Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr.

2/2011



Annals of the Constantin Brncui Universityof Trgu-Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2011

289


ASPECTE PRIVIND
PROTOTIPAREA I
OPTIMIZAREA SISTEMELOR
MECANICE

Drgu Gheorghe , ing. ,Universitatea
Constantin Brncui

REZUMAT: Pe msur ce crete complexitatea
produselor i durata dezvoltrii unui produs competitiv
trebuie redus, crearea prototipului i testarea lui devin
blocaje majore pentru noi lansri de produse de succes.
Datorit acestor blocaje, cei mai importani productori
la nivel mondial simt o presiune tot mai mare pentru a
institui rapid la nivel de ntreprindere proiectarea bazat
pe simulare i prototipri virtuale, practici care pot
asigura o mai mare performan i calitate a produselor.


1.PROTOTIPAREA VIRTUAL

Prototiparea virtual este o disciplin
inginereasc bazat pe software care
presupune modelarea unui sistem mecanic,
simularea i vizualizarea 3D a
comportamentului su n condiiile de
funcionare reale, optimizarea proiectului prin
studii iterative. Aceast tehnic avansat de
simulare const n principal n conceperea
unui model detaliat i folosirea lui ntr-un
experiment virtual, similar cazului real. Un
avantaj important al acestui tip de analiz
const n posibilitatea de a face msurtori
virtuale, n orice punct / zon, i pentru orice
parametru.
Utiliznd diferite tipuri de soluii
software comerciale (CAD - Computer Aided
Design, MBS - Multicorp Systems, FEA -
analiza cu element finit, C & C - comand i
control), pot fi create prototipuri virtuale
complexe, rezultnd o modelare exact a
componentelor i a condiiilor de funcionare
specifice.
Paii pentru realizarea unui model
virtual [1]sunt redai n Fig. 1.
n timpul fazei de concepie
constructiv, prototipurile virtuale sunt create
att pe baza conceptului de produs nou, ct i
ASPECTS CONCERNING
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
PROTOTYPING AND
OPTIMIZING

Eng.Gheorghe Drgu , Constantin
Brncui University

ABSTRACT: While products complexity increases
and the development period for competitive products
should be reduced, prototype creation and its testing
become major blockages for new launch of successful
products. Due to these blockages, the most important
producers at a world level feel a high impulse of
establishing, rapidly, at the level of the enterprise,
design based on simulation and virtual prototypes,
practices ensuring a high performance and quality of
products.

1. VIRTUAL PROTORYPING

Virtual prototyping is an engineering
discipline based on a software able to shape a
mechanical system, simulate and visualize in
a 3D format its behavior, based on real
functioning conditions, optimization of the
design by iterative studies. This advanced
stimulation technique is made of conceiving
in a detailed pattern and using it in a virtual
experiment, similar to the real case. An
important advantage of this type of analyze is
the possibility to realize virtual
measurements, in any point/area and for any
parameter.
Using different types of commercial
software solutions (CAD - Computer Aided
Design, MBS - Multicorp Systems, FEA
finite element analyze, C & C control and
command), complex virtual prototype can be
creates, resulting an exact shaping of the
components and the specific functioning
conditions.
Steps to realize a virtual pattern [1] are
mentioned in Fig. 1.
During constructive conception phase,
virtual prototypes are created based on the
concept of new product, as well as taking into
account the characteristics of the target-

Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011



Annals of the Constantin Brncui Universityof Trgu-Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2011

290

innd cont de caracteristicile produselor-int
care exist deja pe pia. Proprietile de mas
i geometria sunt obinute pe baza modelelor
componentelor solide. Caracteristicile
structurale, termice si vibratorii rezult din
modelele cu elemente finite ale componentelor
sau teste experimentale.
Pentru a valida prototipul virtual,
modelele fizice i virtuale sunt testate identic,
folosind aceleai proceduri de testare i de
instrumentare. Sunt comparate rezultatele i
sunt efectuate analize de sensibilitate ale
proiectului pentru a identifica parametrii de
proiectare care influeneaz rezultatele de
performan care nu corespund. Ulterior sunt
efectuate diferite modificri n scopul de a
obine o corelaie acceptabil a parametrilor.
mbuntirea prototipului virtual se poate face
prin nlocuirea componentelor rigide cu
elemente omoloage flexibile, adugarea
frecrilor i reprezentarea sistemelor automate
care controleaz performanele n funcionare
ale sistemului mecanic.



products, already existent on the market.
Mass properties and geometrics obtained
based on patterns of solid components.
Structural, thermal and vibration
characteristics result from patterns with finite
elements of the components or experimental
tests.
To validate the virtual prototype,
physical and virtual patterns are identically
tested, using the same testing and
instrumentation procedures. Results are
compared and effectuated analyzes of
establishing the sensibility to the project to
identify design parameters influencing non-
correspondent performance results. Ulterior,
have been realized different modification
with the purpose to obtain an acceptable
correlation of the parameters. The
improvement of the virtual prototype can be
realised with the replacement of the rigid
components having flexible homologous
elements, adding friction and representation
of the automatic system controlling the
functioning performances of the mechanical
system.


Fig. 1 Fazele prototiprii virtuale
Fig. 1 Virtual prototype phases

Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011



Annals of the Constantin Brncui Universityof Trgu-Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2011

291

2.OPTIMIZAREA PROTOTIPULUI

Optimizarea prototipului virtual se face
parcurgnd urmtoarele etape: parametrizarea
modelului; definirea variabilelor de proiectare;
definirea funciilor obiectiv pentru optimizare
i a constrngerilor de proiectare; elaborarea
studiilor de proiectare i a experimentelor;
optimizarea modelului pe baza principalelor
variabile de proiectare.
Parametrizarea modelului simplific
modificarea acestuia, deoarece ajut la
redimensionarea i repoziionarea automat a
componentelor. Variabilele de proiectare
permit crearea parametrilor independeni i
modelarea cuplelor dintre obiecte. Studiul de
proiectare descrie capacitatea de a selecta o
variabil de proiectare, care mtur o gam de
valori i apoi simularea comportamentului
diferitelor modele obinute, n scopul de a
nelege sensibilitatea sistemului global la
aceste variaii ale proiectului. Funcia obiectiv
este o cuantificare numeric care face
distincia ntre proiectele candidate.
Constrngerile sunt limite care, direct sau
indirect, elimin proiectele inacceptabile;
acestea ia adesea forma unor obiective
suplimentare n proiectarea mecanismului. n
general, problema de optimizare este descris
ca o problem de minimizare sau maximizare
a funciei obiectiv cu variabile de proiectare
selectate, n timp ce satisface diverse
constrngeri ale proiectului. Ca parte a
procesului de proiectare, optimizarea
manipuleaz necunoscutele (variabilele) dintr-
un proiect pentru a ajunge la un proiect bun,
care ndeplinete toate scopurile (obiectivele)
i restriciile (constrngerile). Dac aceste
caracteristici pot fi cuantificate, tehnicile de
optimizare pot fi folosite pentru a ajunge
analitic la cea mai bun soluie teoretic.


3.PLATFORMA SOFTWARE
COMPLEX PENTRU TESTARE
N MEDIU VIRTUAL

n continuarea lucrrii este prezentat
o platform software complex [2] pentru
2.PROTOTYPE OPTIMIZATION

Virtual prototype optimization can be
realised by passing through the following
stages; defining design variables; definition
of the objective functions for optimization
and design constraints; issuing design studies
and experiments; optimization of the pattern
based on main designing variables.
Pattern parameterization simplifies its
modification, as it helps at automatic re-
dimensioning and repositioning of
components. Design variables allow creating
independent parameters creation and shaping
couples from objects. The design study
describes the capacity to select a design
variable, sweeping large scales of values and
afterwards simulation of the behavior for
different obtained patterns, with the purpose
to understand the sensibility of the global
system for these variations of the project. The
objective function is a numerical
quantification making the difference between
candidate projects. Constraints are limits
which, directly or indirectly, eliminate
inacceptable projects; these take the form of
some supplementary objectives in the design
of the mechanism. Generally, the
optimization problem is described as a
problem for minimizing or maximizing the
objective function with selected design
variables, meanwhile satisfying different
constraints of the projects. As part of the
design process, optimization manipulates
unknown objects (variables) from a project to
reach a better project, accomplishing all
purposes (objectives) and restrictions
(constraints). In case these characteristics can
be quantified, the optimization techniques
can be used to analytically reach a better
theoretical solution.


3.COMPLEX SOFTWARE
PLATFORM FOR TESTING IN A
VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

As continues, in this paper is presented

Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011



Annals of the Constantin Brncui Universityof Trgu-Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2011

292

testare n mediu virtual. Ea include software-ul
urmtoarelor produse (Fig. 2): CAD -
Computer Aided Design (ex. CATIA,
PROENGINEER, SOLID WORKS); MBS -
Multicorp Systems (ex. ADAMS, SD-EXACT
); FEA - analiza cu element finit (ex.
NASTRAN, COSMOS ,ANSYS); Comand i
Control (ex. MATLAB, EASY5, MATRIX).

a complex software platform [2] for testing in
the virtual environment. It includes the
software of the following products (Fig. 2):
CAD - Computer Aided Design (ex. CATIA,
PROENGINEER, SOLID WORKS); MBS -
Multicorp Systems (ex. ADAMS, SD-
EXACT ); FEA finite element analyze (ex.
NASTRAN, COSMOS ,ANSYS); Command
and control (ex. MATLAB, EASY5,
MATRIX).


Fig. 2 Platforma de prototipare virtual
Fig. 2 Virtual prototyping platform

Soft-ul CAD este utilizat pentru crearea
modelului geometric (solid) al sistemului
mecanic. Acest model conine date despre
proprietile de mas i de inerie ale pieselor
rigide. Geometria piesei poate fi exportat din
CAD n MBS folosind formatul standard de
fiiere, cum ar fi STEP sau PARASOLID.
Pentru a importa geometria pieselor rigide,
software-ul MBS citete fiierul CAD i
convertete geometria ntr-un set de elemente
geometrice MBS. Soft-ul FEA este folosit
pentru modelarea corpurilor flexibile ale
sistemelor mecanice. Integrarea flexibilitilor
n model permite capturarea efectelor ineriale
i respectarea lor n timpul simulrii, pentru a
studia deformrile componentelor flexibile i a
determina cu precizie mai mare solicitrile
acestora, obinndu-se rezultate realiste.
Caracteristicile corpului flexibil sunt definite
ntr-un fiier de ieire al modelrii cu elemente
finite (MNF - Modal Neutral File).
Informaiile din MNF includ nodurile i
conectivitatea lor, masa nodal i ineria,
formele modale, masa i rigiditatea
generalizat pentru forme modale. Modelul
MBS transmite modulului FEA strile de
CAD soft is used to create the
geometrical pattern (solid) of the mechanical
system. This pattern contains information on
mass and inertia properties of rigid pieces.
The geometry of the piece can be exported
from CAD in MBS using standard format of
files, like STEP or PARASOLID. To import
rigid pieces geometry, the MBS software
reads CAD file and converts geometry in a
set of geometrical MBS elements. The FEA
soft is used to shape flexible bodies of
mechanical system. The integration of the
flexibilities in the pattern allows capturing
the inertia effects and respecting them during
simulation, to study the flexible components
deformation and to precisely determine their
requests, obtaining realist results. Flexible
body characteristics are defined in an exit file
of finite elements shaping (MNF - Modal
Neutral File). MNF information include
nodes and tjeir conetivity, nodal mass and
inertia, modal forms, mass and generalised
rigidity form modal forms. The MBS pattern
transmits the FEA module the movement and
loading status of the mechanical system,
which can be defined by using a FEA Loads

Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011



Annals of the Constantin Brncui Universityof Trgu-Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2011

293

micare i de solicitare ale sistemului mecanic,
care pot fi definite utiliznd un format de fiier
FEA Loads.


4. NOIUNI GENERALE PRIVIND
OPTIMIZAREA SISTEMELOR
MECANICE

n construirea unui model matematic care
descrie exact complexitatea problemei i care
este fezabil din punct de vedere numeric
trebuie stpnit compromisul i dobndirea de
abiliti pentru a putea construi modele n mod
expert.




4.1. EXTREMELE FUNCIILOR REALE
DE MAI MULTE VARIABILE

Fie funcia f : A
( )
2
R R i a,b A .
Punctul (a,b)
2
A R se numete punct
staionar atunci cnd:
file.




4.GENERAL NOTIONS
REGARDING THE
OPRIMIZATION OF THE
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

To build a mathematical pattern describing
exactly the problems complexity and which
is feasible from numerical point of view must
be possessed the compromise and achieving
abilities to be able to construct patterns in
expert mode.


4.1. EXTREMES OF THE REAL
FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL
VARIABLES

Be the function f:
A
( )
2
R R i a,b A . The point
(a,b)
2
A R it is called stationary point
when:
( )
( )
( )
( )
' '
x y
f a,b f a,b
f a,b 0, f a,b 0
x y

= = = =

. (1.1)
Teorem: Fie f : A
( )
2
R R i a,b A un punct
staionar. Presupunem c pe o vecintate V a
punctului (a, b) funcia admite derivate
pariale de ordinul doi continue.
Considerm expresia:
Theorem: Be f : A
( )
2
R R i a,b A a stationary
point. We suppose that on a proximity V of
the point (a, b) the function admits partial,
continuous derivates of the second order.
Considering the expression:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2
0 0 0
2 2
f a,b f a,b f a,b
E s r t
x y
x y


= =





1. Dac E < 0 atunci (a,b) este un punct de
extrem local i anume:
1. In case E < 0 then (a,b) is a point of
extremely local, namely:
minim cnd
( )
2
2
f a,b
x

> 0, (1.2)
maxim cnd
( )
2
2
f a,b
x

<0, (1.3)
minimal when
( )
2
2
f a,b
x

> 0, (1.2)
maximal when
( )
2
2
f a,b
x

< 0. (1.3)

Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011



Annals of the Constantin Brncui Universityof Trgu-Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2011

294

2. Dac E > 0, punctul (a, b) nu este punct
de extrem local
Generalizare:
Fie funcia f:
p
A R R i
( )
0 0 0
0 1 2 p
x x , x , , x = K ,
un punct din A. Funcia f are minim local n
punctul
0
x dac exist o vecintate V a lui
0
x , astfel nct
0
f (x) f(x ) pentru orice
( )
1 2 p
x x , x , , x V = K . Punctul
0
x
este punct de maxim local pentru funcia f
dac
0
f (x) f(x ) pentru orice x V .
n cazul n care funcia f are derivate
pariale continue pn la ordinul doi inclusiv,
ntr-o vecintate a punctului staionar
( )
0 0 0
0 1 2 p
x x , x , , x = K , atunci:
a. dac
2
0
d f (x ) este pozitiv definit
(ca form ptratic n creterile argumentelor),
punctul
0
x este un punct de minim pentru f;
b. dac
2
0
d f (x ) este negativ definit
(ca form ptratic),
0
x este un punct de
maxim pentru f;
c. dac
2
0
d f (x ) ia i valori pozitive
i valori negative,
0
x nu este punct de extrem.

2. In case E > 0, the point (a, b) in not a
point of extremely local
Generalization:
Be the function f:
p
A R R i
( )
0 0 0
0 1 2 p
x x , x , , x = K ,
a point from A. The function f has a local
minimum in the point
0
x if there is a
proximity V of
0
x , so that
0
f (x) f(x )
for any
( )
1 2 p
x x , x , , x V = K . The
point
0
x is a local maximum point for
function f in case
0
f (x) f(x ) for any
x V .
In case function f has continuous,
partial derivates, up to the second order,
inclusively, in proximity of the stationary
point
( )
0 0 0
0 1 2 p
x x , x , , x = K , then:
a. in case
2
0
d f (x ) is positively
defined (as square form in arguments
increasing), the point
0
x is a minimum point
for f;
b. in case
2
0
d f (x ) is negatively
defined (as square form),
0
x is a maximum
point for f;
c. in case
2
0
d f (x ) takes positive and
negative values,
0
x in not an extreme point.

4.2. EXTREME LIBERE SAU
NECONDIIONATE. FORME
PTRATICE.

Punctele de maxim local i punctele de
minim local ale funciei
2
f:A R R ,
se numesc puncte de extrem local ale funciei
f(x, y), iar valoarea funciei f(x, y) ntr-un
astfel de punct local M, f(M), se numete
extrem (maxim sau minim) local al funciei
f(x, y).
Dac asupra variabilelor x i y nu sunt
puse condiii sau restricii, se spune c avem
extreme libere sau necondiionate.

4.2. FREE OR UNCONDITIONED
EXTREMES. SQUARE FORMS

The local maximum points and the
local minimum points of the function
2
f:A R R , are called points of
extremely local of the function f(x, y), and the
value of the function f(x, y) in such a local
point M, f(M), is called extreme (maximum
or minimal) local of the function f(x, y).

In case concerning x and y variable,
no conditions or restriction are made, it is

Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011



Annals of the Constantin Brncui Universityof Trgu-Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2011

295

Alegnd o vecintate V a punctului
0 0
(x ,y ) astfel ca restul formulei lui Taylor s
fie neglijabil, putem scrie aproximarea:

said that we have free of unconditioned
extremes.
Selecting a proximity V of the point
0 0
(x ,y )
so that the rest of Taylor formula be
negligible, we can write down the
approximation:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 0 0 0
1
f x,y f x ,y d f x ,y
2
, (1.4)
i, ca urmare, semnul creterii
( ) ( )
0 0
f x,y f x ,y este dat de semnul
diferenialei de ordinul doi,
( )
2
0 0
d f x ,y ,
care este o form ptratic n variabilele dx,
dy.
and, as a result, the accretion sign
( ) ( )
0 0
f x,y f x ,y it is given by the second
order differential sign,
( )
2
0 0
d f x ,y , being a
square form in the variables dx, dy.
( )
( )
2
2 2
0 0 2
0 0 i j
i j
i 1 j 1
f x ,y
d f x ,y dx dx
x x
= =

. (1.5)
n cazul:
( )
( )
n n
1 2 n
R f: A R R : x x , x , ,x = K
,
dac
( )
2
d f a 0 > , punctul
1 2 n
a a a ( , , ..., )
este punct de minim, iar dac
( )
2
d f a 0 < ,
atunci
1 2 n
a a a ( , , ..., ) este punct de maxim.
Semnul formei ptratice
( )
2
d f a ,
( )
1 2 n
a a ,a , , a , se poate determina cu
ajutorul metodei lui Jacobi. Se noteaz cu
( )
f
H a matricea hessian definit astfel:
In case of:
( )
( )
n n
1 2 n
R f: A R R : x x , x , ,x = K
, if
( )
2
d f a 0 > , the point
1 2 n
a a a ( , , ..., ) is a
minimum point, and in case
( )
2
d f a 0 < ,
then
1 2 n
a a a ( , , ..., ) is a maximum point.
The sign of the square form
( )
2
d f a ,
( )
1 2 n
a a ,a , , a , can be determined with
the aid of the Jacobi method. It is marked
( )
f
H a teh hessian matrix defined this way:
( )
( )
2
f
i j
f a
H a , i, j 1,n
x x

= =



, (1.6)
care este o matrice ptratic de ordinul n.
Forma canonic a funcionalei ptratice
( )
2
d f a este:
being the square matrix of n order.
The canonical form f the square functional
( )
2
d f a is:
( )
2 2 2 2 0 1 n1
1 2 n
1 2 n

d f a

= + + + K , (1.7)
unde: where:
( )
''
0 1 11
1, f a = = ,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'' ''
11 12
2
'' ''
21 22
f a f a
f a f a
= ,
( )
n f
detH a = . (1.8)

n concluzie, dac toi
i
0 > , atunci
( )
2
d f a 0 > i punctul
1 2 n
a a a ( , , ..., ) este
As a conclusion, in case all
i
0 > , then
( )
2
d f a 0 > and point
1 2 n
a a a ( , , ..., ) is a

Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011



Annals of the Constantin Brncui Universityof Trgu-Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2011

296

punct de minim local, iar dac
i i 1
0, 0 i n
+
< , atunci
( )
2
d f a 0 < i
1 2 n
a a a ( , , ..., ) este punct
de maxim local.

4.3. EXTREME CU LEGTURI SAU
EXTREME CONDIIONATE

Fie
( ) ( )
1 2 n
f x f x ,x , ,x = K o funcie
real de n variabile reale,
f:
n
A R R , i funciile
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 m
F x , F x , , F x K definite tot pe
n
A R i cu valori reale. Notm cu S
mulimea soluiilor sistemului:

local minimum point, and in case
i i 1
0, 0 i n
+
< , then
( )
2
d f a 0 < and
1 2 n
a a a ( , , ..., ) is a local
maximum point.

4.3. EXTREMES WITH CONNECTIONS
OR CONDITIONED EXTREMES

In case
( ) ( )
1 2 n
f x f x ,x , ,x = K a real
function of n real variables,
f:
n
A R R , and the functions
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 m
F x , F x , , F x K defined on
n
A R also with real values. We mark
with S the multitude of the systems
solutions:
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 n
2 1 2 n
m 1 2 n
F x ,x , ,x 0
F x ,x , ,x 0
. . . . . . . . . . . .
F x ,x , ,x 0
=
=
=
K
K
K
(1.9)
adic:
( )
{ }
n
i
S x x R , F x 0, i 1,m = = =

Presupunem c m < n, adic sistemul
are o infinitate de soluii.
namely:
( )
{ }
n
i
S x x R , F x 0, i 1,m = = =

We suppose that m < n, namely the
system has infinite solutions.

CONCLUZII

Utiliznd diferite tipuri de soluii
software comerciale (CAD - Computer Aided
Design, MBS - Multicorp Systems, FEA -
analiza cu element finit, C & C - comand i
control), pot fi create prototipuri virtuale
complexe, rezultnd o modelare exact a
componentelor i a condiiilor de funcionare
specifice.
Unul dintre cele mai importante avantaje
ale simulrii este posibilitatea de a efectua
msurtori virtuale n orice punct sau zon, i
pentru orice parametru (micare, for,
energie). Acest lucru nu este ntotdeauna
posibil, n cazul real, din cauza lipsei de spaiu
pentru amplasarea traductoarelor, lipsa
traductoarelor adecvate sau condiii improprii
CONCLUSIONS

Using different types of commercial
software solutions (CAD - Computer Aided
Design, MBS - Multicorp Systems, FEA
finite element analyze, C & C command
and control), there can be created complex
virtual prototypes, resulting an exact shaping
of the components and specific function
conditions.
One of the most important advantages
of simulation is the possibility to realize
measurements at any point or area and for
any parameter (movement, force, energy).
This is not always possible, in real case, due
to the lack of space for transducers
positioning, the lack of adequate transducers
or of improper conditions for measurements.

Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011



Annals of the Constantin Brncui Universityof Trgu-Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2011

297

pentru msurtori.
Prototiparea virtual a devenit foarte
important ntr-o mulime de domenii, de
exemplu industria auto, industria aeronautic,
industria feroviar, robotica, biomecanica,
produse mecatronice, maini industriale .a.
Optimizarea este un principiu
fundamental al unei multitudini de probleme
complexe de alocare i decizie, care implic
selecia de valori pentru o mulime de
variabile inter-relaionate, prin realizarea unui
singur obiectiv ales special. Obiectivul este de
obicei o funcie sau funcional, care este
maximizat sau minimizat, cu posibile
constrngeri care limiteaz alegerea valorilor
pentru variabile.


BIBLIOGRAFIE
[1] J. Arora, Introduction to Optimum Design,
McGraw-Hill, New-York, 1989.
[2] C. Alexandru, Software Platform for
Analyzing and Optimizing the Mechanical
Systems, Proceedings of SYROM 2009,
Springer Science&Business Media, B.V.
2009.
[3] D. Mironescu, Contribuii privind
optimizarea i corectarea performanelor
funcionale la unele sisteme robotizate, teza de
doctorat, 2006.
[4] S. S. Rao, L. Cao, Optimum design of
mechanical systems involving interval
parameters. ASME Journal of Mechanical
Design, 124:465472, 2002.
[5] H. WANG; J. ZHANG, The parameter
modeling and analysis of Virtual prototype
basing on the ADAMS, Mechanical
Manufacture, vol.42, no.482, pp.41-43, 2004.

Virtual prototyping become very
important in a multitude of sectors, for
example auto industry, aeronautics industry,
railway industry, robotics, biomechanics,
mechatronic products, industrial machines, so
on.
Optimization is a main principle of a
multitude of complex problem of assignation
and decision, involving the selection of
values for a multitude of inter-relational
variables, by realising a unique objective,
especially elected. The objective is most
commonly a function or a functional, which
is maximised or minimised, with possible
constraints limiting values for variables.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] J. Arora, Introduction to Optimum
Design, McGraw-Hill, New-York, 1989.
[2] C. Alexandru, Software Platform for
Analyzing and Optimizing the Mechanical
Systems, Proceedings of SYROM 2009,
Springer Science&Business Media, B.V.
2009.
[3] D. Mironescu, Contributions concerning
optimization and correction of functional
performances to some robotized systems,
Doctoral thesis, 2006.
[4] S. S. Rao, L. Cao, Optimum design of
mechanical systems involving interval
parameters. ASME Journal of Mechanical
Design, 124:465472, 2002.
[5] H. WANG; J. ZHANG, The parameter
modeling and analysis of Virtual prototype
basing on the ADAMS, Mechanical
Manufacture, vol.42, no.482, pp.41-43, 2004.