui ocupate de femei (fa de 21% n momentul de fa), 30% din personalul de conducere de nivel mediu ar trebui s fie femei (fa de 23% n prezent), 50% din posturile personalului de conducere de nivel mediu care se pensioneaz urmnd a fi ocupate de femei. De asemenea, pn n 2014, 43% din posturile de administrator, fr funcii de conducere, ar trebui ocupate de femei. Conform Strategiei se vor utiliza n mai mare msur metodele de munc flexibile precum programul de munc flexibil, munca la distan i cu fraciune de norm. Egalitatea de anse i de gen reprezint o condiie preliminar pentru atingerea obiectivelor prevzute n Strategia U.E. 2020 i asigurarea aplicrii sale reale n diferitele componente ale strategiei.
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n Romnia la nivelul egalitii de anse ntre femei i brbai a fost adoptat Hotrrea Guvernului nr.237/2010 privind aprobarea Strategiei naionale n domeniul egalitii de anse ntre femei i brbai pentru perioada 2010-2012 i a Planului general de aciuni pentru implementarea Strategiei naionale n domeniul egalitii de anse ntre femei i brbai pentru perioada 2010-2012. Ca i documentul strategic anterior, Strategia Naional n domeniul egalitii de anse ntre femei i brbai pentru perioada 2010-2012 i propune s rspund prin msuri i activiti concrete situaiilor problematice care au fost identificate de-a lungul timpului pe anumite arii de intervenie specifice precum educaia, piaa muncii, viaa social, roluri i stereotipuri de gen, participarea la procesul de luare a deciziilor. Din datele statistice existente la nivel naional rezult c, n continuare exist dispariti ntre femei i brbai, n defavoarea femeilor la nivelul pieei muncii, a vieii sociale, politice i culturale. Astfel, la nivelul pieei muncii nc persist segregarea profesional pe sexe, n sensul c n anumite domenii de activitate economic sunt implicate preponderent femeile (domenii cum ar fi sntatea, educaia, administraia public etc.), n timp ce alte domenii sunt dominate de brbai (cum ar fi industria grea, armata etc.). Aceast segregare profesional determin diferenieri de remunerare ntre femei i brbai, avnd n vedere c domeniile puternic feminizate sunt mai prost pltite dect cele preponderent masculine. Tot la nivelul pieei muncii se poate observa o diferen ntre rata de ocupare a femeilor cu cea a brbailor. Aceast diferen se perpetueaz n timp, astfel, dac n anul 2004 rata de ocupare a femeilor cu vrsta cuprins ntre 15-64 de ani era de 52,1% mult mai mic dect cea a brbailor cu aceleai vrste 63,6%, pentru anul 2007 se nregistreaz tot o diferen considerabil ntre sexe - rata de ocupare a 27

femeilor (15-64 de ani) este de 51,7% fa de cea a brbailor 64,1%. n ceea ce privete rata omajului, se poate observa meninerea tendinelor existente pe piaa muncii. Astfel, dac n anul 2004 rata omajului la femei era mai mic dect cea a brbailor (6,9 la femei, fa de 7,7%), n trimestrul IV al anului 2007 se nregistra o diferen semnificativ ntre rata de ocupare a femeilor i cea a brbailor (4,9% cea a femeilor comparativ cu 7,2% cea a brbailor) . n domeniul participrii la nivelul decizional a femeilor, se observ o disproporie clar ntre reprezentarea femeilor n structurile parlamentare i guvernamentale i cea a brbailor de la aceleai niveluri. Tot legat de acest domeniu, n luna octombrie 2010, executivul a aprobat un proiect de Lege pentru modificarea i completarea Legii nr.279/2005 privind ucenicia la locul de munc prin care se dorete s se ofere tinerilor posibilitatea de a obine formarea profesional de calitate care i va pregti pentru ocuparea avantajoas a locurilor de munc, s se promoveze oportuniti de ocupare a persoanelor aflate n cutarea unui loc de munc, n condiiile n care acestea beneficiaz de formare adecvat i ctiguri rezonabile, s contribuie la creterea ocuprii forei de munc. n aceast situaie, angajatorului i revin o serie de noi obligaii conform crora acesta trebuie s stabileasc o persoan care s coordoneze ucenicia la locul de munc, numit coordonator de ucenicie, s organizeze evaluarea pregtirii teoretice i practice a ucenicului, s suporte costurile evalurii i certificrii formrii profesionale prin ucenicie. Prin aceast lege se consider c se asigur 28

intrarea ucenicilor pe piaa muncii. Este considerat o lege flexibil n concordan cu prevederile Legii educaiei naionale, astfel nct n momentul n care sunt absolvite cele 9 clase obligatorii s se poat opta pentru o direcie educaional, una profesional sau ncadrarea n munc prin utilizarea prevederilor legii uceniciei. Un alt obiectiv vizat de aceast lege este i creterea gradului de ocupare i scderea numrului omerilor n rndul tinerilor. Egalitatea ntre femei i brbai reprezint un drept fundamental, o valoare comun a Uniunii Europene i o condiie necesar pentru ndeplinirea obiectivelor de cretere, ocupare a forei de munc i coeziune social la nivelul UE. Dei exist nc o serie de inegaliti, n ultimele decenii, U.E. i implicit Romnia au fcut progrese semnificative pentru ca femeile i brbaii s beneficieze de anse egale, prin adoptarea unui cadru legislativ referitor la tratamentul egal i la msurile destinate integrrii principiului egalitii de anse n toate politicile comunitare precum i a msurilor specifice privind promovarea femeilor. Egalitatea ntre femei i brbai presupune o contientizare ct mai complet i corect a drepturilor i ndatoririlor... Numai n acest mod vom ajunge la gradul de civism al societii secolului pe care l ntmpinm; numai aa ne vom afirma pe scena Europei i a ntregii lumi ca o naiune care tie s-i onoreze excepionala inteligen, bogia sufleteasc, creativitatea i, de ce nu, puterea de munc.5

A se vedea, Irina Moroianu Zltescu, anse egale. anse Reale. Studii i cercetri privind drepturile femeii, IRDO, Bucureti, 1996, p.6.
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YOUTH RIGHTS BETWEEN ASPIRATIONS AND REALITIES

Ioan Voicu* Florina Dorina Voicu** ABSTRACT
Autorii se ocup de drepturile i aspiraiile tinerei generaii dintr-o perspectiv universalist. Provocrile actuale care confrunt tinerii nu sunt limitate la omaj, abuz de droguri, delincven, SIDA, acces limitat la educaie i resurse, absena oportunitilor de a contribui la procesul de dezvoltare. La toate acestea se adaug alte numeroase realiti dramatice. Gsirea de soluii adecvate la multitudinea de probleme specifice ale tinerei generaii este un obiectiv deosebit de relevant n contextul Anului Internaional al tineretului, inaugurat la 12 august 2010, cu tema Dialog i nelegere reciproc. Cuvinte cheie: Tineret, generaie tnr, drepturi, aspiraii, strategie, soluii, oportuniti, mecanisme, programe de nvmnt, educaie, dezvoltare durabil.

I. A dramatic situation Dealing with youth rights from a universalist perspective is a challenging operation1. Young people are already active agents of globalization. Some of them are beneficiaries of this complex process, but some are victims of major social changes and are frequently confronted by a lot of difficulties. They also face an unusual paradox: on the one hand they seek to be integrated into an existing order, but on the other hand they are called upon to serve as a force to transform that order. In the resolution adopted on 10 December 2008, on the sixtieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN General Assembly deplored the fact that human rights and fundamental freedoms are not yet fully and universally respected in all parts of the world. In no country or territory can it be claimed that all human rights have been fully realized at all times for all. Human beings continue to suffer from the neglect and violation of their human rights and fundamental freedoms2. This is particularly true for youth rights.
1

Dr., Visiting Professor, Assumption University, Bangkok. Professor, School No. 190 Marcela Penes, Bucharest. The most comprehensive book on the topic of this presentation is William Angel (Editor), The International Law of Youth Rights: Source Documents and Commentary, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995, 1164 p. This book traces the origin, growth and basic features of the international law of youth rights. It concludes with a call for a new international instrument and monitoring machinery to better promote and protect the rights of youth on a global basis. 2 See Resolution 63/116 adopted on 10 December 2008 by the General Assembly on the Sixtieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The full text of the resolution is available at: http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/r53.htm .
* **

If we agree that youth are the change maker of any society and the world, we have to realistically and critically face the dramatic state of human rights as applied to young people worldwide. Todays youth is defined by the UN as the group of people aged from 15 to 24 years. They represent 18 per cent of the global population or 1.2 billion people with 700 million in the AsiaPacific region. In 2008, there were an estimated 152 million young women and men who worked, but were unable to earn enough to lift themselves and their families out of extreme poverty. This number corresponds to 28 per cent of total youth employment globally and shows that working poverty rates among youth exceed those of adults, at least in 27 out of the 30 lowincome countries for which data is available. At the end of 2009 81 million young people were unemployed. This is the largest number ever recorded. Youth unemployment is expected to continue increasing through the end of 2010. Young people in Southeast Asia are 4.6 times more likely to be unemployed than adults, specified the ILO Asia-Pacific office in Bangkok. This is the worst ratio in the world. Therefore, ILO described unemployed youth as a lost generation3. The challenges young people face are not limited to unemployment. Drug abuse, delinquency, HIV/AIDS, poor access to education and resources, lack of leadership and participation, no opportunities to contribute to the process of development are just a few dramatic realities confronting the younger
3

Source: http://www.bt.com.bn/opinion/2010/08/14/ jobless-youth-still-waiting-better-times

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generation. Finding solutions to all of them is a particularly relevant objective in the context of the International Year of Youth, which commenced on 12 August 2010 with the theme Dialogue and Mutual Understanding. It should be recalled that International Youth Day was celebrated for the first time on 12 August 2000. This event, which in 2010 saw the inauguration of the International Year of Youth is expected to make governments more responsive to the aspirations of youth for a better world4. II. Codifying the right to education From the vast corpus of youth human rights we select for this presentation as a fundamental aspect the implementation of the right to education. Why? The reasons are numerous. Indeed, according to the great philosopher Georg Hegel Education is the art of making man ethical. Education should lead and orient youth to prepare adequate answers and also to act as promoters of a social transformation firmly centered on human development5. Education is an indisputable strategic priority during the irreversible process of globalization. Access to knowledge and the ability to use it effectively are critical determinants of economic growth, sustainable development and social and political participation. ''Education is at the heart of human progress.'' Why? It enriches cultures, creates mutual understanding globally, underpins democratic societies and builds respect for the rule of law. Knowledge-based economies require innovative education systems and reliable, transparent and non-discriminatory legal, regulatory, and policy frameworks to foster pro-competitive and predictable policies. Universities are considered to be the last bastion of generally accepted civilizing values.
All relevant documents about the International Year of Youth quoted in this presentation are available at http://www.un.org/en/events/youthday/. It should be noted that informal informal consultations for the preparation of the United Nations Conference on Youth were scheduled on Friday, 11 February 2011, at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. See Journal of the United Nations dated February 10, 2011. 5 For a general presentation of this topic see David Matheson (editor), An Introduction to the Study of Education, second edition, David Fulton Publishers, London, 2005, 302 p. Chapter I of the book starts with a quotation from B. F. Skinner : Education is what survives , when what has been learnt has been forgotten.
4

They can bring hope to a hopeless world. Education is expected to develop within a culture of peace and learning that is holistic, founded on values that are both national and universal. It is in this context that we will evoke a significant international legal instrument, meant to be universal, adopted 50 years ago. We have in mind the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education of 1960. This Convention recalls that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserts the principle of non-discrimination and proclaims that every person has the right to education, and considers that discrimination in education is a violation of rights enunciated in that Declaration. In this spirit, Article 1 stipulates inter alia that the term `discrimination' includes any distinction, exclusion, limitation or preference which, being based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, economic condition or birth, has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing equality of treatment in education. For the purposes of this Convention, the term `education' refers to all types and levels of education, and includes access to education, the standard and quality of education, and the conditions under which it is given. In conformity with Article 4, the States Parties to this Convention undertake to formulate, develop and apply a national policy which, by methods appropriate to the circumstances and to national usage, will tend to promote equality of opportunity and of treatment in the matter of education and in particular: (a) To make primary education free and compulsory; make secondary education in its different forms generally available and accessible to all; make higher education equally accessible to all on the basis of individual capacity; assure compliance by all with the obligation to attend school prescribed by law; (b) To ensure that the standards of education are equivalent in all public educational institutions of the same level, and that the conditions relating to the quality of the education provided are also equivalent. Moreover, in accordance with Article 5, the States Parties to this Convention agree that:

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(a) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; it shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace6. The Convention entered into force on May 22, 1962. It has 98 parties. The most recent parties in 2010 are Afghanistan and Seychelles. 94 countries are still on the waiting list to become parties to this Convention, which is universal only by its generous aims, not in reality7. III. Advancing the right to education On the initiative of Romania, the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 34/170 of 17 December 1979 titled The Right to Education. Similar resolutions were adopted in the following years. The last one adopted by consensus was General Assembly resolution 37/178 of 17 December 1982. It was introduced by Romania on behalf of 56 nations. The document recalls the importance of the Convention against Discrimination in Education, adopted on 14 December 1960 by the General Conference of UNESCO and reaffirms the paramount importance of the implementation of the right to education for the
6

For the full text of the Convention and the updated list of parties to it see http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=12949&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTIO N=201.html.

Universality means the fact or quality of being universal. It should be also recalled that universal as an adjective means including, affecting, done, made, etc,, by all people or things, or all individuals in a particular (specified or implied) group or class. It also means applicable in all cases, intended to be used or understood everywhere. See The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993, volume 2, pp.3492-3493. In a more specific sense, universality means that certain moral and ethical values are considered to be common or shared in all regions of the world; governments and communities should recognize and uphold them. The universality of human rights does not mean, however, that the rights cannot change or that they are experienced in the same manner by all people. See in this respect the definition suggested at http://www.hrusa.org/thisismyhome/project/glossary.shtml

full development of the human personality and for the enjoyment of other fundamental human rights and freedoms. It recognizes in its preambular part that for the effective implementation of the right to education the eradication of illiteracy has a particular priority and urgency. It expresses the conviction that the educational process could bring a substantial contribution to social progress, national development, mutual understanding and cooperation among peoples and to strengthening peace and international security. In the operative part of this resolution, the General Assembly commends UNESCO for including on a permanent basis, in its mediumterm plan, the issue of the implementation of the right to education and again invites all States to consider the adoption of appropriate legislative, administrative and other measures, including material guarantees, in order to ensure full implementation of the right to universal education through, inter alia, free and compulsory primary education, universal and gradually free-of-charge secondary education, equal access to all educational facilities and the access of the young generation to science and culture. All States, in particular the developed countries, are invited to actively support, through fellowships and other means, including the general increasing of resources for education and training, the efforts of developing countries in the education and training of national personnel needed in industry, agriculture and other economic and social sectors. UNESCO was invited to continue its intensive efforts for the promotion at the universal level of the right to education and to inform the General Assembly, in appropriate forms, of the progress achieved in this field. This request is being implemented by UNESCO on a regular basis8. IV. Searching for specific solutions In a world of global vulnerabilities, abrupt discontinuities and unavoidable perplexities, authentic solutions can be found only in an educational climate largely open to a genuinely democratic dialogue inspired and guided by universal values.
8

For the full full text of the resolution see: http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/.

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Youth did not remain passive while being confronted with the tasks derived from the implementation of UN resolutions on human rights. We will evoke in this respect a remarkable non-governmental initiative. In 1993, the Italian Society of Adolescentology submitted for its formal approval by the UN General Assembly the UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF YOUTH RIGHTS AND DUTIES which stated inter alia the following points: The right to an education and the duty to apply oneself in one's studies in order to be able to develop one's creative resources for individual and social well being; The right to work and the duty to commit oneself with honor and justice so to build the necessary resources to create and maintain the work; The right to use every mean of communication in order to promote and defend freedom, truth, justice, peace, life and solidarity, within individual and social well being. This declaration is not yet a universally recognized document9. At governmental level the most recent and relevant example is offered by the 53 members of the African Union who adopted on July 2, 2006 the AFRICAN YOUTH CHARTER. In the preamble of this programmatic regional instrument it is emphasized that that youth are partners, assets and a prerequisite for sustainable development and for the peace and prosperity of Africa with a unique contribution to make to present and to future development. Very interesting provisions are contained in Article 10 about the right to development which is still under active consideration at the United Nations. According to Article 10 every young person shall have the right to social, economic, political and cultural development with due regard to their freedom and identity and in equal enjoyment of the common heritage of mankind. States Parties shall encourage youth organizations to lead youth programs and to ensure the exercise of the right to development. Challenging provisions are offered by Article 13 which deals specifically with education and skills development. It stipulates that 1. Every
9

For the full text of the Declaration see: http://www.unambro.it/html/doc/UNIVERSAL_DECL ARATION.doc .

young person shall have the right to education of good quality. 2. The value of multiple forms of education, including formal, non-formal, informal, distance learning and life-long learning, to meet the diverse needs of young people shall be embraced. 3. The education of young people shall be directed to: a) The promotion and holistic development of the young persons cognitive and creative and emotional abilities to their full potential; b) Fostering respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as set out in the provisions of the various African human and peoples rights and international human rights declarations and conventions; c) Preparing young people for responsible lives in free societies that promote peace, understanding, tolerance, dialogue, mutual respect and friendship among all nations and across all groupings of people; d) The preservation and strengthening of positive African morals, traditional values and cultures and the development of national and African identity and pride; e) The development of respect for the environment and natural resources; f) The development of life skills to function effectively in society and include issues such as HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, substance abuse prevention and cultural practices that are harmful to the health of young girls and women as part of the education curricula. In accordance with the same article, States Parties shall take all appropriate measures with a view to achieving full realization of this right and shall, in particular: a) Provide free and compulsory basic education and take steps to minimize the indirect costs of education; b) Make all forms of secondary education more readily available and accessible by all possible means including progressively free; c) Take steps to encourage regular school attendance and reduce drop-out rates; d) Strengthen participation in and the quality of training in science and technology; e) Revitalize vocational education and training relevant to current and prospective employment opportunities and expand access by developing centers in rural and remote areas; f) Make higher education equally accessible to all including establishing distance learning centers of excellence; g) Avail multiple access points for education and skills development including opportunities outside of mainstream educational institutions e.g.,
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workplace skills development, distance learning, adult literacy and national youth service programs; h) Ensure, where applicable, that girls and young women who become pregnant or married before completing their education shall have the opportunity to continue their education; i) Allocate resources to upgrade the quality of education delivered and ensure that it is relevant to the needs of contemporary society and engenders critical thinking rather than rote learning; j) Adopt pedagogy that incorporates the benefits of and trains young people in the use of modern information and communication technology such that youth are better prepared for the world of work; k) Encourage youth participation in community work as part of education to build a sense of civic duty; l) Introduce scholarship and bursary programs to encourage entry into post-primary school education and into higher education outstanding youth from disadvantaged communities, especially young girls; m) Establish and encourage participation of all young men and young women in sport, cultural and recreational activities as part of holistic development; n) Promote culturally appropriate, age specific sexuality and responsible parenthood education10. This African document is an inspirational one and may encourage similar initiatives at universal level. In this respect, it is appropriate to quote the great African statesman Nelson Mandela who stated that Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. More recently, the United Nations General Assembly adopted on July 9 2010 resolution A/64/L.58 titled The right to education in emergency situations. This document recognized that ensuring the right to education in emergency situations requires specifically designed, flexible and inclusive approaches consistent with protection needs, conflict mitigation initiatives and disaster risk reduction considerations. It acknowledged that protecting schools and providing education in emergencies should remain a key priority for the international community and Member States. It recognized
For the full text of the African Youth Charter, see the html version of the file: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/ Treaties/Text/African_Youth_Charter.pdf.
10

the important role that education can play in supporting efforts in emergency situations to halt and prevent abuses committed against affected populations, in particular efforts to prevent all forms of violence, including rape and other acts of sexual violence, exploitation, trafficking in persons and the worst forms of child labor. The resolution also emphasized the importance of the promotion of human rights education and learning at all levels, including through the implementation of the World Program for Human Rights Education, as appropriate, and encouraged all States to develop initiatives in that regard. The same resolution welcomed the global advocacy initiative entitled the One million safe schools and hospitals campaign, launched on 8 April 2010 in Manila, aimed at making schools and hospitals safer from disasters, as part of the Resilient cities global campaign of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction for 2010 and 201111. It is rewarding to note that in the Declaration adopted on August 30 2010 by the Mexico World Youth Conference the right to education is properly emphasized. The Declaration requests among other things to: Improve the quality and relevance of educational curricula at all levels and orient educational programmes towards the comprehensive development of young people that includes: intercultural, civic and peace education, solidarity, human rights education, education for sustainable development, sexual education, the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women, as well as the formulation of competencies and conditions for employability taking into account necessities of the local context.12

For the full text of the resolution see: http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/. 12 For the final version of the Declaration see: http://www.youth2010.org/site/content.php? page=declara-desc#cont

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V. What is to be done? A torrent of criticism can be formulated about the dramatic situation of youth rights, but first of all we should accept the realistic answer that nothing or very little can be done in the field of youth rights without the active and direct participation of the younger generation. Indeed, participation should be understood as a process of empowerment of young people as principal players, which produces tangible changes in their living environment. Instead of being mere onlookers or advisors to a project, young people must be given responsibility for certain aspects of projects, if not the program in its entirety. I will offer an example from School No. 190 Marcela Penes from Bucharest in which I am working. The school is associated to UNESCO and the project I am working on is titled Journey of the wheat grain and it is part of our ecological education. If the right to health and the right to a healthy environment are fundamental human rights of vital importance for youth, the essential aim ofecological education should be to form the foundations of young peoples thinking and attitudes while focusing them on promoting a natural environment conducive to learning, to developing their sense of responsibility towards nature. In my project students are expected to investigate the origin of the wheat grain, traditions linked to it, obtaining bakery products, etc. Factors involved in the project are: school, family, community, media. As a whole, the project aims to stimulate students' creativity, to urge them to respect and love the environment, enriching their knowledge about it and about the materials they use. Ideally, projects have to be led by young people, with the support (but not control) of state and local authorities. These local authorities must also understand that projects directed and run by young people themselves will not necessarily follow patterns and processes which are the same as those run by adults. On the contrary, young people should be encouraged to develop specific strategies which best suit both their own needs and those of their structures .This process imparts experience and knowledge to young people and empowers them to undertake further activities. It takes on young peoples great potential, their wishes and desires, their curiosity and pleasure in discovering and experimenting in order to develop workable solutions suitable to all.

More research on youth should be done. However, juventology as a branch of science seems to still be in its infancy. The scientific treatment of young people is considered by many researchers as hypocritical and anachronistic. Youth rights advocates believe that some specific major issues should not be ignored. They include: drinking age, voting age, age of consent, labor laws, right-to-work laws, driving age, abortion, adoption, corporal punishment, the age of majority, military conscription, specific student rights etc. A long-standing effort within the youth rights movements has focused on civic engagement. There have been a number of historical campaigns to increase youth voting rights by lowering the voting age and the age of candidacy. There are also efforts to get young people elected to prominent positions in local communities, including as members of city councils and as mayors. Strategies for gaining youth rights may include developing youth programs and organizations that promote youth activism, youth participation, youth empowerment, youth voice, youth/adult partnerships between young people and adults. A significant phenomenon is a recent movement to fight against ageism and for the civil rights of young people under the age of majority, which is 18 in most countries. It aims also to combat ephebiphobia. This movement should be distinguished from the children's rights movement which has other objectives13. Young people represent the hope and the future of humankind and must be fully involved in shaping the societies they will live in as adults. It is of paramount importance, therefore, to pay adequate attention to this vital segment of the world population and focus on their particular needs, expectations and ideals. In this regard, the Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Youth (Vienna, 13-15April 1993) estimated that the majority of young people value solidarity and fraternity and
For some interesting approaches on educational research see David Matheson (editor), An Introduction to the Study of Education, second edition, David Fulton Publishers, London, 2005, pp.278-292. The word ephebiphobia is a new one and is formed from the Greek phbos, meaning youth or adolescent and phbos, meaning fear or phobia. The fear of youth is called ephebiphobia and today this phenomenon is recognized as the inaccurate, exaggerated and sensational characterization of young people in a range of settings around the world. Studies of the fear of youth occur in sociology and youth studies. For details see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_youth.
13

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expect political leaders to assert these values in developing a humanist policy offering prospects for a better future.14 On 14 December 1995, after celebrating a decade since the observance of the first International Youth Year (1985) under the motto Participation, Development, Peace, the United Nations General Assembly adopted by consensus resolution 50/81 entitled World Program of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond in which the Governments are requested to promote non-discrimination, tolerance, respect for diversity, with full respect for various religious and ethical values, cultural backgrounds and philosophical convictions of their young people, equality of opportunity, solidarity, security and participation of all young women and men. 15. Such a noble objective could be facilitated in its materialization by the preparation and implementation of a Decade of Youth to be proclaimed by the United Nations after consultation with States and youth organizations. An initiative of this nature would be in perfect harmony with the letter and spirit of the United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000) which voices the common belief that the central challenge we face today is to ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the worlds people16. It is from this perspective that we should view some other specific youth rights. We refer to resolution A/RES/64/130 adopted by the General Assembly on December 18 2009 titled Policies and programs involving youth. It stresses the potential of information and communications technology to improve the quality of life of young people, and calls upon Member States, with the support of the United Nations system, donors, the private sector and civil society, to ensure universal, nondiscriminatory, equitable, safe and affordable access to information and communications technology, especially in schools and public places, and to remove the barriers to bridging the digital divide, including through transfer of
14

technology and international cooperation, as well as to promote the development of locally relevant content and implement measures to equip young people with the knowledge and skills to use information and communications technology appropriately and safely17. While dealing with youth rights, between aspirations and realities we have to acknowledge that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights remains a relevant ethical compass that guides us in addressing the challenges we face today18. From this perspective, in conclusion, we may associate ourselves with the final assessment contained in the Joint Statement by Heads of UN Entities for the Launch of the International Year of Youth. It says: Let's hope that in twenty-five years from now, the young people of today will look back at this International Year of Youth and recognize that it has laid the foundations for making the world a better place for themselves and for succeeding generations of young women and men in every region, country and community around the world.19 Finally, after having scrutinized the youth rights in the context of great aspirations and modest realities, we should not be overoptimistic. A note of caution is necessary. Indeed, as cogently recognized in academic studies All human rights victories are partial, since the perfectly rights-protective society has yet to appear. Moreover, as pointed out from the same perspective, universalism easily declines into sentimentalism we recognize rights, but often we do not act to protect them20. The United Nations and UNESCO's meetings in 2011 and in the years to come as well as national realities will offer persuasive evidence about the validity of today's efforts and aspirations in advancing, promoting and defending youth rights at the global level.
17

All documents of the European Conference are available in the html version of the file: https://wcd.coe.int/com.instranet.InstraServlet? command=com.instranet.CmdBlobGet&InstranetImage=2 64751&SecMode=1&DocId=1234810&Usage=2. 15 For the full text of the resolution see: http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/. 16 The full text of the United Nations Millennium Declaration is available at: http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/.

For the full text of the resolution see: http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/. 18 See note 2 supra. 19 The Joint Statement is available at: http://www.un.org/ en/events/youthday/. It should be noted that during the February 2011 session of the United Nations Commission for Social Development it was pointed out that Governments should use the platform of the International Year of Youth to fully implement the World Programme of Action for Youth by mainstreaming its recommendations into national poverty eradication strategies. See: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/soc4771.doc.htm. 20 See David P. Forsythe, Human Rights in International Relations, second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007, pp.251-252 and p.272.

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REGLEMENTRI PRIVIND ACORDAREA UNEI FORME DE PROTECIE CETENILOR STRINI N ROMNIA

Adrian Bulgaru ABSTRACT
Romania has an open policy for asylum, and for that reason the number of asylum applications is quite high, even more our country is a member of the European Union and most likely will soon join the Schengen Area. Keywords: Applicant for asylum, application for asylum, the asylum procedure, refugee status, auxiliary protection, temporary protection.

n ultimii ani s-a avut n vedere dezvoltarea cadrului legislativ i instituional, n scopul construirii unui sistem de azil funcional i pentru susinerea participrii strinilor care au obinut o form de protecie n ara noastr la procesul de acomodare social i cultural, contribuind astfel la dezvoltarea unor relaii armonioase bazate pe ncredere i responsabilitate ntre acetia i societatea romneasc. Politica privind azilul1 reprezint o component important n cadrul managementului imigraiei. Politica n domeniul azilului se aplic, astfel nct, prin procedura de azil nu pot obine o form de protecie imigranii economici. Solicitrile de azil sunt procesate i analizate individual. Solicitanii de azil sunt intervievai atent de ctre un personal specializat, cu un grad ridicat de experien i care are acces la informaii concrete i detaliate referitor la condiiile din rile de origine ale solicitanilor. Refugiaii i alte persoane care beneficiaz de azil sunt protejai de diverse autoriti, instituii i agenii naionale, n baza instrumentelor juridice naionale2 i a practicilor administrative. Instituiile statului, n colaborare cu societatea civil, au obligaia de a implementa politicile privind azilul astfel nct s se asigure respectarea drepturilor individuale ale persoanelor ndreptite s primeasc o form de protecie n cadrul sistemului de azil.
A se vedea Hotrrea pentru aprobarea Strategiei naionale privind migraia publicat n Monitorul Oficial, Partea I, nr. 406 din 06/05/2004. 2 Aderarea la Uniunea European a impus armonizarea legislativ a sistemului de azil din Romnia cu standardele comunitare. Aceast cerin a fost ndeplinit prin adoptarea noii Legi a azilului Legea nr. 122/2006 privind azilul n Romnia care a reprezentat materializarea unuia dintre obiective i anume acela de a avea o lege a azilului conform cu aquis-ul european, modern i adaptat la realitile sociale i politice din ar i din lume.
1

Autoritile cu competen n domeniul azilului coopereaz n vederea asigurrii i facilitrii accesului la procedura de azil, a asistenei necesare solicitanilor de azil, pentru ca nici o persoan care solicit protecie s nu fie returnat nainte de finalizarea procedurii de azil, pentru protecia datelor i a principiului confidenialitii, pentru a contribui la combaterea terorismului i a sprijini returnarea n siguran a solicitanilor de azil care au fot respini definitiv i irevocabil, precum i pentru identificarea diferitelor probleme ce apar n legtur cu fenomenul azilului n ara noastr. n legislaia romneasc procedura de azil este prevzut de Legea nr.122/2006 privind azilul n Romnia i Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 1251/2006 pentru aprobarea Normelor metodologice de aplicare a Legii nr. 122/2006 privind azilul n Romnia, cu modificrile i completrile survenite. n legea nr. 122/2006 privind azilul n Romnia cu modificrile i completrile ulterioare sunt definii termeni frecvent folosii n materia azilului i care in de terminologia specific acestui domeniu. Sunt definii expres termeni ca: form de protecie, solicitant de azil, cerere pentru acordarea unei forme de protecie/cerere de azil, strin, ar de origine, procedura de azil, statut de refugiat, protecie subsidiar care a nlocuit termenul de protecie umanitar condiionat, protecie temporar, membri de familie, minor nensoit, persoane strmutate, flux masiv etc. Definirea principalilor termeni cu care se opereaz n domeniu s-a realizat n concordan cu denumirile utilizate la nivel european pentru evitarea interpretrilor diferite i a confuziilor. De asemenea, sunt prevzute expres de lege principiile i garaniile procedurale aplicabile n domeniul azilului, precum: asigurarea accesului la procedura de azil oricrui cetean strin sau apatrid care solicit protecia statului romn, nediscriminarea pe considerente de ras,
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naionalitate, etnie, limb, religie, categorie social, convingeri, sex, orientare sexual, vrst, handicap, boal cronic, apartenen la o categorie defavorizat, situaie material, statut la natere sau dobndit .a; nereturnarea care prevede faptul c mpotriva solicitantului de azil nu poate fi luat msura expulzrii, extrdrii sau a returnrii forate de la frontier ori de pe teritoriul Romniei, respectarea principiului unitii familiei, confidenialitatea datelor i a informaiilor referitoare la cererea de azil, respectarea interesului superior al copilului, garanii privind minorii nensoii, prezumia de bun-credin. Acordarea unei forme de protecie prin intermediul sistemului de azil se realizeaz numai n baza evalurii individuale a circumstanelor specifice fiecrui caz. Exist situaii excepionale n care autoritile competente pot renuna la principiul analizrii individuale a cazurilor. Formele de protecie care pot fi acordate cetenilor strini sunt: 1) statutul de refugiat; 2) protecie subsidiar; 3) protecia temporar3. Potrivit Legii nr. 122/2006, statutul de refugiat poate fi acordat la cerere ceteanului strin care, n urma unei temeri bine ntemeiate de a fi persecutat pe considerente de ras, religie, naionalitate, apartenen la un anumit grup social sau opinie politic, se afl n afara rii sale de origine i care nu poate primi sau, ca urmare a acestei temeri, nu dorete protecia acestei ri. Statutul de refugiat este definit n lege ca fiind forma de protecie recunoscut de statul romn ceteanului strin sau apatridului care ndeplinete condiiile prevzute n Convenia privind statutul refugiailor, ncheiat la Geneva la 28 iulie 1951, denumit n continuare Convenia de la Geneva, la care Romnia a aderat prin Legea nr. 46/1991 pentru aderarea Romniei la Convenia privind statutul refugiailor, precum i la Protocolul privind statutul refugiailor4. n ceea ce privete protecia subsidiar, a doua form de protecie pe care o ofer statul romn, acelai act normativ stipuleaz c aceasta se poate acorda strinului care nu ndeplinete condiiile de acordare a statutului de refugiat i cu privire la care exist motive serioase s se cread c, dac va fi returnat n ara de origine, risc s sufere o vtmare a
A se vedea art. 2 lit. g, h, i din Legea nr. 122/2006 privind azilul n Romnia. 4 Ibidem, art. 2 lit. g .
3

drepturilor sale constnd n: condamnarea la pedeapsa cu moartea sau executarea unei astfel de pedepse; tortur, tratamente sau pedepse inumane ori degradante; o ameninare serioas, individual, la adresa vieii sau integritii, ca urmare a violenei generalizate n situaii de conflict armat intern sau internaional, dac solicitantul face parte din populaia civil5. Cererile de acordare a statutului de refugiat sunt analizate n mod individual, pe baza documentelor existente la dosarul solicitantului i a motivelor invocate la interviu, care vor fi analizate n raport cu situaia concret din ara de origine i cu credibilitatea solicitantului. n urma analizrii cererii, soluiile care pot fi adoptate de ctre funcionarul anume desemnat sunt urmtoarele: a. acordarea statutului de refugiat; b. acordarea proteciei umanitare condiionate; c. respingerea cererii. Respingerea cererilor de acordare a statutului de refugiat apare atunci cnd, n urma analizei unei astfel de cereri, se constat nendeplinirea condiiilor legale. Potrivit Legii nr. 122/2006, o persoan este considerat solicitant de azil din momentul manifestrii de voin, exprimate, n scris sau oral, n faa autoritilor competente, din care s rezulte c aceasta solicit protecia statului romn. Autoritile competente s primeasc o cerere de azil sunt urmtoarele: a. Oficiul Romn pentru Imigrri6 i structurile sale teritoriale; b. structurile Poliiei de Frontier Romne; c. structurile Poliiei Romne; d. structurile Administraiei Naionale a Penitenciarelor din cadrul Ministerului Justiiei. n ceea ce privete momentul depunerii cererii de azil actul normativ prevede cteva reguli aplicabile n cauz i anume: cererea de azil se depune de ndat ce: a. solicitantul s-a prezentat ntr-un punct de control pentru trecerea frontierei de stat; b. solicitantul a intrat pe teritoriul Romniei; c. au survenit evenimente n ara de origine a solicitantului, care l determin
Ibidem, art. 2 lit. h i art. 25 alin 1. A se vedea art. 6 din Ordonana de urgen a Guvernului nr. 55/2007.
5 6

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s cear protecie pentru strinul cu drept de edere n Romnia; cererile de azil depuse n afara teritoriului Romniei nu sunt admise; autoritile competente nu pot refuza primirea cererii de azil pe motiv c a fost depus trziu. O problem deosebit o reprezint naintarea cererii de azil din partea unui minor, care implic discutarea mai multor aspecte, dintre care amintim numirea reprezentantului legal i stabilirea vrstei solicitantului. n cazul strinului minor interesele acestuia sunt aprate de ctre reprezentantul su legal. Strinul minor depune cererea de azil prin reprezentantul legal, iar n cazul minorului care a mplinit vrsta de 14 ani, cererea de azil poate fi depus personal. n cazul strinului minor nensoit care i-a manifestat voina de a obine azil, n scris sau oral, n faa autoritilor competente, acesta va fi nregistrat ca solicitant de azil, urmnd ca cererea de azil s fie depus la momentul numirii reprezentantului legal7. Pe perioada suspendrii procedurii de azil minorul beneficiaz de drepturile ce i sunt conferite prin art. 17 i 18, drepturi de care beneficiaz solicitanii de azil i de accesul la educaie. Dac solicitantul de azil a declarat c este minor i nu exist ndoieli cu privire la statutul su, atunci va fi considerat minor, ns n situaia n care minorul nu i poate proba vrsta i exist dubii cu privire la minoritatea lui, va fi efectuat o expertiz medico-legal de evaluare a vrstei solicitantului, cu consimmntul, prealabil, scris al minorului i al reprezentantului su legal. n situaia n care minorul refuz efectuarea expertizei, el este considerat major. Dup nregistrarea cererii de azil solicitantul trebuie s completeze un chestionar, n scopul stabilirii datelor personale ale acestuia i ale membrilor si de familie, rutei parcurse din ara de origine pn n Romnia, datelor referitoare la eventuale cereri de azil depuse n alte state tere ori ntr-un stat membru al Uniunii Europene, precum i a documentelor de identitate sau de cltorie pe care le are n posesie. Dup ce cererea de azil a fost depus, Oficiul Romn pentru Imigrri8 sau celelalte autoriti competente acioneaz n vederea prelevrii
Prevederile cuprinse n art. 39 al Legii nr. 122/2006 privind azilul n Romnia au menirea de a asigura o real protecie minorului, datorit lipsei discernmntului, sau prezenei acestuia ntr-o form incomplet.
7

amprentelor tuturor solicitanilor de azil care, potrivit declaraiilor acestora, au mplinit vrsta de 14 ani, urmnd ca aceste date s fie transmise i stocate pe suport de hrtie n cartoteca Oficiului Romn pentru Imigrri i n format electronic n baza de date naional AFIS (Sistemul Automatizat de Comparare a Amprentelor). Transmiterea i prelevarea amprentelor solicitanilor de azil se fac numai cu respectarea prevederilor referitoare la principiul confidenialitii i proteciei datelor cu caracter personal, urmnd ca persoana s fie informat n scris referitor la acest fapt. Solicitantul de azil este intervievat n cadrul procedurii de acordare a azilului, n vederea determinrii formei de protecie potrivite persoanei n cauz. Interviul pentru determinarea unei forme de protecie const ntr-o audiere a solicitantului de azil de ctre un funcionar al Oficiului Romn pentru Imigrri. Interviul este consemnat n scris i urmeaz s clarifice aspectele necesare pentru analizarea cererii de azil, dup cum urmeaz: datele de identificare a solicitantului, numele funcionarului anume desemnat care efectueaz interviul, numele interpretului i, dup caz, al reprezentantului legal, curatorului i/sau avocatului care l asist pe solicitant, limba n care se desfoar interviul, motivele de azil, declaraia solicitantului, din care s reias c toate datele i informaiile prezentate la interviu sunt reale. n cazuri de excepie are loc intervievarea solicitanilor de azil cu nevoi speciale i intervievarea solicitanilor minori efectuat de funcionarii Oficiului Romn pentru Imigrri specializai n acest sens, care vor ine cont de situaia special a acestor persoane. Intervievarea solicitanilor de azil minori se efectueaz n prezena reprezentanilor legali ai acestora. Reprezentantul legal l informeaz pe solicitantul de azil minor cu privire la scopul i posibilele consecine ale interviului personal i ntreprinde demersurile necesare pentru pregtirea minorului n vederea susinerii interviului. Intervievarea solicitanilor de azil minori i a solicitanilor de azil minori nensoii se efectueaz n toate cazurile n care acest lucru este posibil, n funcie de dezvoltarea psihic a acestora. n efectuarea interviului cu solicitantul de azil minor se ine seama de gradul su de
8

Organizarea i atribuiile Oficiului Romn pentru Imigrri sunt reglementate prin Ordonana de Urgen a guvernului nr. 55/2007 i prin Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 639/2007.

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dezvoltare intelectual i de maturitatea sa9. Cererile de azil ale solicitanilor majori lipsii de discernmnt sunt soluionate inndu-se seama de faptul c declaraiile au fost luate fr discernmnt. Cererea de azil este soluionat pe baza documentelor existente la dosarul solicitantului i a motivelor invocate de acesta, care sunt analizate n raport cu situaia concret din ara de origine i cu credibilitatea solicitantului. n situaia n care solicitantul de azil renun n mod expres la cererea sa n etapa administrativ, atunci el este informat cu privire la consecinele actului de renunare. Funcionarul anume desemnat emite o decizie de nchidere a dosarului, decizie care se comunic de ndat, n scris, solicitantului, prin comunicare direct de ctre reprezentanii Oficiului Romn pentru Imigrri sau prin trimitere potal la ultima reedin declarat a acestuia. Decizia de nchidere a dosarului prevzut nu este supus cilor de atac. Acest fapt este urmat de obligaia solicitantului de a prsi teritoriul Romniei, la expirarea perioadei de 15 zile de la finalizarea procedurii de azil. Aceste prevederi nu se aplic n cazul n care solicitantul are un drept de edere reglementat potrivit legislaiei privind regimul juridic al strinilor. Funcionarul anume desemnat efectueaz interviul, analizeaz motivele invocate de solicitant i se pronun asupra cererii solicitantului, n termen de 30 de zile de la preluarea cazului. Dac soluionarea cererii de azil necesit o documentare suplimentar, termenul se prelungete cu cel mult 30 de zile. Termenul de soluionare a cererii de azil se suspend pe perioada procedurii de determinare a statului membru responsabil cu analizarea unei cereri de azil sau, dup caz, pe perioada procedurii rii tere sigure. n cazul solicitanilor de azil minori nensoii, termenul se suspend pn la numirea reprezentantului legal. Procedura de soluionare poate avea mai multe rezultate care se materializeaz prin emiterea unei hotrri, prin care funcionarul anume desemnat, poate recunoate statutul de refugiat, poate acorda protecia subsidiar sau poate respinge cererea de azil. Hotrrea de acordare a proteciei subsidiare cuprinde inerent i motivele neacordrii statutului de refugiat. Hotrrea de respingere a cererii de azil cuprinde motivele corespunztoare pentru fiecare form de protecie, precum i meniunea cu privire la obligaia de a prsi
A se vedea prevederile art. 47 alin. 4 al Legii nr. 122/2006 privind azilul n Romnia.
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teritoriul Romniei. Strinul are obligaia de a prsi teritoriul Romniei n termen de 15 zile de la momentul finalizrii procedurii de azil, cu excepia cazului n care cererea de azil a fost respins ca evident nefondat n urma soluionrii acesteia n cadrul procedurilor accelerate, caz n care strinul este obligat s prseasc teritoriul statului romn, de ndat ce s-a finalizat procedura de azil. Admiterea sau respingerea cererii de azil se face prin hotrre, care se comunic de ndat, n scris, solicitantului, prin comunicare direct de ctre reprezentanii Oficiului Romn pentru Imigrri sau prin trimitere potal la ultima reedin declarat a acestuia. n situaia n care solicitantul a fost evacuat dintr-un centru de cazare aflat n subordinea Oficiului Romn pentru Imigrri i nu a comunicat noua reedin, hotrrea se consider a fi comunicat de la data la care se constat, printr-un proces-verbal ntocmit de funcionarul anume desemnat, c strinul nu se mai afl la ultima reedin declarat. Trebuie menionat i faptul c motivele de acordare a unei forme de protecie nu se comunic10. n ultimii ani, reforma legislativ din ara noastr n ceea ce privete regimul strinilor i azilul a implicat adoptarea mai multor acte normative care s asigure conformitatea legislaiei romneti cu legislaia comunitar i cu alte instrumente cu caracter internaional i regional la care ara noastr este parte. Amintim astfel, Ordinul nr. 392/613 din 24 ianuarie 2008 privind accesul solicitanilor de azil pe piaa forei de munc, Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 1596/2008 privind relocarea refugiailor n Romnia, Ordonana de urgen a Guvernului nr. 187/2008 privind modificarea i completarea Legii nr. 122/2006 privind azilul n Romnia i Legea nr. 280/2010 privind modificarea i completarea aceleai legi nr. 122/2006. Armonizarea legislaiei romneti la standardele europene i internaionale n domeniul azilului, asigurarea urgent a capacitii instituionale gestionare a problematicii azilului, relev eforturile i interesul autoritilor n a se asigura c protecia pe care o ofer statul romn este una real, justificat, susinut de msuri i activiti necesare facilitrii accesului persoanelor care solicit protecie internaional n ara noastr i sprijin pentru integrarea social a strinilor care au dobndit una din formele de protecie pe care le acord statul nostru.
10

Ibidem, art. 54 alin. 3.

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EXPLICAII JURIDICE I JUDICIARE ASUPRA ERORII N DREPT. STUDIU DE CAZ. EROAREA I DREPTUL DE PROPRIETATE Ioana Cristina Vida ABSTRACT
The versatile nature of the concept named error affects the validity and legitimacy of the human behaviors from the legal point of view. The study case illustrates the individual's right for pecuniary compensation from the state for suffered damages as a result of a conviction or an unjust preventive measure and comments on both national legislation and jurisprudence and also on the inconsistent practice of ECHR. Keywords: Error, right, legal, judicial, legislation, effects, ownership, nationalized houses, the Romanian Constitutional Court, European Court of Human Rights

Natura dialectic a cunoaterii umane accept, ca element permanent i nemijlocit n cutarea adevrului, conceptul de eroare. n drept eroarea se manifest n multiple ipostaze, afectnd validitatea i legalitatea conduitelor umane sub conotaii juridice. n accepiune juridic, eroarea semnific falsa reprezentare asupra unei situaii de fapt ori asupra existenei sau coninutului unui act normativ.1 Aadar, acest tip de eroare poate privi nu doar existena unui act normativ, ci i nelesul sau sensul reglementrii. ntr-o accepiune teoretic, eroarea are o natur bivalent. Eroarea judiciar privete stabilirea greit a faptelor dintr-un proces penal, ducnd la pronunarea unei condamnri nedrepte2 sau eroarea material care se refer la omisiunile vdite strecurate n cuprinsul unei hotrri cu prilejul redactrii, dar care nu afecteaz legalitatea i temeinicia acesteia3. A doua natur a erorii este aceea care nltur, n anumite situaii, rspunderea penal, avnd nelesul de reprezentare greit de ctre cel ce svrete o fapt prevzut de legea penal a realitii din momentul svririi acesteia, reprezentare determinat de necunoaterea sau cunoaterea greit a unor date ale realitii.4 Mecanismul erorii este explicat att prin
A se vedea, Dicionarul explicativ al limbii romne, ediia a II-a, Editura Univers enciclopedic, Bucureti, 1998, p.347. 2 A se vedea, Dicionar enciclopedic ilustrat, Editura Cartier, Bucureti, 1999, p.335. 3 A se vedea, I.Le, Comentariile Codului de procedur civil, vol.I, Editura All Beck, Bucureti, 2001, p.638 - 639. 4 A se vedea, V.Dongoroz, Tratat de Drept penal , Reeditarea ediiei din 1939, Editura Societii Tempus, Bucureti, 2000, p.415.
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elementul psihologic, respectiv considerarea ca adevrat a ceea ce este fals sau considerarea ca fals a ceea ce este adevrat, ct i prin elementul contextual, respectiv realitatea la care se raporteaz eroarea. Aceasta poate fi una de fapt cnd necunoaterea sau cunoaterea greit poart asupra unor date ale realitii sau una juridic necunoaterea sau cunoaterea greit a normei juridice. Eroarea de fapt (error facti) apare ca fiind un dezacord ntre reprezentrile subiectului i realitate sau o reprezentare fals a realitii asupra unor mprejurri faptice, existent n momentul ncheierii actului juridic ori svririi unei fapte i care dinuiete tot timpul efecturii actelor de punere n executare a hotrrii luate. Eroarea de drept poate purta fie asupra existenei normei juridice, fie asupra coninutului acesteia. Eroarea asupra existenei normei juridice se ntlnete atunci cnd persoana nu tie c norma juridic a fost adoptat i publicat n form oficial. O astfel de eroare poate fi ntlnit frecvent n cazul reglementrilor ex novo sau atunci cnd se crede eronat c o norm juridic a fost abrogat. Eroarea asupra coninutului normei juridice se produce atunci cnd persoana, care tie c norma juridic exist, nu cunoate n mod concret coninutul acesteia sau l cunoate n mod greit. Conchiznd, putem defini eroarea de drept ca o fals reprezentare asupra unei norme juridice care guverneaz efectele unei manifestri de voin att sub aspectul existenei unei norme de drept, ct i cu privire la coninutul acestei norme de drept. n acest sens, de precizat este i faptul c eroarea de drept presupune nu numai o cunoatere greit a coninutului propriu zis al normei juridice, ci i interpretarea ei neconform.
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Nu n ultimul rnd menionm Legea nr. 29/2011 pentru modificarea si completarea Legii nr. 24/2000 privind normele de tehnic legislativ pentru elaborarea actelor 5 normative , care precizeaz c proiectele de acte normative trebuie s fie corelate cu dispoziiile Conveniei europene a drepturilor omului i ale protocoalelor adiionale la aceasta, ratificate de Romnia, precum i cu jurisprudena Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului. Astfel, propunerile legislative, proiectele de legi i celelalte proiecte de acte normative vor fi nsoite, n mod obligatoriu, de o evaluare preliminar a impactului noilor reglementri asupra drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale ale omului. n lege se arat c atunci cnd se vor face propuneri de modificare i completare a actelor normative interne ale cror dispoziii sunt n contradicie cu jurisprudena Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului, guvernul, n termen de cel mult 3 luni de la data comunicrii hotrrii Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului, prezint Parlamentului proiectul de lege cu privire la modificarea i completarea sau abrogarea actului normativ ori a unor pri ale acestuia care vin n contradicie cu dispoziiile Conveniei europene a drepturilor omului i ale protocoalelor adiionale la aceasta, ratificate de Romnia, i cu hotrrile Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului. Considerm legea 29/2011 salutar pentru eliminarea erorilor de ordin legislativ i corelarea proiectelor de acte normative cu jurisprudena CEDO. ntr-o alt accepiune, de ordin practic, prezentm eroarea judiciar, prin care se nelege perceperea, interpretarea, sancionarea greit cu bun sau rea-credin a datelor faptice i juridice ridicate n cadrul procesului de nfptuire a justiiei6. Eroarea judiciar ine mai ales de domeniul dreptului penal ca ramur a dreptului public, cu reguli specifice, n care intervine statul, ca aprtor al interesului public. n dreptul privat, eroarea se prezint sub forma unui viciu de consimmnt, ns nu pune problema de vinovie civil. Dimpotriv, cel aflat n eroare poate cere anularea actului juridic
A se vedea Legea nr. 29/2011 pentru modificarea si completarea Legii nr. 24/2000 privind normele de tehnica legislativa pentru elaborarea actelor normative publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, partea I, nr. 182 din data de 15 martie 2011. 6 A se vedea, T. Butoi, I. T. Butoi, Tratat universitar de psihologie judiciar teorie i practic , Editura Pinguin Book, Bucureti, 2006, p. 321.
5

ncheiat, ceea ce nseamn c n ideea subordonrii valabilitii actului juridic adevratei voine juridice a prilor care particip la ncheierea actului juridic civil, legea a optat pentru protejarea acesteia mpotriva falsei reprezentri, indiferent de cauza care a generat-o7. n literatura juridic de specialitate se consider c pentru a produce efecte juridice, respectiv, pentru a putea fi invocat ca un aspect care a determinat o viciere a consimmntului astfel nct acesta s-i piard valabilitatea i s produc nulitate, eroarea trebuie s ndeplineasc dou condiii cumulative: 1. Elementul asupra cruia cade falsa reprezentare trebuie s fi fost determinant, hotrtor la ncheierea actului juridic civil i s prezinte o anumit gravitate, (hotrtor, n sensul c, dac ar fi fost cunoscut realitatea, actul nu s-ar fi ncheiat). Aprecierea caracterului determinant al erorii trebuie s se fac subiectiv, dar modalitatea de apreciere subiectiv poate fi fcut in concreto (prin stabilirea calitilor individuale i a circumstanelor proprii unei situaii determinate) sau in abstracto (lund n considerare conduita comun, obinuit, comportamentul unui bun pater familias). Chiar dac exist situaii n care este necesar aplicarea uneia sau celeilalte aprecieri, de cele mai multe ori se apeleaz la aprecierea in concreto, aceasta aflndu-se la fundamentul rspunderii subiective, completat (cnd este necesar) cu aprecierea in abstracto. 2. Cea de-a doua condiie se refer doar la actele juridice bilaterale, cu titlu oneros, n care, pentru existena acestui viciu de consimmnt, este necesar s fi tiut de cocontractant sau s fi trebuit s tie c elementul asupra cruia cade falsa reprezentare este determinant, hotrtor la ncheierea actului juridic civil. Caracterul scuzabil al erorii are n vedere eroarea inexcuzabil, care nu atrage anularea sau lipsa rspunderii i care exist numai atunci cnd este vorba despre o culp grosier8, fr a se confunda cu culpa grav i nici cu eroarea asupra propriei prestaii (eroare care deseori i are sursa n faptul ignorrii legii sau a falsei interpretri a dispoziiilor legale).
A se vedea, I. D. Romoan , Efectele juridice ale erorii n domeniul rspunderii civil e n Revista Dreptul nr.12/1999, p.43. 8 A se vedea, H. L. J. Mazeaud, Lecons de droit civil, vol. I Obligations. Thorie general , par F. Chebas, Montchrestien, 1985, p.175.
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O asemenea eroare a fost constatat ntre legislaia romn i jurisprudena romn n materia aplicrii Legii nr. 10/2001 privind regimul juridic al unor imobile preluate n mod abuziv n perioada 6 martie 1945 - 22 decembrie 1989 i a legii nr. 112/1995 cu privire la regimul proprietilor private. n aceast materie exist i posibilitatea ca o persoan care era chiria s-i fi cumprat casa n care locuia, n baza Legii nr. 112/1995. Totodat, o alt persoan poate invoca faptul c este proprietarul asupra aceleiai locuine n baza Legii 10/2001 sau a altei legi. Partea cea mai interesant o reprezint faptul c revendicarea este posibil chiar i n cazul n care sunt aplicabile prevederile Legii nr. 112/ 1995. Se poate constata faptul c exist o contradicie ntre aceste dou titluri de proprietate, din care doar unul este valabil. n mod normal i n aceast materie ca i n altele ar fi trebuit ca valabilitatea unuia sau a altuia din titlurile de proprietate s fie consacrat pe cale judiciar obinuit prin parcurgerea cilor de control judiciar stabilite de lege. Practica noastr judiciar a dus ns la aa numita comparare a titlurilor, dndu-i posibilitatea judectorului s stabileasc valabilitatea unuia sau a altuia. Acest mod de a stabili titlul valabil de proprietate prin compararea celor dou titluri de proprietate dobndite pe cale judiciar este contrar noiunii de justiie, afectndu-se, n principal, principiul autoritii de lucru judecat. Nu este posibil ca o instan judectoreasc s compare dac un titlu de proprietate emis anterior este compatibil cu un alt titlu de proprietate emis ulterior. n opinia noastr, justiia trebuie s aib ntotdeauna un capt, iar acesta nu poate fi supus unei comparri cu o alt hotrre judectoreasc. n acest sens, evideniem practica consecvent a Curii Constituionale a Romniei n materia cumprrii de ctre chiriai a locuinelor naionalizate sau trecute n proprietatea statului pe alte ci prin Decizia nr. 72 din 5 mai 1998, referitoare la excepia de neconstituionalitate a dispoziiilor art. 5 alin. (1) din Legea nr.112/1995 pentru reglementarea situaiei juridice a unor imobile cu destinaia de locuine, trecute n proprietatea statului,9 Decizia nr. 420 din 14 octombrie 2004 referitoare la excepia de neconstituionalitate a prevederilor art. 21 din Legea nr. 112/1995 pentru reglementarea situaiei juridice a unor imobile cu destinaia de locuine, trecute n proprietatea statului,10Decizia nr.1.302 din 13
A se vedea, Decizia nr.1.302 din 13 octombrie 2009, publicat n M. Of. nr. 784/17 noiembrie 2009. 10 A se vedea, Decizia nr.420 din 14 octombrie 2004,
9

octombrie 2009 referitoare la excepia de neconstituionalitate a prevederilor art. 9 alin. (1) din Legea nr. 112/1995 pentru reglementarea situaiei juridice a unor imobile cu destinaia de locuine, trecute n proprietatea statului.11 Cu toate acestea, practica instanelor judectoreti din Romnia nu este constant, multe dintre ele fcnd o aplicare strict literar a jurisprudenei de la Strasbourg, care la rndul ei este inconsecvent, Curtea aplicnd n mod discreionar principiul error communis facit jus (eroarea comun i invincibil creeaz dreptul), favoriznd anumite state i defavoriznd altele. Exemplul cel mai clar n aceast materie l constituie Germania, care n materia proprietii s-a opus oricrei revendicri, pe principiul constituional al caracterului social al statului german. Acest principiu este nscris i n Constituia Romniei, dar Curtea European a Drepturilor Omului nu l-a luat n considerare. innd seama de toate aceste elemente considerm, de lege ferenda, c este absolut necesar eliminarea acestei posibiliti de comparare a titlurilor judiciare, n beneficiul actului de justiie i al promovrii consecvente a autoritii de lucru judecat. Conchidem c ne raportm la eroare din prisma dreptului individului la reparaie patrimonial din partea statului pentru pagubele suferite n urma unei condamnri sau a unei msuri preventive nedrepte ca drept fundamental al omului. n domeniul raporturilor dintre autoritile statale i individ s-a impus principiul aprrii acestuia mpotriva abuzurilor i nedreptilor, inclusiv atunci cnd a fost victima unor erori judiciare n procesele penale sau n cele civile. Acest drept fundamental este consacrat n toate pactele i conveniile internaionale privitoare la drepturile omului12 i este prevzut de Constituia Romniei, fiind ridicat, astfel, la rang de principiu constituional, astfel nct se impune i legiuitorului ordinar.13

publicat n M. Of. nr. 1222/20 dec. 2004. 11 A se vedea, Decizia nr.72 din 5 mai 1998, publicat n M. Of. nr. 195/26 mai 1998. 12 n acest sens, a se vedea, art.14 pct.6 din Pactul Internaional cu privire la drepturile civile i politice, art.3 al Protocolului nr.7 adiional la Convenia pentru aprarea drepturilor omului i a libertilor fundamentale. 13 A se vedea, C. Bulai, Excepii de neconstituionalitate admise de Curtea Constituional, n materie penal, Editura Trei, 2002, p. 452.

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ASPECTE PRIVIND EVOLUIA FUNCIEI PUBLICE N ROMNIA*

Constantin Sava *** Marcel Iulian Sava
**

ABSTRACT
The political, economic and social changes that took place in Romania after December 1989 naturally led to important changes in the organization and functioning of the central and local public administration, therefore, to the modernization and reform of the civil service. The civil service reform envisages the creation of a professional body of civil servants, steady and politically neutral, by implementing a coherent and unified legal framework and by developing human resources and professional training management strategies. Key words: public administration; modernization; civil service; reform; professionalism.

Schimbrile intervenite n Romnia dup decembrie 1989 n plan politic, economic i social, au determinat n mod firesc schimbri de substan i n domeniul concret al organizrii i funcionarii administraiei publice, att la nivel central, ct i la nivel local. n acelai timp, pentru construirea i consolidarea democraiei, apare necesar o reform administrativ la toate nivelurile i, implicit, o reformare i o modernizare a serviciului public. Este cunoscut faptul c viabilitatea unei democraii depinde att de respectarea valorilor democratice, ct i de eficiena celor care ocup funcii publice, indiferent de poziia lor n ierarhia administrativ. Noua viziune asupra funciei publice prefigureaz pe lng cerinele privind profesionalismul, responsabilitatea, onestitatea, dinamismul, care sunt de o deosebit importan n cadrul respectrii stricte a reglementarilor constituionale i legale, i o real aplecare ctre cerinele i nevoile fiecrui cetean cu care cei desemnai s ndeplineasc funcii n administraie intr n contact. Din aceast perspectiv, democraia apare nu numai ca un principiu de organizare politic, dar i ca un principiu care guverneaz relaiile interumane. _______________________
susinut n cadrul Sesiunii anuale de comunicri tiinifice: Justiie, Stat de drept i cultur juridic, organizat de Institutul de cercetri juridice Acad. Andrei Rdulescu al Academiei Romne, 13 mai 2011, Bucureti. ** Lect. univ. dr., Universitatea Cretin Dimitrie Cantemir, Bucureti, Facultatea de tiine Juridice i Administrative. *** Dr., avocat.
* Lucrare

Dup adoptarea constituiei din 1991, n noua ordine constituional, imperativul devenirii rii noastre ca stat de drept i democratic a impus regndirea i reconsiderarea vechiului sistem al administraiei de stat n sensul edificrii unei administraii publice moderne, eficiente i mobile, apropiate de ceteni, care s rspund, la un nivel ridicat, cerinelor i necesitilor colectivitilor umane pe care le deservete. Se impune ca o cerin fundamental racordarea sistemului administraiei la principiile i normele europene n materie, astfel nct s rspund efectiv exigenelor acestora. n acest sens, elaborarea i adoptarea statutului funcionarului public a reprezentat o etap necesar pentru realizarea reformei funciei publice, funcionarii fiind chemai s asigure materializarea reformelor administrative i economice, fiind totodat implicai n organizarea i funcionarea sistemului social. Din redactarea textului constituional1 rezult necesitatea reglementrii prin lege organic a raporturilor de munc sindicale, patronale i de protecie social. n acelai timp, observm c legiuitorul constituional face distincie ntre salariai i funcionarii publici, stabilind c acestora din urm li se aplic statutul, ceea ce nseamn un regim juridic n principal de drept public, iar celorlalte categorii de persoane li se aplic un regim de drept privat, de drept al muncii. Actul normativ care reprezint legea cadru pentru toate categoriile de funcionari publici a fost adoptat printr-o procedur excepional n anul 1999. Pn la apariia acestei legi, Legea 188/1999, au fost adoptate diferite legi, statute
1

Art.73 alin.(3), lit. j) din Constituia Romniei.

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profesionale pentru alte domenii. Legea 69/1991 privind administraia public local, (abrogat n prezent), care prevedea organizarea i funcionarea administraiei la nivel local, fcea precizri cu privire la diferitele funcii publice. Astfel, secretarii comunelor, oraelor i judeelor erau denumii funcionari publici, avnd creionat i un anumit statut, specific acestei funcii. Legea 115/1996 privind declararea i controlul averii demnitarilor, magistrailor, a unor persoane cu funcii de conducere i de control, a funcionarilor publici2, n formularea sa iniial, prevedea obligativitatea declarrii i controlului averii demnitarilor, a magistrailor, a funcionarilor publici i a unor persoane cu funcii de conducere, i face o enumerare a celor care cad sub incidena acestui act normativ, respectiv consilierii judeeni i locali, primarii, funcionarii publici care i desfoar activitatea n cadrul autoritilor publice centrale i locale. (art. 2) Stabilirea prin Legea 161/2003 privind unele msuri pentru asigurarea transparenei n exercitarea demnitilor publice, a funciilor publice i n mediul de afaceri, prevenirea i sancionarea corupiei i a unor reguli clare privind constituirea compartimentelor din cadrul autoritilor i instituiilor publice, precum i stabilirea unei structuri de personal corespundea obiectivelor cuprinse n Programul de guvernare 2001-2004. Obiectivul realizat prin aceast msur a fost asigurarea transparenei n exercitarea demnitilor publice, a funciilor publice i n mediul de afaceri, precum i prevenirea i sancionarea corupiei. Prin Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 667/1991 privind unele msuri pentru asigurarea prestigiului social al funciei publice, s-a stabilit cine are calitatea de funcionar public. Astfel acesta e persoana numit ntr-o funcie public cu caracter de permanen, n serviciile autoritilor administraiei publice centrale sau locale. Hotrrea stabilete n acelai timp i autoritile administraiei publice, precum ministerele, ageniile guvernamentale, departamentele, secretariatele i subsecretariatele, alte
2

Publicat n Monitorul Oficial, partea I. nr.263 din octombrie 1996, modificat i completat prin Legea nr. 161/2003 privind unele msuri pentru asigurarea transparenei n exercitarea unor demniti publice, a funciilor publice i n mediul de afaceri, prevenirea i sancionarea corupiei, publicat n Monitorul Oficial, partea I, nr.279/2003.

structuri cum sunt prefecturile i primriile, toate acestea fiind n serviciul cetenilor, pentru realizarea cerinelor vieii sociale prin aplicarea legilor i a celorlalte acte normative, precum i prin organizarea aplicrii lor n scopul realizrii politicii stabilite de Guvern. De asemenea, hotrrea prevede anumite ndatoriri n sarcina funcionarilor publici, ei avnd obligaia s-i ndeplineasc cu fidelitate i n mod contiincios ndatoririle de serviciu i s se abin de la orice fapt care ar putea s aduc un prejudiciu instituiei n care i desfoar activitatea. Hotrrea mai prevede c funcionarii publici erau datori s i consacre activitatea profesional pentru exercitarea atribuiilor funciei n care au fost numii, n vederea realizrii obiectivelor instituiei i serviciului public. Dup cum se poate observa, aceast reglementare nu face referiri sub nici o form la drepturile funcionarilor publici sau la cariera acestora. n aceast situaie, se impunea tot mai mult adoptarea unui statut al funcionarilor publici. Astfel, se poate afirma c reforma n domeniul funciei i funcionarului public pornete de la un punct zero, avnd n vedere lipsa reglementrilor de baz n materie. Cu alte cuvinte, n acest domeniu sensul noiunii de reformare este acela de creare, reglementare sau instituire a regulilor fundamentale n materie, pentru ca n etapele urmtoare s putem vorbi despre dezvoltare, completare i mbuntire a cadrului legal n domeniul funciei i funcionarului public. n cadrul procesului de modernizare al administraiei publice i al integrrii europene, una din prioritile pentru reformarea administraiei publice este reforma funciei publice. Prin aceasta se are n vedere asigurarea crerii unui corp profesionist de funcionari, stabil i neutru din punct de vedere politic, prin implementarea unui cadru legislativ unitar i coerent i dezvoltarea unor strategii de management al resurselor umane i de instruire profesional. Elemente de statut juridic al funciei publice au fost prevzute i n alte acte normative adoptate n aceast perioad cu privire la soluionarea conflictelor de munc. nceperea negocierilor de aderare a Romniei la Uniunea European n februarie 2000 a reprezentat un moment de referin pentru ara noastr, care a marcat debutul unui proces ce a
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solicitat eforturi mari n urmtoarele direcii : modificarea legislaiei, modernizarea funciei publice i realizarea unui corp al funcionarilor publici care s susin cu competen i profesionalism transformrile ce urmau. Modernizarea funciei publice a reprezentat un obiectiv important pentru Comisia European n evaluarea performanelor rii noastre n vederea integrrii n structurile europene. n acelai timp, Consiliul Europei a cerut respectarea de ctre Romnia a Recomandrii 1322 din 1997 a Adunrii Parlamentare a Consiliului Europei, precum i a Recomandrii 1617 din 2003 cu privire la reformele funciei publice i administraiei publice n Europa. Statutul funcionarilor publici, veritabil pilon al reformei administraiei publice, a fost adoptat cu mare ntrziere n ara noastr comparativ cu alte ri foste socialiste, datorit politizrii excesive a administraiei publice, satisfacerii clientelei politice, incompetenei i superficialitii unor lideri politici. Legea 188/1999 privind statutul funcionarilor publici sau dreptul comun al funciei publice, ntr-o formulare mai riguroas sub aspect juridic, ar putea fi definit ca ansamblul regulilor referitoare la situaia juridic a funcionarului. Prin adoptarea statutului funcionarului public a fost posibil realizarea urmtoarelor obiective: precizarea activitilor desfurate de funcionarii publici care implic exercitarea prerogativelor de putere public; definirea raporturilor juridice dintre funcionarii publici i autoritile i instituiile publice din administraia public central i local; realizarea distinciei ntre funcionarii publici crora li se aplic statutul i alte categorii de personal angajat n autoritile i instituiile publice; enumerarea categoriilor de funcionari care pot beneficia de statute speciale; statuarea faptului c exercitarea raporturilor de serviciu se realizeaz pe perioad nedeterminat; precizarea categoriilor funcionarilor publici i clasificarea funciilor publice din perspectiva mai multor criterii;
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enunarea condiiilor generale de acces n funcia public; stabilirea regulilor n ceea ce privete numirea funcionarilor pentru fiecare categorie de funcionari publici; precizarea drepturilor i ndatoririlor funcionarilor publici; prezentarea managementului funciilor publice i al funcionarilor publici, n acest sens precizndu-se rolul i atribuiile Ageniei Naionale a Funcionarilor Publici, i stabilindu-se totodat raportul dintre aceasta i Guvern sau autoritile i instituiile publice; descrierea modalitilor de ncetare i modificare a raportului de serviciu; precizarea regulilor referitoare la gestiunea curent a resurselor umane i a funciilor publice care este organizat i realizat n cadrul fiecrei autoriti i instituii publice de ctre un compartiment specializat care colaboreaz direct cu Agenia Naional a Funcionarilor Publici; precizarea tipurilor de rspundere a funcionarilor publici, a faptelor pentru care se aplic fiecare tip de rspundere, precum i a sanciunilor aplicabile; instituirea obligativitii elaborrii anuale de ctre Agenia Naional a Funcionarilor Publici, cu consultarea autoritilor i instituiilor publice, a Planului de ocupare a funciilor publice, pe care aceasta l supune spre aprobare Guvernului. Legea 188/1999 a suferit numeroase modificri dup adoptare, pentru a putea fi pus n acord cu realitile din administraia public existente n ara noastr, i pentru a fi n concordan cu principiile care guverneaz funcia public n spaiul UE. Crearea unor mecanisme de control n aplicarea legislaiei referitoare la funcia i funcionarul public de ctre instituiile i autoritile publice i de realizare a gestiunii resurselor umane este un obiectiv realizat prin nfiinarea Ageniei Naionale a Funcionarilor Publici. Rolul i organizarea ageniei au fost conturate i adaptate prin acte succesive, dintre care cele mai relevante ar fi: Regulamentul de organizare i funcionare a Ageniei Naionale a Funcionarilor Publici aprobat n februarie 2000, 45

Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 109/2000 pentru aprobarea Regulamentului de organizare i funcionare a Ageniei Naionale a Funcionarilor Publici modificat de Hotrrea Guvernului 299/2001. Agenia Naional a Funcionarilor Publici a fost nfiinat prin Legea 188/1999, a crei misiune const n definirea cadrului legal, crearea mecanismelor de implementare, precum i de monitorizare i control efectiv al aplicrii dispoziiilor legale n domeniul funciei publice. Agenia este organul de specialitate al administraiei publice centrale, cu personalitate juridic, nfiinat pentru crearea i dezvoltarea unui corp de funcionari publici profesionist, stabil i imparial, n subordinea Guvernului. Legea 7/2004 privind Codul de conduit al funcionarilor publici a promovat standardele de conduit pentru acetia: supremaia legii, prioritatea interesului public, profesionalismul, imparialitatea i independena, integritatea, libertatea gndirii i a exprimrii, asigurarea egalitii de tratament a cetenilor n faa autoritilor i instituiilor publice, cinstea i corectitudinea n exercitarea funciei publice i n ndeplinirea atribuiilor de serviciu ce le revin. n anul 2003, a fost creat cadrul legal care s asigure o evoluie profesional unitar i o evaluare comparativ specifice funcionarilor publici. Astfel, a fost adoptat Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 1209 din 14 octombrie 2003 privind organizarea i dezvoltarea carierei funcionarilor publici, ulterior abrogat prin Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 611 din 4 iunie 2008 pentru aprobarea normelor privind organizarea i dezvoltarea carierei funcionarilor publici3. Sunt precizate aspecte legate de managementul carierei n funcia public, instrumentele de planificare privind dezvoltarea carierei n funcia public, organizarea concursurilor de recrutare a funcionarilor publici, dezvoltarea carierei, numirea, evaluarea pe baza criteriilor de performan, promovarea i mobilitatea funcionarilor publici. n scopul accelerrii reformei n administraie au fost create funcii noi pentru atragerea n administraia public a unor persoane pregtite, specializate, capabile s contribuie activ la realizarea reformei. n anul 2004 a fost creat, la solicitarea instituiilor europene, o nou categorie de funcionari publici cu statut special, denumii manageri publici, prin urmtoarele
3

reglementri: Ordonana de urgen nr. 56 din 25 iunie 2004 privind crearea statutului special al funcionarului public denumit manager public, Ordonana de urgen nr. 82 din 14 octombrie 2004 privind unele msuri n domeniul funciei publice, Normele Metodologice din 14 iulie 2005 de aplicare a Ordonanei de urgen a Guvernului nr. 56/2004, Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 783 din 14 iulie 2005 pentru aprobarea Normelor metodologice de aplicare a Ordonanei de urgen a Guvernului nr. 56/2004 privind crearea statutului special al funcionarului public denumit manager public. Legea 215/2001 a fost modificat prin Legea 286/2006 care precizeaz c la nivelul comunelor i oraelor primarul poate propune consiliului local nfiinarea funciei de administrator public, funcia putndu-se nfiina i la nivelul judeelor, prin propunerea preedintelui consiliului judeean, de ctre consiliul judeean. De asemenea, asociaiile de dezvoltare intercomunitar pot decide desemnarea unui administrator public4. Astfel, n cadrul procesului de reform a administraiei publice s-a avut n vedere atragerea de tineri profesioniti bine pregtii n administraia public din Romnia, a profesionalizrii corpului de funcionari publici, care s beneficieze de un sistem de promovare special i de un nivel de salarizare motivant. Componenta esenial a acestui demers o reprezint nfiinarea i dezvoltarea unui corp profesionist de funcionari publici, neutru i comparabil cu cel existent n rile membre ale Uniunii Europene. Prin acest demers s-a urmrit creterea profesionalismului la nivelul administraiei publice locale din Romnia i, n acelai timp, s se poat asigura separarea celor dou paliere cel politic i cel administrativ. Dup cum rezult din prevederile legale, care menioneaz ncheierea unui contract de management ntre primar i administrator, n baza cruia aceasta din urm i va exercita atribuiile, administratorul public nu are calitatea de funcionar public la nivelul aparatului de specialitate al primarului, ci are calitatea de personal contractual. Statutul funcionarilor publici, reglementat prin Legea 188/1999, este actul normativ care a suferit o serie de modificri i completri
4

Publicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 530/2008.

A se vedea Capitolul VI.2, Administratorul Public, din Legea 286/2006, publicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 621 din 18 iulie 2006.

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importante n anii 2003, 2006 i 2007. Ca urmare a competenelor sale de monitorizare i coordonare metodologic, Agenia Naional a Funcionarilor Publici a identificat o serie de disfuncionaliti, ndeosebi n interpretarea anumitor dispoziii, fapt ce a impus necesitatea clarificrii anumitor aspecte legate de: organizarea, desfurarea i suspendarea concursurilor de recrutare a funcionarilor publici; elaborarea i aprobarea planurilor de ocupare a funciilor publice; modificarea i suspendarea raporturilor de serviciu ale funcionarilor publici; intrarea n categoria nalilor funcionari publici i realizarea mobilitii n cadrul acestei categorii; raporturile de serviciu i raportul juridic aplicabil funcionarilor care ocup funcii publice pe durat determinat; drepturile salariale i de natur salarial ale funcionarilor publici; rspunderea funcionarilor publici ; drepturile funcionarilor publici i procedurile aplicabile n situaia reorganizrii autoritilor sau instituiilor publice; ocuparea funciilor publice i realizarea promovrii funcionarilor publici ; redistribuirea funcionarilor publici. Aceste modificri i-au gsit materializarea n urmtoarele acte normative: OUG 37/2009 i OUG 105/2009, care au operat modificri ale Legii 188/1999, fiind introduse unele reglementri de mbuntire a activitii administraiei publice i a domeniului funciei publice. n acelai timp, n temeiul Legii 329/2009 privind reorganizarea unor autoriti i instituii publice, raionalizarea cheltuielilor publice, susinerea mediului de afaceri i respectarea acordurilor cadru cu Comisia European i Fondul Monetar Internaional, n 2009 au fost operate modificri i n organizarea Ageniei Naionale a Funcionarilor Publici. Astfel, aceast Agenie a preluat atribuiile Institutului Naional de Administraie, desfiinat n urma comasrii prin absorbie. De asemenea, Agenia a preluat i atribuiile centrelor regionale de formare continu pentru administraia public
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local, care au fost desfiinate. Astfel, s-a impus iniierea unui proiect de Lege de modificare i completare a Legii 188/1999, care s rspund nevoii de corectare a unor deficiene de aplicare a legii. Noul proiect, Legea 180/2011, a fost naintat Parlamentului i se afl n prezent pe ordinea de zi a Senatului. Modificri importante au fost aduse Legii 188/1999 i prin Legea 140/2010. Acestea au vizat, n mod deosebit, urmtoarele aspecte: - necesitatea creterii mobilitii i a flexibilitii carierei n cadrul corpului funcionarilor publici, n vederea asigurrii continuitii serviciului public i a meninerii resurselor umane n cadrul acestui corp profesional, n contextul social, politic, economic i administrativ actual; - eficientizarea activitii instituiilor publice i mbuntirea actului managerial n condiiile reducerii cheltuielilor bugetare i ale reorganizrii instituionale la nivelul administraiei publice din Romnia; - necesitatea reglementrii cadrului legal care s asigure utilizarea obiectivelor i a indicatorilor de performan n activitatea serviciilor publice deconcentrate, pentru o mai bun gestionare a resurselor publice, n vederea creterii calitii serviciilor oferite cetenilor de ctre administraia public. Datorit unor dificulti aprute n nelegerea i aplicarea corespunztoare a unor noiuni i termeni specifici utilizai n cuprinsul Legii 188/1999, republicat, prin noua iniiativ legislativ a Guvernului, Legea 180/2011, depus i nregistrat la Senatul Romniei, s-a considerat necesar definirea acestora, n scopul evitrii confuziilor i aplicrii neunitare la nivelul autoritilor i instituiilor publice, a legislaiei n vigoare. Astfel, prin definirea prerogativei de putere politic vor fi eliminate confuziile, n special cele legate de numirea n funcie public a persoanelor ale cror posturi nu presupuneau prerogativa de putere politic, dei specificul activitii impunea aceasta. Totodat, s-a urmrit introducerea n legislaie a neutralitii politice a funcionarilor publici, ca o condiie general de ocupare a funciilor publice. Att statutul funcionarilor publici, ct i Constituia Romniei 5 prevd expres c nu pot face parte din partide politice judectorii Curii Constituionale, avocaii poporului, magistraii, membrii activi ai armatei, poliitii i alte categorii de funcionari publici stabilite prin lege organic.
5

Art. 40 alin. (3) din Constituia Romniei.

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Proiectul de lege mai propune o descentralizare a competenelor Ageniei Naionale a Funcionarilor Publici n ceea ce privete concursurile de selecionare i recrutare a candidailor pentru ocuparea funciilor publice, deoarece n practic au existat situaii care au dus la dificulti privind desfurarea acestora la sediul Ageniei, din punct de vedere financiar i al deplasrii, dar i probleme privind rolul Ageniei Naionale a Funcionarilor Publici n monitorizarea i controlul acestor concursuri. Astfel, noua lege propune crearea unui cadru legal pentru anumite categorii de funcii publice privind organizarea concursurilor la nivelul autoritii i instituiilor publice, dar fr a minimaliza rolul Ageniei Naionale a Funcionarilor Publici n ceea ce privete concursurile. Mai exact, proiectul de lege propune descentralizarea concursurilor pentru ocuparea funciilor de conducere de secretar al unitii administrativ teritoriale, prin organizarea acestora la nivel teritorial. Prin realizarea reformei reale s-a urmrit ca administraia public s ating nivelul standardelor europene avnd ca obiective o real transparen, responsabilitate, adaptabilitate i eficacitate. Cu toate acestea, o analiz critic a administraiei romneti din ultimii 20 de ani evideniaz o intens politizare a administraiei practicat pn n prezent de diferite partide politice ajunse la putere, fapt ce a generat n practic o disoluie a administraiei; apariia unei non-administraii prin ptrunderea unor activiti de partid n posturi ce presupuneau o nalt calificare i o substanial experien. Considerm c fr o administraie depolitizat, profesionist, stabil i motivat, progresul nu este posibil. Neutralitatea i imparialitatea sunt principii fundamentale ale funciei publice, n sensul c ocupanii acestora trebuie s fie impariali n rezolvarea problemelor de serviciu. Legislaia trebuie s creeze cadrul adecvat prin care s se asigure stabilitatea n funcie, indiferent de schimbrile de natur politic. Din pcate ns, schimbrile politice, indiferent de garaniile legale, conduc la numeroase schimbri n rndul funcionarilor publici, ndeosebi ocupani ai funciilor publice de conducere. Dei teoretic este asigurat stabilitatea, asistm din patru n patru ani la migrri masive ale funcionarilor publici generate de presiuni ale nivelului politic. Pe de alt parte, asistm la migrri ale funcionarilor publici ctre sectorul privat,
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ndeosebi datorit nivelului de salarizare din administraia public i faptului c perspectiva unei cariere este mult prea ndeprtat. Apreciem c reforma administraiei publice trebuie s reprezinte, n fond, o nou organizare a sa, compatibil cu situaia politic, social i economic dintr-un anumit moment al evoluiei unui stat. Reforma administrativ poate s evidenieze chiar i faptul c puterea politic nu i-a definit corect scopurile i, ca atare, administraia public va trebui s apar, atunci, ca rspunztoare pentru incertitudinile sau eecurile politice. Mai toate partidele politice susin, teoretic, teza depolitizrii funciei publice. n practic, ns, se ncearc instalarea, n special n funcii importante, a clientelei politice. Politizarea excesiv este n mod evident o piedic n calea unei bune funcionri a aparatului administrativ, conducnd la schimbri mult prea dese n privina personalului i administraiei, ceea ce genereaz o lips de continuitate i promovarea unor funcionari publici neprofesioniti. Asistm n ultima perioad la formularea unor teorii, majoritatea declarative, potrivit crora politizarea administraiei i instalarea n funcii a persoanelor de ncredere ar face parte din jocul politic i c astfel de programe de guvernare nu ar avea anse de realizare datorit sabotajului pe care l-ar declana vechea administraie. Este de observat c intervenia politic n promovarea nalilor funcionari, chiar dac nu este legat direct de politica partidelor de guvernmnt, tinde s politizeze administraia i astfel aduce n prim plan discuia de natur constituional, potrivit creia nalii funcionari se conduc sau ar trebui s se conduc numai dup regulile interne ale administraiei, menionate n legi i statute: neutralitate, obiectivitate, eficacitate etc. Statutul funcionarilor publici, cu modificrile i completrile ulterioare, nu mpiedic specializarea funcionarilor publici, salarizarea acestora pe criterii de performan, informatizarea sau introducerea unor metode i tehnici moderne de management public n vederea creterii eficacitii actului de administrare, fie el de autoritate sau de gestiune. n consecin, considerm c n toate domeniile administraiei publice trebuie promovai specialitii, care s pun accentul pe dinamism, eficien, responsabilitate i gestiune.
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II. ROMANIAN INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ANNUAL REPORT 2010

The entire activity of the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, the experience acquired over the years, as well as its close collaboration with domestic and foreign governmental and nongovernmental organizations were devoted to the purpose of fulfilling its powers conferred by the law, in its capacity as a national independent institution promoting human rights and acting as an interface, a solid bridge, between the State's institutions and the civil society. Its activities rooted in the actual realities of each period, each stage, the Institute had permanently in mind the organization of an adequate framework and adequate means for the actual implementation and observance of human rights, for better familiarization with and increased awareness about human rights, both in terms of the public authorities and the citizens who enjoy these rights and benefit from the protection of their observance. This is so much more so that, since 2007, Romania has been a member country of the European Union, which entailed a new approach to human rights issues. In this respect, the Institute mainly focused its activity on the organization of such programmes and partnerships that respond better to the present requirements of promoting the people's rights and freedoms, and training those categories of persons having the responsibility to protect them. Thus, established under a law Law No. 9/1991 as an independent body having the status of a legal person, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights (IRDO) has proved its decisive role with increasing familiarization of public bodies, non-governmental organizations and the Romanian citizens with human rights issues, the way they are guaranteed and observed both in Romania and in other countries, and as well systematically informing international bodies and the public in other countries about the way human rights are actually applied and observed in Romania. Bearing in mind the particular importance of knowing human rights, in 2010 the Romanian Institute for Human Rights organized a large number of training, information, documentation, research and consultancy activities, contributing
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by its entire activity to the training of persons working in the public structures and institutions having powers to protect and promote human rights, systematically informing the citizens about the rights guaranteed under the legislation or provided for in international documents where Romania is a party. In this respect, in the year 2010, the Institute organized scientific events, symposiums, seminars, roundtables, debates, training courses, exchanges of experience. It performed research work, published and disseminated several volumes in the field, which aimed to achieve better understanding of the international standards, the international instruments and mechanisms for the protection and the promotion of human rights signed by Romania, in an attempt to facilitate their rapid and correct implementation at national level. Taking such a long-term effort, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights is determined to fulfill its role as well as possible in partnership with governmental bodies and non-governmental organizations. During difficult economic periods, as is the one characterized by the global economic crisis, which we are facing at present, it becomes obvious that, out of the rights laid down in the Universal Declaration and the international treaties, alongside the civil and political rights, with which they are in fact interdependent, the economic, social and cultural rights need special protection. Of these, the following were given special attention: the right to a working place with acceptable working conditions, the right to social security, the right to health and education, the right to social protection and healthcare. These are also the main topics the Institute dealt with in its activity in the year 2010, a year that at European level was marked by the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon and the implementation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, events also reflected by the increased collaboration between the Institute and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. The results the Institute obtained in the year 2010 make us rightfully appreciate that IRDO
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accomplishes its role as a national independent institution promoting human rights, acting as a solid bridge between the State's institutions and the civil society. The activities performed by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in the year 2010 may be synthesized as aiming to: Provide better knowledge of human rights issues, as well as the way these rights are guaranteed in the Member States of the United Nations, the OSCE, the Council of Europe, the EU, etc.; Inform the international institutions about the practical ways in which human rights are promoted and guaranteed in Romania;

Perform research on important aspects in the field of human rights promotion and observance in our country and at international level; Organize and achieve training and educational programmes in the field of human rights according to the newest methodologies; Editorial activities; Publish the regulations, the documents, and the recent studies and research works in the field of human rights; Improve the activity of IRDO's Documentation Center; Offer advisory opinions, on request, to all those interested.

I. RESEARCH DEVOTED TO ASPECTS OF THE PROMOTION AND RESPECT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ROMANIA AND AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL One of the main elements characterizing the activity performed by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights is to research various aspects related to the promotion and observance of human rights. Dealing with this activity, provided for by the law, IRDO has always had in mind the Principles of Paris 1 on the functioning of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights, the Plan of Action adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna 1993, the Declaration of Durban of 2001, the documents adopted by the Council of Europe Steering Committee for Human Rights, United Nation's Resolution 59/113 of 10 December 2004, the Annual Working Programme of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights and, last but not least, Recommendations R(79)16 and (97)14 and Resolution (97)11 by the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, which point out that investigating human rights and learning human rights are adequate means to provide increased respect for human rights, by knowing them better. The thematic dealt with in the studies, the research and the articles achieved in the year
1

The fundamental principles established at the first international meeting of the National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, held in Paris on 7-9 October 1991, also known as the Principles of Paris.

2010 was diversified, practically covering both the general aspects of the history and the evolution of human rights at international and domestic level, and specialized topics related to various civil and political rights, on the one hand, and the economic, social and cultural rights, on the other hand. There were also topics dealing with the third generation human rights, such as: the right to peace, the right to sustainable development, the right to a healthy environment. The experience and the professional training of the Institute's own researchers and its collaborators allowed us to approach the most recent topics in the field, in ample studies, extending beyond one year and achieved by teams of two or more researchers in the Institute who worked in partnership with honorific associated researchers with the purpose of deepening the approach given the profoundness of the subject. At the same time, the research works dealt with special topics usually approached by a single author, while the results of such studies were popularized either by publication in the quarterly Drepturile Omului, in the monthly bulletin Info IRDO, and in volumes, or by means of reports presented in the framework of scientific events organized by IRDO or by national and international bodies with which IRDO collaborates. It is in this category that the great
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majority of the studies and research works performed within or with the participation of IRDO fall. In terms of the thematic dealt with, one can distinguish: a) research activities dealing with general issues; b) research activities devoted to the instruments and the mechanisms related to the promotion and the protection of human rights and the way the former evolved; c) works devoted to the protection and the promotion of human rights; d) research works devoted to human rights and the fundamental freedoms, namely: civil and political rights, economic, social and cultural rights; the right to peace, the right to sustainable development and the right to a healthy environment. A brief illustration of each research category shows the diversity of the topics. a) General issues - Juridical culture and the integration of a culture of the law; - Economy and human rights; - Present-day developments with the administration of the judicial system; - The role of public servants in modernizing the administrative system and improving the relationship with the civil society; - The relationship between the national authorities and the authorities of the European Union; - The development of human rights from the domestic and the international points of view; - The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe; - The computerized society and its impact upon human rights; - The history and the development of the jurisdictional system; - Cooperation at the public administration level meant to achieve guaranteed liberty and security for the citizens. b) Research devoted to legal documents and mechanisms for the protection and promotion of human rights - Protocol No. 14 to the European Convention on Human Rights;
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- A history of the control mechanism of Strasbourg; - The control mechanism for the implementation of the ECtHR's judgments; - The role of the European Mediator in observing the right to good governance; - Rules related to equal opportunities for men and women in the European Union and their transposition into the Romanian legislation; - The Advocate of the People and its role for the protection of the citizens' rights in their relationship with the administration; - The legal persons holding rights provided for under the European Convention on Human Rights; - The new Civil Code and human rights. c) Research devoted to the protection and promotion of certain human rights - The right to good governance; - The right to work a fundamental principle; - Good administration of justice; - Legal guarantees for the right to work; - National minorities and the security risks; - Promotion and protection of human rights by means of administrative courts and Ombudsman"-type institutions in the relationship with the public administration. d) Research devoted to the human rights and fundamental freedoms: civil and political, economic, social and cultural; the rights to peace, to sustainable development and a healthy environment - Children's right to a healthy environment within the family; - Elimination of mental stress for the benefit of exercising the fundamental right to health; - Issues related to the implementation and the protection of the right to work coming out from the jurisprudence; - Human rights and labour legislation; - Labour value acknowledgement at European level. Throughout the year 2010, the Institute participated in several working sessions of Parliament's Juridical Commissions and Human Rights Commissions as well as working sessions of the Superior Council of Magistracy. In the framework of these sessions, IRDO's representatives expressed advisory points of view in relation to 17 bills.
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II. TRAINING PROGRAMMES AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN RIGHTS The activities performed in the field of education and training-for-trainers (see Appendix A) focused on one of the main objectives laid down in the Constitutive Law of the Romanian Institute for Human Rights: organization of training programs, particularly addressing those categories of persons having special responsibilities for the protection of human rights or to ensure awareness of human rights issues amongst large categories of the population. Following adoption of Resolution 59/113 of 10 December 2004 by the United Nations General Assembly, which launched the World Programme for Human Rights Education for the period 2005-2015, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights took action in conformity with the contents of the Programme and attached particular attention in 2010 to the intensification and the diversification of the activities conceived to develop education. The purpose was to shape the citizens' attitudes and behaviours characterizing a democratic society and increase the interest and the competencies of participation in the public life of as many citizens as possible, coming from all socialprofessional categories, both young and aged. The Steering Committee of IRDO took several measures to adapt the Institute's activities to the objectives of the World Plan. It was an easy task for our plan of action had anticipated, to a great extent, these objectives: to promote a culture of human rights; to reach a consensus in relation to the methods and fundamental principles of human rights education starting from the international instruments; to make human rights education a priority at national, regional and international levels; to offer a framework for common action to the various actors involved with this educational process; to consolidate partnerships and cooperation at all levels; to monitor and support the existing educational programmes in the field of human rights, with a view to push forward
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the good practices while stimulating those measures addressing their continuation, improvement and development. The conclusions resulted from the research on the way human rights were perceived by various population categories, the opinions held and the suggestions made by the participants in the polls, as well as the accumulated experience, were our main blueprints for conceiving and organizing the activities devoted to training-fortrainers and human rights education. The target groups of IRDO's activities in this respect were persons working in such fields as education, research, public administration, justice, health as well as persons from categories with special problems: women, children, pensioners, minorities, persons with disabilities, etc. The increasing effectiveness of our undertakings, the better use of the materials, the objective selection of our beneficiaries, as well as the involvement of an increased number of experts led to the increased interest shown by an ever greater number of beneficiaries for our activities, all of which were achieved in close cooperation with partners from nongovernmental organizations mainly concerned with human rights education, from public institutions as well as higher education institutions, religious cults, professional associations, etc. Following is a brief presentation of the educational and training activities performed by our Institute, mainly bringing into relief those that were characterized by continuity and those that have been enjoying recognition both at national and at international level: 16th edition of the International University of Human Rights summer courses, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance, the Romanian Association for the United Nations, the Club of Cheia Victor Dan Zltescu and the Graduates of Human Rights Master's Degree Association Victor Iancu;
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 Coordination of the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance, by IRDO and the North University, Baia Mare, a permanent activity, which includes the Master Degree courses (graduated in 2009 by the 7th series of graduates), debates, training courses, roundtables, conferences, book releases, etc., organized in collaboration with other institutions and nongovernmental organizations (see Appendix A); 17th edition of the national school contests The Education and Civic Culture School Contest and Democracy and Tolerance, respectively; debates, symposiums, colloquiums devoted to issues of major interest or to mark certain events or anniversaries, etc. (see Appendix A); 4th edition of the national contest of literary creation and plastic creation for primary school students, organized by IRDO in partnership with the School Inspectorate, the Teachers' Training Center and the Constantin Brncoveanu School of Slatina, Olt County; Progress of the 5th edition of the didactic creativeness contest in the field of auxiliary materials devoted to human rights education in pre-university educational units the national exhibition of works and awarding of the best ones, Tg. Mure Cluj. 1. Education of the young generation in a spirit of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, for dignity and tolerance, for the free exchange of opinions, is an objective that has been pursued by over a decade in the framework of a partnership between the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports. This partnership took the form of a number of activities that have become traditional, such as: the school contests The Civic Education and Civic Culture School Contest and Democracy and Tolerance, each at its 17th edition; continuous training courses for teachers and primary school teachers; colloquiums, symposiums and debates
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(see Appendix A) on various aspects of the human rights education activity and, last but not least, the continuation of the 5th edition of the Didactic Creativeness Contest in the field of auxiliary materials to be used for human rights education and of a National Contest of Literary Creation and Plastic Creation for primary school pupils. The event suggestively entitled I've come of age, so I vote!: devoted to students, who met representatives of the Standing Electoral Authority and IRDO, who, in turn, explained with arguments the importance of the constitutional right to elect one's leaders. Organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights (IRDO) and the Standing Electoral Authority, the event was part of a series of similar ones that took place at the Pedagogical High School Costache Negri in Galai, the Goethe National College in Bucharest, the Theoretical High School Gh. incai in ClujNapoca, the Tudor Vladimirescu High School in Bucharest, and the M. Eminescu College in Bucharest. All the events organized by the PEA came in addition to those initiated by the Association of European Election Officials (ACEEEO), an organization this institution is affiliated with. 2. The national school contests Following an initiative by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, starting in 1993 the Ministry of Education, Research and Youth included the disciplines civic education (grades III-IV), and respectively civic culture (grades VII-VIII) in the category of disciplines for which annual national school contests were organized. These contests, in the organization of which the Romanian Institute for Human Rights is a partner of the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, known as 'Olympiads', are the result of the need for education meant to shape the role and the status of a citizen in a democratic society, with a view to train and develop competencies for participation in the public life, a critical social spirit and the capacity for tolerance. a) The 17th edition of the Civic Education/Culture School Contest was organized in April 2010 in Piatra Neam, in
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partnership with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports General Directorate for Pre-University Education, and the Neam County School Inspectorate. As usual, the best works achieved by the participating crews were offered prizes by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. b) The 17th edition of the final stage of the National School Contest Democracy and Tolerance" A complex form of civic education involving pupils from primary and secondary schools, the contest was organized on three dimensions: theoretical, practical-applicative, and artistic, with the participation of three-member crews, of which one from a primary school. The experience accumulated during the contest reveals a constant improvement of the quality of the materials presented in the framework of the contest in all its three dimensions, as well as a constantly increasing interest in the issues it deals with. The contest, held in Rmnicu-Vlcea, aimed to develop cooperation competencies at group level, stimulating the interest in familiarization with the concepts: democracy, tolerance, human rights, rights of the child and the relationships among all these, familiarization with the national and the international regulations in the field and, last but not least, students' practicing democratic, tolerant, attitudes and behaviour, the civic spirit and shaping the skills of getting involved with the life of the educational and the community the students belong to. c) Finalization, in Cluj-Napoca, of the 5 th edition of the National Contest of Didactic Creativeness in the field of auxiliary materials devoted to human rights education in preuniversity educational units for the period 2008-2009. This edition of the contest was organized by IRDO in partnership with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, and the Trgu-Mure and the Cluj-Napoca Teachers' Training Centers. The main objective of the contest was to stimulate the interest in achieving auxiliary means devoted to human rights education, democracy and the shaping of a culture of peace, while taking into account the objectives
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of education proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in its Resolution 59/113 of 2004. Finalization of the contest took place in May 2010 by having the works exhibited at national level and the best ones awarded. 3. With regards to the continuous training of the teachers involved with human rights education, an important number of activities were organized in various regions of the country during the year 2010, in partnership with the Teachers' Training Centers. They include shortterm courses which are part of the continuous training programmes for the didactic personnel (see Appendix A). The continuous training courses for the didactic personnel in the field of human rights education and the rights of the child were continued in the year 2010. The courses, accredited by the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, were organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Teachers' Training Centers of Bucharest, Trgu Mure, Galai and Oradea. 4. Activities devoted to the administration of justice. In this field, the activities took place almost weekly in courts, parquets and bar associations, based on the partnership agreements concluded with the Superior Council of Magistracy, the National Institute of Magistracy, the High Court of Cassation and Justice. To assist the citizens and for the citizens to better familiarize with the most important rights, the Institute, in partnership with the Superior Council of Magistracy, proposed, achieved and published based on a consensus, a working instrument. It represents the sum total of certain rights of the citizens, in accordance with the domestic legislation and the European law. Knowing them is a prerequisite for the defence and the enjoyment of all citizens' rights. The Constitution and the domestic legislation consecrate the principles referring to: free access to justice; equality before the law; the right to a fair trial and resolution of cases within a reasonable time period; the public nature of the court sittings; the right to defence.
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These can only be achieved if justice proves to be impartial, efficient, transparent, and credible. The citizens should know and monitor the enjoyment of these consecrated rights that are clear, accurate rules, which they must follow. 5. Other specific forms of training and education in the field of human rights: a) Elaboration of special programmes devoted to important events and appreciated as such by the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the OSCE and relevant for the protection and the promotion of human rights, such as: - The Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014); - 60 years since adoption of the European Convention on the Defence of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; - 44 years since adoption of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; - 55 years since Romania's accession to the United Nations Organization; - 35 years since the OSCE was established; - 2010 The European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion. b) Coordination of the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance. The Chair was created based on an agreement between the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Paris, and the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the North University of Baia Mare, being a pilot center of research, debate and training at post-university level. In the year 2010, a new class of students graduated the Master's Degree in human rights, democracy, peace and tolerance; this form of training assimilates the results of the national and the international research, while keeping

pace with the progress and the developments in its specific field. Mention should be made that the Institute is the first national institution that coordinates, within the partnership system of UNESCO's programmes, the activity of a Chair for human rights, democracy and peace. In exercising its mandate, the Institute has been preoccupied to involve public institutions and non-governmental organizations by means of partnerships in the field of human rights. The year 2010 was no exception, partnerships being concluded or renewed, with notable results for the various activities. Thus, the following should be mentioned: - Participation of the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in the elaboration of a draft project for a four-year collaboration with the Bucharest School Inspectorate and the Bucharest Teachers' Training Center, whose objective is to train teachers of all forms and levels of pre-university education in the field of human rights and the rights of the child (including teachers involved with inclusive education, kindergarten educators, primary school teachers, secondary school teachers, high school teachers); - Participation in voluntary activities for the benefit of various groups of persons with special needs and vulnerable groups ("Let's give away a book in the framework of the National Strategy of Community Activities; alongside with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and Children's High Level Group, the Institute's participation in educative activities in Sighioara, Gurgiu, etc.); - Collaboration in the Romanian-French Project on Education for information in the disadvantaged rural environment, meant to enrich the book stock of Documentation and Information Centers (Prundul Brgului, Gurgiu, Slite, Cmpul Cetii); - Participation in the European Union Programme called Study Visits, which dealt with Legal bases of the public-private partnership.

III. ORGANIZATION OF COLLOQUIUMS, SEMINARS AND SYMPOSIUMS The activity of organizing colloquiums, seminars, symposiums or roundtables, together
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with the Institute's other activities of research, education and training formed a harmonious
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structure of dealing with human rights issues, while emphasizing the importance of their promotion and protection. The dissertations and the studies presented on these occasions were the result of the research activity performed by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights (see Appendix A). No matter whether they were events organized by the Institute or in partnership, the exchange of experience, the opinions and the conclusions drawn there allowed for conceiving new topics for research, new ways to approach training and education in the spirit of respect for human rights. The fact that the Institute was invited to participate with studies, dissertations, reports, etc., in events organized by various human rights organizations and bodies, domestic and from abroad (see Appendix B), fully illustrates the prestige IRDO enjoys both at national and international level, a prestige acquired through the scientific organization of the dissertations, the accuracy and the consistency of its involvement with the defence and the promotion of the human rights and fundamental freedoms. It should be stressed that the Institute has constantly tried and managed to attract participants in the events it organized and even to determine involvement in the organization of these events of a large number of actors with powers or taking interest in the field of human rights, working in the structures of Parliament, the Government, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, or international and regional organizations. By getting involved these actors who participated with their own essays, dissertations, communications, experience or with reports on behalf the institutions of the organizations they represented the Institute pursued a better communication and a closer collaboration for the application or the identification of more effective solutions to improve the status of human rights in Romania. The Romanian Institute for Human Rights organized a large number of scientific events devoted to the assertion, the promotion and the protection of human rights (see Appendix A) with personalities from Romania and from abroad taking interest in human rights issues as participants. On the International Women's Day, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights
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organized a colloquium on Progress can only be achieved through equal rights and equal opportunities. On the event, IRDO and its partners engaged in an exciting and complex dialogue about women's rights, particularly focused on identifying actual activities meant to provide the respect and promotion of women's rights at all levels of society. The participants in this dialogue included Members of Parliament, representatives of the Government SecretariatGeneral, the Superior Council of Magistracy, representatives of the IDEF, a large number of non-governmental organizations such as ANUROM, the Club of Cheia, ARODF, researchers, university teachers and representatives of the media. The World Health Day, instituted in 1948, has been celebrated every year starting in 1950, to raise awareness about priorities, issues of maximum importance for public health and to initiate long-term programmes or projects. On the occasion, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in collaboration with the Chamber of Deputies Commission on Human Rights, Cults and Minorities' Issues, Chamber of Deputies Commission on Health and the Family, and the Romanian Association for the United Nations, a symposium devoted to the year's topic established by the World Health Organization 1000 Cities-1000 Lives. Champions of Urban Health and Promoters of Human Rights. Specialists and practitioners from all over the world joined together in Iai on 25-29 April 2010 to participate in the sessions of the 3rd edition of the International Conference on Adult Education, in the organization of which the Romanian Institute for Human Rights was a partner. This year's edition of the Conference focused on Training the labour for the computerized society. The event was attended by specialists in the field from several countries including the United States of America, Greece, Italy, the Czech Republic, Germany, France and Romania. The participants analyzed the impact and the importance of the new technologies of communication for education, which are genuine instruments by means of which the objectives of continuous education and adult education can be achieved. To this end, the Conference initiated an interactive dialogue between renowned specialists and practitioners
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in the field of human rights education. It also initiated a forum of participation for the various representatives of non-governmental organizations, local and regional organizations, as well as public and private international organizations. The Conference also hosted the international symposium on Human rights and labour legislation, which was attended by personalities form Romania and from abroad who delivered speeches on The economic, social and cultural rights. Following the interpretation of the two concepts of labour law and right to work, the participants delivered speeches on the economic, social and cultural rights, the international Covenants and regulations in this respect. They also presented individual cases of violations of the right to work by employers' abusive interpretations of the provisions referring to the termination of the work contract in Romania and France, as well as the place held by the social rights in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. During the debates, the topics generated a constructive dialogue in the end of which the participants concluded that there was need for cohesion at European level in terms of the respect of the right to work and also need to improve the legal system protecting this right. On the occasion, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights awarded the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University a Diploma of Excellence on its 150th anniversary, for special merits in the long and fruitful partnership in the field of human rights education. The World Family Day, proclaimed as such by the United Nations Organization under its Resolution 47/2371/1993, also became in 1994 the National Romanian Family Day. The latter was instituted under a Government Decision adopted on proposal by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and endorsed by the Patriarchate of the Romanian Orthodox Church. On the occasion, the Institute organized an ample reunion with the participation of the Chamber of Deputies Commission on human rights, cults and minorities' issues, the Chamber of Deputies Commission on health and the family, the Senate Commission on culture, art and the media, as well as the UNESCO Chair on human rights, democracy, peace and tolerance. "The father and the family: responsibilities
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and challenges was the topic of the reunion, organized in the form of a roundtable. The participants pointed out the essential role held by the family and the father in the human society, in general, and particularly in the Romanian society, in terms of raising and educating the younger generations, social cohesion and solidarity, and the essential mission of the family to perpetuate the human species; they also showed that during this period of crisis the family was facing new and numerous challenges and that there was need for the government officials to get more actively involved with the social and also the legal protection of the family, while expressly referring to the provisions in the new Civil Code. The participants made a large number of proposals to the effect of developing and extending the policies and the services oriented toward the needs of the family so that they may ease the efforts it takes to fulfill its mission of creating, raising and educating the next generations in the spirit of values. At the same time, they pointed out the role played by the family and particularly by the fathers for the social cohesion and integration. On the OSCE's 35th anniversary, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in partnership with the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of the Al. I. Cuza University of Iai, organized a roundtable on The role of the OSCE in developing the democratic institutions related to human rights. On the occasion of the World Environment Day, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the Romanian Association for a Healthy Environment, organized on 5 June a debate on The ecologic ethics and the right to a healthy environment. The participants pointed out the impact of the climatic changes, generated by human activity, visible at planetary level, which was a major problem mankind was facing at the moment, particularly in the context of the global economic crisis a period when environment issues tend to be attached less importance. They pointed out the multitude of factors eroding man's natural habitat, as well as the lack of policies of intelligent urban planning that could
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put an end to phenomena with disastrous effects upon life. In this context, the participants, including university teachers, researchers, experts in the field of environment, physicians, jurists, representatives of human rights nongovernmental organizations pointed out the need for joining their efforts and changing the attitude towards the present-day environment problems related to the climatic changes. On the World Refugee Day, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, together with the Victor Dan Zltescu Club of Cheia, organized a debate on The development of the asylum institution in Romania. On the occasion of the World Population Day, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights organized in Baia Mare a symposium on The World Population Day present and future issues, with the participation of the UNESCO Chair on human rights, peace, democracy and tolerance of the University of Baia Mare. Representatives of the Romanian Institute for Human Rights took active part in the seminar on Promotion of global education and education for development in Romania, organized by the Non-governmental Organizations Federation of Romania, and the Working group on education for development, in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, and with the support of the North-South Centre of the Council of Europe and the European Commission. On 29-30 September 2010, the symposium on The European protection and promotion of human rights, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance of the North University of Baia Mare and with the contribution of the IDEF, on celebrating the 60th anniversary of the European Convention on the Defence of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the 17th anniversary of Romania's membership of the Council of Europe. The Romanian Institute for Human Rights made its contribution consisting of
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reports, viewpoints and documentation to the symposium on Equal people equal rights, organized in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and Family Forum, and devoted to the topic set up by the World Health Organization for the International day of Persons with Disabilities . The participants focused on the cooperation between national human rights institutions and the organizations of persons with disabilities in monitoring and implementing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The main topic for discussions was the structure and the role of the national mechanisms for implementing and monitoring the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM), the Romanian Association for the Rights of Elderly Persons, the Romanian Association for Womens Rights, Family Forum and the Romanian Association for Personal Liberty and Human Dignity, with the contribution of the International Institute of Law of French Expression and Inspiration, organized a roundtable on The rights of elderly persons between desiderata and realities, a logo under which the International Day for Older Persons was celebrated internationally. The participants parliamentarians, experts, researchers, university teaching staff and representatives of non-governmental organizations interested in human rights debated on various issues related to the rights of elderly persons in the context of the latest demographic, social and economic developments at global, regional and domestic levels. On the World Teachers' Day, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance, organized a roundtable on Education and the economic crisis. The reunion was devoted to the debate on the first draft of the UN Declaration on education and training in the field of human rights. The debate had been initiated by the International Coordination Committee of National Human Rights Institutions, of which the Romanian Institute for Human Rights was a member.
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The participants referred to the principles laid down in the UNESCO Recommendations and other international documents as well as the first draft of the Declaration on education and training in the field of human rights, initiated by the Human Rights Council. At the same time, the participants (including researchers, representatives of the pre-university and the university teaching staff, members of non-governmental organizations taking interest in the field) expressed their opinions on the contents of the first draft under debate as well as effective training and the high quality of the training courses and of the didactic creativeness contest organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and the Teachers' Training Centers. On the occasion of the United Nations Day, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM), the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance and the Club of Cheia Association, organized a several cultural-scientific events. They took place in the period 24-27 October 2010, were devoted to the United Nations Day, and included, among others, a debate on Linking the Romanian institutions and instruments for the protection and promotion of human rights to those in the United Nations system, organized in Bucharest, Baia Mare, Mneciu, Vlenii de Munte, Cheia, Iai, Bistria Nsud, Trgu Mure, etc. The roundtable on Romanian contributions to the activity of the United Nations, organized in Bucharest by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with ANUROM was also an event devoted to the United Nations Day 24 October. At the same time, these events included a wide range of other activities, from book releases and exhibitions of publications down to roundtables with representatives of the teaching staff which identified attractive didactic methods of informing the students and increasing their interest in the role of the United Nations Organization, debates with Master Degree candidates of the UNESCO Chair and scientific and popularization reunions. The International Day against
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Fascism and Anti-Semitism was marked all over Europe through events commemorating the Holocaust and reprobating and combating nationalist-extremist and fascist attitudes. On the occasion, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM), the Victor Dan Zltescu Club of Cheia Association and the participation of the IDEF, organized a roundtable attended by researchers, university teaching staff, students, members of non-governmental organizations, etc. The participants expressed their opinions about the significance and the importance of the event, showing what it meant for the world's peoples to mark the day of fighting fascism and anti-Semitism, and pointing out the fact that, by learning the lessons of the past one can stop such nationalist-extremist and fascist attitudes with such serious consequences for mankind. The day when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted was consecrated by the United Nations as the Human Rights Day. In this context, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance, organized a roundtable on Say NO to discrimination. The participants, including members of the Constitutional Court, the High Court of Cassation and Justice, the Legislative Council, the IDEF, and the Jus Primi Viri organization, university teaching staff, diplomats, researchers, lawyers, representatives of organizations interested in human rights, referred to various aspects related to equality and nondiscrimination, from the domestic and the international legal frameworks down to the role of the human rights defending mechanisms and institutions. In the framework of the week devoted to the Human Rights Day, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights organized in Constana, in partnership with the Andrei aguna University, a roundtable on Human rights between desideratum and reality, while in Baia Mare it organized, in partnership with the North University, a symposium on Human rights an evolving system, attended by researchers, experts, university staff, students,
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representatives of governmental and nongovernmental organizations taking interest in the field. Also, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in partnership with the Adolescena Foundation, the Oil and Gas University of Ploieti and the Prahova County School Inspectorate, organized a symposium on Human rights and the fundamental freedoms. On the International Migrants Day, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM), organized a roundtable on The migrant workers' right to free movement. The topics under discussion included attenuation of the main barriers in the field of immigration and the free movement of the migrant workers, problems that are commonly faced by the recent member countries of the European Union, particularly Romania. At the same time, IRDO's representatives participated in the sessions of the International Conference on Mind the Gap: Towards Better Enforcement of European Citizens Free Movement Rights, organized by ECAS (European Citizen Action Service), the

European Economic and Social Committee and the European Legal Studies Institute. The Romanian Institute for Human Rights participated with reports in the World Family +6 Summit on Education is the strongest weapon to change the world, organized by the World Family Organization with the participation of ECOSOC, UNESCO The Education for All Movement, and the International Association of Economic and Social Councils and Similar Institutions. The Romanian Institute for Human Rights also elaborated several reports, such as: - Report on the evolution of the human rights legislation in Romania and the European Union, 2010; - Report on religion and the lay State in Romania, 2010; - Report on Aspects of the Romanian juridical culture. Present issues and human rights, 2010. Also, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights made a contribution to the elaboration of the Report on National Human Rights Institutions within the Francophone Area and their role in promoting and protecting human rights.

IV. PUBLICATION OF REGULATIONS, DOCUMENTS, STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN RIGHTS Among other powers, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights is to inform public bodies, NGOs and the citizens about the domestic and the international legislation, institutions and mechanisms, practices and customs, as well as the findings of the research in the field of human rights. In this respect, the Institute had an intensive publishing and editorial activity, informing the public about the latest developments in the field of human rights, the international commitments assumed by Romania and the way they were accomplished. The Institute was also preoccupied to translate those materials which, by virtue of their freshness, needed to be known by governmental and nongovernmental organizations promoting and protecting human rights. Periodic publications A) Quarterly Drepturile Omului publishes studies, research works, articles, essays and reports. It is also concerned with texts of international or national regulations of major significance in the field of human rights, jurisprudence in the field, notes, comments or book reviews. The thematic approached includes a scientific analysis of all categories of rights, from the primary down to the latest generation ones. The issue of the relationship between the latter and the values, the principles, the norms and the standards characterizing the institutions, the mechanisms, the terms, the concepts and the future trends is carefully debated both scientifically and methodologically and

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technologically. In addition to these, the quarterly published reports on various events in the field of human rights, book reviews in the field of human rights, the newest publications of the Institute as well as brief accounts on the main activities organized or attended by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. B) Info IRDO, the a monthly information bulletin, including briefly presented topical news about events organized at domestic and international level, related to human rights. Of the permanent columns, it is worth mentioning Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, which briefly presents various cases brought before the European Court, in an attempt to meet the present-day requirements of the civil society, the institutions or the students. Lat but not least, mention should be made of the columns devoted to recently adopted international documents. Works published in volumes IRDO published new compilations of documents and research works: "Din jurisprudena Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului. Cazuri cu privire la Romnia (Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Cases where Romania is involved) Already in its 3rd edition, the compilation of Romanian cases in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights continues the series of the previous volumes and is primarily addressed to magistrates, lawyers and persons with powers in the administration of justice for the citizens. The imperative need that these professional categories should be familiarized with the updated jurisprudence of the ECtHR comes from the Constitution of Romania, which provides that the ratified treaties shall be part of the domestic legislation (art. 11), while the rights and the fundamental freedoms laid down shall be interpreted in conformity with the provisions in the field included in the treaties; moreover, in case of inconsistencies with the domestic legislation, the provisions in the treaties shall take precedence, except for those
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cases when the Constitution or the domestic legislation include more favourable provisions (art. 20). The pronouncements in the cases where the Romanian State is a party, which have been increasing in number and also in terms of the diversity of the articles under the applicability of which they fall, are of particular interest. The compilation meets the need for accurate, rigorous information made available to the specialists in justice, the legislative, administration, researchers and teachers, the trainees in the field, as well as the citizens, being meant to serve as an instrument for work, study and research. "Tratat de Management juridic i jurisdicional (Treatise of juridical and jurisdictional management) Promotion and strengthening of a good governance of the state characterized by the preeminence of law, democracy and human rights implies a rigorously scientific approach to juridical and jurisdictional management on which coherence in the functioning of the state system depends. The conceptual context of the entire treatise reviews the development of such principles as liberty, equality and fraternity and their effects in terms of legislation. The relationship between juridical coherence and the philosophical divergences is explained by another relationship, namely, the one according to which coherence of the legal system is indispensable to juridical necessity. In this respect, the author makes use of such terms as solidarity, inclusion, cooperation, sociality, which he later directly links to the social present, terms which he skillfully uses to initiate a reforming action. An analysis of such concepts as juridical engineering, juridical transplant, constitutional engineering and institutional engineering is directly applied in the practical form of the work, where the contents proves its usefulness through the practice of imports of systems, particular parts or provisions in the western systems applied to the current needs of the state under analysis. The volume was published in the framework of the IRDO-SCM partnership. "Persoanele juridice i grupurile
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de particulari n jurisprudena CEDO (Legal persons and groups of private persons in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR) The work, published on the 60th anniversary of the European Convention on Human Rights, reminds the rights and the freedoms that the member states commit themselves to guarantee to any person under their jurisdiction. The author presents the international system of protection according to which any legal person meeting the conditions under art. 34 in the Convention can apply to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg if that person believes that one or several rights guaranteed by the Convention were violated by one of the contracting States. According to the author, the control mechanism consecrated by the European Convention on Human Rights should be analyzed and interpreted in light of the social reforms since in terms of human rights protection social situations are changing continuously. The author points out the active involvement of the Court of Strasbourg in the rapid resolution of the problems imposed by the actual reality, while re-evaluating the interpretation and the application of the rights and freedoms to new situations, resulted from the social progress, fully proving its reforming, innovating and stabilizing role in interpreting the norms of the Convention.

The work analyzes the relationship between guaranteeing the rights acknowledged by the Convention and the possibility of the holder of the right to invoke violation of the Convention's provisions before the European jurisdiction of Strasbourg. In this respect, the author goes beyond the issues related to principles and shows that the notion of 'victim' as defined by the Court has enlarged its meaning to such an extent that it has come to guarantee that any person having the double capacity of resident of a member state and a person whose rights acknowledged by the Convention were violated may apply to the European Court of Human Rights. Reports National report on religion and the lay state in Romania, IRDO, Bucharest, 2010; Report on the evolution of the human rights legislation in Romania and the European Union, IRDO, Bucharest, 2010; Report Aspects of the Romanian juridical culture. Present issues and human rights, 2010. It is worth mentioning that the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and its quarterly Drepturile Omului are acknowledged by the National Council of Scientific Research in the Higher Education System, being entered on the 2001-2010 lists of publishing houses and accredited scientific reviews.

V. THE DOCUMENTATION CENTER Since IRDO was created under Law No. 9/1991 up to present, one of its tasks has been to create, maintain and operate for outside users an information center / library, which should keep and make available to them sources of information in the field of human rights, the texts of international conventions, laws, documents, studies and publications as well as bibliographic references. The library book inventory was increased in the year 2010 with research and documentation works / the Institute's own publications and selffunded acquisitions of valuable editorial novelties in the legal, the social-political, and
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the cultural fields, and dictionaries as well. The catalogue of the publications making up the library book inventory, a catalogue structured into 251 fields of research, has been updated and republished. During the year, IRDO received a large number of publications in the form of donations from international organizations, higher education units, and continued the exchange of publications with foundations, universities, similar institutions and NGOs in the field, both from Romania and from abroad. Particular attention was attached to the collaboration with other specialized libraries from other countries, of which the collaboration with the Alexandrina Library of Alexandria Egypt is illustrative.
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While a permanent preoccupation was to inform and document about the scientific activities performed by the Institute, the publications issued in the year 2010 under the patronage of IRDO were sent free of charge to all those interested in the country: the National Library of Romania, the University Central Library, the Romanian Academy, the Senate of Romania, the Chamber of Deputies, the Constitutional Court, the Superior Council of Magistracy, the High Court of Cassation and Justice, the Legislative Council, the Government of Romania, the Institute of Juridical Research, the National Institute of Magistracy, the Training Center of Registrars and Other Specialized Auxiliary Personnel, the National Institute for Lawyers' Training, the Ministries with tasks and preoccupations in the field of human rights, the Mayors' Offices, the Prefects' Offices, the Teachers' Training Centers, the Courts of Appeal, the Tribunals, the Courts of Justice, the General Parquet, as well as organizations and institutions from abroad: UNESCO, the Council of Europe, the Secretariat of the European Social Charter, the European Court, the United Nations Human Rights Center in Geneva, the International Academy of Comparative Law Paris the Hague, the Center for International and European Studies, the Institute of Comparative Law of Lausanne, the Comparative Law Society Paris. Known and appreciated for the value of its book inventory, the Documentation Center of the Romanian Institute for Human Rights was visited throughout the year by approximately 1000 readers, including researchers, teachers, lawyers, magistrates, students, representatives of various NGOs in Romania and from abroad, interested in the scientific literature in the field of human rights or complementary fields at national and international level. Given its preoccupation for improving the quality of its activities and to facilitate the access to the data, the Institute created (in the year 2007) and has continually developed its webpage; the latter, which was accessed by over 1,600,000 visitors, hosts the Virtual Library, which is periodically updated with publications issued under the patronage of IRDO and information about Romanian cases solved by the European Court of Human Rights, the
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activities organized by the Institute, thus increasing the number of the readers. The public relations activity Following is a synthetic presentation of the report elaborated by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights Public Relations Department for the year 2010: As far as the public relations activity is concerned, the fame enjoyed amongst large categories of persons by the activities and the events organized by IRDO is proved by the fact that an increasing number of citizens turn to the Institute with various problems, signaling violations of human rights or requesting advice on legal issues. Thus, in 2010 as well, the Romanian Institute for Human Rights took the necessary legal steps for the clarification and resolution of more than 483 petitions and written complaints addressed to it, thus responding to the petitions on various violations of the rights by the State administrative bodies or in justice. As a result of the investigations and inquiries performed by the public authorities on request by our Institute, a large number of the complaints addressed to us (more than 76% of the total number of petitions) proved to be justified, and thus the corresponding legal measures were adopted to redress the situation, to restore the violated rights, situations that were communicated to the petitioners. Also, the Institute received telephone calls on information and intimations related to the fundamental human rights and audiences took place at the headquarters of the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. The intimations received by the Institute mainly referred to: complaints about violations of the norms related to the right to a healthy environment (delayed response or no response by the local authorities in terms of the protection against pollution phenomena and observance of the law in this respect); complaints about the authorities' refusal or the failure to pay part of or the entire amounts of money derived from social protection, aspects related to the violation of the right to property (delayed response by the Land Property Local Commissions to issue deeds of property, refusal to give possession with certain pieces of land, failure to abide by the judge's decision, etc.);
63

violations of the rights related to the labour legislation, social insurances and pensions; complaints related to the progress of trials, delays with the judgment sittings, deviations from the norms referring to the application of punishments in penitentiaries; petitions on the violation of the principle of equal opportunities for men and women, the national minorities and the religious cults, etc. Also, the Institute offered advisory opinion, consultations and information both to persons who came to the Institute's headquarters and persons who contacted the Institute by phone, while at the same time making available documentation related to the domestic legislation, governmental and non-governmental bodies with powers and preoccupations for the promotion of human rights. A comparative analysis regarding the number of petitions in terms of the various specialized fields revealed the following: 92 petitions referred to the rights of the child, the family, the youth, pensioners, persons with disabilities; 89 complaints referring to justice, the police and the system of penitentiaries; 68 petitions on the right to property (Law No. 10/2001, Law No. 209/2003, Law No. 247/2005); 24 complaints referring to social protection, taxes and duties; 23 petitions on the violation of the equality of opportunities between men and women, national minorities and religious cults; 18 petitions on the right to asylum, immigration and integration of the immigrants; 49 requests for information on ECtHR forms and the conditions to apply to the ECtHR; 132 other complaints. In approximately 78% of the cases when we were handed written petitions, we were able to help the petitioners by initiating an inquiry about the case, directing the petitioner to a competent body or making a recommendation regarding the institution the petitioner could better apply to. As far as submission of the petitions to the competent authorities is concerned, 54% of the above mentioned petitions were submitted to the authorized institutions while the petitioners were advised to contact other bodies or State institutions, including: the Ministry of Justice, the Public Ministry, the National Authority for the Restitution of Properties, Local Councils, Mayors' Offices, etc. An analysis of the way the petitions were solved revealed the following: more than 62% of the relevant cases were solved in favour of the petitioner or an amiable solution was reached by means of the competent institutions; in 23% of the cases, no faulty administration
64

was found and no additional inquiries were necessary. Nevertheless, in 15% of the cases a faulty administration was found and the Institute's inquiry was concluded with recommendations/observations addressed to the institutions authorized to solve the complaint. * * * Professionalism, rigour and commitment to human rights issues in all aspects, the exceptional collaboration with the national and the international human rights institutions made the work of the members of the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and its overall activity enjoy a remarkable prestige amongst the beneficiaries and the specialized institutions in Romania and from abroad. As a result, a large number of domestic and international bodies invited the Romanian Institute for Human Rights or its representatives to join their working structures or their steering structures. Here are a few examples showing that the Institute is: - Member of the UNESCO National Commission for Bioethics; - Member of the National Coordinating Committee of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. At the same time, IRDO continued its activity in the framework of various international structures. As is known, in token of acknowledgement at international level of the efforts taken by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights for the promotion of human rights, the Institute or its representatives were elected members of various structures of a series of international bodies such as: - Member of the International Organization of Family Bodies; - Also, IRDO's researchers were designated experts within the systems of UNESCO, OSCE, and the Council of Europe, participating in this capacity as rapporteurs or section moderators in various scientific events devoted to human rights; - Member of the National Human Rights Institutions Network; - Member of the International Academy of Comparative Law; - As far as IRDO's activity related to human rights education, an international recognition is reflected by the fact that, in time, the Institute was given various international awards.

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APPENDIX A SELF-ORGANIZED AND COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITIES

5-9 January 2010

Debate on Consolidation of the democratic society and human rights, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Romanian Association for the United Nations. Release of the volume Statutul juridic al refugiailor (Legal status of refugees) and presentation of publications issued by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Roundtable on Protection of persons with disabilities, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association of the Blind, Bistria Nsud Office. Training activities in the field of human rights organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with Teachers' Training Center in Cluj Napoca. Debate on Religious assistance as a moral-Christian dimension of liberty and recovery support for the social reintegration of persons deprived of liberty organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with Metropolitan Church of Moldova and Bucovina and the Al. I. Cuza University of Iai. Meeting on the initiation of educational programmes for the prevention of genocide, organized on occasion of the International Holocaust Remembrance Day by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Teachers' Training Center in Cluj. Presentation at the Faculty of Law, Andrei aguna University, of the Report on human rights by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Roundtable on Observing the rights of persons with disabilities in Romania, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Club of Cheia and the Bistria Directorate of social assistance. Roundtable on Religion, a discipline in the Romanian educational system and the dialogue between cultures and civilizations, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Al. I. Cuza University and the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance.

6-9 January 2010

13-15 January 2010

13-16 January 2010

18-20 January 2010

20-23 January 2010

22-23 January 2010

22-24 January 2010

25-27 January 2010

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26 January 2010

Inauguration of the events devoted to the Global Elections Day in the form of a a meeting on I've come of age, so I vote! with the young voters from the Pedagogic High School of Galai organized by the Standing Electoral Authority in partnership with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and with the support of the Galai County School Inspectorate. Meeting with the young voters from the Goethe German College in Bucharest, on I've come of age, so I vote!, organized by the Standing Electoral Authority in partnership with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Meeting with the young voters from the Gheorghe incai High School in Cluj, on I've come of age, so I vote!, organized at the Pedagogic High School in Galai by the Standing Electoral Authority in partnership with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the Teachers' Training Center in Cluj. Debate on Involvement of the youth with the electoral process, organized by the Standing Electoral Authority in partnership with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights on occasion of the Global Elections Day. Training activities in the field of human rights related to civic education, organized by the Civic Education Association, Cluj Office, in partnership with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Debate on Positive practices with the promotion of the Roma citizens in the social integration process, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance. Events devoted to the finalization of the 4 th edition of the National Contest on Plastic Arts and Literary Creation devoted to the rights of the child on Images from my childhood, organized by the Constantin Brncoveanu General School of Slatina and the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Training activities in the field of human rights in general the rights of the child in particular, addressing educational consultants in the Ludu area, organized by the Mure Methodic Commission of Educational Consultants in collaboration with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Debate on the reform of the European Court of Human Rights organized in the framework of the Conference of Interlaken. Debate on Legislation for the emancipation of the Gypsies in Romania, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Metropolitan Church of Moldova and Bucovina and the Al. I. Cuza University of Iai.
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28 January 2010

28 January 2010

4 February 2010

4-6 February 2010

9-12 February 2010

11-12 February 2010

11-12 February 2010

12-13 February 2010 16-18 February 2010

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17-19 February 2010

Activities for the finalization of the Project on Children and their rights. We are alive. Listen to us!, organized by the BistriaNsud County School Inspectorate in collaboration with the Bistria Sports High School and the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Debate on Eradication of poverty and social integration, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights on occasion of the World Day of Social Justice. Roundtable on The Roma and the relationship with the European Union institutions, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the Club of Cheia on the 154th anniversary the Roma's emancipation. Activities inaugurating the Campaign of fighting against discrimination in work organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance. Debate on human rights education in general and education for the rights of the child in particular, organized by the Documentation and Information Center and the Radu Petrescu School Group in Prundu Brgului, in collaboration with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Information, training and documentation activities at the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance. Debate on Providing equality of opportunities for men and women within the European Union, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Babe-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca on the International Women's Day. Roundtable on Progress can only be achieved through equal rights, equal opportunities, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations, the Club of Cheia, the Romanian Association for Women's Rights and IDEF. Roundtable on Preventing and sanctioning all forms of discrimination, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Teachers' Training Center of Iai. Seminar on Application of the principle of equality of opportunities for people with disabilities, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Social Assistance Directorate of Bistria.

18 February 2010

18-20 February 2010

22-25 February 2010

24-26 February 2010

27 February3 March 2010 3-5 March 2010

8 March 2010

11-14 March 2010

13-17 March 2010

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15-17 March 2010

Debate on The religious rights of pupils and students in the public education system, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Metropolitan Church of Moldova and Bucovina. Debate on Social assistance and human rights education, organized by the Babe-Bolyai University, Faculty of Sociology and Social Assistance, in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Roundtable on Legal protection and education against racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Club of Cheia Association. Symposium on The right to a healthy and stable environment, organized on occasion of Earth Day by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Romanian Association for a Healthy Environment and the Club of Cheia Association. Roundtable on The human rights to a healthy and stable environment, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Teachers' Training Center of Mure on occasion of Earth Day. Debate on Let's work together for health, organized in the framework of a series of events devoted to the World Health Day by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Victor Dan Zltescu Club of Cheia Association and the Teachers' Training Center of Mure on occasion of Earth Day. Monitoring the organizing of the county exhibitions in the framework of the National Contest on Didactic Creativeness of auxiliary materials devoted to education for human rights, democracy and a culture of peace in pre-university educational units, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports. Inauguration of the events devoted to the celebration of the World Health Day, by organizing the cycling race under the logo Champions of urban health for students in Cheia, Mneciu and Vlenii de Munte the physical exercises for a healthy life campaign by the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM), the Romanian Association for a Healthy Environment (AROMES), the Family Forum Association, the Club of Cheia Association and in collaboration with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, the International Institute of Law of French Expression and Inspiration (IDEF) and the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance.

17-19 March 2010

19-21 March 2010

21 March 2010

24-26 March 2010

24-26 March 2010

31 March-2 April 2010

5 April 2010

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7 April 2010

Roundtable devoted to this year's campaign initiated by the World Health Organization on 1000 Cities-1000 de Lives. Champions of urban health and promoters of human rights, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations. National phase of the humanistic social sciences Olympiad organized by the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, General Directorate on lifetime education and learning, in partnership with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the Neam County School Inspectorate. Human rights education activities in educational units, with students and teaching staff, organized by the Neam Teachers' Training Center and the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Organizing the first phase of the county exhibition in the framework of the National Contest on didactic creativeness in the field of auxiliary materials devoted to human rights education, democracy and a culture of peace in pre-university educational units, organized by the Bihor Teachers' Training Center in partnership with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports. Activities of education in the field of human rights in general and the rights of the child in particular, devoted to a presentation of the latest developments in the field, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with educational units in Media. 3rd edition of the International Conference on Adult Education on Training the labour for the computerized society, organized by the Al. I. Cuza University Faculty of Psychology in partnership with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Roundtable on Press freedom in Romania, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the Club of Cheia on occasion of World Press Freedom Day. Human rights education activities and participation in the county phase of the Contest on Democracy and tolerance, edition 2009-2010, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and the Bistria County School Inspectorate. Working meeting with the Romanian Association of Civic Education for the achievement of a project on adult training. Debate on Europe Day, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the Club of Cheia.
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7-11 April 2010

12-13 April 2010

15-16 April 2010

22-23 April 2010

25-29 April 2010

3 May 2010

4-5 May 2010

6 May 2010 7 May 2010

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10 May 2010

Roundtable on Europe past, present and future, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance and the Club of Cheia on occasion of Europe Day. Activities devoted to education on human rights in general and the rights of the child in particular, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Bistria County School Inspectorate. Training activities in the field of human rights and presentation of volumes on the rights of the child and the youth published by IRDO, organized by the Mure Teachers' Training Center and the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Debate on Global governance and sustainable development, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the Al. I. Cuza University, the Jean Monnet Center of excellence on occasion of the European Week. Roundtable on The concept of citizenship in the Romanian constitutional law and the Community law, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and West University of Timioara. Roundtable on The Romanian family in the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Club of Cheia Association and the Romanian Association for the United Nations on occasion of the International Day of Families and the Romanian Family Day. Roundtable on Role of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in developing the democratic human rights institutions, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Al. I. Cuza University of Iai and the Metropolitan Church of Moldova and Bucovina. Meeting with students from the Mihai Eminescu College in Bucharest on The first voting, organized by the Standing Electoral Authority in collaboration with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Debate on The relationship between social theology and the civil society, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Al. I. Cuza University of Iai. Educational activities in the field of human rights and debate on Genuine equality between women and men, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and the Teachers' Training Center in Galai.
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12-14 May 2010

12-14 May 2010

13-15 May 2010

13-17 May 2010

14 May 2010

17-19 May 2010

21 May 2010

23-24 May 2010

30 May-01 June 2010

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31 May 2010

Roundtable on Smoking, a harmful to health behaviour, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations on occasion of the World No Tobacco Day. Conference on Genuine equality of opportunities between genders, organized by the Teachers' Training Center in Galai in collaboration with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Educational activities in the field of human rights in general and the rights of the child in particular and reunion devoted to the finalization of the 5th edition of the National Contest on Didactic Creativeness, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and the Teachers' Training Center in Cluj. Symposium on Ecological ethics and the right to a healthy environment, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the Romanian Association for a Healthy Environment on occasion of World Environment Day. Debate on A future, a planet, a large variety of species, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Al. I. Cuza University of Iai. Debate on Practical aspects related to the implementation and the observance of the right to a fair trial organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Reunion devoted to the training of the directors of the Teachers' Training Centers all over the country and finalization of the 5 th edition of the National Contest on Didactic Creativeness of auxiliary materials devoted to education for human rights, democracy and a culture of peace in pre-university educational units, organized by the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports in collaboration with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the Teachers' Training Center in Cluj. Debate on Practical aspects related to the implementation and the observance of the right to a fair trial, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Reunion on The status of refugees in Romania, organized in the framework of the events devoted to the World Refugee Day by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights with the participation of the Hunedoara County Council. Roundtable on The rights of refugees in Romania, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights with the participation of the Court of Justice in Vlenii de Munte and the Club of Cheia Association.
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31 May 2010

02-03 June 2010

04 June 2010

04-07 June 2010

12 June 2010

13-15 June 2010

14 June 2010

15-18 June 2010

16 June 2010

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17-19 June 2010

Debate on Development of the asylum institution in Romania, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Al. I. Cuza University, the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences. Reunion on The rights of refugees, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Teachers' Training Center in Cluj, in the framework of events devoted to the World Refugee Day. Debate on Equal opportunities for persons with disabilities, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights with the participation of the Bistria County Social Assistance Directorate. Release of the volume Din Jurisprudena Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului. Cazuri cu privire la Romnia (Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Cases involving Romania), organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in the framework of events devoted to the 60 th anniversary of the European Convention on the Defence of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Roundtable on Administration of justice and human rights, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Faculty of Law and Administrative Sciences, West University in Timioara. Symposium on The World Population Day, present and future, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights with the participation of the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance at the North University of Baia Mare, to celebrate the World Population Day. Release of the volume Tratat de management juridic and jurisdicional (Treatise of juridical and jurisdictional management), by Vasile Ptulea, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. National phase of the Democracy and tolerance contest, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, Lifetime Education and Learning General Directorate and the Vlcea County School Inspectorate. Training activities for the teaching staff in pre-university educational units, on topics related to human rights and the rights of the child, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and the Reghin County School Inspectorate Inclusive Education Center.

17-18 June 2010

22-24 June 2010

30 June 2010

07-09 July 2010

12-13 July 2010

19 July 2010

25-28 July 2010

29 July-2 August 2010

72

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05-07 August 2010

Human rights education activities in schools for the teaching staff in pre-university educational units, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the Teachers' Training Center in Sibiu. Roundtable on Dialogue and understanding, the logo proposed by the United Nations Organization for the celebration of this year's International Youth Day and the inauguration of the International Youth Year 2010-2011, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the Club of Cheia. Seminar on The new Codes and the development of the civil rights, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Debate on Human rights and religious freedom, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Al. I. Cuza University and the Metropolitan Church of Moldova and Bucovina. Training course on The economic and social human rights in the insurance system, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance, North University of Baia Mare. Debate on Illiteracy, a social plague; causes and countermeasures, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights on occasion of the International Literacy Day. 16th edition of the courses of the International University of Human Rights on Evolution of human rights at domestic and international level, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance, the Romanian Association for the United Nations, IDEF and the Club of Cheia. Debate on Democracy in Europe. Trends and challenges, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations on occasion of the International Day of Democracy. Roundtable on The local cultural heritage, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Club of Cheia, on occasion of the European Heritage Days. Seminar on The citizen's right to access to information of public interest, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance, the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the Club of Cheia on occasion of the International Right to Know Day.
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12 August 2010

18-19 August 2010 24-27 August 2010

01-04 September 2010

01-04 September 2010

04-08 September2010

15 September 2010

17 September 2010

28 September 2010

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29-30 September 2010

Symposium on The European promotion and protection of human rights, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance coordinated by IRDO and the North University of Baia Mare and with the participation of IDEF to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the European Convention on the Defence of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the 17th anniversary of Romania's membership to the Council of Europe. Roundtable on The rights of older persons between desiderata and realities, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM) and the Romanian Association for the Rights of Older Persons (ARDOVT), on occasion of the International Day of Older Persons. Debate on Juridical education, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights on occasion of the World Teachers' Day. Roundtable on Education and the economic crisis organized on occasion of the World Teachers' Day by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations. Roundtable on Let's act together to get rid of poverty, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM) on occasion of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty. Roundtable on Romanian contributions to the activity of the United Nations Organization, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM) to celebrate the 65th anniversary of the United Nations Day. Debate on Harmonization of the Romanian institutions and instruments for the protection and promotion of human rights to those belonging to the United Nations Organization, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, in Bistria Nsud, as part of a series of events devoted to the United Nations Day. Roundtable organized on occasion of the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM), the Victor Dan Zltescu Club of Cheia Association and with the participation of IDEF.

1 October 2010

1-3 October 2010

5 October 2010

15 October 2010

22 October 2010

24-27 October 2010

9 November 2010

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10 November 2010

Debate on Combating discrimination, while promoting respect, peace and mutual understanding, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights on occasion of the International Day of Peace. Human rights education activities with students of General School No. 2 in Voluntari in the framework of the educational project on Peace and non-violence for the world's children, organized during the Global Education Week by School No. 2 in partnership with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Roundtable on Human rights, democracy, peace and tolerance, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights with the participation of the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the Club of Cheia Association on occasion of the International Day for Tolerance. Activities devoted to the Universal Children's Day on The right to play the first step towards wisdom, organized by General School No. 190 Marcela Pene in partnership with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Roundtable on 32 years since adoption of the UNESCO Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights. Roundtable on Stop violence against women, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Romanian Association for Women's Rights on occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. Roundtable on The rights of HIV seropositive persons in Romania organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights on occasion of the World AIDS Day. Human rights education activities with students at General School No. 3 in Voluntari achieved during the Open Doors Week, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights as part of a series of events devoted to the Human Rights Day. Symposium on Equal people equal rights, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and Family Forum on occasion of the International Day of Persons with Disabilities. Symposium on Human rights and the fundamental freedoms, organized in Ploieti by the Adolescena Foundation in collaboration with the Romanian Institute for Human Rights, the Oil and Gas University of Ploieti and the Prahova County School Inspectorate on occasion of the Human Rights Day.

16 November 2010

16-17 November 2010

18 November 2010

25 November 2010

25 November 2010

2 December 2010

3-10 December 2010

6 December 2010

9 December 2010

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9 December 2010

Symposium on Human rights an evolving system, organized on occasion of the Human Rights Day by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the North University of Baia Mare. Essay contest final phase, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights and the Adolescena Foundation, with the participation of the Oil and Gas University of Ploieti and the Prahova County School Inspectorate. Roundtable on Human rights, between desideratum and reality organized during the week devoted to the Human Rights Day by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Andrei aguna University. Roundtable on Defenders of human rights, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations, dvoted to the Human Rights Day. Training course on 55 years since Romania's accession to the United Nations Organization, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in partnership with the Romanian Association for the United Nations and the Club of Cheia Association. Meeting with the United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, Ms Gulnara Shahinian. Event devoted to the 44th anniversary of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace and Tolerance on occasion of the Day of the Covenant. Roundtable on Immigrant workers' right to free movement, organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations on occasion of the International Migrants Day. Roundtable on Exploration of the promotion and the protection of cultural diversity, organized on occasion of International Biodiversity Day by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Romanian Association for the United Nations.

9 December 2010

10 December 2010

10 December 2010

14-18 December 2010

15 December 2010 15-16 December 2010

17 December 2010

29 December 2010

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APPENDIX B PARTICIPATION IN OTHER EVENTS 7 January 2010 Roundtable on The United Nations Summit of Copenhagen and the issue of climatic changes a disappointing compromise, organized by the Titulescu European Foundation and the Strategic Studies Center. Roundtable on occasion of the release of the volume Istoria civilizaiei romneti (A history of the Romanian civilization), organized by the Titulescu European Foundation and the Strategic Studies Center. Conference inaugurating the Project on Technical assistance for strengthening the managerial capacity of the Superior Council of Magistracy in the field of human resources in the technical administrative apparatus proper and the judicial system in Romania, organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy. Meeting of the National Bioethics Committee of Romania's National Commission for UNESCO, organized by Romania's National Commission for UNESCO. Conclusion of the Week of Action Against Violence (part of the project Steps towards non-violence") with the event Let's learn to be tolerant, organized by School No. 190 Marcela Pene. Roundtable on occasion of releasing the volume entitled Romnia i lumea la confluena secolelor XX i XXI (Romania and the world at the turn of the century), organized by the Titulescu European Foundation and the Strategic Studies Center. Conference opening the institutional close collaboration on Consolidating the efficiency of judicial inspection in Romania, organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy in partnership with the General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain. Roundtable on The Roma Lights and shadows, organized by the Chamber of Deputies' Commission on Human Rights, Cults and National Minorities Issues together with the Pro-Europa Roma's Party and the National Agency for the Roma on commemorating the Emancipation Day. Debate on Legal protection of human rights, organized by the West University of Timioara on occasion of the 154th anniversary of Roma's emancipation. Conference on Terror, dignity and the instrumentalization of human life, organized by the National School of Political and Administrative Studies, Faculty of Public Administration.

12 January 2010

19 January 2010

26 January 2010

27 January 2010

3 February 2010

15 February 2010

18 February 2010

18-22 February 2010

19 February 2010

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21-26 February 2010

Seminar devoted to the European labour law on Facing the challenges of social Europe, organized by Labour Law Institute Catholic University of Leuven, the Jean Monnet Chair of Labour Law Tilburg University and the Reflect Institute. Conference introducing the institutional close collaboration project on Improving the efficiency of the evaluating system of the professional activity of magistrates, organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy in partnership with the Superior Council of Magistracy of Italy. Working meeting with the German experts involved with the short-term implementation of the institutional close collaboration project on Support for the establishment of a national mechanism of prevention meant to achieve a better promotion and protection of human rights in detention places, organized by the Ministry of Justice in partnership with the German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation. Working meeting for the organization of the event celebrating the 35th anniversary of the Final Act of Helsinki de la Helsinki (1 August 1975), in the framework of the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Conference on Nicolae Titulescu and the dictatorships in Romania, organized by the Titulescu European Foundation and the Strategic Studies Center. Meeting with Italian experts in the framework of the institutional close collaboration project on Improving the efficiency of the evaluating system of the professional activity of magistrates, organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy in partnership with the Superior Council of Magistracy of Italy. Meeting of students and members of the teaching staff of the 1 December 1918 University, Faculty of Social Assistance, on The issue of social assistance and human rights education for the assisted. Conference on The mysticism of nationalism and the mystic nationalism in the Romanian inter-war thinking, organized by the Titulescu European Foundation and the Strategic Studies Center. Release of the volume Culegere de Jurispruden CEDO cauze recente mpotriva Romniei (Compilation of jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights recent cases against Romania), vol. I, published by the European Institute of Romania. Conference on Inauguration of Strategies and Policies Studies SPOS 2009, organized by the Titulescu European Foundation and the Strategic Studies Center.
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24 February 2010

25 February 2010

4 March 2010

4 March 2010

8-12 March 2010

10-12 March 2010

11 March 2010

12 March 2010

17 March 2010

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19 March 2010

Inauguration of the Magistrates' Training Center in Girov, Timi County, organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy and the National Institute of Magistracy. Reunion of the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions. Roundtable, organized by the Ministry of Justice in partnership with the German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation on implementing the institutional close collaboration project devoted to the establishment and optimal functioning of national mechanisms for the prevention of torture and inhuman or degrading punishments or treatments that could be applied to persons deprived of liberty in the detention places, in conformity with commitment assumed by the Romanian State by ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading punishments or treatments, adopted in New York on 10 December 1984. Conference on Recent developments in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in terms of the right to a fair trial, organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy in partnership with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Roundtable on The Eastern boarder of the European Union, organized by the Titulescu European Foundation and the Strategic Studies Center. Events devoted to the 20th anniversary of the Association for the Defence of Human Rights in Romania Helsinki Committee (APADOR-CH). Conference on The European Unions legislature: striking the right balance between the EU and the national level, organized by the National School of Political and Administrative Studies, Faculty of Public Administration and the European Public Law Organization EPLO, Agency in Bucharest, in the framework of the cycle of conferences called EPLO-SNSPA Dialogues. Inauguration of the online Juridical Encyclopaedia on labour law. Debate in the framework of the 'Open Doors' series of events on Human rights for all, organized by the Club of Cheia Association in partnership with the Romanian Association for the United Nations (ANUROM), the Romanian Association for the Human Rights to a Healthy Environment (AROMES) and the Family Forum Association on occasion of the World Health Day.

22-24 March 2010 22-23 March 2010

23 March 2010

25 March 2010

26 March 2010

26 March 2010

31 March 2010 5 April 2010

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7 April 2010

Conference on The political reform in Jordan and the Middle East. Aspirations and challenges, delivered by H.E. Musa Maaytah, Minister of Political Development in Jordan, organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National School of Political and Administrative Studies. Colloquium on Transposition and implementation of Directive 2007/64/CE on payment services in the legislations of the member countries practical aspects, organized by the European Society for Banking and Financial Law Romania. Seminar on Voting outside the country, organized by the Standing Electoral Authority in collaboration with the United Nations Electoral Assistance Division. Roundtable on Reading, the younger generation and the Internet, followed by a book exhibition, organized by the Club of Cheia Association and the Romanian Association for the United Nations on occasion of the World Book and Copyright Day. Training course on Educational Management, organized by the Ius Primi Viri Center for Human Development Studies. Activities devoted to the Day of School No. 190 Marcela Pene. Training course on Juridical management and human rights delivered by de Jean-Mathias Goerens. Conference on Romania before the European Court of Human Rights, organized by the European Law Study Center of the Acad. Andrei Rdulescu Legal Research Institute of the Romanian Academy, the Romanian Judges Forum, the European Institute of Romania and the Legal Sciences Society. The Human Dimension implementation meeting on Promotion of gender equality and women's participation in the political and public life. Meeting of the National Human Rights Institutions in the framework of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights. Reunion of students of the Public Administration Faculty of the National School of Political and Administrative Studies. Conference on Legal inspection a warrant for the independence of the legal system, organized in the framework of the project on Consolidation of the legal inspection in Romania by the Superior Council of Magistracy in Romania in partnership with the one in Spain.

9 April 2010

19-20 April 2010

23 April 2010

28 April5 May 2010 30 April 2010 3-5 May 2010 5 May 2010

6-7 May 2010

6-7 May 2010 7 May 2010 10-11 May 2010

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11-12 May 2010

Conference on Media changes, public information, and public responsibility, organized by the Communications Research Center and Cox International Center. Conference devoted to the promotion of a project on Participation of vulnerable groups in social economy, organized by the National Agency for the Roma in collaboration with The Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection and the European Social Fund. Conference on The relationship between the Council of Europe and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, delivered by Dr Guy de Vel Council of Europe, organized by the National School of Political and Administrative Studies, Faculty of Public Administration in partnership with the European Public Law Organization (EPLO), Agency in Bucharest, as part of the cycle of conferences called EPLO-SNSPA Dialogues. 6th edition of the Jean Monnet annual Conference on European Union, Global Governance and sustainable development, organized by the European Studies Center of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai in the framework of the European Week. Seminar on Aspecte de drept constituional privind revizuirea Constituiei Marelui Ducat al Luxemburgului, organized by Universitatea din Luxemburg, Facultatea de Drept, Economie i Finane in collaboration with Institutul Internaional de Exprimare i de Inspiraie Francez, Secia luxemburghez. Conference on New reforms in the areas of local government and electoral law in Greece, delivered by de Prof. Dr Spyridon Flogaitis, President of the European Public Law Organization. Ceremony of conferring the title Doctor Honoris Causa of the National School of Political and Administrative Studies to Prof. Dr Geert Bouckaert, President of the European Group for Public Administration, Director of the Public Management Institute, Catholic University of Leuven. International festival on Education and culture on the Lower Danube, organized by the Teachers' Training Center in Galai. International conference on Present-day issues with the juridical activity of banks, organized by the Association of Legal Advisers in the Financial Banking System. Workshop in the framework of the project entitled Improving the efficiency of the evaluating system of the professional activity of magistrates, implemented by the Superior Council of Magistracy in partnership with the Superior Council of Magistracy din Italy.

14 May 2010

14 May 2010

14-15 May 2010

17-18 May 2010

20 May 2010

25 May 2010

26 May-5 June 2010 1-5 June 2010

2 June 2010

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3 June 2010

Conference on Role of the European Parliament with the new institutional balances, organized in the framework of the project entitled Romania-France: together in Europe. Seminar on Voting outside the country, organized by the Standing Electoral Authority in collaboration with the United Nations Electoral Assistance Division (UNEAD). Training course on Development of human rights in Europe: 35 anniversary of the Final Act of Helsinki de la Helsinki, organized by the International Institute of Law of French Expression and Inspiration in partnership with the Romanian Association for the United Nations.
th

7-8 June 2010

9 June 2010

9-13 June 2010

Annual meeting of the European Group of United Nations Associations, organized by World Federation of United Nations Associations. International conference on Evaluation of magistrates and of the legal system. The best European practices, organized by Superior Council of Magistracy of Romania in partnership with the similar institution in Italy. Roundtable on 35th anniversary of the Final Act of Helsinki de la Helsinki historical review and contemporary significance, organized by the Romanian Diplomatic Institute. Roundtable on Role of the civil society organizations with the promotion of the civic dialogue and participation of the public in a good governance, organized by the Non-governmental Organizations Assistance Center in partnership with the European Commission Agency in Romania. French-Romanian seminar on The Efficiency of Justice, organized under the high patronage of the French Minister of Justice. Debate on the National Institute of Magistracy present and future, organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy and the National Institute of Magistracy. Reunion organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the Final Act of Helsinki, adopted on 1 August 1975, in the framework of the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe. National symposium on The Constitution and the dynamism of law in contemporary society, devoted to the Justice Day and organized by the Union of Jurists of Romania. Meeting with the delegation of the Legal Commission of the National Assembly of Vietnam, led by Mr. Tan Dinh Long, Vicepresident of the Commission.
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14-15 June 2010

18 June 2010

18 June 2010

28 June 2010 30 June 2010

30 June 2010

2 July 2010

6 July 2010

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8-9 July 2010

Seminar on Promoting global education and education for development in Romania, organized by the Romanian Federation of Non-governmental Organizations, Working group on education for development, in collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and with the support of the North-South Center of the Council of Europe and the European Commission. 18th International Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law. Roundtable on Getting the youth involved with education for development and launching of the International Year of Youth, organized by the Mayor' Office of the Municipality of Bucharest in partnership with the Council of Europe Information Bureau in Romania and the UN Information Center for Romania. Seminar on The youth and the fight against discrimination responsibilities and opportunities, organized by the Mayor's Office of the Municipality of Bucharest in partnership with the Council of Europe Information Bureau in Romania and the UN Information Center for Romania, on occasion of the International Youth Day. Meeting organized on occasion of Ileana Florescu's exhibition on The Sunk Library by the Embassy of Italy in Bucharest. Conference inaugurating the Revised strategy on the management of human resources, organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy. Roundtable on Democracy: a project for the 21st century. A comparative survey of Europe and Latin America, organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on occasion of the International Day of Democracy. Reunion on Present-day situation of the Roma in Europe, from the free movement of persons to discrimination and xenophobia, organized by Parliament of Romania, Chamber of Deputies Commission on Human Rights, Cults and National Minorities Issues, the Roma's Party Pro-Europe Organization and the European Roma and Travellers Forum. Debate on The status of public servants in the Romanian administrative law vs. the status of the European public servants, organized by the National School of Political and Administrative Studies. Debate on Free access to information viewed through the eyes of a sensitive public space justice, organized by Transparency International Romania and the Association of Romanian Magistrates.
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25 July-1 August 2010 12 August 2010

12 August 2010

9 September 2010 10 September 2010

15 September 2010

20 September 2010

27 September 2010

28 September 2010

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6 October 2010

National conference on The European system for the protection of human rights reform and expected developments, organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the Council of Europe Information Bureau in Romania. Annual meeting of the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions and the 10th World Conference of the National Human Rights Institutions organized in Edinburgh. Conference on Romania's priorities as a member of the European Union perspectives for the year 2020, organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in collaboration with Europuls, the first portal analyzing the Romanian public life. Conference on Law-Religion-Education. Freedom of religious beliefs in the field of education, organized by International Institute of Law in partnership with University College, London. Conference on Responsibilities with the management of the court, organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy. International conference Human Rights Council on A civil society's perspective related to the priorities of the year 2011, organized by the German Institute for Human Rights in collaboration with the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Foundation and the German Forum for Human Rights. The 2nd International Conference on Institutional Quality Management: from minimum requirements to overall quality improvement organized by the Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education ARACIS in the framework of the project called Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Romania viewed in the European context. Development of academic quality management at system and institutional level ACADEMIS. Roundtable on Decisional transparency in the public administration, organized by the West University. Conference on Decisions by the European Court of Human Rights against Romania. Analysis, consequences, possible accountable authorities. Application of the pilot decision procedure in the case of systemic malfunctions, organized by the European Law Study Center of the Legal Research Institute of the Romanian Academy, the Romanian Judges Forum and the University Publishing House. Debate on Implementing a flexible and performing management in higher education, organized by the Vasile Goldi University.

7-10 October 2010

8 October 2010

8-9 October2010

12 October 2010 14-15 October 2010

14-16 October 2010

20-23 October 2010 21 October 2010

24-25 October 2010

84

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25 October 2010

Activities organized in the framework of the annual event devoted to the European Day of Civil Justice and the Open Doors Day organized by the Superior Council of Magistracy. Conference on Family policies and the demographic challenge in Europe organized by the Embassy of France in Romania and the European Institute in Romania. Debate on Given the procedural amendments it introduces, does Protocol No. 14 represent a solution for 'redressing' the Court's situation? and release of the volume Convenia european a drepturilor omului. Comentariu pe articole (The European Convention on Human Rights. Comments on the articles), 2nd edition, authored by Prof. Dr Corneliu Brsan, organized by the Academy of Romania and the C. H. Beck Publishing House. Seminar on Justice with and for juveniles, organized by Court of Appeal of Ploieti in partnership with the editorial group Universul Juridic, Pro Universitaria, the Neverland Publishing House, as part of the decentralized continuous training for judges programme. International conference on Mediation in the European Union. Status and perspectives, organized by the European Association of Magistrates for Mediation, Romanian Section, in collaboration with the Superior Council of Magistracy. The 8th biennial international conference organized by the Faculty of Law and Administrative Sciences of the West University of Timioara and the European Studies and Legal Research Center of Timioara. International conference on Pay attention to differences for better free movement of the European citizens, organized by the European Citizen Action Service (ECAS), the European Economic and Social Committee and the Institute of European Legal Studies. Conference on Accountability of Public Administration: An important feature of modern governments. Challenges and perspectives, organized by the National School of Political and Administrative Studies as part of the cycle of conferences The EPLO SNSPA Dialogues. International conference on Peace building, reconciliation and globalization in an interdependent world, organized by the Institute for Cultural Diplomacy as part of the project called A world without frontiers. Conference on Role of evaluation in the exercise of Parliament's control power organized by the Evaluation Association EVALROM and CENTRAS as part of the project called Increasing responsibility and good governance through evaluation financed by the European Union in the framework of the programme called The transition facility Consolidating the civil society's support for fighting corruption.
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25 October 2010

27 October 2010

28 October 2010

29 October 2010

29 October 2010

3 November 2010

5 November 2010

6-10 November 2010

10 November 2010

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11-12 November 2010

National conference on environment law and the annual session of academic dissertations held by the Faculty of Law and Administrative Sciences on The new codes in the development of the Romanian law, organized by the Ecologic University of Bucharest. Debate on First applications by the Romanian judge of the European Union law of competition and State's aids, organized by the European Law Study Center of the Legal Research Institute of the Romanian Academy. Seminar on The institution of mediation in the Romanian and the Community law organized by the Center of Mediation Association of Craiova in partnership with the Association of Romanian Magistrates. Seminar on Migration and cohesion organized by the European Citizen Action Service (ECAS). Second edition of the National Conference of Mediators on Mediation works. The little reform in justice, organized by the Mediation Council. Debate on The judicial power and the reform of the Constitution, organized by the Horia Rusu Foundation. Activities on A new approach to trees the wood civilization organized by the Students' Schools Council and the Parents' Association of School No. 190 Marcela Pene (1-8 grades), as part of the events organized by UNESCO on occasion of the International Year of Forests, 2011. Conference on Poor children in Germany and Europe 2010 conclusion of the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion, organized by the German Association of Family Organizations and the European Commission Agency in Germany. Conference on Exploring the promotion and the protection of cultural diversity, organized by the Academy for Cultural Diplomacy. Seminar on Education in the field of human rights organized by the Irish Commission of Human Rights. World Family Summit +6 on Education the most powerful weapon to change the world, organized by the World Family Organization with the support of the United Nations through its ECOSOC Bureau, Non-governmental Organizations Directorate, UNESCO Movement and Education for All and the International Association of Economic and Social Councils.

12 November 2010

16 November 2010

17 November 2010 19-20 November 2010

23 November 2010 23 November 2010

29 November 2010

11/30/10

2-3 December 2010 3-5 December 2010

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7-8 December 2010

Conference on Recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in the field of criminal law, organized by the Academy of European Law. Conference on The Constitutional Court, human rights and the media, organized by the E.MA Venice Programme, the Romanian Cultural Institute, the Konrad Adenauer Foundation Programme called 'The State governed by the rule of law in South-East Europe, the Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Bucharest, the Center of Excellence for Research and Development of the Faculty of Political Sciences. Additional human dimension reunion of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe on Religious freedom and freedom of belief. Conference on The preliminary programme for the rationalization of health, organized by the Institute of Health Policy and Management of the Erasmus University and the Erasmus Observatory on Health Law. Roundtable on Human rights. Constitutional Perspectives, organized by the Lawyers' Training School. law.

8 December 2010

9-10 December 2010

9-10 December 2010

9-12 December 2010 14 December 2010

Conference on Romania at the 55th anniversary of its accession to the United Nations Organization, organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. National symposium on The Treaty of Lisbon. One year after organized by the European Law Study Center of the Legal Research Institute of the Romanian Academy.

14 December 2010

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III. IRDO REPORT ON THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS LEGISLATION IN ROMANIA AND IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LEGISLATION IN 2010 During 2010, a series of amendments and completions were made to the human rights legislation. Also new legislative measures were issued and adopted as a result of Romanias obligation as an EU member state to fully implement the acquis communautaire within the established deadlines and to ensure progress of the achieved reforms. Thus themes such as equal treatment for men and women, eradication of poverty, combating social exclusion, protection and promotion of handicapped persons, the right to asylum, the migration and immigration phenomena were regulated during 2010 in a need to both improve the existent legislation as well as to cope with the newly arisen situations. At European level, 2010 stands for the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion. This fact had a special effect on Romania since there is a strong will here to mobilize as many individuals and institutions as possible in the fight against poverty and in the social inclusion promotion activities. Romania strives to identify and then to apply concrete solutions to eradicate poverty and to guarantee social inclusion of vulnerable groups. The European Year of combating poverty is observed by the 27 member states as well as by Island and Norway which are implementing their related programmes. In Romania the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Protection is the implementing body of these programmes and it has four major objectives: 1) to acknowledge that those living in poverty and are socially excluded have the right to a decent life and to play an active role in society; 2) to stimulate common responsibility and participation in the fight against poverty, 3) to promote social inclusion and to obtain political engagement which should lead to concrete steps for eradicating poverty and combating social exclusion; 4 ) to ensure the assuming of these objective by the entire society. Through the Emergency Ordinance no. 68/2010 a series of public institutions in the
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field of human rights were abolished. By reorganizing the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Protection the following national institutions were abolished: the National Authority for Family Protection and the Childrens Rights, the National Agency for Equal Opportunities among Men and Women, the National Authority for Handicapped Persons and the National Institute for Prevention and Combating Social Exclusion of Handicapped Persons. The ministry took over the activities of these institutions by setting up specialized directions. According to the above mentioned Ordinance, the taking over of these functions is also reflected in the new name of the ministry which will thus replace the respective abolished institutions. With regard to Equal Opportunities between Men and Women the following legislation is in place: the Government Ordinance no. 237/2010 regarding the approval of the 2010-2012 National Strategy on equal opportunities between men and women and the 2010-2012 general Plan of Action for the implementation of the National Strategy on Equal Opportunities. Similarly with the previous strategy document, the 2010-2012 National Strategy on Equal Opportunities aims to respond through concrete measures and activities to the challenges that were identified in time with regard to specific areas of intervention such as education, labor market, social life, gender roles and stereotypes, participation in decisionmaking processes. According to statistical data at national level there are still disparities on the labor market between men and women in the detriment of women, in the context of social, political and cultural life. Thus on the labor market the occupational professional segregation by gender still persists in the sense that women predominate in certain areas of economic activity (health, education, public administration etc.) while other areas are dominated by men (heavy industry, army etc). This professional
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segregation determines differences of remuneration between men and women taking into account that the areas in which women are predominant offer lower salaries than those which involve men employment. There is also a difference on the labor market between the rates of employed women compared to that of men. This difference perpetuates in time: in 2004 the rate of employed women with ages raging between 15 and 64 years was of 52, 1% - much lower than that of employed men in the same age category (63, 6%), whereas in 2007 we still find a considerable gender based difference in the employment rate: 51, 7% for women compared with that of 64, 1% for men. With regard to the unemployment rate, one can notice the preservation of existent tendencies on the labor market. In 2004 the unemployment rate for women was lower than the one for men (6, 9% compared to 7, and 7%). In the fourth semester of 2007, there was a significant difference between the rate of employed women compared to that of men (4, 9% v. 7, and 2%). As far as participation of women in decisionmaking is concerned, there is a clear disproportion between the representation of women and that of men in the parliamentarian and governmental structures. In October 2010 the executive approved a draft Law for the amendment and modifications of the Law no. 279/2005 regarding apprenticeship in the work place, with the aim to provide the youth with an opportunity to access quality professional training which will prepare them for obtaining better job opportunities. The law enables better access on the labor market for the unemployed who will thus benefit of proper training and can obtain more attractive employment offers with adequate remuneration, contributing to a growth in the employment rate. The above law imposes additional responsibilities on the employer who has to appoint a supervisor for apprenticeship in the work place. The name of this new position is Apprenticeship Coordinator and it implies monitoring and evaluation of the theoretical and practical training of the apprentice. The office of the Apprenticeship Coordinator covers all costs for the evaluation and certification of professional training through apprenticeship. The above mentioned law was issued to ensure the apprentices access to the labor
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market. This law is considered to be flexible compared to the Law of national education. Thus after the compulsory 9th grade graduation, the student can opt either for a professional choice or for working as an apprentice in accordance with the apprenticeship law. An important objective of this law is to attain a growth in the rate of employment and a decrease of the unemployment rate amongst youth. In the area of social protection, to be noted is the adoption of the Law nr. 107/2010 for the approval of the Emergency Ordinance no. 4/2010 on social protection measures regulations for 2010. The law aims to achieve and implement the proposed measures of the Governments Action Plan for stimulating economic growth and protecting the economic interests of the population. This law enables the avoidance of staff layoffs by facilitating to the employers the exemption from payment of social insurance contributions and income tax allowances for paid workers during periods of temporary work interruption, but no more than 90 days. By providing these facilities to the employers, the law aims to maintain an active labor force on the labor market, given that the effects of the economic crisis are expected to last longer than initially estimated. The law also aims to avoid the loss of skilled workers in those areas with potential for expansion after the resumption of the economic growth. The recently adopted Governments Decision no. 1007/2010 regarding the approval of programmes of national interest in the field of family protection and childrens rights for the period 2010-2012, approves various related programmes of national interest through public selection of individually submitted projects or of projects in partnership with private providers of social services accredited by law. Thus, the following programmes were approved: The closing of old type institutions and the establishment of recovery centers and of family type houses or apartments. This program aims to increase the quality of social services for children and families, as well as the number of family type houses and apartments. It also aims to reduce the number of old type institutions: 89

 Interventions in domestic violence situations which aims to improve the quality of social services for children and for families as well as to strengthen the intervention capacities for social assistance and for child protection in situations of domestic violence. Law no. 277/2010 on family support allowance proposes the establishment of this new type of allocation for family support based on the rationing of the complementary family allowance and of the family allowance for single parent support, so as to ensure better service provision and sufficient coverage of social assistance measures for families with children that have an extremely low income. This law aims to abolish the discrimination that existed bewteen the first four children and the rest of the children from the point of view of the right granted to the family at the childs birth. The Law no. 252/2010 was adopted to ratify the Council of Europe Convention for the protection against sexual exploitation and abuse, adopted at Lanzarote on 25 October 200. Although some of its provisions can be found in various legislative measures several important modifications and amendments of the legislation in place were necessary. Thus this law enables the establishment of a data gathering mechanism at the General Directorate for Child Protection in order to observe and evaluate the child exploitation and sexual abuse phenomenon. This law will also enable the elaboration of concrete measures for an increased awareness among staff who work directly with children and will encourage the establishment of new communication services, of counseling and psychological therapy and emergency assistance to victims and their families. In the field of preventing and combating human trafficking, the Law nr. 230/2010 was adopted. This law refers to the modifications and amendments of the Law no. 678/2001 on prevention and eradication of human trafficking and enables the development of the legal framework for the use of investigative techniques, for the prevention of trafficking and for the protection and assistance of victims. By achieving a data base on human trafficking, an overview of this phenomenon would be obtained, both from the victims of traffick perspective as well as from that of the
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perpetrator and the legal characters involved. Also, for a better access of victims to assistance and protection services, these legislative measures propose that institutions and nongovernmental organizations should cooperate in order to create a national identification and referral mechanism for victims of human trafficking. Moreover, these measures envisage to create safe housing for the victims of human trafficking by hosting them in family shelters and offering them counseling for their social reintegration as well as the right to free legal assistance. Last but not least, the period of reflection was introduced for Romanian citizens, victims of trafficking as well, in order to eliminate the discrimination between them and other foreign citizens, victims of trafficking. The ultimate aim of this law is to ensure an increased efficiency in the assistance and protection provided to the victims of trafficking. At the national level, the National Agency Against Human Trafficking of the General Inspectorate of Romanian Police has conducted a campaign to prevent exploitation of people through forced labor. This campaign had in mind the long lasting consequences of this phenomenon and its significant social impact both for the individual as well as for the family environment. Such a tough experience such as that of forced labor can trigger major changes in an individual with regard to his or her own perceptions and values system. The increased freedom of circulation of Romanian citizens led to their greater vulnerability with respect to apparently more favorable job offers behind which trafficking networks are hidden. On 26 September 2007, Romania signed and adopted the Law no. 221/2010 ratifying the Convention regarding the Rights of Disabled Persons, adopted in New York by the United Nations General Assembly, on 13 December 2006, and opened for signatures on 30 March 2007. The Convention on the Rights of Disabled Persons stands for the most important document in this respect and is based on the UN Charter principles which recognize the inalienable dignity and respect for individual autonomy. The following are among the basic principles of the Convention: Respect for the dignity and individual inalienable autonomy

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including the freedom of personal choice and the persons independence; Non discrimination; Full and effective participation as well as social inclusion Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities Equal opportunities Accessibility Equality between men and women Respect for the capacities of the children with disabilities and for their right to their own identity The main objectives of the Convention are to promote, protect, ensure and guarantee to the disabled persons respect for their dignity as well as the full exertion of all their fundamental human rights and freedoms. By ratifying the Convention, Romania is committed to take all appropriate legislative and other measures to implement the rights recognized in the above-mentioned Convention, by amending or abrogating existing legislation that contains elements of discrimination in this respect, by informing people with disabilities with regard to mobility devices and technologies of assistance, and last but not least, to act internationally for ensuring the full exertion of these rights. The Center for Vocational Integration of Disabled Persons (CIPPD) was opened in 2010 in Romania, as a component of the EU project Creating and implementing an integrated model of evaluation, training and employment on the labor market of persons with disabilities in Romania. This is the first complex evaluation center for people with disabilities in Romania, inspired by the successfully implemented Austrian model. The main objective is to implement a model of occupational rehabilitation and social integration of disabled persons through vocational training programs adapted to the particularities of people with learning disabilities. The idea is to develop alternative support services, counseling and support offered to employers in order to integrate the persons with disabilities on the labor market. In terms of protecting and promoting the rights of disabled persons, Romania is trying to ensure all the necessary measures to provide this category of persons the autonomy,
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professional training and social integration in the life of the Romanian society, both by accepting these people in different jobs as well as by providing them with various facilities. The Governments Decision no. 89/2010 was adopted to amend and complete the methodological and implementation norms provided by the Law nr. 448/2006 regarding the protection and promotion of the rights of disabled persons, approved by Governments Decision no. 268/2007. These methodological norms are necessary in order to clarify the provisions of the Law no. 207/2009 in approval of the Governments Emergency Ordinance nr. 86/2008 regarding the amendment and completion of the Law nr. 448/2006 on the protection and promotion of the rights of disabled persons. The above mentioned norms are significant for preventing the possibility of multiple interpretations and for eliminating the arbitrary in the application and enforcement of the rights of disabled persons. Thus, the existent methodological norms ensure the necessary framework for an integrated and unitary implementation of the Emergency Ordinance provisions through the following regulations: The procedure to be followed by a disabled person with a serious or accentuated handicap, or by a family who has at least one handicapped child as dependant, in case they wish to buy a car or to adapt their home to provide individual access and meet the specific needs and requirements of the respective disabled person. They can apply for credit and the interest is covered by the state budget by bank transfer from the budget of the General Department for the Protection of Disabled Persons, under a contract of commitment to pay interest for the purchase of a car and/or for home adjustments to meet the special needs of individual access, subject to payment of due loan rates, and provided that the loan does not exceed 10,000 euro and should be returned in maximum 10 years. In case of purchase of transport vehicles specially adapted for non transferable disabled persons 91

that are dependant on a wheel chair the loan cannot exceed 20,000 euro, with a reimbursement period of 15 years. The provision that the public administration authorities should provide assistance to the applicant in the completion of the modality of payment forms provided that the special individual needs of the disabled person cannot be met by the residential center located in the disabled persons home county; The provision to amend the social benefits chapter with an article stating that the status of payment of social benefits that were not received by a deceased disabled person, representing indemnity and/or additional personal budget for the month in which the death occurred, and, as appropriate all social benefits due or unpaid until the disable persons death. Another important legislative measure is the Governments Decision no. 597/2010 amending the Governments Decision no. 628/2009 on measures to implement the activities envisaged in the program of national interest for protecting the rights of disabled persons Restructuring the old-type institutions for adult disabled persons and creating alternative residential services. The programme of national interest in the field of protecting the human rights of the disabled persons The restructuring of old type insitutions destined to adult disabled persons and the establishment of alternative residential type services is a multi-anual project and it was promoted from the need to implement specific quality standards in the residential institutions for the adult disabled persons to ensure the social services provided to these persons and implicitly an improved quality of life for those benefiting of these services. To improve the quality of life for disabled persons who benefit of residential social services that were established by implementing the above mentioned program of national interest, all the works envisaged under this program for the restructuring of old type institutions destined for adult disabled persons and for creating alternative residential type services, are to be completed no later than 31 December 2010.
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With regard to respecting the right to health the Law on air quality was approve. This law aligns Romania to European standards from this point of view and applies the Ordinance 2008/50/CE of the European Parliament and European Council of 21 May on the quality of air and for a cleaner air. This law establishes a legal framework to regulate the necessary measures for maintaining and improving air quality, based on air quality objectives, ensuring the alignment of national legislation to European standards and thus meet Romanias current obligations as a member of the European Union. Its objective is the protection of human health and of the environment as a whole by having in place the necessary measures for air quality improvement or, where appropriate, by maintaining its air quality objectives. Rules and regulations are in place nationwide, defining and establishing air quality objectives designed to avoid and prevent the occurrence of damaging events and to reduce their effects on human health and on the environment and assess air quality across the country, on the basis of common methodologies and criteria established at European level. In the field of justice, in February 2010, the Strasbourg Court decided the application of the pilot decision procedure in two of the pending cases on nationalized buildings confiscated by the communist regime in Romania. With reference to violations of property legislation, ECHR has ruled pilot decisions only for Poland, whereas for Romania over 1,000 cases on nationalized properties issues are pending to be solved. It has been stated that despite the large number of cases in which the Court drew attention to the lack of efficiency of the compensation mechanism for nationalized buildings, no significant progress was made in improving the legislation, which is why the Court decided to apply pilot court decisions procedure in two cases pending before it: Atanasiu and Poenaru v. Romania and Solon v. Romania In the case Atanasiu and Poenaru v. Romania, charges relate mainly to the impossibility of access to a court for claiming a nationalized apartment and to the administrative authorities' delay in taking a decision on the request for a refund. In the case Solon v. Romania, the authorities are accused of inability to obtain the
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compensation to which the plaintiff had a right, under the law. 10/2001 for nationalized land, the claimed land being currently used by the University of Craiova. It was also identified as an effective measure the amendment of the current retrocession mechanism, to which the Court found some weaknesses and the implementation of new simplified and effective procedures based on consistent and predictable legislative measures, which could keep a fair balance between different interests at stake. The modification of Law no. 10/2001 is currently expected and a working group was established with the aim to analyze the causes that impede or even block the process of property restitution and the compensation payments. The changes envisaged by the working group refer to the ECHR recommendations for improvement of the property restitution process and of granting compensation amounts in order to speed up the compensation process by establishing deadlines for each solving stage of notifications and imposing sanctions for failure to comply with these deadlines. If the Romanian government does not take effective measures to solve the problem of property restitutions, it can be sanctioned or even excluded from the Council of Europe. The legal basis of the pilot decision is Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights, under which signatory states are required to carry out the decisions of the ECHR while the Committee of Ministers is to supervise the execution of these decisions. By the resolution (2004)3 of March 12, 2004, concerning the decisions related to fundamental structural problems, the Council of Ministers has authorized that when ECHR notices a violation of the Convention it should identify in its decisions the main structural problem and its source, especially when it may determine many other similar additional applications, so that it can assist states in finding solutions. Also In the field of justice, the Government adopted the Decision no. 113/2010 amending Regulation No 275/2006 on implementing Law on execution of sentences and measures ordered by the court during the criminal trial, approved by Government Decision no. 1897/2006. Here is the novelty brought by the provisions of this decision: outsourcing of services by the
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National Administration of Penitentiaries; ensuring the right to information for persons deprived of their liberty by requiring the mandatory existence in each detention room of a copy of the rules of internal order procedure; ensuring a minimum of two consecutive days of rest per week, for the private persons deprived of freedom who work during detention; ensuring minimum one general medicine doctor or family doctor from each medical sector, at the place of detention. Also, in order to ensure and protect the constitutional right to correspondence it was decided that the prison administration covers all the expenses if the detainees do not have the necessary financial funds. Somewhat related with the field of justice is the adopted Law 176/2010 on integrity in the exercise of public offices and dignities, amending and supplementing Law no. 144/2007 on the establishment, organization and functioning of the National Integrity Agency, and amending and supplementing other laws providing legislative measures aiming, on the one hand to achieve a greater clarity and concision in regulating the obligations of integrity and transparency in the exercise of dignitaries and public functions, and on the other hand to provide a new approach on the mechanism of submitting heritage or interest statements and of the procedures developed within the Agency, keeping the proportionality requirement between providing the guarantees of fundamental rights and freedoms and the need for effective procedures to ensure integrity and transparency in the exercise of public dignities. The adoption of this law has an important impact on strengthening the integrity regulation mechanism in the exercise of public functions and dignitaries and contributes to promoting a healthy economy, providing the society with a climate of trust in the mechanisms that manage it. A new law was born on the issue of citizenship, the Law no. 112/2010 on the approval of the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 5/ 2010 for the establishment, organization and functioning of the National 93

Authority for Citizenship, which complements the framework Law on Citizenship, ( Law no. 21/1991), republished, with the subsequent amendments and completions. This law has emerged as a result of the continuous improvement process with regard to the recovery procedure for re-granting the Romanian citizenship. This law envisages the establishment of the National Authority for Citizenship, which has the competency to apply the procedure of granting, re-granting and cessation of Romanian citizenship, as well as to counsel citizens on matters of citizenship. All these reflect the increased efforts to be closer to citizens and to support them by providing better counseling services. The Government immigration policy is reflected by the Government Decision nr. 664/2010, on the approval of the Plan of Action for 2010 for the implementation of the National Strategy on Immigration for the period 20072010, approved by Government Decision nr. 1122/2007, aiming to efficiently manage the migration phenomenon at national level by implementing concrete policies on this matter in consensus with the policies adopted by the EU member states. The National Strategy on immigration for the period 2007-2010, was approved by Government Decision nr, 1122/200 and it continues to be referred to as the National Strategy. This document establishes the Romanian Governments course of action with regard to controlled immigration and the prevention and control of illegal immigration, asylum and social integration of foreigners. The statute gained by Romania at the date of its accession to the European Union and our countrys expected economic growth in the post-accession period will certainly influence the migration flows and will gradually transform Romania into a preferred destination for migrants. This reality requires the taking of all necessary measures an effective management of migration, namely maximizing the positive effects and limiting the negative ones for the benefit of our country and that of its own citizens. Here, it should be also mentioned the approval of the Law no. 206/2010 amending the Law no. 248/2005 on the free movement of Romanian citizens abroad, a law that governs the free movement of people, considering that
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the free movement of persons is one of the recognized fundamental rights of the EU Member States citizens and is closely linked with the notion of European citizenship. At the European Union level, article 27 of the European Parliament Ordinance 2004/38/CE states that Member States can restrict the freedom of movement and residence of EU citizens and their family members , regardless of nationality, for reasons of public order, public safety, or public health. If any of the above reasons, the Law no. 248/2005 is providing a sanction regime that contains measures to limit the exercise of the right to free movement of Romanian citizens abroad who have been returned under an agreement of readmission, which is mentioned in Art. 38. point a). The Law no. 206/2010 proposes the repeal of Art. 38, point a) because they are no longer considered valid and should be reviewed together with the other provisions contained in Law no. 248/2005 relating to restricting the exertion of the right to free movement for the Romanian citizens returned from abroad on the basis of the readmission agreements and the suspension of this right as a result of nonobservance of restricti Regarding the right to asylum the recently adopted Law no. 280/2010 amending and supplementing Law no. 122/2006 on asylum in Romania, introduced specific provisions for the release and/or renewal of temporary documents for asylum seekers who lack financial meansng measures. With regard to the regime of foreigners in Romania, the Law no. 115/2010 was issued, approving the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 194/2002 on the status of foreigners in Romania, since Romania as a EU member state must undertake a series of measures to align national legislation with the acquis in the field of migration, which involves the application of the EC Regulation no.1931/2006 of the European Parliament and European Council. What is new about this bill refers to the competent bodies that provide small border traffic permits, establish their terms of issuance, the regime of small border traffic permit, revocation and annulment cases and permit those authorized to dispose of these measures, modalities of communication and appeal for their offenses, and establishment of contraventions and penalties to be imposed on
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those who do not comply with local border traffic regime. This law enabled an increased involvement of citizens and of civil society organizations in the decision making process, while by compelling the public administration authorities to justify in writing the reasons for not taking into account the recommendations received during the consultation process it facilitates a better communication between citizen and administration, increasing the administration accountability and strengthening participatory democracy. Another important and interesting adopted Law referring to citizens protection is the Law of Local Police no. 155/2010, which provides, as its title suggests, the setting out of a local police unit as a functional compartment in the structure of the Mayors Office or as a public institution with legal personality.

The establishment of a Local Police will have a direct effect on the capacity to ensure public peace and order; this activity is meant to support the citizens and to solve existing problems at local level. In the field of public administration, an important regulation is that of the Law no. 242/2010 for de amendment of the Law no. 52/2003 on decisional transparency in public administration by which it is intended to extend the area of application of the initial law also for the public policies and documents issued by the central public authorities, to improve the consultation process by establishing the obligation for the public administration authorities to argue in writing to argue in writing the reason for not taking into account the written recommendations submitted by citizens and by their legally constituted associations.

EVOLUTION OF THE 2010 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS In the summer of 2010, the European Commission launched an e-justice portal to facilitate citizens access to information on resolving legal issues abroad. This is a unique electronic counter enabling access to justice across the European Union, providing quick answers to legal questions of the citizens and containing over 12.000 pages. The European Union has taking measures in terms of guaranteeing and ensuring access to new interpretation and translation services during criminal proceedings. By the adoption of these measures, people will be able to exercise their right to a fair trial anywhere in the Union, when they can not understand the language of the procedure. Member States are required to provide these services that are also free of charge. The following are among the provisions of the European directive 2010/64 of the European Parliament and the EU Council of 20 October 2010, concerning the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings: The right to translation and interpretation by which Member States shall ensure that the suspect or the defendant who does not speak or understand the language of the criminal
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proceedings, is offered, without delay, interpretation services during criminal proceedings conducted against the prosecuting, investigative and judicial authorities, including during questioning by the police, during all court hearings and under any required interim hearings. The right to receive the translated version of all essential documents by which Member States ensure that the suspects, or defendants who do not understand the language in which the proceedings are held, are provided with a written translation of essential documents, in a reasonable period of time, to ensure that these people can exercise their right to defense and to guarantee fairness of procedures. Recording and keeping on records by which Member States make sure to provide the suspect or the defendant either with an interpreter or with an oral translation summary of key documents in the presence of authorities, in cases when the prosecution authorities or legal courts interrogate or hear the respective suspect or defendant. When a person has renounced his or her right to translation, it is recorded that this event 95

occurred, in accordance with the keeping of records provided by the legislation of the Member States. The quality of the interpretation/translation services by which Member States are expected to take concrete measures to ensure that the provided interpretation or translation meets specified quality standards. In order to promote adequate interpretation/ translation, as well as effective access to it, Member States shall make efforts to establish a data base with the appropriately qualified independent translators and interpreters. After being established and completed, this data base should be made available to lawyers and competent authorities. Training by which Member states shall require those responsible for training judges, prosecutors and judicial personnel involved in criminal proceedings to give special attention to the particularity of communication through an interpreter, so as to ensure an efficient and effective communication. Maintaining the protection level. It should be noted that nothing in this Directive shall be construed as a limitation, nor as a waiver of any of the rights or procedural safeguards provided under the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, under the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights, or under other relevant provisions of international law or of any Member State law that provides a higher level o protection. In the field of health, it is known that a large number of Europeans turn to health services in another EU member state than their home country, and, therefore, the European Parliament intends to issue an European bill, which is now in project phase, to ensure the legal framework and facilitate the patients mobility, as well as the respect of the patients right to cross-border health services. So far, there have been many difficulties in reimbursing amounts of money to another state, which is why the European Court of Justice was notified of this. The role of this gill is to allow the mobility of patients. Mobility is one of the European citizens
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fundamental rights, so it is desirable to have a higher bid for public health patients, which is very useful especially in cross border regions. By this bill, patients will have a choice regarding where they will be cared for and the opportunity to benefit of the best care possible. Also, there will be national contact centers for accessing information about health services in other countries. It is considered that to avoid any discrimination against low-income citizens, the Member State of origin must pay directly the hospital or the Member State which carried out the treatment (advance payment) without the citizen being required to pay. Regarding the right of persons with disabilities, we can say that, still, the European Commission is concerned about this issue, and adopted in this context the European strategy for people with disabilities for the period 20092020. Basically this strategy seeks and offers solutions through which the EU and national governments can ensure the rights of people with disabilities. It aims at mutual recognition of health cards for people with disabilities and at promoting standardization of the use of more precise rules on public procurement and state aid. The Commission's objective is to eliminate by 2020 all obstacles that still exist in Europe, for people with disabilities. The Strategy renews the European Union commitment to improve the situation of Europeans with disabilities by supplementing and supporting the actions undertaken by Member States, which are primarily responsible for the policies concerning persons with disabilities. The emphasis is on providing ways for people with disabilities to enjoy their rights on an equal footing with others, such as: a) the accessibility initiative, the analysis of how to use standardization and public procurement rules or state aid in order to ensure accessibility to all goods and services for persons with disabilities, thus enabling them and their families to exercise their rights as citizens of the European Union on an equal footing, b) the mutual recognition of the cards for people with disabilities and the rights resulting there from, thus strengthening the cooperation between Member States and civil society. The European Union has also adopted measures on the introduction of new rights for passengers.
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Thus, passengers who travel by trains and ferries within EU get guarantees regarding information, assistance and compensation for delays, as it is already the case for passengers traveling by planes. The EU has strengthened the rights of passengers by introducing new rules on traveling by trains and ships. Passengers are entitled to information and may request the necessary information from the transport company by which they are going to travel, and the passengers with disabilities and those with reduced mobility are entitled to special conditions. The new rights include compensation for the cancellation or postponement of travel unless these are caused by extraordinary circumstances over which the transport company has no control. In October 2010 the European Commission adopted a Strategy to ensure compliance and effective implementation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. By this strategy, the Commission will check if EU legislation complies with the Charter provisions, starting with the preparatory phase and ending with the final adoption of draft laws by the European Parliament and Council. The Commission is listing the following measures that it can take, so that the result of the EU with regard to the fundamental rights should be exemplary, as follows: The guarantee to respect the fundamental human rights in the European Union; The future legislative proposals o the EU must respect the provisions of the European Charter. The Commission will work with co-legislators to ensure that EU law is in accordance with the provisions of the Charter, by creating an inter-institutional dialogue in order to determine methods to address the amendments that raise problems of compatibility with the fundamental rights. Using of all the available tools, including the infringement procedure under the membership, to ensure compliance with the Charter in the implementation of the EU law by Member States. A better information of all citizens By providing explanations about the cases in which the Commission may
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or may not intervene, in cases of complaints regarding violations of fundamental human rights when these complaints do not fall within EU competence. The Charter establishes the general jurisdiction of the Commission on how to intervene with regard to fundamental rights, but it can only intervene if it is EU law, since Member States have their own system for ensuring the protection of fundamental rights by national constitutions and by the activity of law and the Charter does not replace them. By monitoring progress; this will be performed by publishing an annual report on the application of the Charter. The European Commission launched during October 2010, the first Report on Citizenship of the European Union, the report proposes a series of measures that are designed to make life easier for Europeans when exercising their rights, whether they wish to marry, whether they are buying a house or a car in another EU country. A series of measures were proposed to ease the lives of citizens, measures that will be applied in the next three years. Thus the Commission proposes to facilitate access to cross border medical services and implement pilot actions for large-scale implementation of telemedical services by 2020. At the end of this year, the European Commission has launched a new strategy on equal opportunities and gender equality for the period 2011-2014, a strategy that relies on three main principles namely attracting, developing and maintaining a balanced workforce, promoting a flexible work environment strategy to ensure ownership at the highest level. The strategy sets multi-annual targets until 2014 when it envisages 25% of senior positions to be occupied by women (against 21% currently), 30% of middle management staff should be women (compared to 23% currently), 50% of those mid-level management personnel who retire will be occupied by women. Also, by 2014, 43% of positions of administrator, nonmanagement, would be occupied by women. According to the Strategy, more flexible working methods will be used, as well as flexible working hours, tele-working and parttime. The European Commission also supports the 97

social inclusion of Roma and is inviting member states to use EU funds for social and economic integration of Roma. The report shows that access to jobs and education without segregation, such as housing and health services is vital for the social integration of these communities. It is believed that the Roma integration efforts must include the entire life cycle, starting from kindergarten to integrated education for children, working adults and elderly care. Thus it was found that the Roma do not need a separate labor market, and schools that do not require further segregation of Roma children, but Roma need acceptance by society on equal terms, they need their social integration and the European Social Fund is a strong instrument of support. The Council of Europe adopted the Strasbourg Declaration for the integration of Roma in Europe, which envisages an active participation of Roma in view of their social insertion represented by the access to education, health and housing. In late 2010, the European Parliament adopted a Resolution on the situation of fundamental rights in the European Union (2009) - the effective implementation after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. By this new resolution, the Parliament highlights that effective protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms is the essence of democracy and the rule of law in the European Union, and emphasizes the role that regional and local authorities can play for a concrete and practical promotion of these rights, calling on all those directly concerned to develop a national policy capable to provide effective mechanisms of accountability, both nationally and at EU level, in order to combat human rights violations; The entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon has fundamentally changed the legal configuration of the European Union which is seen more and more as a community of common principles and values, while the protection of the fundamental rights is consolidated through a variety of mechanisms, including the Charter, which has the same legal value as the Treaties and represents the modern codification of the fundamental rights, providing a good balance between rights and solidarity, encompassing civil, political, economic, cultural and third generation social rights (i.e. rights to good governance, freedom of information, access to a healthy environment and consumer protection). Moreover, the European Union respect for universal values,
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and the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms is a common approach with regard to EU relations with third countries and therefore, it is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of human rights clauses in international agreements and to take into account the principles of the Charter when signing agreements with other states in order to maintain consistency between domestic and foreign policy on human rights. By this resolution , the European Parliament is of the opinion that European Union accession to the ECHR will ensure a minimum level of protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe, and will thus provide an additional mechanism for the exercise of human rights, namely the possibility to lodge a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights in connection with a breach of human rights triggered by an action of an EU institution or of a Member State, concerning the implementation of EU legislation and within ECHR field of intervention. The EU Parliament regards as beneficial the new obligations created by the Treaty of Lisbon to combat social exclusion and discrimination and to promote social justice and protection, equality between men and women, respect for private and family life, solidarity between generations, child protection, development of a common policy on asylum, immigration and combating trafficking in persons, with explicit reference to persons belonging to minorities, which reflects another fundamental value of the European Union. The EU Parliament also regards as beneficial the fact that the European Union is registered as legal personality which allows it to adhere to international treaties, thus improving legal protection by extending the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice in areas with obvious relevance for the protection of fundamental rights, such as police and judicial cooperation in the field of criminal law; it also allows an enhanced role of the European Parliament and of the national Parliaments in the decisionmaking process, especially in the evaluation and implementation of EU policies in the European space of freedom, security and justice, and it confers a more important role to European citizens who have the obligation to maintain an open, transparent and regularly dialogue with civil society and representative associations (article 11, point (2) EUT). By this resolution, the European Parliament is inviting the Commission to designate 2013
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the European Year of Citizenship with the aim to offer an impulse to the debate on European citizenship and to inform the EU citizens about their rights, especially the new rights which result from the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. The EU Parliament is willing to make an impact assessment of all new legislative proposals, in terms of fundamental rights, to monitor the legislative process for compliance with the Charter and to ensure that EU citizens are properly informed about the configuration of the new fundamental rights. The EU Parliament considers that it should strengthen the evaluation of the autonomous impact on the fundamental rights in terms of legislative proposals and amendments examined during the legislative process. It also considers that EU action should not only address violations of fundamental rights after they have occurred, but should seek also to prevent the mechanisms for early detection of potential violations of fundamental rights in the EU and in its Member States. The European Parliament is of the opinion that the EU institutions and Member States should redouble their efforts in order to properly inform and raise public awareness, since fundamental rights can be protected in a more effective way if citizens themselves are aware of their rights and of the available mechanisms to protect them. In December 2010, the European Parliament and the European Council have agreed on the citizens' initiative procedure as a new form of public participation in the functioning of the European Union introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon. Thus, as conditions to be met the support of at least one million citizens from at least one quarter of Member States is needed and the minimum number of signatures required for these Member States will be calculated by multiplying the number of European Parliament Members in the respective country by a factor of 750 and the initiative will be recorded online and made available by the Commission. The European Council requested that the European citizens' initiative be applied only one year after its publication in the Official Journal, which means that the first initiatives will be presented in early 2012. That same month, the European Commission launched the European Platform for combating poverty and social exclusion which determines how to support Member States to speed up combating social exclusion. Thus, the countries should set their own ambitious national targets and report progress each year
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while the European Commission will support the mobilization of political and social protection, of employment and education as well as of EU funding. The European Platform against poverty and social exclusion sets actions to increase activity at all levels in order to achieve the main EU objective: poverty reduction. The following are among the platform's key actions: promoting innovation in social policy, making full use of all funds, especially of the European Social Fund to support the objectives of social inclusion and social policy proposal that should become a priority for future EU funding, improving efficiency and responsiveness of social protection and social services to meet the new social needs. For the year 2011, the European Commission has already adopted a plan of strategic priorities, the stated objective being to accelerate overcoming the crisis. Also, the single market reform, various regulations for the financial sector, budget negotiations and encouragement of a social market economy are among the main objectives on the agenda for 2011. Also, the European Commission has proposed a mechanism for banking crisis management and established a protective framework for consumers of banking services. With regard to citizens and justice, it is intended to strengthen consumer rights, to elaborate a common framework of reference for contractual law, to update the legislation on civil protection, to issue a registration program for travelers and a new management structure of the Union Fraud Office. It is desirable to further improve the assistance provided by the European Union to meet the needs of those most in need. With respect to the situation of workers, the Commission intends to achieve a new electronic system of information exchange between the national authorities, to make it easier and faster for citizens working in another European country to transfer their social security rights. Through these future measures, the Commission intends to further respect the freedom of movement, so that the citizens can enjoy a truly European space of freedom, security and justice. By all these legislative measures, Romania manifests a permanent interest in the human rights and freedoms, as well as in the policies for protecting and promoting these rights, since our country joined the common goal of all the EU Member States and even of other states, that of creating a democratic society in which the fundamental human rights and freedoms should become a reality. 99

IV. SEMNAL
NOUTI EDITORIALE Drepturile copilului coordonatori prof. univ. dr. Irina Moroianu Zltescu, prof. Ioan Oancea, IRDO, Bucureti, 2011 Istoria drepturilor copilului consemneaz opiniile multor personaliti care au militat pentru o protecie special a copiilor, precum i progrese conceptuale i juridice, constante dar i discontinue. Principiile elaborate de Liga Naiunilor i incluse n Declaraia de la Geneva din 1924 referitoare la protecia special datorat copilului se regsesc mai trziu n Declaraia Drepturilor Copilului, adoptat de Adunarea General a Naiunilor Unite la 20 noiembrie 1959. Declaraia, n care se arat c dat fiind lipsa sa de maturitate fizic i intelectual, copilul are nevoie de protecie i ngrijire speciale, inclusiv de o protecie juridic adecvat, att nainte ct i dup naterea sa, marcheaz o veritabil renatere a drepturilor copilului. Dar marele pas nainte s-a realizat odat cu elaborarea primului instrument cu for juridic dedicat integral proteciei i promovrii ansamblului drepturilor copilului i anume, Convenia internaional cu privire la drepturile copilului, adoptat de Adunarea General a Naiunilor Unite la 20 noiembrie 1989 i intrat n vigoare la 2 septembrie 1990. Conveniei i s-au adugat, unsprezece ani mai trziu, Protocolul facultativ cu privire la drepturile copilului referitor la vnzarea de copii, prostituia copiilor i pornografia infantil i Protocolul facultativ cu privire la implicarea copiilor n conflicte armate. n ceea ce privete Europa, n sistemul tratatelor Consiliului Europei cu privire la drepturile omului, drepturile copilului sunt tratate n mod implicit sau explicit. Astfel, art. 1 din Convenia European a Drepturilor Omului, care protejeaz drepturile civile i politice i enun valorile fundamentale, precizeaz c articolele conveniei se aplic tuturor persoanelor aflate sub jurisdicia prilor contractante. De asemenea, Curtea European a Drepturilor Omului a acumulat o bogat jurispruden prin aplicarea la Drepturile copilului a unor articole precum art. 2 dreptul la via, art. 3 interzicerea torturii, art. 4 interzicerea sclaviei i a muncii forate, art. 5 dreptul la libertate i siguran, art. 6 dreptul la un proces echitabil sau art. 8 dreptul la respectarea vieii private. Dispoziii care intereseaz n mod deosebit pe copii se regsesc i ntr-un tratat complementar Conveniei Drepturilor Omului, i anume Carta Social European, care consacr i garanteaz drepturile economice i sociale, nlocuit progresiv de Carta social revizuit. Pe lng protecia acordat prin Convenia European a Drepturilor Omului i Carta social, copiilor li se garanteaz protecie i prin dispoziiile altor tratate europene. Volumul de fa, publicat de IRDO la nceputul anului n curs i tiprit n condiii tehnice excepionale la Tipografia Monitorul Oficial, cuprinde reglementrile internaionale i interne care consacr i garanteaz drepturile copilului, drepturi ce pot fi grupate n ansamblu n drepturi de protecie mpotriva oricror forme de abuz fizic sau emoional, drepturi de dezvoltare, strns legate de asigurarea serviciilor necesare, precum educaie i ngrijire medical, accesul tuturor la acestea i drepturile de participare i consultare n ce privete deciziile care i privesc. Prof. univ. dr. Ioan Vida: Curtea Constituional a Romniei. Justiia politicului sau politica justiiei? , Editura Monitorul Oficial, Bucureti, 2011 Lucrarea pe care-o prezentm este de mare actualitate aflndu-ne n momentul unei noi revizuiri a Constituiei. Autorul ei, prof. univ. dr. Ioan Vida, a fost att membru al grupului de experi care a oferit Comisiei de redactare a Constituiei o variant a tezelor privitoare la elaborarea Constituiei din 1991 ct i membru 9 ani din care 6 preedinte al Curii Constituionale. n Constituia Romniei din 1991, la recomandarea instituiilor internaionale, i n special a Consiliului Europei prin Comisia de Democraie prin Drept de la Veneia, s-au introdus instituii noi cu atribuii importante n dezvoltarea democraiei, a statului de drept i a garantrii drepturilor omului cum sunt Avocatul
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Poporului i Curtea Constituional. Aceast Constituie a fost revizuit n 2003 adaptndu-se evoluiei democratice a Romniei. Analiznd lucrarea prin prisma drepturilor omului, trebuie avut n vedere c garaniile i mecanismele de garantare a drepturilor omului sunt interne i internaionale, dup cum procedurile pentru realizarea garaniilor sunt jurisdicionale i nejurisdicionale. Dac sunt examinate garaniile i mecanismele interne, pornind de la Constituia din 1991 care prevede mai multe categorii de garanii, avnd mecanisme corespunztoare: reglementarea drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale n Constituie, ca norme fundamentale ale dreptului pozitiv constituie o msur de protecie a individului n relaiile sale cu autoritile publice, cu statul; controlul constituionalitii legilor conform art. 146 din Constituie; i dispoziia expres a legii care creeaz n sistemul de drept romnesc mecanisme speciale de protecie a dreptului omului prin: asumarea obligaiei de a realiza compatibilitatea sistemului juridic romnesc cu cel european i internaional n domeniul drepturilor omului, precum i prin aplicarea prioritar a normelor internaionale ale drepturilor omului, n cazul conflictului de legi cu legile interne (art. 11 i 20 alin. 2 din Constituie); interzicerea revizuirii dispoziiilor constituionale, dac aceasta are drept scop suprimarea drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale ale cetenilor sau a garaniilor acestora; crearea instituiei Avocatului Poporului, art. 5859 din Constituie, cu rolul de aprare a drepturilor i libertilor cetenilor. Evident, reglementarea clar i precis a drepturilor i libertilor ceteneti n Constituie constituie o garanie special a realizrii drepturilor omului. Astfel, dreptul la aprare, accesul liber la justiie care este i trebuie s fie independent, folosirea cilor de atac, posibilitatea atacrii n justiie a unui act administrativ ilegal, ca i recunoaterea dreptului pretins, anularea dreptului i obligarea la plata unor despgubiri integrale ctre persoana vtmat ntr-un drept al su printr-un act administrativ ilegal sau o decizie a instanei judectoreti sunt ci i mecanisme de garantare a drepturilor omului. O semnificaie aparte pentru garantarea drepturilor omului o are art. 53 alin. (1) din Constituie, potrivit cruia restrngerea exerciiului unor drepturi sau al
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unor liberti se poate realiza numai prin lege i numai n condiiile alin. (2) al aceluiai articol care cere ca restrngerea s fie proporional cu situaia care a determinat-o, fr s ating existena dreptului sau a libertii. Referindu-ne la controlul constituionalitii legilor subliniem c acesta este unul din cele mai importante mecanisme de garantare a drepturilor omului. Curtea Constituional, n mai multe decizii, sprijinindu-se pe dispoziiile art. 20 din Constituie a invocat i aplicat direct reglementri juridice internaionale Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului, Pactul internaional pentru drepturi civile i politice, Convenia European privind aprarea drepturilor omului i alte instrumente universale i regionale. Aceasta s-a datorat fie cererii exprese a prilor care au considerat c unele reglementri juridice ar contraveni reglementrilor internaionale, fie iniiativei Curii care a apreciat c aplicarea direct a unor reglementri internaionale se impune i c, n toate cazurile, interpretarea i aplicarea dispoziiilor privind drepturile omului trebuie s se fac n concordan cu reglementrile internaionale. Cteva exemple sunt reprezentative i anume: Decizia nr. 81/1998, prin care s-a admis excepia de neconstituionalitate a dispoziiilor art. 6 alin. 1 lit. e) din Legea nr. 1/1991 privind protecia social a omerilor i reintegrarea lor profesional formulat de un student care avea i calitatea de salariat s-a artat c privarea de ajutorul de omaj a persoanelor care urmeaz cursurile unui institut de nvmnt superior constituie o discriminare n sensul art. 16 alin. 1 din Constituie i art. 14 din Convenia european pentru aprarea drepturilor omului. S-a reinut practica Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului care n temeiul art. 14 din reglementarea menionat a considerat c orice diferen de tratament fcut de stat ntre indivizi aflai n situaii analoge trebuie s-i gseasc o justificare obiectiv i rezonabil. De asemenea Decizia nr. 45/1998, prin care s-a admis excepia de neconstituionalitate a dispoziiilor art. 504 alin. 1 Cod procedur penal, considerndu-se c aceast dispoziie a Codului de procedur penal contravine dispoziiilor art. 52 alin. 3 din Constituie, potrivit creia statul rspunde patrimonial, conform legii pentru prejudiciile cauzate prin erorile judiciare svrite n procesele penale i 101

a dispoziiilor art. 7 din Convenia european pentru aprarea drepturilor omului i a libertilor fundamentale ratificat prin Legea nr. 30/1994, potrivit crora, n cazul anulrii unor condamnri definitive pentru c un fapt nou sau recent descoperit dovedete c s-a produs o eroare judiciar, persoana care a suferit o pedeaps din cauza acestei condamnri este despgubit conform legii ori practicii n vigoare n statul respectiv, cu excepia cazului n care se dovedete c nedescoperirea n timp util a faptului necunoscut i este imputabil. n consecin, despgubirea nu trebuie s se limiteze numai la cazurile prevzute de art. 504 Cod procedur penal, ci i la toate situaiile n care dintr-o eroare judiciar neimputabil s-a adus o pagub unei persoane condamnate pe nedrept. Ar fi de menionat i Decizia nr. 66/1998, prin care s-a admis excepia de neconstituionalitate a dispoziiilor art. 39 din Decretul nr. 210/1960 privind regimul mijloacelor de plat strine, metalelor preioase i pietrelor preioase reinnd c sunt incidente prevederile art. 18 alin. 1 din Constituie, considernd c discriminarea pe criteriul domiciliului fa de strini i apatrizi cu domiciliul n Romnia i pe criteriul ceteniei este neconstituional n raport cu dispoziiile art. 16 alin. 1 din Constituie i contrazice prevederile art. 14 din Convenia european pentru aprarea drepturilor omului i libertilor fundamentale. Nu trebuie omis nici Decizia nr. 30/1994 care se ntemeiaz pe prevederile art. 25 din Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului i art. 11 din Pactul Internaional cu privire la drepturile economice sociale i culturale, n cadrul mai general al dreptului la un nivel de trai satisfctor i la locuin, care a apreciat c legiuitorul intern, dnd curs acestor dispoziii este ndreptit, stabilind coninutul i limitele dreptului de proprietate, s in seama nu numai de interesele proprietarilor, ci i de cele ale chiriailor crora trebuie s le asigure dreptul la o locuin, realiznd un echilibru ntre aceste comandamente constituionale. n consecin, Curtea a constatat c prelungirea termenului de validitate a contractelor de nchiriere apare astfel ca o msur de politic legislativ care se nscrie n ntregime n ansamblul prevederilor legii fundamentale. Lucrarea, elaborat la un nalt nivel tiinific i publicat n condiii tehnice excepionale de Editura Monitorul Oficial i Tipografia
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Monitorul Oficial evideniaz faptul c respectarea drepturilor omului n Romnia se realizeaz prin reglementarea drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale, prin controlul constituionalitii legilor, dar i prin instituirea unor garanii constituionale speciale. Desigur, aceste garanii constau n aplicarea direct a tratatelor internaionale privind drepturile omului n Romnia, aplicarea prioritar a tratatelor internaionale n domeniul drepturilor omului, aplicarea reglementrilor internaionale privind drepturile omului alturi de legile naionale, ambele constituind categorii de norme ale dreptului romn. Dr. Diana Marilena Popescu Petrovszki: Statutul funcionarilor publici din Romnia i din Uniunea European. Principii, drepturi i obligaii, IRDO, Bucureti, 2011 Statutul funcionarilor publici n dreptul administrativ romn i statutul funcionarilor europeni prezint un deosebit interes teoretic i practic deoarece de ndeplinirea drepturilor i obligaiilor acestora depinde n mare msur respectarea drepturilor omului n relaia administraie-cetean. Examinarea statutului funcionarilor publici este o problem de actualitate n condiiile crizei existente, care duce la restructurri n administraia public, fcndu-se resimite problemele nceputului i sfritului carierei funcionarilor publici i chiar ale drepturilor i libertilor de care acetia beneficiaz. n acest context este binevenit tratarea subiectului n mod comparativ prin prezentarea statutului funcionarilor publici romni i a celui al funcionarilor din diferite state europene. Acest demers tiinific i are suportul n apartenena Romniei la Uniunea European, n condiiile n care relaiile dintre funcionarii romni i cei ai statelor europene dobndesc o nou configuraie. Autoarea insist asupra necesitii unei reforme a administraiei publice, care s pun accentul pe obiective, cum ar fi eficacitatea, responsabilitatea, onestitatea, integritatea, dinamismul i atitudinea nonpartizan. n acest context, n opinia Dianei Petrovszki, obiectivul esenial, ce trebuie realizat, l reprezint crearea unui corp profesionist de funcionari publici, stabil, neutru din punct de vedere politic, competent s elaboreze strategiile i politicile privind managementul funciei publice, care s
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contribuie la eficientizarea sistemului administrativ i la mbuntirea relaiilor dintre administraie i societatea civil. Evident, la elaborarea statutelor naionale ale funcionarilor publici o important surs de inspiraie a constituit-o statutul funcionarilor Uniunii Europene. Acest statut reprezint o generalizare a experienelor statelor europene n determinarea statutului funcionarilor europeni fr ca aceasta s duc la uniformizarea celor dou nivele. Dup definirea conceptului de administraie i de administraie public, a conceptului de serviciu public i relaia dintre serviciul public, funcia public i funcionarul public, autoarea prezint statutul funcionarului public, definete funcia public utiliznd cele dou mari accepiuni ale acestuia, prima viznd raportarea la conceptul de autoritate public, iar cea de-a doua la autoritile i instituiile publice din sfera puterii executive. Statutul funciei publice este organic legat de cariera funcionarilor publici, proces n cadrul cruia se integreaz recrutarea funcionarilor publici, procedurile de organizare i desfurare a concursului, actul de numire a funcionarilor publici, perioada de stagiu a funcionarilor publici debutani i promovarea n funcie a acestora. Pe aceast cale, autoarea ajunge la analiza drepturilor i obligaiilor funcionarilor romni i europeni prezentnd pe rnd, principiile care guverneaz exercitarea drepturilor i obligaiilor funcionarilor publici i funcionarilor europeni, noiunile de drepturi i liberti, dreptul funcionarilor publici romni i europeni, obligaiile funcionarilor publici, deontologia funcionarilor publici, etica i morala, ca valori sociale, alte aspecte privind deontologia funcionarilor publici europeni prin prisma dispoziiilor Codului de conduit a funcionarilor publici romni i ale Codului european de bun conduit administrativ. Dup analiza drepturilor i obligaiilor funcionarilor publici, este evideniat n carte rspunderea funcionarilor publici, artndu-se principiile rspunderii juridice: noiunea de rspundere juridic a funcionarilor europeni, formele de rspundere aplicabile funcionarilor publici romni i funcionarilor europeni, cile

de atac mpotriva sanciunilor administrativdisciplinare. Se efectueaz de asemenea i o analiz comparativ ntre rspunderea funcionarilor europeni i rspunderea funcionarilor publici romni. Sunt prezentate, totodat, modificarea, suspendarea i ncetarea raporturilor de serviciu, evideniindu-se faptul c funcionarul public desfoar o activitate util societii bazat pe stabilitate n cadrul unor raporturi de serviciu. Lucrarea, tiprit n condiii grafice i tehnice foarte bune la Tipografia Monitorul Oficial, se ncheie cu o serie de propuneri de natur s perfecioneze statutul funcionarilor publici de aa manier nct prin activitatea lor profesional acetia s contribuie la promovarea i protecia drepturilor omului. Gheorghe Barbu, Ilie Ivorschi, Corneliu Trif Cotru, Elaborarea i interpretarea indicatorilor de performan specifici standardelor controlului intern managerial, Editura Rentrop & Straton, Bucureti, 2010 Pornind de la faptul c elaborarea unor indicatori de performan specifici standardelor de control intern managerial asigur consolidarea managementului fondurilor publice cu rezultate durabile n responsabilizarea managerial i consolidarea organizaiilor administrative, autorii pun n discuie i analizeaz pertinent standardele de management/control intern, elementele corelative ale sistemului de control intern managerial. n capitolele lucrrii sunt prezentate astfel noiuni despre standardele controlului intern managerial, precum i noiuni elementare privind indicatorii, coninutul i relevana, este analizat conceptul de control intern managerial, este dezvoltat metodologia de calcul al indicatorilor de performan specifici standardelor controlului intern managerial, se fac referiri detaliate la indicatorii de performan ai standardelor (etica, integritatea, atribuii, funcii, sarcini, competen, performan, funcii sensibile, informare/comunicare etc). Astfel, lucrarea ofer o metod original de interpretare a indicatorilor de performan specifici standardelor de control intern managerial i se dovedete deosebit de util n acest domeniu entitilor publice.

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V. REMEMBER
ACTIVITI PROPRII SAU N COLABORARE 11 ianuarie 2011 Mas rotund pe tema Ratificarea Conveniei Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite privind drepturile persoanelor cu dizabiliti de ctre Uniunea European, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat cu Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia. Mas rotund organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat cu Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia cu ocazia mplinirii a 60 de ani de aplicare a Conveniei pentru prevenirea i reprimarea crimei de genocid. Mas rotund cu tema Drepturile economice, sociale i culturale n Romnia anului 2011, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia, Liga Independent Romn pentru Drepturile Omului la Cultur i Sntate i Asociaia Romn pentru Libertate Personal i Demnitate Uman. Dezbatere cu tema Efectele reformei Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului. Mas rotund consacrat mplinirii a 35 de ani de la intrarea n vigoare a Pactului internaional privind drepturile economice, sociale i culturale, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat cu Catedra UNESCO pentru drepturile omului, democraie, pace i toleran i Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia. Dezbatere cu tema Informarea i prevenirea actelor antisociale i prezentarea proiectului cu tema Pai ctre nonviolen, organizat de coala nr.190 Marcela Pene i Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului. Simpozion cu tema Holocaustul un punct negativ al istoriei, organizat cu ocazia Zilei internaionale de comemorare a victimelor holocaustului de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu Catedra UNESCO pentru drepturile omului, democraie, pace i toleran i Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia. Activiti de formare a viitorilor specialiti n domeniul asistenei sociale organizate de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu Facultatea de Asisten Social i Sociologie din Cluj-Napoca, Departamentul de Asisten Social. Mas rotund cu tema Limba matern dimensiune fundamental a omului, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului cu ocazia Zilei internaionale a limbii materne. Manifestri organizate de coala general nr.190 Marcela Pene n parteneriat cu Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului, Comisia UNESCO, Inspectoratul colar al Municipiului Bucureti i Consiliul local al sectorului 4, cu ocazia Zilei internaionale a limbii materne.
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12 ianuarie 2011

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Dezbatere cu tema Srcia, inegalitatea n drepturi i oportuniti n perioada de criz economico-financiar, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului, Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia, Asociaia Romn pentru Libertate Personal i Demnitate Uman, Asociaia European pentru Drept Bancar i Financiar Romnia i Asociaia Clubul de la Cheia Victor Dan Zltescu pentru celebrarea Zilei Mondiale a Dreptii Sociale. Reuniunea cu tema Prevenirea i sancionarea tuturor formelor de discriminare n rndul femeilor, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia i Asociaia Clubul de la Cheia. Dezbatere cu tema Voluntariatul n Romnia instrumente naionale, regionale i universale, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu Universitatea Andrei aguna cu ocazia Anului European al Voluntariatului i mplinirea a zece ani de la Anul internaional ONU al voluntariatului, cunoscut sub numele de IYU+10. Conferina cu tema Educaia pentru toleran n societatea actual, organizat n cadrul aciunilor consacrate Sptmnii toleranei de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu Grupul colar industrial Letea Bacu i Gimnaziul de Stat Traian din Trnveni. ntlnire cu tema Mriorul toleranei, a elevilor din coli, licee i colegii din Bucureti, organizat de Asociaia pentru Dialog Intercultural, Asociaia EFECT n parteneriat cu Ministerul Educaiei, Cercetrii, Tineretului i Sportului, Comisia Naional a Romniei pentru UNESCO, Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului i Centrul Cultural al Ministerului Administraiei i Internelor Biroul de Tradiii i Educaie. Dezbatere cu tema Mediul online un risc major n educaia i securitatea tinerilor, organizat cu prilejul Zilei internaionale de lupt mpotriva exploatrii sexuale, de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului, Asociaia pentru Promovarea Drepturilor Familiei Family Forum, Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia, Asociaia Clubul de la Cheia, Asociaia Romn pentru Libertate Personal i Demnitate Uman i Liga Independent Romn pentru Drepturile Omului la Cultur i Sntate. Masa rotund cu tema Unii-v pentru a pune capt violenelor mpotriva femeilor logo-ul din acest an ales de Organizaia Naiunilor Unite, organizat cu prilejul Zilei internaioanle a femeii i a mplinirii a o sut de ani de la prima srbtorire n lume a acesteia, de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu IDEF, Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia, Clubul de la Cheia i Asociaia Romn pentru Drepturile Femeilor. Dezbatere privind educaia pentru drepturile omului n general i ale copilului n mod special, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu coala cu clasele I-VIII din Agri. 105

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11-13 martie 2011

Dezbatere cu tema Copiii supradotai i dreptul acestora la o educaie special adaptat nevoilor lor, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat cu Clubul Copiilor din Constana. Mas rotund cu tema Categorii discriminate i mecanisme de protecie mpotriva discriminrii, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat cu Asociaia pentru Naiunilor Unite din Romnia, Asociaia Romn pentru Libertate Personal i Demnitate Uman i Asociaia Family Forum. Dezbatere cu tema Zece ani de la apariia profesiei de mediator colar rom n Codul ocupaiilor din Romnia, organizat de Ziua mediatorului colar rom de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat cu Asociaia pentru Naiunilor Unite din Romnia i Clubul de la Cheia. Lansarea Revistei Naionale de Educaie pentru Drepturile Omului Relief Educativ ediie special dedicat Concursului naional de creativitate didactic, organizat de Editura SILVA VIC. Aciuni educaionale dedicate Sptmnii europene de aciune mpotriva rasismului, organizate de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n parteneriat cu Inspectoratul colar din Iai, Botoani i Mure. Simpozion cu tema Ap pentru orae rspunsuri la provocrile urbane, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Dreptrurile Omului i Asociaia Romn pentru Drepturile Omului la un Mediu Sntos i Liga Independent Romn pentru Drepturile Omului la Cultur i Sntate, cu ocazia Zilei Mondiale a Apei. Dezbatere cu tema Nediscriminarea i tolerana n familie, organizat de Institutul Romn pentru Dreptrurile Omului n colaborare cu Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite din Romnia. Aciuni de formare i educaie privind Promovarea i protecia drepturilor copilului, organizate de Institutul Romn pentru Drepturile Omului n colaborare cu Casa Corpului Didactic Suceava.

16-17 martie 2011

17 martie 2011

17martie 2011

17-22 martie 2011

24 martie 2011

25 martie 2011

28-29 martie 2011

PARTICIPRI LA ALTE MANIFESTRI 19 ianuarie 2011 20 ianuarie 2011 Prima ediie a Galei premiilor acordate de ctre revista Medierea, organizat la Camera de Comer i Industrie a Romniei. Conferina cu tema Discurs informativ i dispozitive jurnalistice, susinut de Dana Popescu-Jourdy, confereniar dr., Institut de la Communication, Universit Lumire, Lyon, organizat de Centrul de Cercetare n Comunicare, Facultatea de Comunicare i Relaii Publice a colii Naionale de Studii Politice i Administraie.

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DREPTURILE OMULUI

21 ianuarie 2011

Conferina cu tema Mica reform pe larg. Explicaii i probleme, organizat de Uniunea Naional a Barourilor din Romnia, Baroul Dolj, Societatea de tiine Juridice i Institutul Naional pentru Pregtirea i Perfecionarea Avocailor. Conferina cu tema Interzicerea formelor de instigare la ur naional, rasial sau religioas atelier privind Europa, organizat de naltul Comisariat al Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite pentru Drepturile Omului. Dezbatere cu tema Curtea Internaional de Justiie, 65 de ani de existen, organizat de Asociaia Romn pentru Libertate Personal i Demnitate Uman. Conferina cu tema Problematica restituirii proprietilor i a acordrii compensaiilor bneti din perspectiva jurisprudenei CEDO, organizat de Consiliul Europei i Ministerul Afacerilor Externe, cu sprijinul Human Rights Trust Fund prin programul nlturarea obstacolelor n executarea hotrrilor judectoreti interne/Asigurarea implementrii hotrrilor interne. Conferina cu tema Efectele hotrrilor Curii Europene a Drepturilor Omului n perspectiva aderrii Uniunii Europene la Convenie, organizat de Centrul de Studii de Drept European al Institutului de Cercetri Juridice Acad. Andrei Rdulescu al Academiei Romne. Seminar cu tema Managementul cercetrii tiinifice i dreptul de proprietate intelectual, organizat de Universitatea de Vest Timioara. Lansarea volumului Curtea Constituional a Romniei. Justiia politicului sau politica justiiei?, autor Ioan Vida, fost preedinte al Curii Constituionale a Romniei, organizat de Uniunea Juritilor din Romnia. Lansarea crii Filosofia dreptului sau dreptul ca filosofie, autor Ion Craiovean, organizat de Fundaia European Titulescu, Asociaia de Drept Internaional i Relaii Internaionale. Dezbatere cu tema Mecanisme interne i internaionale pentru combaterea discriminrii, organizat de Asociaia Romn pentru Libertate Personal i Demnitate Uman. Seminar cu tema Egalitate i nediscriminare, consacrat Sptmnii europene de aciune mpotriva rasismului, organizat de Asociaia pentru Naiunile Unite i Liga Independent Romn pentru Drepturile Omului la Cultur i Sntate.

8-11 februarie 2011

14 februarie 2011

17 februarie 2011

23 februarie 2011

23-26 februarie 2011 3 martie 2011

7 martie 2011

21 martie 2011

24 martie 2011

DREPTURILE OMULUI

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