Cuprins

Argument. 4
Partea I
Cadru teoretic
Capitolul 1. Ctre societatea de cunoatere
1.1.1.Ctre societatea de cunoatere 6
1.1.2. Informaia, energie stagnant7
1.1.3. Ctre o tiranie a experilor..11
1.1.4. De la societatea informaional la economia de cunoatere 13
1.1.5. Tipuri de societi de cunoatere16
1.2.1 O abordare pragmatic a cunoaterii18
1.2.2. Forme i tipuri de cunoatere. .20
1.2.3 Sociologia cunoaterii..21
1.2.4. nvarea. 26
1.2.5. Relaia publicului cu tiina 28
Capitolul 2. Evoluia cmpului jurnalistic
2.1. Evoluia cmpului jurnalistic32
2.2. Organizaia34
2.3. Jurnalistul.35
Capitolul 3. Mediul digital
3.1. Digitizarea n societatea de cunoatere..37
3.2. Despre info-excludere39
3.3. Comunicarea digital ..........40
3.4. E-organizaiile............41
Capitolul 4. Jurnalismul digital
4.1. Jurnalismul digital.44
4.1. Noile media...46
4.2. Agenda digital pentru Europa..47

Partea a II-a
Studiu de caz
2

1. Cadru metodologic52
2. Metod ..54
3. Analiz..55
Concluzii.74
Bibliografie.77
Anexe..80

Argument
Lucrarea cu titlul Societatea de cunoatere. Implicaii ale mediei digitale asupra
cmpului jurnalistic a pornit de la ntrebrile care ne asalteaz zi de zi: Ce se ntmpl cu
media astzi? Care sunt pionii pe care se susine n ziua de azi media? Ct de solid este
fundaia jurnalismului actual? Schimbrile produse cu viteza luminii ne modific percepia pe
care o avem asupra jurnalismului actual. Situaii precum falimentul unor publicaii cu o istorie
de decenii sau chiar de peste un secol, transferul integral al organizaiilor media n mediul
digital sunt situaii limit care ar trebui s ne ridice semne de ntrebare. Redefinirea
jurnalitilor, mbuntirea sau schimbarea n totalitate a suporturilor de propagare a
informaiilor, condensarea ziarului din forma tiprit sau redacional n impulsuri binare sunt
semne care ne dovedesc c se apropie apocalipsa jurnalismului tradiional?
Aceast lucrare vrea s demonstreze c platformele digitale au un impact major asupra
jurnalitilor i grupurilor media, c jurnalismul nc i caut locul potrivit pentru a expune
tirile i c odat cu globalizarea informaiei locale, creatorul de coninut i schimb viziunea
pentru a se adapta secolului vitezei. Prin acest material doresc s art c jurnalismul sufer o
transformare fr precedent, datorat dezvoltrii mediului digital dar i a globalizrii.
Totodat, aceast transformare poate determina evoluia unei societi a cunoaterii
inteligente.

1.1.1. Ctre societatea de cunoatere

Subiectul abordat are deja o istorie de mai multe decenii. Schimbrile care au modelat
societatea modern au condus, n ultimii aizeci de ani, la conceptualizarea unei noi denumiri.
Politologul Robert E. Lane este primul autor care folosete termenul de societate de
cunoa tere (knowledgeable society)1, n sensul de societate capabil sa nvee, s informeze,
creia i atribuie organizarea i profesionalizarea cunoaterii. Schimbarea filosofiei i calitii
cunoaterii, a modului de abordare a acesteia i a categoriilor cognitive determin deschiderea
societii. Stocul mare de cunotine trebuie creat prin respectarea standardelor obiective de
adevr. Exploatarea epistemologiei constituie rdcina societii informate. Acest tip de
societate valorific nivelul superior de cunoatere prin colectarea, organizarea i interpretarea
acesteia.
n 1969, Peter Drucker lanseaz o nou viziune asupra cunoaterii ( apropiat de cea a
politologului american, Robert E. Lane), n cartea sa, The Age of Discontinuity. Adoptnd o
perspectiva inovativ, autorul creeaz noi termeni destinai economiei, industriei i nu n
ultimul rnd societii. Pentru intelectual, cunoaterea este ceea ce este ntr -o carte. Dar, atta
timp ct aceasta este n carte, aceasta este doar informaie, dac nu simple date. Numai
atunci cnd un om aplic informaiile pentru a face ceva, informaia se transform n
cunoatere. 2 .
Ideile lui Drucker revoluioneaz modul de a defini i nelege rolul fundamental al
cunoaterii n producia social:
A)

Cunoaterea ( idealizat ca valoare per se de Lyotard) , i redirecion eaz

traiectoria, intersectnd multiple domenii de activitate i cptnd astfel noi
valene, de aceast dat pragmatice.

B)

Punctul de cotitur este reprezentat de momentul n care acest domeniu i

mrete sfera scopurilor apelnd la mijloace variate i im plicnd diferite
genuri de actori.

C)

Informaia trebuie s parcurg un ntreg proces pentru a se numi cunoatere.

Lane, E. Robert, TheDecline of Politics and Ideology in a Knowledgeable Society, American Sociological
Review, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 1966), p. 649
2
Drucker, F., Peter, The Age of Discontinuity Guidelines to Our Changing Society, Transaction Publishing,
Reprint Edition June 1992 (1969), New Brunswick (U.S.A) i London (U.K.) p.269

Nu este suficient s fie la ndemna oricui, s fie lizibil. Este nevoie de un ingredient
secret pentru a fi cognitiv. Etapele de transformare a datelor n cunotine difer de la individ
la individ, n funcie de background-ul acestuia. n concluzie,
Informaia trebuie s i pun n micare motoarele, s determine

D)

oportunitai, s genereze a plicaii i replicabilitate. Cunoaterea trebuie s

reprezinte imboldul esenial al evoluiei. Cunoaterea, i odat cu ea
cetenii i societatea, trebuie s se afle ntr -o continu dezvoltare.
Cunoaterea nu este perisabil; indiferent de momentul incipient, ea poate

E)

cpta diferite dimensiuni prin abordri distincte. Ea este o resurs care nu

poate fi epuizat uor. Aplicat factorilor externi, ea poate deschide noi
orizonturi.
Panorama cunoaterii este suficient de vast, infinit am putea spune. Realitatea
contemporan ne face s ne imaginm cunoaterea ca pe o resurs regenerabil, care odat
consumat, renate din propria cenu. Finalitatea cunoaterii este un stadiu greu de imaginat
graie fundaiei greu de dobort.
F)

Singura exigen a cunoaterii este aceea de a fi utilizat, folosit la capaci ti

maxime.
Cunoaterea nu mai are caracter elitist, pretenios. Ea devine bun comun. Nu se mai
adreseaz neaparat unui public iniiat. Ea devine deschis la nivel global, i transform
caracterul ermetic ntr-o deschidere public. Dintr-o dat, ea poate fi decodat uor, i
redirecioneaz inta ctre pia, devine disponibil. Un alt argument a lui Drucker este c n
urm cu dou secole, alfabetizarea reprezenta o alocare profitabil a resurselor, iar astzi
cunoaterea este investiia fundamental impus evoluiei. Instruirea forei de munc este n
clasamentul celor mai importante obiective din agenda european.

1.1.2. Informaia , energie stagnant?

Este un paradox, dar nenumratele impulsuri energetice generate de resorturile
cunoaterii conduc ctre un nou timp de economie economia cunoaterii. Cunoaterea
reprezint capitalul primordial, cea mai valoroas resurs, motorul de funcionare. Economia
i cunoaterea se condiioneaz reciproc. Rezultatele uneia explic traseul celeilalte. Forma
n care este furnizat capitalul de cunoatere, strategia de distribuie i metoda de
7

administrare a acestuia contorizeaz eficiena i justific economia. Obiectivele economice,

n ziua de azi, pot deveni reale doar dac sunt conduse de cunoatere. Realitatea economic
pledeaz pentru schimbarea strategiei, vechii factori de producie ngrdind acest nou sector .
Cunoatere este elementul comun al industriilor aflate n curs de dezvoltare . Electricitatea
este cea mai ieftin, mai bogat i mai versatil energie pentru munca mecanic. Dar
informaia este energie pentru munca raional. 3. Aplicabilitatea o transform n impuls
creator. Interpretarea informaiei i utilizarea ei n practic reprezint magnetul e voluiei.
Chimia informaiei i a pragmatismului d natere unei fore gravitaionale a inovaiei.
Daca n trecut agricultura sau manufactura erau centrul economiei, noua societate
adopt o politic distinct. Drucker atrage atenia asupra unei erori : specialitii n economie
tind s asocieze industria cunoaterii cu un serviciu propriu-zis. De fapt, afirm el,
cunoaterea este o nou industrie primar (industrie care folosete ca materie prim
....cunoatere).
Cunoaterea disponibil la nivel global, un ui public ct mai larg, d natere unui nou
hibrid. Societatea de cunoatere reprezint societatea n care ceteanul folosete concret
informaia n scopul productivitii i progresului. Cunoaterea reprezint un axis mundi
pentru aceast nou lume. Provocarea acestei noi lumi este cunoaterea bazat pe educaia n
mas.
n societatea cunoaterii i gsete locul un nou tip de muncitor, care devine lucrtor
al cunoaterii.
Drucker creeaz portretul robot al lucrtorului cunoaterii. Fie c este doctor, avocat,
profesor sau contabil, specialistul n cunoatere va deveni centrul domeniului n care
activeaz. Eficacitatea acestui nou tip de muncitor nu depinde de capacitile obinute prin
practic. Ucenicia, criteriu fundamental pn de curnd, trece acum pe plan secund.
Randamentul acestuia este scos la iveal de funcionalitatea conceptelor, ideilor, teoriilor pe
care le cunoate. 4
Lucrtorul cunoaterii este stlpul acestei societi. Noi manufacturieri ai secolului 21,
tehnologii din domeniul cunoaterii vor deveni i ei fora social dominant. Chiar dac
acetia vor face concret munc manual, vor lucra doar pe baza substanial a cunoaterii
teoretice pe care o au n urma unei educaii formale. Angajarea unui astfel de personal este
catalogat ca fiind o achiziie sustenabil, o investiie, o adevrat afacere. Capitalismul
3
4

DRUCKER, F., Peter, op.cit., p.27

http://www.economist.com/node/770819

muncitorului din domeniul cunoaterii este mijlocul prin care munca obine o nou conotaie.
Profesionistul cunoaterii nu privete munca doar ca pe un mijloc de trai. El are aspiraii
legate de provocrile oferite de noile sensuri i conexiuni ale cunoaterii. Conductor al
societii cunoaterii, el se ghideaz, mai degrab, dup vectorii rezultatelor cunoaterii,
dect dup indicaiile oamenilor.
Dup cteva decenii de la lansarea termenului de lucrtor al cunoaterii, Drucker
completeaz aceast definiie cu cteva noi atribute:
Cum faci un astfel de lucrator al cunoasterii sa fie productiv? Cunotintele
au, prin definitie, un nalt grad de specializare. Nimeni nu este foarte bun n foarte
multe domenii. Aadar, aceti oameni a cror materie prim sunt cunostinele nu pot fi
productivi dect dac sunt integrai intr-o retea de oameni asemenea lor. In al doilea
rnd, acesti profesioniti nu sunt oameni de echip. Ca sa fie eficieni, trebuie
protejai, trebuie sa fii ochii si urechile lor. De asemenea, nu vor s devin efi, ceea ce
este complicat, pentru c banii si laurii ajung la manageri. Trebuie sa dezvoli o cu
totul alt filozofie de carier pentru aceti oameni. 5
Drucker i continu, de -a lungul timpului, pledoaria pentru societatea cunoaterii. El
anticipa cu destul de mult clarviziune societatea actual anunnd un ir de schimbri
profunde. Odat cu dezvoltarea noului tip de economie, firmele nu mai au parte de
managementul tipic de acum un secol.
n articolul publicaiei The Economist, Drucker explic schimbarea s tructurii
resurselor umane. La nivelul pieei locurilor de munc va exista o rsturnare a situaiei, nu
doar din punct de vedere al pregtirii personalului. Vor exista noi tipare de angajare care vor
fora i cele mai tradiionaliste ri s adopte imigrani. Astfel, inclusiv la nivelul cunoaterii
sociale va exista o schimbare datorat bagajului de cunotine specifice imigrantului.
ntreprinderile mici sau multinaionale devin organizaii conduse prin strategii.
Afacerile de orice tip vor continua s aib posesori, dar acetia nu vor conduce propriu -zis,
aa cum se ntmpla n urm cu 100 de ani. Proprietarii vor selecta top manageri, cu un
consistent bagaj de cunotine, capabili s conduc n noul stil, caracteristic societii
cunoaterii. Cu ajutorul cunoaterii, noul tip de management al organizaiilor schimb radical
structurile interne, iar prin globalizare legturile externe sunt reinventate.
5

Peter Drucker: Eu nu cred n lideri, publicat n Revista online Wall Street, 17. 08. 2005, http://www.wallstreet.ro/articol/Interviuri/5642/Peter-Drucker-Eu-nu-cred-in-lideri.html

1. Urmtoarea societate va fi o societate a cunoaterii.

Cunoaterea va fi resursa ei cheie, iar profesionitii din
domeniul cunoaterii vor fi grupul dominant al forei de
munc.6

2. Resursele cunoaterii sunt i vor rmne nelimitate,

circulnd cu mai mult uurin dect resur sele materiale,
si chiar dect cele monetare.

n contrast cu societatea din cea de-a doua jumtate a secolului 20, am putea spune
aproape chiar fr precedent, societatea cunoaterii reinventeaz modalitatea de raportar e la
societate, ceteni dar i la resurse, astfel:.
Tehnologia informaiei va facilita mprtirea cunoaterii, n mod aproape
instantaneu, devenind astfel accesibil oricrui cetean dornic s o acceseze.
Caracterul global al cunoaterii va acorda ansa competitivitii oricrei
organizaii, indiferent de poziionarea geografic.
Educaia formal se va rspndi cu facilitate, acordnd ansa succesului prin
accesul la mijloacele dezvoltrii.
Competitivitatea incontestabil a acestei societi ar putea fi elementul cheie cu
ajutorul cruia ar detrona orice societate anterioar.
Ceteanul i cunoaterea vor fi elemente convergente, vitale pentru noua
societate. Noile raporturi ale societii vor deveni liter de lege pentru acces.
Nico Stehr completeaz teoriile manageriale ale lui Drucker, aducnd elemente noi,
din alte segmente ale societii. Aceasta consider c sursa de legitimare, n societatea
contemporan, este cunoaterea. Cultura cunoaterii a cptat noi sensuri. Puterea acesteia sa amplificat vertiginos. Caracterul societii cunoaterii este legat de teoria valorilor obinute
prin cunoatere dect cele obinute prin munc . Apariia societii cunoaterii nu a fost
6

The Next Society, publicat n The Economist, 1. 11. 2001 http://www.economist.com/node/770819

10

rezultatul unui boom. Procesul treptat alctuit din caracteristicile definitorii, noi i vechi, ale
societii poate fi explicat prin transformrile lente i insesizabile de care are parte aceast
structur. Odat cu dezvoltarea societii cunoaterii, volumul, natura i organizarea social a
cunoaterii s -au schimbat.
Cunoaterea i poteneaz funcia social prin intermediul exploatrii, distribuiei i
reproducerii. Ca urmare:

Stocul imens de cunoatere obiectiv modific viziunea

social, este un multiplicator.
. Societatea cunoaterii nu este caracterizat printr -o singur dimensiune social.
Societile de cunoatere devin asemntoare indiferent de natura lor iniial sau actual.
Apropierea grupurilor i indivizilor se mbuntete prin intermediul reelelor de comunicare
i transport chiar dac distana fizic rmne de neclintit. Profanul i modific structurile i
conexiunile, le schimb, le adapteaz, n timp ce sacrul specific rmne acelai pentru
societatea respectiv. Societile de cunoatere nu aplatizeaz structurile sociale sau
intelectuale. Co-existena, interdependena formelor distincte constituie un atu pentru
societatea de cunoatere.
Noile fenomene de care are parte societatea nu afecteaz cadrul conceptual al
ideologiilor. Cunoterea devin modelul cultural, ablon universal, care permite dezvoltarea
oricrui tip de ideologie. Cunoaterea nu duce la un model de schimbare unic. Realul i
fictivul fuzioneaz, devenind imposibil de difereniat. Teoriile devin fapte, n timp ce aciunile
nu mai dau natere unor teorii rapide. Cunoaterea nu se limiteaz doar la producie, ea
ptrunde n toate sferele sociale. Distribuirea experilor se face n mod egal, unitar.

1.1.3.Ctre o tiranie a experilor?

Stehr admite c exist o limit a puterii cunoaterii tiinifice.
Dovada considerabil a dezamgirii asupra meritelor expertizei, chiar frica
de o tiranie a experilor , i pierderea ceteniei n societile moderne, toat lumea
trebuie (nc) s amne i, n anumite circumstane, este forat s in cont de prerea
11

autoritii experilor de azi, nu num ai n materie de consecin grav i de anvergur,

dar, de asemenea, n multe dintre rutinele cele mai banale ale vieii de zi cu zi.7
Soluiile riscurilor determinate de tiin se afl n minile tiinei i tehnologiei. n
acest fel cunotine devin baza pentru exercitarea autoritii .
n societatea de cunoatere, tiina i tehnologia au caracteristici puternice care permit
rezistena la transformrile omogene. Determinismul tiinific modific viteza de reacie a
societii. Dezvoltrile tiinifi ce i tehnologice permit creterea numrului de strategii, care
devin flexibile, afectnd controlul, determinnd restrngerea opiunilor i afirmnd sanciunile
i riscurile. Societile cunoaterii pot deveni, n acelai timp, standardizate dar i fragile.
Schimbarea major n producia cunoaterii tiinifice este dat de
i) expansiunea funciei sociale a cunoaterii tiinifice. Scopul autentic al tiinei,
spre deosebire de cel al altor sectoare, pare s fie acelai. Chiar i aa,
ii) tiina se ex tinde prin adoptarea unor diverse funcii, nlturnd tendinele de
difereniere i specializare
Iat efectele:
Structura economic s-a schimbat radical. Transformarea fr precedent a economiei,
n care procesele de producie i distribuie sunt determinate ntr-o mai mare msur de
aprobrile bazate pe cunoatere. Ptura experilor, a consultanilor i al altor specialiti din
domeniul cunoaterii, crete rapid, devenind principala fort de munc. Semnificaiile se
schimb pentru cererea i oferta de produse primare sau materii prime. Importana
manufacturii scade.
Organizarea social a muncii capt noi dimensiuni pe care trebuie s le vegheze
lucrtorul din societatea cunoaterii., respectiv : a) relaiile de inte rdependen a activitilor
economice, b) tipul de munc prestat, c) comunicarea intern i extern, i d) evoluia
relaiilor dintre productorii i consumatori
Cunotinele circul fr dificultate. Stimulentele financiare determin o circ ulaie
rapid a cunotinelor. Legturile puternice ntre sectoarele muncii influeneaz tendinele de
conducere economice din cadrul societii de cunoatere.
Natura muncii se schimb odat cu lucrtorii din domeniul cunoaterii. Colectivitile
devin spaii de ntrecere pentru actorii din domeniul cunoaterii. Chiar dac pierderea
locurilor de munc nu va fi vzut cu ochi buni, creterea economic va fi posibil datorit
7

STEHR, Nico, Knowledge Societies, Sage Publications Ltd, London, U.K., 1994, p. xi

12

avansrii cunoaterii. Producia va crete prin valoarea adaugat de cunoatere, car e va

surclasa fora fizic.
Cunoaterea devine o surs major a societii, oferind ocazia luptelor politice i
sociale. Electoratul format din ceteni, lucrtori din domeniul cunoaterii, genereaz
transformri la nivelul sistemului politic. Odat cu cerina uniformizrii i upgradrii
caracteristicilor cognitive a spaiului social, se pune problema capacitii cunotinelor de a
oferi principiilor de ierarhizare a claselor sociale.

1.1.4.De la societatea informaional la economia de cunoatere

Precursoarea societii cunoaterii, societatea informaional a fost o etap necesar n
toate capitolele vieii, un stadiu istoric care a fost necesar pentru a se ajunge la un cadru
dinamic n care informaia s fie un stimulent suficient de puternic pentru a provoca
transformare. Informaia este materialul neprelucrat n societatea cunoaterii. n momentul
actual, contientizarea realitii nconjuratoare nu este suficient de puternic pentru a putea
stopa clieele. Dac toi trim n societi ale cunoat erii, de ce vorbim adesea despre o
tranziie ctre societatea cunoaterii? Ar trebui sa nu fim nevoii s ne schimb pentru a
deveni ceea ce suntem deja.8 Tendina dar mai ales dorina de aliniere la tendinele globale
stopeaz realismul. Nu tot ceea se autodenumete societate de cunoatere este neaparat
societate de cunoatere. Stare de spirit colectiv este o form diferit de via social, valorile
nalte, creterea i dezvoltarea personal fiind convergente. Interesul unanim de a tri ntr-o
societate a cunoaterii poate fi observant prin accesul dezinhibat n cadrul entitii. Principalul
avantaj reprezint buna informare, organizare i activismul ceteanului.
Trstura esenial a societilor umane nu a fost asociat, pn acum, cu producerea
unor noi nelesuri.
Chintesena societii de cunoatere :
a) dezvoltarea cunoaterii ,
b) crearea unor noi sensuri,

Understanding knowledge societies In twenty questions and answers with the Index of Knowledge societies,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Public Administration and Development Management,
United Nations Publication, New York, 2005, p. 36

13

c) suplimentarea creativ a
informaiilor,
d) aplicabilitatea i utilitatea
comparativ cu momentele
anterioare.
Desigur, esena denumete doar o singur parte dintr-un tot unitar, aa c nu orice
societate care respect crearea unor noi sensuri, se poate numi societate de cunoatere.
Fabrica noilor nelesuri, societatea de cunoatere ptrunde n toate nivelurile locale,
naionale i globale. Fabrica de cunoatere folosete materiale neprelucrate care ulterior devin
diferite din punct de vedere al formei, utilitii sau aplicabilitii. Influena setrilor
instituionale este dat de permisivitate cu care organizaiile devin spaii de m prtire a
creaiei cunoaterii. Este extrem de semnificativ faptul c gradul acestei deschideri este direct
proporional cu dezvoltarea societii cunoaterii .
Societatea cunoaterii este impetuos construit de toi actorii, indiferent de istoria lor
social.
Conglomeratul de comuniti constituie necesarul nnoirii societii.
Toi membrii au datoria dar i dreptul de a fi implicai activ n crearea, procesarea i
utilizarea cunoaterii. Democraia nu i poate merita numele dac publicul nu este bine
informat. Societatea de cunoatere nu se poate dezvolta i menine fr un public cunosctor.
Aadar, democraia este sistemul preferat n organizare politic a cunoaterii. Un nou neles
apare i la nivelul drepturilor, caracterul privat fiind un element important pentru inovaie.
Cunoaterea i ceteanul sunt principalele bunuri ale societii cunoaterii.
Intimitatea, creativitate i dezvoltarea cunoaterii tacite sunt interconectate, dezvoltnd
intelectul uman n sigurana cminului. Implicaiile civ ile a cunoaterii in de creativitatea i
productivitatea vieii. Societatea cunoaterii sprijin calitile i iniiativele nalte, dar i
sigurana vieii, indiferent de actorul implicat. Aceasta societate nu pune accentul doar pe
inovaiile la nivel te hnologic ci i pe upgradrile la nivel uman, fiina uman fiind urmrit la
capitolul cretere personal, creativitate, experien i contribuie. Societatea cunoaterii
dezvoltate nu permite apariia i propagarea exclusivitii i a marginalizrii, eleme nte care iar slbi fundaia. n societatea cunoaterii respectul i aceptarea potenialului oricrui cetean
este o expresie a umanitii.
14

Vocea cetenilor constituie un reper important, care direcioneaz transformrile.

Conceptul dezvoltrii umane include feedback social dar i instruirea cultural, indiferent de
categoria social, economic, rasial. Dispozitivul principal al cunoaterii trece de la o
categorie de vrst limitat, la adresarea ctre orice persoan, indiferent de vrst. nvarea
de-a lungul vieii devine un obiectiv imperativ.
Totodat, se ia n considerare perspectiva creterii populaiei, urmrindu -se att
popularea plantei ct i suplimentarea actorilor productivi n societatea cunoaterii .
Afacerile trebuie alimentate cu resurse umane care dein capacitate cognitiv. Asigurarea
continuitii noului tip de angajat va fi unul din obiectivele principale, att la nivel social, ct
i n cmpul muncii.
Spectrul experienelor este direct proporional cu abilitatea reflectrii asupra un or noi
informaii. Vastitatea dar i exerciiul memoriei sunt criterii necesare pentru crearea unor
nelesuri distincte. Cunoaterea tacit este rezultatul reflectrii asupra experienelor noastre
i ale altora. Societatea cunoaterii urgenteaz recrutare a specialitii cu o competen ridicat.
Comunitatea de afaceri susin provocarea societii cunoaterii ct i a economiei
cunoaterii, pentru c odat cu noile inelesuri apare inovaia i implicit bunuri de pia. Acest
ntreg proces accelereaz traseul bunurilor i serviciilor inovative i vandabile. Odat cu
evoluia umanitii, nevoile se schimb. Indispensabilitatea productivitii economice conduce
la necesitatea upgradrii constant a oricrei etape a producie, stadiu care nu se poate
mbuntii n lipsa unei dezvoltri a cunoaterii.
Societatea cunoaterii se traduce prin accesul la cunoatere, nengrdit, nelimitat. Prin
disecarea informaiei se declaeaz cunoaterea tacit. Cetenia activ, bine organizat i
informat are sarcina de a construi o majoritate pe care s o informeze n privina opiunilor
de dezvoltare dar i asupra creia s vegheze pentru o bun ndeplinire a obiectivelor. Balana
de dezvoltare va trebui s fie solicitat de ceteni i protejat prin intermediul unei baze
concrete emise de autoritile societii cunoaterii.
Societatea cunoaterii, este, prin urmare, mai mult de un mod de gndire
colectiv sau un mod de viaa distinct pe care o societate l poate adopta. Acesta se
realizeaz prin acordarea de valoare mare pentru calitatea i sigurana vieii, acceptnd
c acest obiectiv ar putea fi bine deservit de producia i utilizarea n mas a oricrui
fel de cunoatere; reamenajarea instituiilor sociale i a organizaiilor n consecin;
tratarea oamenilor i informaiilor ca active; i implicarea tuturor oamenilor n
15

producia i utilizarea cunoaterii n mas, n sprijinul obiectivului de calitate nalt i

siguran a vieii. 9
Interesul manifestat n privina locuirii ntr-o astfel de societate este crescut i pentru
c o minoritate nu ar fi capabil s o organizeze, este nevoie de o majoritate democratic
caracterizat prin solicitudine. Societatea cunoaterii ncurajeaz, cu ajutorul instituiilor i
organizaiilor, depsirea limitelor, accesarea oportunitilor care pot genera producia i
utilizarea larg a oricrui tip de cunoatere.

1.1.5.Tipuri de societi de cunoatere

Exist trei tipuri de societi de cunoatere: societatea de cunoatere inteligent,
societatea de cunoatere nominal i societatea de cunoatere deformat. Toate aceste sunt
legate prin elementul comun, cunoaterea, cu diferite grade de importan, producere dar i de
implementare ct i implicare social.

Tip de societate
Societatea

de

inteligent (SCI)

Definiie
cunoatere

Societatea cunoaterii inteligente apare n cazul n care

modelul de schimbare a fost neles i s-a acionat ca atare.
Schimbrile instituionale deschid o cale larg pentru
dezvoltarea nelimitat a oamenilor i informaiei, reconstruind
organizaiile sociale pentru producia i utilizarea, n mas, a
cunoaterii. 10
Acest tip de administrare nu este druit, este ales de
actorii societii. ablonul schimbrii a fost sesizat i utilizat ca
atare. Societatea de cunoatere alege nsi principiile prin care
se ghideaz i devine inteligent. Promotorul societii de
cunoatere avansate reprezint dezvoltarea n mas a noilor
nelesuri.

Understanding knowledge societies In twenty questions and answers with the Index of Knowledge societies,
op.cit., p. 141
10

Understanding knowledge societies In twenty questions and answers with the Index of Knowledge societies,
op.cit., p. 46

16

n acest tip de societate, dezvoltarea este condus de

folosirea tehnicilor pentru o producie de cunoatere de mas,
tinndu-se seama de echilibru, calitate nalt dar mai ales
sigurana traiului. Societile de cunoatere avansate pun
accentul pe viteza i abilitatea producerii, diseminrii i
utilizrii, n mas, a cunoaterii. Organizaiile sociale sunt
reconstituite ntr-o form prietenoas i sunt direcionate ctre
producia i utilizarea cunoaterii n mas. n societatea de
cunoatere inteligent nu conteaz doar abundena cunoaterii
aplicate ci si o abunden a oricrui tip de cunoatere i un
mecanism de autocorectare a participrii reale. Echilibrul de
dezvoltare va fi garantat prin folosirea tuturor materialelor
responsabile de crearea i utilizarea cunoaterii. Acest tip de
societate alege s dezvolte toate tipurile de cunoatere: a
face, a fi i a coexista. Participarea concret, de orice
manier, a cetenilor va deveni fundamentul societii
cunoaterii.
Societatea

de

cunoatere

Societatea de cunoatere nominal, fenomen des

ntlnit, reprezint forma utopic

nominal (SCN)

a societii cunoaterii.

Aceast form, care figureaz numai cu numele, promoveaz

strategii guvernamentale ce susin dorina obinerii unei
societii a cunoaterii, fr s aib o baz credibil .
Potenialul acestui hibrid este sczut, noile sensuri ale
cunoaterii fiind inexistente, aproap e insesizabile sau aprute
din ntmplare.
Societatea

de

deformat (SCD)

cunoatere

Societatea

de

cunoatere

deformat,

care

transformrile instituionale apar dar sunt suficient de scurte

pentru a nu perturba echilibrul puterii, tinde s se adreseze
unui public restrns. Potenialul producerii de cunoatere n
mas rmne subdezvoltat sau/i neutilizat. Societatea de
cunoatere deficitar nu are capacitatea dezvoltrii,
diversificrii i convergenei elementelor.
17

n societatea

cunoaterii, publicul, distribuitor real al cunoaterii, trebuie s

i sporeasc rolul, ca element al mecanismului inovaiei.
Societatea de cunoatere deformat are o traiectorie opac de
la instituii la cetean . Astfel, beneficiarul direct al
politicilor, nu are ajutorul upgradrii societii n care triete.

1.2.1.O abordare pragmatic a cunoaterii

Cunoaterea, potrivit filosofului Herbert Schndelbach, este folosit n general pentru
a denumi rezultatele cercetrii.
Procesul cunoaterii nu este asociat propriu-zis cu denumirea de cunoatere.
Obinerea rezultatelor cunoaterii este tradus prin dobndirea de cunotine. El face o
distincie net ntre cunoatere i tiin, consider cunoaterea mai cuprinztoare chiar dect
tiina
A) Sintagma teoria cunoate rii face s se nasc-n mintea noastr o
reprezentare n care cunoaterea apare, la singular, cu articolul hotrt, ca
i cunoaterea n sensul ngust al termenului, la care ne-ar plcea s
aspirm, n vreme ce noi avem de-a face cu o pluralitate de fenomene i
probleme, care alctuiesc sfera larg a acesteia.11
B) Cunoaterea i tiina sunt concepte-umbrel. Principala caracteristica
comun a cunoaterii i tiinei este pluralitatea, capacitatea lor de a
integra, ntr-un singur domeniu, o palet larg de subiecte. n acest caz, ne
punem problema dac denumirea de societate de cunoatere este potrivit.
Cunoaterea, tiina, principalele arme ale societii de cunoatere sunt
caracterizate prin multitudinea de tipuri de cunoatere i implicit, de tiinte.
C) Cunoaterea nu poate fi clasat ca fiind doar tiinific. Avem parte i de o
cunoatere social, disponibil n viaa cotidian. Aadar, societatea de
cunoatere (care pledeaz pentru diversitatea i pluralitatea informaiilor
cognitive) nu ar trebui s se numeasc de fapt societate a cunotinelor?
11

SCHNDELBACH, Herbert (2007), Introducere n teoria cunoaterii, Editura Paralela 45, Piteti, , p. 29

18

Cunoaterea cpt noi conotaii n momentul conceptualizrii gndirii raionale.

Filosofia, vzut ca o cunoatere superioar, pierde din teren odat cu clasificarea tiinei
drept paradigm a cunoaterii.
Analiza i critica cunoaterii a fost abordat din dou unghiuri.
Primul problematiza cunoaterea din perspectiva naturii, surselor i
temeiurilor cu valoare real.
Cel de- al doilea unghi ncerca s destrame ndoielile legitimnd, justificnd
complexitatea cunoaterii.
Ce se ntmpl ns n societatea de cunoatere? i pstreaz cunoaterea acest caracter
cuprinztor?
Potrivit lui Mircea Flonta, teoria cunoaterii, sau altfel spus epistemologia capt o
sfer larg de aplicare, conceptul normativ fiind dat de nivelul elaborrii. Aadar gradul de
elaborare distinge ntre niveluri de cunoatere i face inteligibile diferenele ntre tipuri de
cunoatere :
Cunoaterea tacit poate fi caracterizat n mod negativ spunnd c
este acea cunoatere ce nu poate fi desprit de activitatea n a crei producere
intervine. n acest sens, cunoaterea tacit este o cunoatere n stare practic.
Fr ndoial c atunci cnd exist interes i preocupare n aceast privin, se
poate progresa destul de mult n formularea de criterii, reguli i norme pentru
diferite activiti omeneti. 12
Aadar de la cunoaterea mprtit mutual, de stare practic, la un progres adus
de criterii, reguli i norme ca o gril general, un catalog n care se pot ncadra i pe baza
creia pot fi clasificate diverse tipuri i stadii de cunoatere. Aceast perspectiv reflect
sistemicitatea (organonul) introdus cndva de cele ase carti de logic ale lui Aristotel, sau
principiile lui Kant dar poate fi util astzi, cnd cunoaterea se dezvolt n cadrul reelelor de
concepte i comuniti tiinifice sau pe baza modurilor de interaciune care au schimbat insi
natura expertizei i profilul expertului?

12

FLONTA, Mircea (2008), Cognitio O introducere critic n problema cunoaterii, Ediia a doua, revzut i
adugit, Editura All, Bucureti, p.27

19

1.2.2.Forme i tipuri de cunoatere

Cunoaterea tacit se limiteaz numai la informaie fizic, fiziologic i
fenomenologic. n societatea cunoaterii competena informaiilor trebuie s i gseasc sens
n practic.
Cunoaterea a posteriori, dependent de experien, devine discutabil n societatea
cunoaterii. Uc enicia este detronat de educaia formal, de nivelul conceptual pe care
ceteanul l cunoate. Cunoaterea a priori, neraportat la experien, devine insuficient
pentru un volum de cunoatere cantitativ i calitativ.
Cunoaterea explicit este o form cognitiv embrionar, nedezvoltat, mult prea
fragil pentru o societate n continu schimbare, aa cum este societatea cunoaterii. Cea mai
naintat form a cunoaterii, superioar fa de regnul animal, cunoaterea explicit este o
structur care necesit completare pentru a ine pasul societii actuale.
Cunoaterea propoziional , explicit, folosete exclusiv informaia semantic.
Vorbele nu sunt suficiente pentru o variant a cogniiei practice. Cunoaterea propoziional
ar putea s-i fac loc doar ntr-o societate de cunoatere utopic.
Adevrata societate de cunoatere nu se mulumete doar cu
verbalizarea, dorind s ia parte la continuitatea practic a conceptelor.
(Flonta, 27)
Aflate la poli opui, cele dou tipuri de cunoatere sunt diferite din punctul de vedere
al evoluiei. Cunoaterea tacit are posibilitatea obinerii unor rezultate concrete, prin
desfurarea unor activiti practice. Cunoaterea ex plicit, cuprins n concepte, definiii,
enunuri, criterii, reguli, nu are ntotdeauna finalitate practic.
Cunoaterea tacit, rezultat empiric destinat practicii, este esenial, dup cum am
vzut n teoria lui Drucker n societatea de cunoatere. In formaiile nglobate n seturi de
operaii practice pot da natere inovaiilor. Inovaiile sunt vitale n societatea de cunoatere.
tiina este cunoaterea cauzelor fenomenelor accesibile experienei, n primul rnd a
cauzelor lor formale. Problema cunoaterii const n explicarea posibilitii tiinei, neleas

20

n acest fel.13 Nu mai puin, n punerea n micare a energiei stagnante a teoriei pentru plus
valoare economic, tehnologic, comunicaional, cultural.
Totui tiina nsi nregistreaz riscul de a se rupe n efortul constant de axiomatizare
de confirmrile i construciile de sens cotidian. Ca urmare se cere instituiilor i savanilor s
proiecteze cunoatere tiinific dincolo de laborator, institutul de cercetare, muzeu sau
coal, tocmai ca relaia fundamental dintre tiin i guvernare s se ntregeasc prin
cunoatere larg diseminat.
Asadar enunul formulat de Mircea Flonta Cunoaterea, nainte de toate, trebuie
ntemeiat trebuie reformulat n societatea de cunoatere: Cunoasterea trebuie nu doar
multiplicat ci replicat n reele de comunicare i mai ales, trebuie s schimbe atitudini si
comportamente, s devin educaie public(Munteanu, Mobilising convergence, 2007).
Conceptualizarea ideilor dar i aplicarea lor nu trebuie s lipseasc dintr-o societate ce se
dorete a fi una de cunoatere. Cunoaterea poate s devin divers doar prin intermediul
inovaiei. Desigur, dar condiia este formulat de cultura inovativ i noua cultur
antreprenorial Societatea de cunoatere urgenteaz producerea cunoaterii. Scopurile acestei
noi societi trebuie duse la bun sfrit doar cu ajutorul mijlocului numit cunoatere. Am
vzut, iat, c o filozofie a cunoaterii trebuie s ntneasc o nou cultur a cunoaterii
pentru a deveni societate de cunoatere, un aspect ce merit explorat.

1.2.3.Sociologia cunoaterii

Cunoaterea este privit ca o convingere potrivit creia fenomenele au o baz real i

au caracteristici specifice.
Un aspect interesant este meninerea perspectivei n plin epoc tehnologic- c
sociologia cunoaterii studiaz relaia dintre cugetarea uman i contextul social n care
aceasta se realizeaz. Aceast idee trebuie completat cu noi teorii cci ambiana tehnologic
i, mai cu seam produsele ei, roboii, interaciunea om masin, si, mai ales, inteligen
uman-inteligen artificial devine un fapt banal, un fenomen al ultimelor 2-3 decenii.
(Munteanu, 2011:15-17) Aceast ramur a sociologiei nu ar trebui s cerceteze distorsiunile
cunoaterii n cadrul social , ci studiul perfecionat al condiiilor sociale n cadrul proceselor
de cunoatere . Constatm c enunul urmtor rmne necesar dar devine insuficient :
13

FLONTA, Mircea , op.cit, p.17

21

Sociologia cunoaterii trebuie s ocupe n primul rnd ceea ce oamenii

cunosc ca realitate n viaa lor de fiecare zi, n cea ne sau pre-teoretic. Cu alte
cuvinte, sociologia cunoaterii trebuie s-i concentreze interesul mai degraba asupra
cunoaterii obinuite (common sense) dect asupra ideilor. Tocmai aceast
cunoatere constituie mecanismul nelegerii, fr de care nici o societate nu ar putea
exista.14
Sociologia cunoaterii problematizeaz doar o parte din ceea ce un individ ar trebui sa
stpneasc ntr-o societate a cunoaterii. Aceast ramur a sociologiei ar trebui s
urmreasc relaia individului cu orice fel de cugetare uman, dar mai ales cea avansat. n
societatea de cunoatere, stocul social de cunotine nu se limiteaz doar la cunoaterea din
viaa de zi cu zi.Viaa, n societatea cunoaterii, capat impulsuri din partea motivaiei
pragmatice, i nu mai puin, a inteligenei artificiale care multiplic i integreaz cunoatere n
noi reele . Cunoaterea din viaa cotidian se limiteaz doar la competena practic a
aciunilor ciclice , dar aceste interaciuni fac parte din sistemul cunoaterii, sunt resursa
acesteia.
Cunoaterea teoretic reprezint doar mic msur din totalitatea cunoaterii dintr -o
societate, si, mai ales, din forma de reea actor uman-actor non-uman (Latour, in Munteanu,
2011). Cunoaterea primar, n c adrul instituiilor, reprezint totalitatea elementelor cunoscute
la nivel social rspndit, o cunoatere la capacitate preteoretic. Calitatea relaiei instituiilor
cu cetenii este direct proportional cu nivelul de cunoatere primar. Dac integrare a unei
ordini instituionale poate fi neleas numai prin prisma cunoaterii pe care membrii ei o
posed despre ea, nseamn c analiza unei astfel de cunoateri va fi esenial pentru analiza
ordinii instituionale respective. 15 Deschiderea va fi regula de comportament adecvat din
punct de vedere instituional. Aceasta ar trebui s devin o habitudine. De aceast obinuin
de a integra noi componente de cunoatere de a le lega de specializri sau, dup caz de
cunoasterea primar va depinde noua sfer public global care traverseaz i complic viaa
actual a societilor de reele.
Avnd n vedere c exist diferene ntre societi, automat exist diferene i ntre
cunoaterea pe care o urmrete sau o promoveaz fiecare societate. S -ar putea realiza,
automat, o localizare a unui individ n funcie de cunotinele sale, de background -ul su.
Orice tip de gndire nu poate opune rezisten la influenele pe care le impune cadrul social.
14
15

BERGER,Peter L., LUCKMANN, Thomas,(2008) Construirea social a realitii, Editura Art, Bucureti, p.27
BERGER, Peter F., LUCKMANN, Thomas, op.cit.,, p. 94

22

Repartizarea social ar trebui s fie reorganizat pentru o distribuire concomitent optim a

cunoaterii. Integrarea total a actorilor din societate d ocazia experienelor i interaciunilor
sociale. Variabilele istorice i geografice, att colective ct i personale, explic
caracteristicile cunoaterii pe care o persoan le deine. Tot ele sunt cele care determin
gradul de implicare a unui cetean n adoptarea sau explicarea cunoaterii sociale.
Cunoaterea, n privina realitii sociale, este greu de neles, ermetic, pentru o
persoan neiniiat, care nu a m ai avut contact cu societatea respectiv. Avnd n vedere
caracterul global al societii cunoaterii, ermetismul realitii sociale ar trebuie s fie o
fantasm. Opacitatea caracteristic mediul social ar trebui sa fie estompat, pentru c
dezvoltarea i implicit cunoaterea individului este social determinat, depinznd de anumite
directive.
Clasificarea social prin definirea pozitiv dar i negativ a cunoaterii (cunosctor,
necunosctor, a ti, a nu ti, Greimas cit. n Munteanu, 2007) conduce la referine legate
de nelegerea realitii la nivel social, fr a apela la criteriile extrasociale de autentiticitate a
cunoaterii.
Dac la nivel social, datorit rolurilor pe care individul le execut, el abordeaz doar
anumite subiecte articulate n mediul din care provine, din punct de vedere al emoiilor,
dorinelor i valorilor sale el poate iei din cadrul imediat i opta pentru faciliti de
socializare unde cunoaterea este fie pre-arhitecturat ca form de expunere a sinelui sau
interaciune informal, fie ca abilitate de navigare, explorare n world wide web un spaiu a
crui ofert de dezvoltare personalizat este practic n continu evoluie.
De aceea asistm la o juxtapunere de spaii reale i imaginare. Rolul are nevoie de
reguli stricte, de canoane, de principii, de cunoatere specific att n reprezentarea exterioar
a domeniului, ct i n cea interioar. Att elementele cognitive tiinifice, ct i cunoaterea
emoional sunt importante pentru lucrtorul din domeniul cunoaterii. Spre deosebire de
cunoaterea globalizat la nivelului unei ntregi societi, volumul cognitiv al lucrtorului din
domeniul cunoaterii va crete mult mai mult. Pe de o parte Internetul permite o relaxare a
normelor si obligatiilor care compun rolul si genereaz resurse cognitive, interactionale,
economice inedite iar pe de alt parte acumularea istoric n cadrul societii sau diviziunea
muncii prin diviziunea cunoaterii specializate n comparaie cu cea generalizat constituie
presiuni cobntradictorii asupra cadrul instituional specific i asupra nomenclatorului de
competene n continu diversificare.
23

n anii 70, antropologii Berger i Luckman au explicat instituionalizarea prin

tipicalizarea unor rute
Specializarea cunoaterii i organizarea concomitent a personalului n
vederea administrrii corpusurilor specializate de cunotine apar ca rezultat al
diviziunii muncii. Este posibil s ne imaginm o etap timpurie a acestei dezvoltri, n
care nu exista competiie ntre diferiii experi. Fiecare sfer de pricepere era definit
prin faptele pragmatice ale diviziunii muncii.16
Aadar cunoaterea, n societatea contemporan, est e distribuit inegal n mediul
social, n grade care difer nu doar de la individ la individ n funcie de abilitile i tipul de
formare dar i n funcie de construcia social a unor inegaliti raportate la capitalul de
cunoatere.
Colecia cunotinelor specifice ajut n principal la construirea lumii obinuite in
cadrul vieii cotidiene.
Din mulimea cunotint elor uzuale ale unui individ exist elemente care se
intersecteaz cu un corpus specific cunotinelor, deinut de un alt individ. Dezvoltarea
acestei mulimi se realizeaz n principal n cadrul interaciunii sociale.
Distribuirea social a cunoaterii ncepe deci cu simplul fapt c eu nu tiu tot
ceea ce tiu cei din jur i invers, i culmineaz cu sisteme extrem de complexe i de
esoterice de expertiz. Cunoaterea modului n care este distribuit stocul de cunotine
accesibil social este, chiar dac numai n linii mari, un element important al aceluiai
stoc de cunoatere. 17
n momentul stabilirii unui grup social, traiectoria biografic a acestei formaiuni va
determina distribuirea complex a cunoaterii, declannd eventual o schimbare la nivelul
gradului de instruire a membrilor.
Experiena, semnificaiile, adaosurile cognitive

reprezint sedimentele circuitului

cunoaterii n natura social. Odat finalizat acest circuit, nimic nu mai poate fi ca n
momentul iniial. O comunitate schimbat, o comunitate distinct fa de momentul zero, o
alt colectivitate, o generaie abia nscut resimte urmele lsate i reconstruiete astfel un alt
spectru social. Este aici o problem serioas a antropologiei. Discontinuitatea introdus de
inovaie a influenat i influeneaz traiectoria seocietilor actuale n afara istoriei, cu toate
consecinele negative ce deriv din aceast discontinuitate.
16
17

BERGER, Peter F., LUCKMANN, Thomas, op.cit.,, p. 159

BERGER, Peter F., LUCKMANN, Thomas, op.cit., p. 68

24

Indivizii infiltrai n interaciunea social as ist la schimbri bruste de paradigm i

contribuie la schimbarea rapid sau erodarea

stocului social de cunoatere. Sporul de

mobilitate se poate traduce prin erori de interpretare si criza semnificaiilor mprtite

mutual, deoarece n funcie de nivelul de familiaritate ale stocului de cunotine, realitatea
capat grade de nelegere. Familiaritatea cu anumite elemente ale stocului social de
cunoatere trdeaz gradul de cunoatere i implicare. Apariia unor noi chestiuni care nu pot
fi rezolvate prin intermediul cunoaterii vechi, rstoarn de multe ori valabil itatea
cunotinelor, pn atunci nereproate. Relevana este un criteriu care ierarhizeaz
cunoaterea. Situaiile din cadrul societii dar i interesele de ordin practic calific relevana
(idem, 70).
Diviziunea muncii i inovaiile care urmresc tras eul profesional condiioneaz noi
deprinderi, permit upgradarea constant a stocului de cunoatere i habitudini comune ambilor
indivizi. Deprinderile, caracterizate prin automatisme i elemente de rutin, direcioneaz
individul ctre conservarea lor i automat suprim inovaia. Prin cunoatere, caracterul
coerent al lumii sociale d ocazia justificrii att a funcionrii corecte, ct i a disfunciilor
care pot aprea.
Orice transmitere a cunoaterii are nevoie de un model comunicaional . Mijloacele
de completare a cunotinelor personale dar i a stocului social de cunoatere sunt
dependente de comunicare. Aparatele responsabile de acest proces vor fi catalogate fie ca
transmitoare, fie ca receptoare i institutionalizate. De la o societatea la alta, n funcie de
nivelul de dezvoltare, nivelul de transmisie sau de recepie este diferit. Dar aparate comune
cu o baza de productie si diseminare cotidiana a mesajelor la distan, precum mass media au
dus la moduri de cunoatere asemntoare la scar global.
n interiorul comunicrii progresul i tradiia coexist. Potrivit autorilor tradiia, un
caz particular, va avea parte de proceduri specializate de transmitere a cunoaterii, de la o
generaie la alta, sau de la o cultur la alta. Limbajul, exigen a socializrii, este primordial
pentru comunicarea cunotinelor. Lund n considerare caracterul global al societii
cunoaterii, limbajul necesit s aib un numitor comun, aa cum se ntmpl,de exemplu, n
cazul tehnologiei informaiei i comunicaiei. Confruntat brusc cu riscul dezrdcinrii,
societatea global i revalorizeaz att patrimoniul intangibil - limba, cultura, tradiii - ct i
pe cel natural sau arhitectural. Cunoaterea inovativ i cunoaterea mutual intr ntr-un
proiect de revalorizare interdependent.
25

Noua sociologie a cunoaterii examineaz modul n care tipurile de organizare

social fac o ntreaga ordine a cunoaterii posibile, mai degrab dect concentrndu -se
n primul rnd pe diferite locaii religioase i interesele persoanelor sau ale grupuirlor.
Se analizeaz ideologii politice i religioase, precum tiina vieii i viaa de zi cu zi,
discursuri culturale i organizaionale, mpreun cu tipuri formale i informale de
cunoatere. Se extinde, de asemenea, domeniul de studiu de la o examinare a
coninutului de cunoatere la investigarea formelor i practicilor tiinei. 18
Expansiunea studiilor culturale a condus la noi metode de analiz a materialelor cu
care sociologul cunoaterii lucreaz, dar i la ideea conservrii acestei cunoateri prin apariia
bazelor de date. Sociologia tradiional a cunoaterii se axa pe aspecte precum concepiile
despre lume sau politica intelectualilor.
Unii autori sugereaz c efectele mediei digitale asupra cunotinelor rmn neclare,
chiar dac disciplina comunicrii n mas este un proces foarte studiat.
Cunotinele formale rmn legate de formele tradiionale (imprimate) cu toate c
vizualizrile,

reelele

interactivitatea

global

natere

unei

cunoateri

populare.Sociologia cunoaterii conduce n schimb atenia asupra elementelor culturale de

care sunt mai contieni, legate mai explicit de arenele instituionale specifice i mai variabile
istoric.19

1.2.4.nvarea

Ulrike Felt, raportor pentru tiin n cadrul Directoratului pentru cercetare al UE

constat o tendin de a ocoli dezbaterea public n cazul adoptrii unor msuri n domenii
controversate precum nanotehbologia, manipulrile genetice, s.a., forurile europene
dispensndu-se de consultarea democratic prin subterfugii procedurale. Astfel:
Publicul, imaginat ca un colectiv de ceteni individuali, poate fi invitat la
masa dezbaterii doar ntr-un sens metaforic.20
18

SWIDLER, Ann, ARDITI, Jorge, (1994) The New Sociology of Knowledge, , University of California Press,
Berkeley, California, Annual Reviews Inc., p. 305
19
SWIDLER, Ann, ARDITI, Jorge, op.cit., p. 306
20
FELT, Ulrike, WYNNE, Brian, (2007) Taking European Knowledge Society Seriously, Report of the Expert
Group on Science and Governance to the Science, Economy and Society Directorate, Directorate- General for
Research, European Commission, , Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,
p. 58

26

De aceea n raportul realizat de ea mpreun cu colaboratorii Taking the European

Knowledge Society Seriously susine c pentru a schimba aceast situaie inovaia trebuie s

nceap de la rdcin, de la lucrurile obinuite, cu care se confrunt oricine, aadar s fie

nrdcinat n procesele de socializare.
Astfel, apare o nou form de nvare, noi modaliti cognitive de a asimila
informaia i de a o procesa printr-o practic concret. nvare colectiv, inovaia
studiului, asigur att crearea unor colectiviti unite de un scop comun, ct i competitivitatea
care nate de cele mai multe ori ide i inovatorii. Valorile, interesele sociale comune determin
o nvare ireversibil
S nu uitm c tiina i implicit inovaia au caracteristici rspndite la scar larg,
cercetrile fiind destinate unui numr mare de persoane, unei sfere publice n unghiul creia
intr persoanele vizate. Totodat, indirect, inovaia i depete graniele afectnd, intenionat
sau silit, un spectru mai larg.
Diversitatea nu trebuie s apar doar la nivelul inovaiei, ci i la nivelul actorilor
implicai n acest proces. Rspunsurile rapide, obinute facil prin caracterul colectiv al acestei
noi forme de nvare social, cresc potenialul noilor forme de cunoatere.

Impactul

competitivitii n determin att dezvoltarea relaiilor sociale ct i creterea competitivit ii.

Experiena colectiv ia n considerare riscurile aferente, care nu ar afecta individul dac acesta
ar atepta rezultatul final obinut de cercettor. Experiena colectiv este adeseori tradus prin
experiena societii civile. Formele de reflexie i relaionare colectiv sunt prioriti pentru
inovaia distribuit.Abiliti de cunoatere
Economia bazat pe cunoatere subliniaz importana folosirii cunoaterii tiinifice
pentru o dezvoltare n acord cu obiectivele societii cunoaterii. Cunoaterea tiinific
devine resurs de producie.
"Europa este caracterizat endemic ca o societate cu aversiune la risc, tiin i
inovaie, reticent la schimbare i devenind rapid n imposibilitatea de a -i susine
poziia confortabil ntr -un mediu global competitiv bazat pe cunoatere."

21

Investitorii din domeniul comerului cunoaterii aleg piee de desfacere n care

consumatorul este entuziasmat de inovaiile produse. Apare, n acest fel, o evitare a
zonelor n care tiina nu este vzut cu ochi buni.
Ce implicaii are aceast diviziune?

21

FELT, Ulrike, WYNNE, Brian, op.cit., p.76

27

1.2.5.Relaia publicului cu tiina

Odat cu progresul tiinei, oamenii au fost nevoii s -i acorde o mai mare atenie.
Rapiditatea cu care mediul nconjurtor i viaa se schimb determin indivizii
neiniiai s adopte o atitudine ostil n faa tiinei. Evoluiile tiinifice, n momentul de
fa, sunt direct proporionale cu complexitatea vieii.
Aadar iata implicaia fundamental de interes pentru cercetarea de fa.

Diviziunea nu se mai manifest doar ntre indivizi i grupuri ci

ntre regiuni, comuniti i societi n ansamblu, ca favorabile
sau ostile inovaiei . Se manifest ca o convergen sau o
diviziune. Astfel : modelele inovaiei sunt de asemenea si
modele sociale.22
Inovaia de tip tehnologic a re ntotdeauna un substrat socio-tehnic. Inovaia din orice
domeniu renoiete ntotdeauna i structura social asupra cruia se resfrnge schimbarea.
Tehnotiina, element cheie al angajamentului politic, devine fragil n contextul nelinitii
publice. t iina nu se limiteaz doar la influenarea cunotinelor ci i la delimitarea unei
poziii marcante n politic, etic dar i la nivel social, att individual ct i colectiv.
Controversa este reprezentat de ngrijorarea publicului n privina competitivitii
elementelor necesare avansrii tiinifice. Inovaia nu se poate realiza fr a pune n aplicare
procedee de cercetare a subiectului vizat. n spiritul simului comun, cetenii care nu au avut
o relaie direct cu tiina, o catalogheaz

ca fiind r iscant. Punctul lor de vedere, o

prejudecat evident, nu este bazat pe dovezi care ar putea cataloga tiina ca fiind neaparat
periculoas. Avnd n vedere c experimentele tiinifice implic o serie de procese
periculoase, oamenii catalogheaz inovaia tiinific ca fiind riscant. Angajamentul
publicului cu tiina este restrns, limitat, exclusiv, producndu-se alienarea publicului de
tiin. Cu toate c inovaiile vin n ajutorul personal dar i n beneficiul societii, cetenii
resping sau amn inovaia. Reacia publicului trdeaz, de cele mai multe ori, ignorana
acestuia n privina tiinei.
Potrivit raportului Felt relaia publicului cu tiina este deseori catalogat greit .
22

FELT, Ulrike, WYNNE, Brian, op.cit., p. 22

28

Acceptarea tiinei i a inovaiei este asociat cu neleger ea tiinei. Acceptarea unei

doctrine, a unei idei, a unui concept se traduce, de obicei, prin consensul

n privina

elementelor care o construiesc. Acordul pe care ceteanul l d tiinei nu apare neaparat n

urma unei investigaii. tiina pare suficient de convingtoare prin simpla ei definiie.
Deficitul de interes manifestat n nelegerea argumentelor tiinei devine scuz acceptat
unanim. tiina capt dou atribute:
i) Informarea

asupra inovaiei i totodat orientrii ctre

cercetare i

ii) Analiza orientat spre protecie

Dac nesigurana implic orientarea spre de elementul salvator atunci cunoaterea,

tiina i inovaia sunt luate n serios.
Inovaia totodat nu poate parcurge aceast curs fr a se expune sau a expune la risc.
Hazardul strnete o contientizare social care ndeamn la precauie.
Apare o nou form de conducere a tiinei, la nivel global, numit guvernan.
Guvernana tiinei schimb modul de abordare iniial al tiinei.
Schimbrile instituionale, n cazul tiinei, se stabilesc n funcie de interesele i
valorile sociale precum ateptrile privind tiina i guvernana, schimbrile politico economice care vizeaz tiina (tiina devine devotat inovaiei i economiei cunoaterii),
comercializarea tiinei, com unicarea ntre nivelul instituional i cel tiinific.
Pe de celalalt parte, nencrederea cetenilor nu este dat de nenelegerea tiinei ci
de lipsa unei guvernane optime a tiinei confruntate cu problemele reale n care a fost
implicat publicul. Dac ar exista o recunoatere instituional a riscului, a lipsei de control
complet i diferen, cetenii europeni ar fi n cele din urm, n simpatie mai mare cu
aciunile comise de actorii din tiin i politic instituional. 23

23

FELT, Ulrike, WYNNE, Brian, op.cit. p. 71

29

Folosirea tiinei pentru guvernan determin schimbri att n privina unghiului

abordrii tiinifice, ct i la nivel instituional. Societatea cunoaterii impune o reeditare a
instituiilor. Postulatele noii societi de cunoatere sunt:
1.

Cunoaterea, necesar noului tip de funcionar, este dependent de

evoluiile tiinifice. Pentru a se menine la nivelul dictat la nivel global,

2.

Orice organizaie va trebui s revizuiasc periodic transformrile

tiinifice care ar putea oricnd s se rsfrng asupra structurilor instituionale,

interne sau externe.
Felt i colaboratorii ei avertizeaz asupra faptului c exist o imagine deformat a
cetenilor la nivel instituional, un deficit de democraie cu efect de bumerang.
Prerile preconcepute schimb de asemenea raportul i intensific prerea negativ a
cetenilor.
Un fapt curent etichetarea cetenilor obinuii, ca mas, ca populaie, prin
estimarea inexact a capacitilor individuale de nva re, i a subaprecierii distribuiei
competenelor reale de nelegere a tiinei, determin o delimitare clar a clasei capabile
din punct de vedere cognitiv.
La nivel instituional, a lua n serios un cetean nseamn a permite folosirea
unei resurse n plus la construirea i dezvoltarea societii cunoaterii.
Aceasta este o resurs irosit n societile de cunoatere nominal.
Democraia, forma preferat n societatea cunoaterii, ar trebui s revendice
colaborarea mediilor sociale diverse, pentru a se permite deschiderea i diversitatea tiinei.

Angajamentul public al tiinei

Angajamentul publicului cu tiina nu ar mai exista doar la nivel formal, iar relaia
ceteni - tiin ar fi constructiv.
Experiena i nvarea colectiv ar fi o alt modalitate de schimbare a percepiei.
Distribuirea social a cunoaterii va determina o mai bun imagine a tiinei. Pe lng
producia de cunoatere, tiina va trebui s reinventeze formele de nvare. De asemenea,
imaginaia ar trebui s existe i n cazul politicilor publice care ar trebui s ajute la cre area
unor forme de nvare de tip relaional. nvarea conduce la amplificarea cunoaterii, scade
sentimentul de nesigurana astfel nct beneficiarul procesului de nvare capt mai mult

30

control. Dezvoltarea unui corp de cunotine este, de obicei, nsoit de un proces

corespunztor de dezvare al altor forme de cunoatere. 24
Raportul dintre tiin, instituii i ceteni ar trebui
gndit pe toate axele posibile, tocmai pentru a gsi un
numitor comun

. Relaia pe care ceteanul o are cu tiin a i instituiile, va fi mbuntit de

caracteristicile societii de cunoatere. n acelai timp, contactul tiinei cu cetenii ar trebui
facilitat. Este indispensabil o popularizare a tiinei, o promovare eficient a tiinei, capabil
s stabileasc sau eventual s restabileasc ncrederea publicului n tiin. Reeditarea,
reorganizarea imaginii tiinei este necesar pentru a ctiga ncrederea sferei publice i n
special confiena cetenilor. Pe lng strategiile de relaii publice, exclusiv din sfera tiinei,
ndoiala asupra politicii i autoritilor trebuie rezolvat la nivel administrativ printr -o
stabilirea intereselor i valorilor sociale. Subiectele etice necesit o atenie sporit. Se impune
inventarea unor forme inovative de interaciune ntre oamenii de tiin i ceilali actori
implicai n schimbare.

24

FELT, Ulrike, WYNNE, Brian, op.cit., p. 67

31

2.1.Evoluii ale cmpului jurnalistic

Potrivit Cameliei Beciu comunicarea este cea care ajut la formare pieelor economice
i a cmpurilor profesionale i automat a mo toarelor sale particulare. Aceasta consider c
domeniul jurnalismului poate fi tratat ca o entitate de sine stttoare prin funcia sa de sfer
comunicaional, ct i din perspectiva cercetrii media, a sociologiei media (cmpul social al
jurnalismului, organizaia modern de media), ct i din latura tipurilor de jurnalism.
De exemplu, sociologia jurnalismului studiaz cmpul profesional n
care evolueaz jurnalitii, influena acestui cmp asupra producerii informaiei
i discursului jurnalistic, relaia dintre ethosul organizaiei media, rutinele
profesionale i producerea tirilor (news room),procese sociale prin care se
instituie elita jurnalitilor. 25

Conceptul de cmp, recunoscut n secolul al XIX-lea, reprezint, n totalitatea lui, o

sfera de activiti specifice, caracterizat prin relaii obiective ntre diversele puncte, n cadrul
creia actorii individuali i instituionali sunt plasai n poziii semnificative, care i limiteaz,
sau dimpotriv genereaz rute de dezvoltare specific pentru cei care le ocup.26
Cmpul jurnalistic, prin caracterul su dihotomic, este atribuit att

formatelor

creative destinate consumului dezvoltate prin intermediul sectorului produciei culturale, ct i

elementelor de pol opus analize i comentarii. Cmp ul literar, cmpul artistic, cmpul
politic sau cel economic se leag de cel jurnalistic prin testele pe care trebuie s le treac
pentru a-i demonstra principiile, scopurile i aciunile.
Cmpul acumuleaz un tip de cunoatere specializat cu ajutorul cruia actorii
specializai realizeaz produse specifice. n Romnia, cmpul media este format din actori
care produc materiale media, menite s aib att un substrat cultural, ct i unul economic.
Conceptul de lohn cultural lansat de Raluca Petre(2011) explic apariia unor formate
asemntoare cu cele din alte ri, cum ar fi Statele Unite ale Americii, unde producia
cultural este bine articulat. Cmpul produciei culturale poate avea ca subcmp mass media.
Dat fiind faptul c produsele culturale determin apariia unui tip de cunoatere, dar i innd
25

BECIU, Camelia, (2011), Sociologia comunicrii i a spaiului public: concepte, teme, analize, Polirom, Iai, p.
12
26
PETRE, Raluca, (2011) Transformarea cmpului produciei media romneti. Utilitatea conceptului de lohn
cultural n Ana Maria Munteanu, Raluca Petre, Flux, pia cultural i efecte ale convergenei spectaculare
ctre o ecologie a mediatizrii, Bucureti, Editura Universitar , p.25

32

cont c Romnia mprumut modele media americane, putem crede c romnii primesc
acelai tip ce cunoatere ca i cel al americanilor.
Pierre Bourdieu afirm n 1996 c ponderea comercialului n cadrul cmpului
jurnalistic este mult mai mare dect n alte cmpuri profesionale. Comercialul este cel care
ofer verdicte cmpului jurnalistic, iar nivelul de experien al jurnalitilor este cel care
dicteaz principiile i valorile. Constrngerea pieei este accentuat prin existena cmpului
profesional, n acest caz cel jurnalistic. Concurena capt, de asemenea, importan doar
atunci cnd vorbim de integrarea n cadrul cmpului.
Cmpul jurnalistic contribuie la consolidarea, n snul tuturor cmpurilor, a
polului comercial n detrimentul polului pur, a productorilor cei mai sensibili la
atraciile puterilor economice i politice n detrimentul productorilor ataai
principiilor i valorilor meseriei. 27
Ne putem ntreba care este legtura dintre cmpul profesiei media i societatea de
cunoatere. Aa cum precizeaz Raluca Petre, cmpul muncii genereaz o anumit producie
i automat o anumit cunoatere. Intersectnd cele dou concepte, i acceptnd ideea c o
anumit societate este, n ansamblu, un produs al mass-mediei autohtone, realizm c o
societate a cunoaterii este de fapt o societate de cunoatere obinut n principal n cmpul
profesiei media.
Raluca Petre precizeaz totodat c profesionalizarea unui cmp conduce spre
autonomie.
n principiu, un cmp, cu ct este mai profesionalizat, cu att este mai
autonom. Autonomia genereaz capacitatea cmpului profesional de a se conduce n
funcie de norme i prioriti proprii, mai mult, de a fi garantul recunoaterii celor care
vor s ocupe poziii n respectiva sfer de activitate. 28
Schimbarea regimului politic i implicit al celui de proprietate a determinat plasarea
cmpului jurnalistic ntr-o alt proporie financiar.
Producia cultural produs n cadrul cmpului jurnalistic nu asigura, n anii 90,
producia de cunoatere i nu garanta nea parat o cunoatere financiar capabil s gestioneze
noile proprieti media.

27

BOURDIEU, Pierre, (2007), Despre televiziune, Ed. Art, p. 119

PETRE, Raluca , (2011) Transformarea cmpului produciei media romneti. Utilitatea conceptului de lohn
cultural n Ana Maria Munteanu, Raluca Petre, Flux, pia cultural i efecte ale convergenei spectaculare
ctre o ecologie a mediatizrii, Bucureti, Editura Universitar, p.25
28

33

Autonomia, specificitatea i analiza permanent a

cmpului profesional au fost trecute pe plan secund
.
n anii dinaintea revoluiei, media romneasc era un cmp profesional nglobat n
marea multime a cmpurilor dominate de marele cmp comunist. Situa ia nu s-a schimbat
radical, jurnalismul trecnd din tabara politic n tabara marcat de puterea banului.
Cmpul jurnalistic necesit analiza nefragmentat. Decuparea unei organizaii media
din cadrul cmpului jurnalistic poate fi asemnat cu unghiurile de filmare care ne induc
politica editorial. Contextul i poziia cmpului ne pot oferi indicii asupra nivelului de
stagnare, dezvoltare sau involuie a sectorului. Transformrile pe care le poate suferi un cmp
profesional nu au ntotdeauna caracterul unei presiuni. Aceste modelri ale cmpului necesit
deschidere i trebuie privite ca pe o dinamic de tip instituional .

2.2.Organizaia media i spaiul

Presiunile globalizrii determin apariia organizaiilor de tip reea, n care conducerea
se face n funcie de poziia n ierarhie, de tipul one to many. Globalizarea are implicaii
puternice, iar una dintre cele mai relevante este cea organizaional, deoarece se poate vorbi
de nfiinarea de asociaii, instituii i companii care operez n reele transfrontaliere. 29
Compresarea timpului este primordial, contribuind la organizarea activitilor. Globalizarea
cere firmelor rapiditate, iar digitizarea cere instaneitate. Este vorba chiar i de viaa media, a
jurnalitilor dar i a publicului.
Organizaiile din societile moderne se preocup de reorganizarea
spaiului i timpului. Astzi, tehnologia informaiei i c omunicaiile electronice
fac posibil transcenderea spaiului i controlul timpului n moduri necunoscute
chiar n trecutul relativ apropiat. Faptul c informaiile complexe, stocate n
computere, pot fi transmise instantaneu n jurul lumii, modific unele aspecte
ale vieii noastre.30

MUNTEANU, Ana Maria, Curs -Comunicare i Dezvoltare Global, An Ii- Fjsc-Universitatea

Bucureti, p. 25
30
GIDDENS, Anthony, Sociologie, Editura ALL, 2000, p. 329
34
29

n accepiunea sociologului Giddens organizaiile jurnalistice din ziua de astzi se afl

nicieri. Dispersarea indivizilor, a grupurilor din organizaii, caracterul global al societii
actuale, comunicarea tot mai facil dintre oamenii aflai la distane mari explic aceast nou
caracteristic a organizaiilor. Creterea importanei informaiei, n detrimentul capitalului
fizic sau monetar accentueaz poziionarea organizaiilor oriunde. Prin forme noi de
interaciune cu clienii lor, ntreprinderile descoper anumite caliti ale propriilor produse pe
care nu le cunoteau. Libertatea cuvntului electronic se extinde la nivelul ntregii planete, iar
ceea ce se spune despre o organizaie nu poate fi controlat n mod ce ntralizat. 31

2.3.Jurnalistul

Autorul Hans Niedermayer subliniaz riscul de-profesionalizrii care planeaz asupra

cmpului profesional n condiiile relaxrii grilei de competene i a unei certificri
neconcludente a acestora la intrarea in acest camp a diversilor candidati.
Constituia permite oricui s-i nscrie denumirea de jurnalist pe cartea de
vizit... Pentru tinerii care numesc jurnalismul drept profesia lor ideal, accesul aanumit deschis la aceast meserie se dovedete ns rapid a fi urechea acului nspre care
se mbulzesc sute, daca nu mii de oameni cu interese identice. Iar multora nici nu le
este limpede cum s se strecoare mai bine prin aceast ureche a acului.32
Se spune c meseria este brar de aur. Aceasta afirmaie poate s fie adevrat n
msura n care munceti fizic sau intelectual pentru a obine aceast meserie. O formare
profesional complet nu se realizeaz doar n coli. Este nevoie n primul rnd de practic,
cea care te nva cum s folosete bisturiul (cuvntul) n orice operaie.
Hans Peter Niedermayer susine un ntreg discurs despre importana studiilor, a
cunoaterii, n cadrul meseriei de jurnalist. Acesta afirm c dac n anii 70, singura cerin
era bacalaureatul, odat cu nevoia avid de informaie, se cer informaii de specialitate.
Nu este suficient s ai o scriitur bun pentru a fi jurnalist economic. Este
nevoie s ai cunotine economice i chiar s ai specializri conexe pentru zona media
n care lucrezi. Se spune c sunt mai importani speciali tii n tiine exacte, dar i
FAYARD, Pierre(2007), Trezirea samuraiului. Cultur i strategie japonez n societat ea cunoaterii,
Polirom, Iai, p. 157
31

32

NEIDERMAYER, Hans Peter, Jurnalistul: profesie sau vocaie n Ruxandra Cesereanu (coord.),Curente i
tendine n jurnalismul contemporan, 2003, Ed. Limes, Cluj, p.9

35

juriti, politologii, istoricii sau managerii dect sunt importani cei care au o baz
teoretic umanistic.Nu exist cale de mijloc. Avem nevoie att de studii universitare
absolvite ct i de practic timpurie la ziarul co lii, pn la colaborarea la publicaii
locale.33
Printre nsuirile, cunotinele i echipamentele pe care ar trebui s le aib un bun
reporter se numr i cunotinele legate de computer.. Capacitatea folosirii unor programe
specializate n editarea textului, programele de editare a imaginii, sunetului i scenelor video
reprezint ansa suprem de care trebuie s se foloseasc un jurnalist ntr -o lume tot mai
rapid.
Cunotinele informatice devin primordiale cnd jurnalistul trebuie s lanseze o tire
online. Fr cunotine de baz ale limbajelor HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language),
CSS(Cascading Syle Sheets), PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) jurnalistul nu poate lansa
propriu-zis informaia pe site-urile web.
Un reporter care nu tie s lucreze pe calcula tor are toate motivele s se
considere handicapat profesional. Din ce n ce mai mult, reporterii folosesc pentru
documentare i comunicare, Internet -ul, o reea mondial care se acceseaz prin
computer. Din ce n ce mai multe redacii sunt conectate la Int ernet, iar reporterii
utilizeaz acest nou mediu de transmitere a informaiei pentru a ajunge la noi surse i
pentru a descoperi noi subiecte.34

33

NEIDERMAYER, Hans Peter, op.cit. p.11

VASAS, Ferenc, ULMANU Alexandru-Brdu(1997)Reporterul i rolul su n procesul jurnalistic n Mihai
Coman, Manual de Jurnalism- Tehnici Fundamentale de redactare, Polirom, Iai, p. 22
34

36

3.1.Digitizarea n societatea de cunoatere

Cronologia inveniilor tiinifice, reprezint, de fapt, cronologia faptelor tehnice sau
sociale. Conform sociologului Patrice Flichy, evoluia mijloacelor de comunicare a cunoscut
trei etape foarte bine delimitate: cea a savantului care descoperea pentru prima oar
electricitatea, conceptul de reea dar i nregistrarea unei imagini, cea a laboratorului n care
comunicarea profesional se delimiteaz de cea familial i n cele din urm cea a centrelor de
cercetare n care comunicarea familial se transform n comunicare individual prin
dezvoltarea electronicii.
Un punct esenial pentru jurnaliti este apariia reelelor. De la reeaua telegrafic a
frailor Chappe, conceptul de reea n verigi, electricitatea i spune cuvntul ajutnd la
crearea reelelor de comunicare permanent. Vor fi de ajuns zece ani p entru ca telegrafia fr
fir, carea avea ca unic utilizare telecomunicaia punct cu punct, s devin un sistem
broadcast, unul dintre principalele suporturi ale culturii de mas.35 Zeci de ani mai trzi,
internetul va fi suportul numrul unu al culturii de mas.
Termenul digital trimite la sisteme strvechi de numrare, n care erau folosite
degetele de la mn. Drep urmare, termenul este asociat cu numere ntregi.36
Mediul digital folosete modul binar de reprezentare a datelor existnd dou valori: 1
sau 0. Informaiile codate n impulsuri electronice, prin intermediul reelelor nchise sau
deschise, cu valori distincte, invariabile care le confer stabilitate. Orice valoare poate fi
reprezentat prin flux digital binar. Prin cablu, fibr optic, satelii, reele de telefonie sau
reele TV tehnologia digital poate transmite informaii.
Arhitectura Internetului a fost creat pentru a facilita deschiderea i accesibilitatea,
i pentru a da o mic prioritate pentru identificarea sau autentificarea persoane reale, sau
monitorizarea activitilor lor. 37
Cartea lui John Naughton mbin povetile personale cu date bine documentate privind
istoria internetului dar i privind viitorul acestuia. Chiar dac internetul nu este un domeniu
vechi, aceasta este unul dintre principalele domenii ce ne influeneaza viaa n ziua de azi, i
anii ce au trecut de la inventarea lui condenseaz de fapt un ntreg proces de dezvoltare a

35

FLICHY, Patrice, O istorie a comunicrii moderne. Spaiu public i via privat, Ed. Polirom, Iai,1999, p. 141
BIGNELL, Jonathan, ORLEBAR, Jeremy, (2009), Manual practic de televiziune,Ed. Polirom, Iai, p. 30
37
NAUGHTON, John, (2000), A Brief History of the Future: Origins of the Internet, Ed. Pheonix, London, p. 269
36

37

omului, a condiiei umane, sociale, culturale, tehnologice i tiinifice. A scrie despre internet
e ca i cum ai merge pe nisipuri mictoare.
Ceea ce scriem astzi, mine va fi uitat i nlocuit de ce a mai aprut nou n materie de
tehnologie, comentarii, stil. Acelai lucru se poate spune i daca vrei s vorbeti despre
viitorul internetului. Exist numeroase cri care au drept subiect internetul, i anumite pri
ale acestuia. Exista numeroase site-uri precizate, chiar dac este contient c poate unele
dintre ele vor disprea i cnd vom merge pe linkul sugerat, vom descoperi ca e o er oare
404. Pe site-ul acestuia, briefhistory.com, observm c n momentul de fa domeniul (ce
gzduia Istoria internetului) este de vnzare.
Autorul leag prezicerea viitorului de capacitatea unui inginer de a prevede direcia
vntului i a navei n care se afl.
Identitatea individului n mediul online este o consecin a ideilor din anii 1970-1980,
a lui Vint Cerf, Robert Hahn i a colegilor lor.Viitorul internetului poate fi influenat i de
capacitatea lui de a produce bani.
De asemenea capacitatea identificrii unei persoane ca fiind real, creeaz dificulti
comerului de tip online.
A face afaceri n mediul online nseamn a tii dac persoana cu care vrei s nchei o
tranzacie, este real, dac i protejezi securitatea ta, a produselor tale i a mediului n care le
prezini. Pentru aceste lucruri intervine att partea legislativ ct i cea tehnic.
Legea copyright-ului este bine conturat i doar cu acordul proprietarului putem s ne
folosim de acea proprietate intelectual, care n majoritatea cazurilor este surs de bani. Orice
document aflat pe web poate fi criptat i doar cei care au pltit pentru o cheie de acces pot sa
ajung s citeasc acel document.
Pentru a primi lucrri magice, trebuie oferit libertatea cercettorilor inteligeni ,
protejndu-i de la elemente perturbatoare care ar putea s le afecteze creaia tehnologic. Cea
mai bun metod de a obine calitate, este s maximizezi numrul de ingineri, de mini
informate.
Adevrata ntrebare pe care trebuie s ne-o punem nu este ce nva inte rnetul de la
noi, ci
Ce nvm noi de la internet, furni zorul de cultur i tehnologie ?

38

3.2.Despre info-excludere

Info-excluderea nu este doar o chestiune de acces i conectivitate, dar i de

coninut.38. Cnd vorbim de globalizare, avem n vedere o acoperire mondial. Barierele
culturale, educaionale, religioase sau lingvistice sunt greu de stabilit n faa internetului. Cu
toate acestea, pentru populaia marginalizat internetul este un element inaccesibil sau chiar
strin. Cunotin ele specifice mpart lumea, iar decalajul digital adncete acest fenomen.
Dezvoltarea unei societi de cunoatere autentice este condiionat de egalizarea digital.
Tehnologiile determin cderea unei cortine de fier ntre rile bogate i cele slab
dezvoltate. Libertatea de expresie, diversitatea cultural i lingvistic dar i educaia n mas
nu au legtur cu inegalitatea digital. Utopiile tehnice se amestec cu utopiile sociale
Aceste tehnici vor modifica raporturile dintre spaiul public i cel privat, vor zdruncina
organizarea muncii i vor transforma funcionarea democraiei

39

Apar, de asemenea,

diferene mari ntre trile bogate i cele n curs de dezvoltare, cele din urm fiind nevoite s
fac schimbri majore n perioade scurte de timp, pentru a se putea alinia la tendinele
internaionale. Pentru dezvoltarea unei societi a cunoaterii autentice, reducerea decalajului
digital se poate realiza prin aplicarea noilor tehnologii la un nivel macro.
Geografia internetului este demonstrat prin decalajul digital. Chiar dac distanele
fizice sunt uor de depit, reelele web sunt direct proporionale cu structura dezvoltrii
zonelor geografice. Inegalitile de dezvoltare industrial i lipsa armoniei digitale se explic
prin extinderea rapid a reelelor digitale la nivelul rilor industriale i prin situaia invers
proporional a trilor srace care au acces limitat sau inexistent la internet.
Reformele fiscale, liberalizarea pieelor de telecomunicaii, contribuia sectorului
privat ar contribui la reducerea costurilor de producie, distribuire i administrare a
telecomunicaiilor. Planul de afaceri pe care trile slab dezvoltate ar trebui s l creeze ar
determina depirea decalajului digital. Creterea capacitii digitale n paralel cu dezvoltarea
statelor n sine ar determina o destindere a economiei.
Dezvoltarea tehnologiei informaiei i comunicaiei nu este susinut exclusiv de
mijloace economice. Decalajul digital nu poate fi estompat doar printr-o soluie tehnologic.
Traiectoria acestui domeniu este condiionat i din punct de vedere politic.

38

Towards Knowledge Societies, (2005) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
Unesco Publishing, Paris, p. 29
39
FLICHY, Patrice, O istorie a comunicrii moderne. Spaiu public i via privat, Ed. Polirom, Iai,1999, p. 13

39

Decalajul digital poate fi soluionat doar prin crearea unui nod puternic ntre
guverne, organizaii internaionale, sector privat, sectorul asociativ i societatea civil.
Fora acestei reele va determina fora reelei informatice.
Solidaritatea digital, principiu creat n cadrul Summit-ului Mondial privind Societatea
Informaional(WSIS, Tunis, 2005), ar intensifica legturile dintre actorii implicai dornici de
digitizare.
Depirea i negalitilor digitale , prin solidariatea digital, ar sprijini crearea unui
stoc de cunoatere, necesar ntr -o societate a cunoaterii. Impulsurile economice, politice sau
culturale ar apropia rile slab dezvoltat e de tendina mondial a digit izrii.

3.3.Comunicare digital
Progresul socio-economic este direct propor ional cu dezvoltarea cunoaterii unei
comuniti. Evoluia inovativ tiinific poate fi posibil prin schimbul de informaii dar i
prin entiti de inter i intra-data. Comunicarea constituie o abordare cu mai multe repere dar
i mai multe alternative. Comunicarea de date, prin intermediul tehnologiei digitale, a crescut
enorm. Toate aceste elemente conduc spre generarea de cunotine, necesare unei societi a
cunoaterii.
Comunicare pe scar larg, editare pe spaiu cognitiv prin discurs, dezbateri, discuii i
deliberare, reprezint cheia societii cunoaterii. Evoluia tehnicilor de calcul i de
comunicaie a influenat relaia dintre umanitate i instrumente tehnologice. Acestea au adus
un plus pentru generarea de cunotine.
Datele nu sunt funcionale doar prin combinaia binar din care sunt formate. Prin
adugarea valorii, datele se transform n cunotine i devin astfel funcionale. Societatea de
cunoatere necesit informaii aplicate, ale cror valoare s permit crearea unui context
propice dezvoltrii. Pstrarea sau conversia datelor n structur monocromatic confer
posibilitatea editrii ulterioare. Upgradarea, recuperarea sau refolosirea datelor ar inventa
sensuri noi pentru o cunoatere veche. Procesarea datelor, a informaiei i a cunoaterii i
mprtirea rezultatelor nu poate fi realist fr tehnologia informaiei i comunicaiei.
Tehnologia informaiei i a comunicaiilor a devenit accesibil la nivel global.
Evaluarea constant a capacitii de cunoatere i de comunicare este prioritar.Chiar dac am
aratat mai devreme c numrul reelelor de internet este direct proporional cu starea
40

economic a regiunii, n cercetarea Digital Communication and Knowledge Society40

descoperim c serviciile TIC devin mai accesibile i mai utilizate exact n perioada de criz
economic. Solidaritatea digital pare c i face simit prezena n rile dezvoltate unde
tehnologia informaiei i a comunicaiilor devine mai ieftin i mai accesibil. Disocierea
digital are loc n momentul n care rile slab dezvoltate digital impun preuri foarte mari.
Accesibilitatea serviciilor comunicaionale este fundamental pentru construirea societii
cunoaterii.
Internetul contribuie la dezvoltarea socio-economic dar i la mbuntirea
rezultatelor colare, prin e-learning. Utilizarea zilnic a unor platforme generatoare de
cunoatere contribuie la dezvoltarea de orice tip. Adaptarea i aplicarea corespunztoare a
tehnologiei informai ei i comunicaiilor, ca un factor de dezvoltarea, permite transformarea
ntr-o societate a cunoaterii.

3.4.E-organizaiile
Inegalitatea accesului la sursele de informaie, distribuia coninuturilor i
infrastructurii pune la ndoial caracterul global al societii informaionale i, n consecint,
stnjenete creterea societii de cunoatere. 41 Societile fac un salt calitativ, odat cu
transformrile la nivelul cunoaterii, dnd natere unor noi tipuri de organizaii: eorganizaiile. Convertirea acestor entiti nu const doar n reeditarea denumirii, cu ajutorul
prefixului e. Tranziia se face la nivel colectiv. Societatea cunoaterii, prin instituii i
organizaii permite cetenilor i informaiilor s se dezvolte pe toate palierele, fr limite,
deschiznd, astfel, poriile producerii i utilizrii cunoaterii n mas.
E-organizaiile ncurajeaz grupurile s implementeze i s mreasc
capitalul de cunoatere.
Noua resurs este cea mai potrivit pentru a genera bunuri n concordan cu acele
criterii ale noii societi. Cunoaterea trebuie exploatat n toate formele i la nivelul tuturor
domeniilor pentru a crea un sistem n care determinani s aib un singur crez.
40

DUTTA, Avijit, Digital Communication and Knowledge Society, BVICAMs International Journal of
Information Technology (BIJIT), Bharati Vidyapeeths Institute of Computer Applications and Management,
New Delhi, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2012
41
Towards Knowledge Societies, (2005), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
Unesco Publishing, Paris, France, p. 24

41

Diseminarea cunoaterii n e -organizaii faciliteaz progresul uman dn d natere unei

societi avansate. ncurajarea inovaiei n acest tip de organizaii determin implicarea unui
numr ct mai mare de actori. Lucrtorul din domeniul cunoaterii va fi n centrul eorganizaiilor.
E-organizaiile vor avea o serie de prioriti de soluionat. Diagnosticul societii i
implicit al e-organizaiilor va fi msurat prin capacitatea de promovare efectiv a distribuirii
de cunoatere. Pentru echitatea acestui process se vor monitoriza variabilele de orice gen.
Fezabilitatea societii cunoaterii va fi condiionat de upgradarea constant a capacitilor de
ordin calitativ i cantitativ.
Astazi,conceptul de societate a cunoasterii a devenit un cadru esential de reflectie nu
numai pentru majoritatea tarilor membre ale Organizatiei pentru Dezvoltare Economica si
Cooperare (OECD), dar si pentru economii abia iesite la iveala si tari in curs de dezvoltare, in
special in Estul si Sudestul Asiei, America Latina, Caraibe, Africa Sub-Sahariana, Europa
Centrala si de Est si statele arabe.42 Atunci cnd se pune problema crerii unei societi a
cunoaterii, se impun anumite criterii de organizare. Recrutarea unui staff calificat n tiin i
tehnologie este o etap imperativ. Stpnirea acestor domenii este o condiie esenial pentru
cldirea unui societi de acest tip. Chiar i aa, asta nu garanteaz succesul i durabilitatea
construciei. Totul pornete la sistemele de nvmnt i de la capacitile lor de furnizare a
unor absolveni capabili s duc planul la bun sfrit. Autorii raportului UNESCO sunt de
prere c urgena unei societi a cunoaterii este invers proporional cu numrul de studeni
implicai n tiin sau al celor care pornesc lucrri de cercetare la finalitatea studiilor
universitare.
O societate a cunoaterii este o societate care este hrnit de diversitatea i
capacitile sale.43E-organizaiile vor avea un caracter divers i vor fi deschise din toate
punctele de vedere. Societatea cunoaterii se axeaz pe ceteni, urmrind dezvoltarea lor
personal, creativitatea individual i colectiv, participarea i experiena social. Aceast
societate implic, fr echivoc, toi membrii comunitii. Acetia sunt ncurajai s creeze i s
utilizeze cunoaterea. Societatea cunoaterii are ca obiectiv calitatea nalt i si gurana vieii
tuturor cetenilor.

42

Towards Knowledge Societies, (2005) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
Unesco Publishing, Paris, France, p.21
43
Towards Knowledge Societies (2005) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
Unesco Publishing, Paris, p. 17

42

Inegalitatea accesului la informaie va fi soluionat prin dezvoltarea i implementarea

unor strategii de cunoatere tiinific. Familiarizarea cu tehnologia i aprofundarea ei vor fi
criterii de aderare la societatea cunoaterii. Cu toate acestea, tehnologia nu poate garanta
sustenabilitatea societii de cunoatere.

43

4.1.Jurnalismul digital
Construirea reelei de Internet ARPANET a fost un moment cheie n dezvoltarea
digitizrii. Inovaiile tehnologice digitale au determinat apariia proiectului care a cldit
internetul. Anul 1969 a reprezentat nceputul unei ere n care reelele de calculatoare permit
comunicarea ntre oameni. De atunci i pn n momentul de fa, schimbrile tehno comunicaionale au fost pe zi ce trece mai accentuate, pn n momentul n care societatea,
tehnologia i comunicarea au avut parte de un boom digital.
Dup civa ani de cnd organizaiile de tiri au trecut n online, media de tip vechi a
pierdut din teren, iar modelele fundamentale ale jurnalismului au schimbat percepia asupra
ceea ce a fost odat. Jurnalismul tradiional a devenit vulnerabil n faa Internetului. De ce
tehnologia digital, care are o for puternic n transmiterea de tiri, nu a reuit s ofere
aceeai energie pentru companii care s se poat menine i s creasc profitul. 44 Chiar i aa,
nu gsim scuz cnd descoperim c organizaiile de tiri au nceput s piard din audien
chiar nainte ca Internetul s devin popular.
Atacurile teroriste din 11 septembrie 2011 precedate de recesiune au obligat
companiile s fac reduceri de cheltuieli, reducnd totodat i campaniile de publicitate mass media. n convergen cu aceste evenimente, transformarea digital accelerat i rspndirea
reelelor de internet au adus cu sine accesul liber al tirilor din orice loc.
Raportul colii de Jurnalism Columbia subliniaz c odat cu progresul n calea erei
digitale, putem progresa n nelegerea mecanismelor i transformrilor care au afectat
organizaiile de tiri i cetenii sunt n legtur direct sau indirect cu ele.
Trecerea de la media tradiional la cea digital s -a nregistrat i prin modul n care
tirile au fost raportate, agregate, distribuite i partajate.
Jurnalismul digital cere o setare care recunoate infinitul opiunilor disponibile pentru
consumatori. Inovaia rapid, capacitatea de a realiza afaceri cu cheltuieli minime (sau cel
puin mai sczute) , trecerea la mijloacele tehno-comunicaionale mobile din ce n ce mai
smart ofer organizaiilor capacitatea de a dirija mai bine oportunitile pentru coninut i
publicitate. Digitalul permite eliminare costurilor, resursele fiind n primul rnd binare.
n cazul consumatorilor, digitalul ntrebuineaz un mod de a gndi, a asocia i a
proiecta audiena, o audien care trebuie s fac fa avalanei de informaii. Digitalul este
44

GRUESKIN, Bill, SEAVE, Ava, GRAVES, Lucas, (2011)The Story So Far, What We Know About the Business of
Digital Journalism, Columbia Journalism School, Tow Center for Digital Journalism, P. 8

44

spaiul tehno -comunicaional spre care utilizatorii se ndreapt. Platformele digitale, prin
costurile sczute de marketing, ofer capaciti de construire rapid a unui public. Acest
mediu binar deine capacitatea unei msurtori rapide a audienei. Jurnalitii pot descoperi sau
pot fi descoperii oriunde exist acces la Internet. Redaciile pot construi un public centrat pe
anumite teme sau chiar organizaia de tiri se poate adapta n funcie de cititori, prin
capacitatea de a afla date n timp real despre acetia. Totodat, platformele web pot inventa
moduri de publicitate inedite pentru atragerea unor clieni noi i pentru pstrarea celor fideli.
Vorbim despre un nou concept: crowdsourcing. Practic grupuri de oameni
devin sursele principale de informare n era digital, decalajul dintre momentul
transmiterii unei informaii i momentul receptrii ei este redus la doar cteva secunde,
aspect care se pliaz favorabil nevoilor individului ancorat n secolul vitezei. De aceea,
reelele digitale dinamizeaz viaa social.45
n societatea modern, viteza, globalizarea, digitizarea determin schimbarea rolurilor
dar i posibilitatea unui schimb de experien ntre jur naliti i public. Publicul poate s
devin lider de opinie i tot odat poate crea o reea prin informare.
Recombinarea informaiei n mod periodic, utiliznd comunicare interactiv este
permis doar de elementele tehno-digitale. Reeaua de Internet are c apacitatea de a corela, de
a combina i recombina informaia binar din orice col pmnesc. La fel ca i informaia
transformat i retransformat n cunoatere, Internetul are avantajul de a se reinventa, de a
nate din propria cenu tocmai pentru a genera o nou capacitate de procesare i producie a
informaiei. Internetul este ntr -o continu rentoarcere, dar devine tot mai puternic cu fiecare
reinventare.
Satul global i pstreaz elementele locale prin extinderea accesului media att la
nivel mondial, prin digitizare, ct i local, de multe ori prin acelai mijloc tot mai des ntlnit

digitizarea.

Digitizarea,

globalizarea,

glocalizarea

permit

obinerea

supremaiei

organizaiilor multi-media prin larga platform de livrare. Companiile media, unite de acelai
el i acelai loc de desfurare a aciunii, i continu conexiunea prin reele de parteneriat, n
care investiiile digitale conteaz la fel de mult ca i cele monetare.

MUNTEANU, Ana Maria, Curs -Comunicare i Dezvoltare Global, An Ii- FjscUniversitatea Bucureti, p. 29
45

45

4.2.Noile media
Lev Manovich46 susine c noile media sunt dezvoltate sub forma unor aplicaii tehnocomunicaionale, aflate la convergena dintre tiinele socio -umane i cercetarea info tehnologic. Printre aceste tiine se afl i : literatura electronic, studiul internetului,
interaciunea dintre om i computer, protocoalele de comunicare n reele, tehnici de cutare a
datelor, vizualizarea datelor i studiul jocurilor, studiul sistemelor de informaii geografice.
Intersecia dintre dou cronologii distincte tehnologiile de calcul i tehnologiile media
conduc la apariia noilor media. Capacitatea de stocare a imaginilor, a secvenelor de imagini,
a textului scris, a undelor sonore este dat de tehnologia media modern iar prin traducerea
acestora n date binare, noile media au reuit s i croiasc nceputul n lumea globalizat.
Ana Maria Munteanu explic contextul n care vechiul model comunicaional dar i
traiectoria comunicrii au fost modificate att la nivel schematic, ct i la nivelul perspectivei,
odat cu apariia noilor media. Dac media clasic avea un singur emitor care transfera
mesajul ctre unul sau mai muli receptori, n era globalizrii, comunicare digital constituie
liantul pentru apariia unui model comunicaional de tipul many-to-many.
Totodat, statul-reea i reelele de comunicare de care vorbea Castells47 au modificat
percepia asupra utilizrii, administrrii dar i a guvernanei ideilor, concepiilor, dezbaterilor
dar i a noului spaiu public. Odat cu noile media, toate aceste decizii la nivel global devin
accesibile i mult mai apropiate de oameni, mai ales prin social-media.
Suportul clasic de comunicare: ziar, posturi de radio i de televiziune se transfer n
online, prin platforme aflate pe domenii de circulaie naional i internaional. Transferul n
digital nu se rezum doar la media n sine ci se folosesc i canalele digitale destinate, sub o
form sau alta, transferului de informaie: e -mail-ul, website-urile, podcast-urile, telefonia
digital, televiziunile interactive dar i prin reelele sociale ce beneficiaz de tot mai muli
adepi: Facebook, My Space, Wikipedia, You Tube, Second Life, Hi5.
Orice inovaie reprezint pan la urm o negare sau o delimitare de vechi. n timp ce n
trecut, informaia era foarte bine segmentat, atribuit i semnat, n prezent respon sabilitatea
cuvintelor grele se transfer n spaiul mult prea vast al online-ului. Trecerea de la media
clasic la cea digital determin lipsa asumrii drepturilor i datoriilor fa de informaiile
partajate. Combinaiile binare duc inevitabil la o interpretare mai mult dect binar a
46
47

MUNTEANU, Ana Maria, lucr.cit., p. 26

http://annenberg.usc.edu/Faculty/Communication%20and%20Journalism/~/media/78.ashx

46

informaiilor, fr o regul prealabil. Falsa libertate a comunicrii fr frontiere determinat

de o lume virtual n care transferul de date este n primul rnd tehnologic, i n a doua
instan devine informaie.

4.3.Agenda digital pentru Europa

Odat cu revoluia industrial, lumea s -a schimbat. Tendina de a produce ct mai mult
s-a mrit. Interesul oamenilor de a-i lrgi orizonturile a crescut. Dup dou rzboaie
mondiale costisitoare, o schimbare a paradigmei muncii (prin angajarea nevoit a femeilor n
fabrici) i cderea cortinei de fier, viaa, n definiia ei social, s -a schimbat. Nevoile, temerile
dar i drepturile au determinat o transformare fr precedent a ideilor despre munc.
Piaa unic a Uniunii Europene urma s ofere posibilitatea circulrii fr frontiere a
principalelor resurse pe care omenirea le are: mrfuri, persoane, capital i servicii i nu n
ultimul rnd idei, proiecte. Dispariia granielor din interiorul Europei a dus la ntrirea
spiritului de libertate.
Tendina de globalizare tot mai accentuat a determinat schimbri la nivelul interesului
de extindere profesional, att la nivel individual, ct i la nivel colectiv sau mai degraba la
nivel naional. Satul global al Uniunii Europene a condus spre o concentrare de fore att
fizice, ct i intelectuale, capabile s in pasul cu tendinele impuse de guvernan.
Obiectivul acestei Agende este trasarea unui parcurs n scopul de a exploata la
maximum potenialul social i economic al TIC, n special al internetului, care
reprezint un suport vital al activitilor economice i sociale, fie c e vorba de afaceri,
munc, joac, de a comunica sau a ne exprima liber. Implementarea cu succes a acestei
Agende va stimula inovaia i creterea economic, ameliornd n acelai timp
calitatea vieii de zi cu zi a cetenilor i a ntreprinderilor. 48
Una din cele apte iniiative -pilot ale Strategiei Europa 2020 este Agenda digital
pentru Europa. Obiectivul general al Agendei este de a produce beneficii materiale, sociale
prin piaa unic digital a Uniunii Europene bazat pe internet de mare vitez i pe cele mai
noi aplicaii operabile interdependente.
Europa plnuiete crearea i meninerea unei piee digitale unice, n care elementul
dinamic s fie generator de coninut dar i de context. Totodat, se pune accentul pe
48

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0245:FIN:RO:HTML

47

interoperabilitate i standardizarea unui mediu digital colorat, pe ncrederea i securitatea pe

care orice cetean ar trebui s o dein dar i s o capete. O alt direcie este n consonan cu
necesitile societii cunoaterii: acces rapid i ultrarapid la internet, cercetare i inovare,
creterea gradului de alfabetizare digital, dezvoltarea competenelor digitale i ale
incluziunii.
Uniunea European ine cont de avantajele pe care tehnologia informaiei i
comunicaiei o poate avea asupra cetenilor i societii n sine, urmrind reducerea info excluderii, inacceptabil ntr-o societate globalizat.
Uniunea European, prin definiia ei geografic, cultural i etni c, ia parte la crearea
unui cadru comun de implementare a Agendei digitale la nivel internaional, iar prin
caracterul tot mai rspndit, urmrete implementarea politicilor tehno -comunicaionale dar i
a guvernanei.

48

49

Partea a II-a
Studiul de caz

50

51

1.Cadrul metodologic
ntrebare de cercetare:
Ce implicaii au societatea de cunoatere i mediul digital asupra cmpului
jurnalistic?

Ipoteze
Mi-am propus ca pe baza studiului de caz s aflu:
1. Dac pe msura ce trecem de la real la continuitatea real-digital survin modificri
majore n comunicare.
2. Dac aceste mutaii sunt legate de economia de cunoatere i care sunt acestea?
3. Dac mass media este n strns legtur cu mediul digital, atunci trecerea de la
comunicarea de masa la cea digital determin schimbri la nivel micro al profesiei
jurnalistice, ct i la nivel macro, al poziionrii organizaiilor ca actori ai cmpului
jurnalistic.
Selecia si prezentarea corpusului:
Articolele au fost selectate pe baza urmatoarelor criterii:
-

reflect

problematizri referitoare la definirea cmpului profesional realizate de

jurnaliti, editori, productori

-

sunt selectate din cmpul profesional cu cea mai mare expunere a temei noastre de
cercetare la analize asupra schimbrilor efectuate de catre jurnaliti nii si ali lideri
de opinie, postate pe platforme digitale.

includ declaraii, evaluri de tendin i moduri de

poziionare n raport cu

convergena digital ale unor responsabili: purttori de cuvnt, manageri, reprezentani

ai patronatelor
n spatiul romnesc nu am reuit s identificm nuclee de discuie referitoare la aceste
schimbri dintr-o perspectiv constructiv, a adaptrii la provocarea digital i a societii de
cunoatere.
52

n acest scop, am iniiat o cutare online pe baza cuvintelor cheie: jurnalism digital (digital
journalism), jurnalism de cunoatere (data journalism).
Cutarea iniiat n limba romn nu a dat suficiente rezultate pentru crearea unui cercetri
sistematice, iar numeroasele rezultate in limba englez au fost cele care au coninut cuvintele
cheie. Pe aceste liste i materialele postate am identificat sitagmele n limba englez
corespunzatoare.
Am identificat n principal dou categorii de liste corelate celor dou sintagme de interes
pentru cercetarea noastra (cunoatere/societate de cunoatere; si respectiv jurnalism digital) articole disponibile, bloguri, pagini web ale unor trusturi media, in special britanice.
Am constatat o diversitate de opinii cu privire la temele de interes pentru cercetarea
noastra n contextul dezvoltrii presei digitale din Marea Britanie, respectiv publicaii
regionale i naionale.
Cele 271.000 de rezultate nregistrate in cutare, ne-am oprit la un numar de 40 de
articole pe care le-am considerat relevante pentru trendul actual al transformrilor. Dincolo de
tema principal, la momentul explorativ am identificat i o alt dimensiune specific presei
britanice si anume interesul pentru presa digital mai pronunat in cadrul publicatiilor
regionale. Astfel, corpusul studiat este format din 20 de articole postate de publicaia online
Press Gazette i 20 de articole poste pe portalul journalism.co.uk.
Am realizat acest studiu pentru a afla care este pulsul cmpului jurnalistic n contextul
efectelor cumulative ale economiei de cunoatere (Drucker, 2001) i digitizrii.
Pe baza acestui corpus am putut cerceta aspectele formulate in cadrul primului pas
metodologic, respectiv intrebarea de studiu si ipoteze urmnd sa raspundem urmatoarelor
obiective:
1. Care sunt opiniile jurnalistilor despre schimbrile in cmpul profesional?
2. Cum se materializeaza aceste opinii in noi specializri si noi instrumente profesionale?

Procesarea datelor
Prima operaie a constat n aranjarea in ordine cronologic a articolelor pentru a
nregistra posibile evoluii atribuite jurnalismului digital in perioada 20 decembrie
07 iunie.
Aceast perioad s-a caracterizat printr-o maxim densitate a indicilor textuali
corespunztori temei abordate: jurnalism digital, online, indici referitori la reele de
53

socializare, aplicaii web destinate practicilor profesionale, noi apar iii tehno-comunicaionale
(tablete, smartphone).
Cea de-a doua operaie a constat n nregistrarea materialelor n 40 de tabele care
cuprind informaii precum: link, data, autor, titlu, tem, precum i opinii
referitoarele la schimbrile corelate cu digitizarea i economia de cunoatere.
A treia operaie bazat pe procesarea precedent este listarea opiniilor semnificative
pentru tema de cercetare.

2.Metoda de analiz
Problema studiului comunicrii ca act social, ca relaie, este legat de modul n care o
societate este definit. 49
Potrivit lui Robert Yin, studiul de caz, investigaie empiric, cerceteaz un fenomen
contemporan n contextul su din viaa real n momentul n delimitrile dintre fenomen i
context nu sunt bine stabilite. Designul de cercetare, schema cercetrii cuprinde minim patru
aspecte: ntrebri studiate, date relevante, date colectate i felul n care trebuie analizate
rspunsurile. Chintesena studiului de caz este de a lmuri o decizie sau un set de decizii
aflnd motivul, instrumentele i rezultatele implementrii.
Investigaia studiului de caz se ocup de situaia tehnic distinct n care variabilele de
interes vor fi mai numeroase dect punctele de date, iar ca prim rezultat se bazeaz pe surse
multiple de dovezi, existnd necesitatea ca datele s convearg i ca al doilea rezultat
beneficiaz de elaborarea anterioar a unor ipoteze teoretice, n scopul de a dirija colectarea i
analiza datelor.50
Analizarea datelor const n reorganizarea lor cantitativ i calitativ prin examinare,
clasificare, tabelarea i testare a dovezilor.

49
50

MARINESCU, Valentina (2009), Cercetarea n comunicare. Metode i tehnici, Bucureti, p. 2

YIN, Robert, (2005) Studiul de caz. Designul, analiza i colectarea datelor, Ed. Polirom, Bucureti, p.31

54

3.Analiz

Jurnalisti,

comentatori,

Oficiali

profesori

media-purttori

de

cuvnt, manageri, patronate

Prin linkuri mai degrab

Ei au dat de fapt cheile de la

dect prin scriere, jurnalele

site-ul GuardianExista un fel

de tiri pot fi mai eficiente i

de antipatie fa de mass-

se poate trece la ceea ce este

media n rndul unor oameni

cel mai bun

care

Noi

nu

mai

conectate

organizaii

de

cu

alte

tiri,

cu

mai

mult

profunzime i nu le place felul

putem fi

izolai, jurnalele de stiri

devin

doresc

n care jurnalitii trebuie s fac

lucrurile la un nivel pe care
mulime

cititorii, i chiar cu guverne

de

oameni

va

nelege.
Ziarul

dac acestea sunt n msur

s ofere surse

porno

trebuie s ne schimbm

blocat

on-line

campania
dup

ce

premierul David Cameron a

mentalitile

declarat

propunerile

mobilul este cheia, datorit

filtrele de web vor fi "implicit "

creterii de smartphone-uri si

pentru casele cu copii, care

mobilelor.

prinii vor trebui s aleag

"Mobilul este o oportunitate

pentru a fi ridicat.
Scriind

de tipul o data-n-via

pentru

Daily

Mail,

Va fi ntotdeauna nevoie de

Cameron a spus: Pentru mine,

faptul c att de muli copii au

reporteri

instruii

jurnaliti pentru a verifica

vizitat

cuvertura unor evenimente n

coluri ale internetului nu este

desfaurare

doar o chestiune de ngrijorare

si

pentru

analiza semnificaia lor

cele

mai

ntunecate

- ea este absolut ngrozitoare

Cred c vom tri ntr-o lume

O mulime de juctori sunt

din ce n ce documentat

acum

iar provocarea este cum

ECOSISTEMUL nostru, cu
55

parte

din

putem ine pasul cu acest

bloggeri i alte persoane i

c vei avea mai mult spaiu

Dac vrei s fii n social media,

companii

flux de documente" (I)

pentru a scrie i pentru fi

Premisa de social media este

Sfatul meu e s gndim

c, pentru a avea o prezen

global, s gndim totul ca

online,

pe

prezen

trebuie s fi social.

activ pe reelele sociale.

pornire,

opereaz

spaiul on -line.

Frumuseea online-ului este

care

ne

nevoie

avei

offline.

de

Nu

o
este

ateptm la ntreruperi, s

suficient s ai un cont de

folosim mulimea i s ne

Twitter,
YouTube,

asumam riscuri (S)

cu

vanzari

globale

smartphone-uri

care

Facebook
pentru

sau
include

de

hashtag i linkuri i statistici,

se

dac nu ai societatea. (S)

miliard,

cei care lucreaz n mass-media

publicul larg joac un rol tot

sociale de astzi reprezint un

mai

pod (EV)

apropie

de

un

mare

aceast

generaia mass-media care va

pconversaie. (EV)
web-ul prezint avantajul c

veni va fi crescut cu social

cercetarea de baza poate

media i media digital ca o a

merge online si utilizat ca o

doua natur n timp ce la

resurs.

numete

cellalt capt oameni de tiri

aceste "poveti de via(EV)

trebuie nc s fie convini de

Google

Este ncurajator s vezi c

un

procent

meritele lumii sociale ...

redaciile ar trebui

relativ

semnificativ de oameni ar fi

contiente

dispui s plteasc pentru

consumatorii sunt acum mai

coninutul

putin de contieni de brand i

lor

online

faptul

ateapt ca tirile i informaiile

preferat. (EV)

s vin la ei. (I)

Social media a reuit s

suprascrie

de

s fie

se

mass-media

pune

ntrebarea

suntem

primul rnd de coninut, sau

tradiional, n cazul n care

suntem
56

cu

publicul,

mai

lucrurile care se petrec la

nti?"(D)

televizor sau radio, la ore de

maxim, audien a aflat deja
de

pe

pe

Twitter

Facebook," (A,P)

In Kenya vei gsi c cei

mai muli oameni sunt pe
social media, Facebook i
Twitter i altele. (EV)

Cand vine vorba de lectura

revistelor,

viitorul

este

digital - i hardware-ul care

ne

duce

viitor

este

tableta.(A,P)

Tipuri de enunuri identificate: evaluri ale momentului (X), imperative (Y),

anticipri (Z), orientri strategii (F(X), dileme (D)

Exemple:
(X) :
Web-ul prezint avantajul c cercetarea de baza poate merge online i utilizat ca o
resurs. Google numete aceste poveti de via
In Kenya vei gsi c cei mai muli oameni sunt pe social media, Facebook i Twitter
i altele.
ECOSISTEMUL nostru include bloggeri i alte persoane i companii care opereaz
n spaiul on-line.
Este ncurajator s vezi c un procent relativ semnificativ de oameni ar fi dispui s
plteasc pentru coninutul lor online preferat.
Noi nu mai putem fi izolai, a declarat Jarvis, sugernd c jurnalele de stiri devin
colaboratoare: cu alte organizaii de tiri, cu cititorii, i chiar cu guverne dac acestea
sunt n msur s ofere surse.
57

 Acest este un lucru pe care noi nu-l nelegem, nu ne place, pentru c exist att de
mult tehnologia din jurul nostru, care ne-ar permite s-l facem mai bine.
Eu cred c cei care lucreaz n mass-media sociale de astzi reprezint un pod
Exista un fel de antipatie fa de mass-media n rndul unor oameni care doresc mai
mult profunzime i nu le place felul n care jurnalitii trebuie s fac lucrurile la un
nivel pe care multime de oameni l va nelege.
# guardiancoffee este un exemplu fantastic despre modul n care jurnalismul este
deschis mai aproape de via, prin adoptarea tehnologiei de vrf n raportarea de fapt
a poziiei actuale a tehnologiei: conducnd dezbateri n timp real i avnd un
angajament n cadrul comunitii de creaie tehnologic .
jurnalismul este acum o conversaie cu dou sensuri i site-ul nostru se va deschide
aa cum nu s-a mai ntmplat.

(Y)
Redaciile ar trebui s fie con tiente de faptul c consumatorii sunt acum mai putin de
contieni de brand i ateapt ca tirile i informaiile s vin la ei .
Cred c vom tri ntr-o lume din ce n ce documentat iar provocarea este cum putem
ine pasul cu acest flux de documente.
Va fi ntotdeauna nevoie de reporteri instruii i jurnaliti pentru a verifica rapoarte n
desfaurare si pentru a analiza semnificaia lor.
trebuie s ne schimbm mentalitile
Mobilul este o oportunitate de tipul o data-n-via
Sfatul su este s gndim global, s gndim totul ca pe o pornire, s ne ateptm la
ntreruperi, s folosim mulimea i s ne asumam riscuri.
Dac singurul lucru pe care l faci n calitate de jurnalist, n mediul online, este s
verifici Twitter-ul, este o mare greeal
Dac vrei s fii n social media, trebuie s fi social.
Sarcina noastra principala, sau orice sarcin pentru orice mass-media internaional,
este de a prinde abonatul YouTube i de a-l face s se uite la fiecare video pe care le
ncrcam.
Nu este suficient s ai un cont de Twitter, Facebook sau YouTube, pentru a include
hashtag i linkuri i statistici, dac nu ai poporul.
58

 Trebuie s iei nite cunotine de -a lungul drumului i s nvei ceea ce avei nevoie
atunci cnd avei nevoie pentru a ajunge la urmtorul pas n proiectul dumneavoastr,
pentru ajunge la ceva real, ct mai curnd posibil.
Nu numai c va face acest lucru mai uor pentru implicarea cititorilor notri n
jurnalismul nostru i formeaz comunitile locale i globale de int eres comun, acesta
va oferi, de asemenea, jurnalitii notri, un nou instrument fantastic, oferindu -le
perspective i puncte de vedere la care poate nu au nc acces.
Am nvat s mbrim internetul pentru ceea ce este, nu ceea ce ne -am dori s
fie
Susinerea inovrii la intersecia dintre jurnalism i tehnologie este crucial pentru
viitorul de tiri."
Pstreaz-i valorile, schimb orice altceva.
(Z)
Cand vine vorba de lectura revistelor, viitorul este digital - i hardware-ul care ne
duce n viitor este tableta.
mobilul este cheia, datorit creterii de smartphone-uri si mobilelor.
Audiena uria" este piatra de temelie a reelei noastre proprii de vnzri n care
vom urmri date comportamentale de 52 de milioane de browsere unice

(F(X)
Prin linkuri mai degrab dect prin scriere, jurnalele de tiri pot fi mai eficiente i se
poate trece la ceea ce este cel mai bun.
Frumuseea online-ului este c vei avea mai mult spaiu pentru a scrie i pentru fi
activ pe reelele sociale. Cred c e mai important s folosi web-ul pentru a obine toate
aceste voci diverse si poveti si apoi s ne gndim la moduri de prezentare ntr -un mod
semnificativ.

(D)

Social media a reuit s suprascrie mass-media tradiional, n cazul n care

lucrurile care se petrec la televizor sau radio, la ore de maxim, audien a aflat
deja de pe pe Twitter i Facebook
59

Generaia mass -media care va veni va fi crescut cu social media i media

digital ca o a doua natur n timp ce la cellalt capt oameni de tiri trebuie
nc s fie convini de meritele lumii sociale ...

De cele mai multe ori, nu este vorba despre cum s ajungi de la o vizualizare
la un milion de vizualizri, ci avnd n vedere cine ar vrea s vad povestea pe
care ai scris -o i modul n care i vei determina s vizualizeze povestea.

Se pune ntrebarea suntem primul rnd de coninut, sau suntem cu publicul,

mai nti?

Premisa de social media este c, pentru a avea o prezen online, avei nevoie
de o prezen offline. Nu este suficie nt s ai un cont de Twitter, Facebook sau
YouTube, pentru a include hashtag i linkuri i statistici, dac nu ai societatea.

S nelegi consumatorii la acest nivel de date este critic pentru viitorul nostru.
Putem s folosim aceast unitate de comportamente pentru a cauta i a aduce
soluii inovatoare de marketing pentru agenii notri de publicitate.

Care sunt similitudinile si diferen ele din spectrul de opinie?

Jurnalist/ Lider de Funcie

Opinii

opinie/ Knowledge
worker
Jeff Jarvis

Jurnalist, comentator, profesor

Prin linkuri mai degrab dect prin

scriere, jurnalele de tiri pot fi mai
eficiente i se poate trece la ceea ce este
cel mai bun.
O mulime de juctori sunt acum parte
din

ECOSISTEMUL

nostru,

cu

bloggeri i alte persoane i compani i

care opereaz n spaiul on-line.
Noi nu mai putem fi izolai", a
declarat Jarvis, sugernd c jurnalele de
stiri
60

devin

colaboratoare:

cu

alte

organizaii de tiri, cu cititorii, i chiar

cu guverne dac acestea sunt n msur
s ofere surse. (journalism.co.uk)
Markham Nolan

Managing editor la Storyful

Va fi ntotdeauna nevoie de reporteri

instruii i jurnaliti pentru a verifica
rapoarte n desfaurare si pentru a
analiza semnificaia lor. Dar, cu vanzari
globale de smartphone-uri care se
apropie de un miliard, publicul larg
joac un rol tot mai mare n aceast
conversaie.
(journalism.co.uk)

Ken Goldberg

Profesor n new media i liderul trebuie s ne schimbm mentalitile ,

proiectului Rashomon

argumentnd c mobilul este cheia,

datorit creterii de smartphone-uri si
mobilelor.
Mobilul este o oportunitate de tipul o
data-n-via", a adugat el, c oamenii
schimb comportamentul lor de lectur,
verificnd telefoane mobile de pn la
150 de ori pe zi. "i n acel moment nu
i consum timpul citind ziarul sau
revista.
Cred c vom tri ntr-o lume din ce n
ce documentat iar provocarea este cum
putem ine pasul cu acest flux de
documente", a spus Goldberg. n caz
contrar, am putea fi condui la tot felul
de concluzii false, pentru c vom vedea
doar o parte. (journalism.co.uk)

61

David Rowan

Editor la Wired UK

Sfatul su este s gndim global, s

gndim totul ca pe o pornire, s ne
ateptm la ntreruperi, s folosim
mulimea i s ne asumam riscuri.
(journalism.co.uk)

Justin Arenstein

Jurnalist

de

investigaie, The Post a creat, de asemenea, o baz

antreprenor social, strategist

de date vizibil, a spus Arenstein. ntrun ziar avei spaiu limitat, astfel nct
s nu se poate raporta la aceasta, a
explicat el, n timp ce web-ul are
avantajul, n care cercetarea de baza
poate merge online i s fie utilizat ca
o resurs. Google numete aceste
poveti

de

via,

adugat

Arenstein. (journalism.co.uk)
redaciile ar trebui s fie con tiente de
faptul c consumatorii sunt acum mai
putin de contieni de brand i ateapt
ca tirile i informaiile s vin la ei.
El a cerut tirilor s pune ntrebarea
suntem primul rnd de coninut, sau
suntem cu publicul, mai nti?
(journalism.co.uk)
Musa Haron, a

Ziarist freelancer i jurnalist de Social media a reuit s suprascrie

mass-media tradiional, n cazul n

radio n Nairobi

care lucrurile care se petrec la televizor

sau radio, la ore de maxim, audien a
aflat

deja

de

pe

pe

Twitter

Facebook,
n Kenya cred c, dac dorii s
obinei tiri doar v conectai la
conturile de Facebook i Twitter i apoi
62

putei obine toate tirile pe care le

dorii. Cnd ateptai tirile de la ora
apte sau de la ora nou, acestea sunt ca
o recapitulare. Ai impresia c deja s-a
ntmplat.
(journalism.co.uk)
Njenga Nakeenah,

Jurnalist de radio la Hope FM i Chiar i acolo, exist oameni care sunt

Earth Journalism Network

foarte bine conectai datorit unui

numr de kenyeni care sunt bine
educai i au acces", a spus el. "Ei ar
renuna mai degrab o mas, poate
masa de prnz, i s aib timpi de
anten pentru telefoanele lor. i vei
gsi c cei mai muli oameni sunt pe
social media, Facebook i Twitter i
altele.
(journalism.co.uk)

Sue Greenwood

Staffordshire Eu i nv despre alegerea numelui

Profesoar la
University,
jurnalism

specializat
bazat

pe

n potrivit i le explic despre numele site -

web i ului vs URL, plasarea de cuvinte cheie,

jurnalism antreprenorial.

trucuri SEO, design ca semnal, design

pentru a fi citite i mereu, mereu am
pstra aducerea lor napoi la gndire
despre modul n care publicul va folosi
blog-ul lor i ceea ce vor dori s obin
de la el.
Odata ce acestea sunt n curs de
desfurare, ncerc s-i ajute s se
concentreze pe construirea publicului:
cine sunt ei si de unde sunt ei, ceea ce
va atrage atentia lor, ce i va determina
s fac clic i s urmreasc un link de

63

la Twitter, Facebook, un forum, etc?

De cele mai multe ori, nu este vorba
despre cum s ajungi de la o vizualizare
la un milion de vizualizri, ci avnd n
vedere cine ar vrea s vad povestea pe
care ai scris-o i modul n care i vei
determina s vizualizeze povestea.
(Articolul 14 journalism.co.uk)
Ramaa Sharma

Frumuseea online-ului este c vei

Editor digital BBC Delhi.

avea mai mult spaiu pentru a scrie i

pentru fi activ pe reelele sociale. Cred
c e mai important s folosi web-ul
pentru a obine toate aceste voci diverse
si poveti si apoi s ne gndim la
moduri de prezentare ntr-un mod
semnificativ.
Dac singurul lucru pe care l faci n
calitate de jurnalist, n mediul online,
este s verifici Twitter-ul, este o mare
greeal
Tamas Szakal

Director executiv la Soo Meta Acest este un lucru pe care noi nu-l
(aplicaie web)

nelegem, nu ne place, pentru c exist

att de mult tehnologia din jurul nostru,
care ne-ar permite s-l facem mai
bine.
(journalism.co.uk)

Esra Dogramaci

Parte

echipei

de

new Dac vrei s fii n social media,

media/social media a canalului

trebuie s fi social.

Al Jazeeras din Istanbul i Premisa de social media este c,

Doha.

pentru a avea o prezen online, avei

nevoie de o prezen offline.
Nu este suficient s ai un cont de
64

Twitter, Facebook sau YouTube, pentru

a include hashtag i linkuri i statistici,
dac nu ai poporul.
Eu cred c cei care lucreaz n massmedia sociale de astzi reprezint un
pod - generaia mass -media care va
veni va fi crescut cu social media i
media digital ca o a doua natur n
timp ce la cellalt capt oameni de tiri
trebuie nc s fie convini de meritele
lumii sociale ...
(journalism.co.uk)
Nathaniel Philippe

unul dintre fondatorii lekiosk Cand

(aplicaie web)

vine

vorba

de

lecturarea

revistelor, viitorul este digital - i

hardware-ul care ne duce n viitor este
tableta. Crucial, editorii revistelor care
culeg cele mai mari recompense de la
revoluia digital a lecturrii revistelor
vor fi cele care inoveaz

modelul

tradiional de abonament la o revista i pe formatul existent al revistei

digitale.
Vedem inceputul unui trend care ar
putea vedea digitizarea coninutului
revistei care ar conduce globalizarea
unei game extinse de reviste. (Press
Gazette)
Doug Wills

Editorul

de

gestionare

la Ambii

s-au dovedit

a fi

foarte

competeni, cu o bun judecat de tiri

Evening Standard

i un interes n domeniile de specialitate

- dar, de asemenea, un larg interes n a
fi capabil s creeze caracteristici bune,
65

editri bune, blog-uri, blog-uri n direct

i rubrici pentru ziar. (Press Gazette)
Paul Lewis

Editor de proiecte speciale la Unul din cei mai buni susintorii ai

The Guardian

jurnalismului de date ... a avut mari

subiecte, de la ofieri de poliie sub
acoperire care au afaceri, la misiunile
lor, care dezvluie cum a murit cu
adevrat

Ian

Tomlinson

(Press

Gazette)
Marianne Bouchart

productor web i jurnalist de Nu poi petrece luni i luni dobndind

noi competene,", spune ea. "Trebuie s

date

iei

nite

cunotine

de-a

lungul

drumului i s nvei ceea ce avei

nevoie atunci cnd avei nevoie pentru
a ajunge la urmtorul pas n proiectul
dumneavoastr, pentru ajunge la ceva
real, ct mai curnd posibil.
Avem att de multe date publicate n
fiecare zi c trebuie s obii aceste
abiliti, nu poi s ignori micarea de
date deschise i nici nu poi sta mult
fr aceste abiliti. Ai nevoie s le
obii.
Deoarece jurnalismul de date este un
domeniu relativ nou, cele mai multe
dintre ghiduri pe aceast tem sunt
auto-didacte. Acelai lucru este valabil
pentru fiecare dintre experii cu care am
vorbit.
(journalism.co.uk)

66

Dan Petty

editor social media la publicaia Ceea ce nseamn c avei ntr-un fel

The Denver Post

acel punct central de oameni care

comunic i schimb informaii, nu
numai

pe

social

media,

dar,

de

asemenea, evident, vorbesc unul cu

altul, a spus el. Nu pot sublinia
indeajuns

cat

de

important

este

proximitatea ntr-o situaie de criz ca

asta.
Alexander Ross

Partener Wiggin (firm care se Este ncurajator s vezi c un procent

ocup de studii de pia)

relativ semnificativ de oameni ar fi

dispui s plteasc pentru coninutul
lor online preferat. Cu toate acestea,
cu un numr tot mai mare de servicii
care ofer coninut online, este puin
probabil ca coninut gratuit va fi
nlocuit cel pltit, n viitorul apropiat.

Organizaie media
The Guardian

Ei au dat de fapt cheile de la site-ul Guardian

Exista un fel de antipatie fa de mass -media n rndul unor oameni
care doresc mai mult profunzime i nu le place felul n care jurnalitii
trebuie s fac lucrurile la un nivel pe care multime de oameni l va
nelege. (editor de tiri de mediu i tiin la Guardian, James
Randerson)
Deci, atunci cnd vom acoperi un mare eveniment de mediu, n mod
normal prin canalele jurnalistice normale," a continuat Randerson,
acetia l-ar putea crete i completa cu informaii, opinii, comentarii,
analize pe marginea subiectului.
67

(journalism.co.uk)
# guardiancoffee este un exemplu fantastic despre modul n care
jurnalismul este deschis mai aproape de

via, p rin adoptarea

tehnologiei de vrf n raportarea de fapt a poziiei actuale a tehnologiei:

conducnd dezbateri n timp real i avnd un angajament n cadrul
comunitii de creaie tehnologic . (purtator de cuvnt pentru The
Guardian) (Articol Press Gazette)
Acest lucru poate fi o mic schimbare a URL-ul, dar ea marcheaz un
pas mare pentru The Guardian i reflect evoluia noastr de la un ziar
de imprimare naional respectat publicat numai n Marea Britanie ajungnd la sute de mii de oameni o dat pe zi - la un lider global de
tiri i de brand mass-media, cu birouri n ntreaga lume, i un public
tot mai mare la nivel mondial prin accesarea jurnalismului The
Guardian n fiecare minut din fiecare zi. (Press Gazette)
The Guardian i Cardiff au intenionat iniial s lanseze un master n
Jurnalism Digital n acest an, cu toate acestea, aa cum am lucrat
asupra propunerii unui curs foarte inovator ne-am dat seama c era mai
bine s se amne pentru un an, mai degrab dect s compromitem
planul de a ntlni acest termen.
(Richard Sambrook, profesor i director al colii de jurnalism Cardiff,
Press Gazette)
GuardianWitness va consolida n continuare recunoaterea noastr ca
jurnalismul este acum o conversaie cu dou sensuri i se va deschide
site-ul nostru aa cum nu s-a mai ntmplat.
Nu numai c va face acest lucru mai uor pentru implicarea cititorilor
notri n jurnalismul nostru i formeaz comunitile locale i globale
de interes comun, acesta va oferi, de asemenea, jurnalitii notri, un
nou instrument fantastic, oferindu-le perspective i puncte de vedere la
care poate nu au nc acces.( editor de social i comuniti Guardian,
Joanna Geary)
The

European Proiectele, selectate din peste 500 de aplicatii includ o aplicaie

Journalism Centre

interactiv care urmeaz s fie publicat de Der Spiegel despre viata de

68

zi cu zi a refugiailor somalezi; o investigatie multimedia interactiva

pentru a arta harta fluxului de numerar european din i nspre Keny a
pentru ziarul spaniol El Mundo; o serie de rapoarte multimedia despre
"reducerea decalajului digital" n India, Uruguay i Egipt pentru ABCul spaniol i ediia italian a The Post Internazionale; i un proiect o
multi-organizaional -pentru a crea vizualizri grafice interactive ale
problemelor de dezvoltare din ntreaga lume.
Prevalena de date sau proiecte multimedia bazate au fost
ncurajatoare, a declarat Wilfried Rtten, director al Centrului
European de Jurnalism. Toate proiectele vor fi afiate online pentru a
le face mai durabile i accesibile, cu mass-media tradiionale, care
acioneaz ca o" back -up canal "pentru site-ul web.
Rttens a fost, de asemenea, interesat de similitudinea de abordri la
nivel tehnologic, deoarece au aratat un calibru similar al inovaiei
digitale ntre ntreprinderi jurnalistice europene.
(journalism.co.uk)
DMG Online (Mail Compania nva 50 miliare de lucruri despre 43 de milioane de
Online,
Mail, Metro)

Daily oameni pe o perioad de 10 zile.

Modelul de acces gratuit i-a condus la noi clieni, att n Marea
Britanie i la nivel global.
Am nvat s mbrim internetul pentru ceea ce este, nu ceea ce
ne-am dori s fie (Kevin Beatty, DMG Media)
Audiena uria" este "piatra de temelie a reelei noastre proprii de
vnzri n care vom urmri date comportamentale de 52 de milioane de
browsere unice( Kevin Beatty)
S nelegi consumatorii la acest nivel de date este critic pentru
viitorul nostru. Putem s folosim aceast unitate de comportamente
pentru a cauta i a aduce soluii inovatoare de marketing pentru agenii
notri de publicitate. (Kevin Beatty)
(journalism.co.uk)

69

De exemplu, Twitter este o form important de surs de material

primar pentru noi i cei de pe Mail Online care ncearc s fac povesti
de pe Twitter n aproximativ trei minute. Deci, oportunitatea de tiri
devine mult mai important i jurnalitii trebuie s nvee o mulime de
abiliti diferite. ( Press Gazette)
Ziarul a blocat campania porno on-line" dup ce premierul David
Cameron a declarat c n propunerile filtrele de web va fi implicit pe
pentru casele cu copii, care prinii vor trebui s aleag pentru a fi
ridicat.
Scriind pentru Mail, Cameron a spus: Pentru mine, faptul c att de
muli copii au vizitat cele mai ntunecate coluri ale internetului nu este
doar o chestiune de ngrijorare - ea este absolut ngrozitoare. (Press
Gazette)
Vedem c exist o oportunitate la nivel mondial i am vrea s creasc
n continuare. Ne-ar dori n mod ideal, s dubleze mrimea noastr, i
s ncerce s concureze cu like-urile de la Yahoo News pe un spaiu
global. (Lord Rothermere)
Rusia Today

Sarcina noastra principala, sau orice sarcin pentru orice mass-media

internaional, este de a prinde abonatul YouTube i de a -l face s se
uite la fiecare video pe care le ncrcam. (director pentru proiectele
online, Kirill Karnovich)
Noi chiar ncercam s-i facem pe oameni s urmeze RT peste tot
online. (Kirill Karnovich)
Deci, asta e ceea ce este Youtube. Este vorba de videoclipuri,
vizionare de videoclipuri, dar, de asemenea, de discutarea lor. Noi
ncercm s iniiem o dezbatere i un raport privind problemele care
conteaz cu adevrat pentru publicul nostru. (Kirill Karnovich)
(journalism.co.uk)

The
Press

Associated The Associated Press i Google ofer drept grant 20 000 $ pentru
programele de finanare prin burs care sprijin inovaia jurnalismului
i a tehnologiei.
"Susinerea inovrii la intersecia dintre jurnalism i tehnologie este
70

crucial pentru viitorul de tiri." (Sue Cross, vicepresedinte AP pentru

America)
Richard Gingras, director de tiri i produse social la Google: " Este
un nou mod de gndire bogat i aceste noi eforturi de la aceti
cercettori care vor asigura viitorul jurnalismului care poate i va fi
mai bun dect trecutul su. (journalism.co.uk)
El Pais (Spania)

Tehnologia a fost un factor cheie, a spus Moreno, explicnd c

bieii tech stau n mijlocul redaciei . Acest lucru s-a dovedit extrem
de benefic, atunci cnd priza de tiri a primit documentele Wikileaks i
tehnologii au fost capabili s construiasc o baz de date n doar trei
zile. (Javier Moreno, editor)
Pstreaz-i valorile, schimb orice altceva. (Javier Moreno, editor)
(journalism.co.uk)

US

publisher Ne-am mutat de la a fi o companie de publicare la a fi un centru de

Gannett

putere multimedia (Robert Dickey, preedinte al diviziei de publicare

(Newsquest)

comunitar US)
Jurnalismul local este oferta noastr cel mai important", a spus
Dickey. "Scopul nostru n privina mediului digital este de a oferi acces
la acest lucru.
Digital, pur i simplu,

ne ofer mai multe moduri de a conecta

oamenii.
Un lucru nu s-a schimbat n 106 ani: toate tirile este locale.
(journalism.co.uk)
Newspaper

n cazul n care bloggeri ar ncepe s tipreasc i s distribuie blog -

Society

urile lor, ei ar nceta s mai fie exclui din acest sistem i s f ie expui
la sanciunile financiare grele. (journalism.co.uk)

NESTA

ncurajarea de dispozitive conectate, cum ar fi tableta si smartphoneurile au condus la utilizarea sporit a mass-media hiperlocal
(journalism.co.uk)

The Scotsman

Cred c aceasta este o inovaie interesant pentru The Scotsman, care

va deschide noi canale de informare i de dezbatere n ntreaga Scoia
i dincolo, subliniind munca i problemele cu care se lupt n prezent
71

pentru a se face auzit. Apelez la dumneavoastr s v implicai i s o

sprijinii.

(reprezentani

unui

ziar

regional

din

Scoia)

(journalism.co.uk)
Trinity Mirror

Neil Benson, editorial director regionals,: Rspundem la provocrile

cu care se confrunt industria prin redefinirea fundamental a abordrii
noastre la crearea de coninut i unitatea de date este cea mai recent
pies din puzzle; Jurnalism de date a fost un domeniu de o
importan tot mai mare pentru noi, n ultimii doi ani, iar noua unitate
ne va permite s progreseze mult mai rapid, n toate redaciile noastre.
Avem nevoie s abordm aceste date, s identificm care dintre
acestea sunt de interes pentru cititorii notri i apoi s le transformm
n coninut captivant, care ofer context persoanelor, precum i
capacitatea de a cuta date pentru informaiile care vor prezenta interes
pentru ei. ( David Higgerson, director de publicare digital pentru
platformele digitale regionale ale Trinity Mirror)

Sunday Mirror

Ziarul a spus c i aeapt cititorii s trimit comentarii sau sugerri

de idei sau poveti ctre Prescott prin email sau twitter la
@johnprescott.
Acesta dorete s comunice cu cititorii prin e -mail sau twitter (n 2012
acesta a fost numit Tweeter-ul Politic al anului, avnd peste 165000 de
adepi)
Abordarea digital a publicului, venit din partea unui politician
transformat n jurnalist este o noutate pentru presa contemporan.
(Press Gazette)

The Sun

n termeni generali, ceea ce cutm ntr-un candidat sunt: saci de

entuziasm i dorina de a nva, o nelegere solid a afacerilor curente
pe tiri, politic, showbiz, TV i sport, capacitatea de a scrie corect i
cu fler, o cunoaterea a istoriei The sun, celebre cupe i campanii, o
bun cunoatere a mass-media sociale, capacitatea de a prezenta n faa
unui grup i de a lucra ca parte a unei echipe, profesionalism, i bunul
sim (Press Gazette)

72

People

n prezent, The people este tcut ase zile pe sptmn, n timp ce

Mirror si alte mrci sunt susinute de un ziar zilnic. Una din strategii
este de a aduce brandul la viata digital n fiecare zi a sptmnii. A nu
avea un produs de zi cu zi imprimat nseamn a avea o libertate de a
face lucruri interesante cu produsul digital pe tot parcursul sptmnii
i apoi a construi pn la un crescendo de la week-end." (Press
Gazette)

Daily Mirror

Dezvoltarea on-line va fi condus de la Dublin de James McNamara,

care va raporta redactorului-ef, Ioan Kierans.
Kierans a spus: Irishmirror.ie i lansarea de e-ediie irlandez sunt
oferte noi si interesante pe piaa irlandez care au fost in dezvoltare
pentru mai multe luni. Irish Mirror.ie reunete caracteristici
tehnologice avansate si premiate la nivel local i naional rezultnd n
tiri vibrante dinamice i portal de divertisment.
Site-ul este departe i dincolo de cele mai avansat tehnologic dintre
concurenii notri n Republica Irlanda i ne va permite s fie n primul
rnd cu tiri de ultim or. Suntem foarte increzatori ca va
deveni site-ul web de zi cu zi de tipul mergi la pentru utilizatorii
de web din Irlanda, i dincolo.

73

Concluzii

Studiul de caz confirm ipoteza noastra referitoare la tranziia de la media clasice la

cele digitale. Astfel

1. Daca jurnalitii fac parte dintr- un ecosistem digital care include media
clasice, platformele de socializare, blogurile, etc., politicienii neag
valoare global a internetului cu argumente opuse (vezi David Cameron,
prim

ministru

conservator,

care

sustine

filtrarea

coninuturilor

pornografice si expunerea copiilor)

2. Pentru jurnaliti, comentatori, profesori, viitorul este digital
3. Exista ns diferene intre cei care s-au plasat cu totul n digital iar alii
care susin cele doua regimuri online i offline ca o garanie a meninerii
conexiunilor dintre expunerea digital si societatea real
4. Se confirm prin larga palet de opinii nregistrate faptul c mass media actual
reprezint un nod de trecere ntre ceea ce a fost i ceea ce va fi jurnalismul in viitor.
Media tradiional este considerat ca fiind suprascris de reelele de socializare. Este
din ce n ce mai evident c social media a reuit s surclaseze mass-media tradiional.
Trebuie s ne adaptm din mers. Jurnalismul reprezint, n momentul de fa, o
comunicare cu dou sensuri. Relaia tot mai direct dintre jurnaliti i public, dar i
cea ntre organizaii i jurnaliti devine important n mediul online.
5. Trecerea la digital ofer capacitatea de dezvoltare a unui numr imens de publicaii i
canale de tiri. Noile tehnologii conduc de fapt dezbaterea n timp real i implic
angajamentul comunitii de creaie tehnologic. Nu mai avem dezbateri n direct la
televizor, ci avem dezbateri n miezul internetului, pe blogurile care transmit n direct
cele mai noi informaii i opinii. Jurnalitii ajung la puncte de vedere i persp ective la
care n trecut nu puteau ajunge att de uor.
3. Mobilitatea oferit de cele mai noi apariii tehno-comunicaionale ofer o oportunitate
unic pentru redacii . Hardware-ul care ne duce n viitor, n momentul de fa, este
tableta. ns aa cum acum civa ani nu ne ateptam la boom-ul digital, nu tim ce ne
ateapt n acest Internet mictor. Oportunitatea de tiri disponibil la un nivel
74

imens n mediul digital, foreaz jurnalitii s nvee folosirea tehnologiilor

comunicaionale, a aplicaiilor, a noilor instrumente, dar i a noilor atribuii din fia
postului.
6. n ecosistemul jurnalistic, colaborrile devin mai strnse ca oricnd. mprtirea
unui Internet comun, accentueaz faptul c jurnalitii nu se mai pot izola n redacii i
este primordial ca acetia s devin colaboratori cu orice organizaie capabil s ofere
surse. Odat cu vnzrile tot mai mari de smartphone-uri i tablete, cititorii devin parte
a actorilor procesului de editare. Oricine ajunge s aib capacitatea de a fi jurnalist.
Printr-un Internet din ce n ce mai deschis, publicul poate s ajung el nsui formator
de opinie. Aceasta este o autentic strategie instituional de adaptare la schimbare.
Accentul nu mai cade pe teren ca resurs a cunoaterii jurnalistice ci pe comunicare de
creaie tehnologic i pe dezbaterea digital.
7. Instruirea pentru jurnalism devine tot mai serioas. Colaborrile dintre
organizaiile media i universiti de prestigiu ne ofer o dovad c jurnalismul
trece ntr-o economie a cunoaterii. Proiectele de jurnalism, aplicaiile i
instrumentele pe care le dezvolt tinerii sunt tot mai inovatoare i conduc spre ideea c
jurnalitii sunt sau sunt pe cale s devin lucrtori ai cunoaterii. Viitorul tirilor st n
susinerea inovaiei. Instruirea jurnalitilor n domeniul tehnologiei va fi necesar
pentru jurnalismul de date i nu numai.
8. Toi cei care doresc s fie jurnaliti trebuie s aib un blog. Bloggerii prind tot mai
mult teren n online, iar acest teren este oferit chiar de jurnaliti. Grania tot mai
fin dintre blogging i jurnalism pstreaz totui anumite restricii cu privire la
folosirea unui alt suport editorial dect cel printat. Locul bloggerilor este i trebuie
s fie n online. Lsnd bloggeri liberi n interiorul site-ului web al unei organizaii de
tiri internaionale poate prea riscant,dar Randerson a trecut prin mai mult de 800 de
cereri, mpreun cu editorul de environmentguardian.co.uk, Adam Vaughan, n scopul
de a gsi cei mai buni scriitori pentru locul de munc. Cu toate acestea, trebuie s
folosim blogul ca pe un mijloc de a obine nu doar audien ci i comprehensiune:
mereu am pstra aducerea lor napoi la gndire despre modul n care publicul va folosi
blog-ul lor i ceea ce vor dori s obin de la el. .
9. Accesarea n fiecare minut din fiecare zi a platformele de tiri este o revoluie n
jurnalism. mprtirea unui volum imens de informaii prin globalizare i digitizare
ne ajut s contientizm c lumea va fi din ce n ce mai documentat, iar societatea de
75

cunoatere va avea nevoie de lucrtori ai cunoaterii capabili s realizeze un jurnalism

de date la nivelul cerut de social. Capacitatea de stocare imens a Internetul aduce un
context propice dezvoltrii cercetrii, care este din ce n ce mai uor de analizat, dar nu
devine mai facil n coninut. Noul tip de furnizare a informaiei, pentru folosirea
eficient a timpului, este prin plasarea de linkuri. Chiar i aa, n toat aglomeraia
global, tirile continu s fie la un anumit nivel, locale.
10. Stabilirea politici editoriale n contextul digitizrii ne ajut s ne formm o opinie i
o direcie. Redaciile trebuie s stabileasc dac prin intermediu l platformei web
infinite devin furnizorii unui coninut mult mai amplu sau dac inta principal este
publicul, la care putem ajunge doar printr-un click distan. Valorile numerice enorme
ale web-ului dar i ale publicului devin target -ul publicaiilor. Nenumratele poveti
ateapt, n online, momentul n care vor fi descoperite i mprtite lumii ntregi.
11. Oamenii triesc tot mai mult n online. Publicul se hrnete tot mai mult cu social
media. Aa cum istoria jurnalismului a artat c jurnalitii au migrat de la un suport la
altul, n momentul de fa jurnalitii i -au stabilit teritoriul n online. Datele
comportamentale ale fiecarui vizitator unic sunt urmrite de redacii. Jurnalistul devin
un psiholog atent la alegerile sociale ale publicului, l urmrete, i afl obiceiurile i
ncearc s se adapteze la ele. Cu toate c exist statistici care ne arat c tot mai muli
oameni sunt dispui s plteasc pentru coninutul online, oferta editorial digital
gratuit ne ndeamn s considerm c n viitor online-ul va rmne, n parte gratis.
Trebuie s avem n vedere c trim ntr-o sat global, c informaia nu mai rmne la
nivel local ci ajunge pretutindeni. Apare sentimentul de deja-vu, care se accentueaz
cu fiecare nou postare aprut n online. Imensitatea internetului determin crearea de
filtre web la care acced organizaiile media interesate s pstreze limitele. Acest lucru
se ntmpl de exemplu n cadrul blocrii campaniilor porno online.
12. Reeaua social este noul curierat al jurnalistului . Acesta i poate culege
informaiile din social media. Dar cu toate astea nu trebuie s uite c o tire de l uat n
seam este una n care sursele sunt ncruciate i nu se limiteaz doar la postrile de pe
wall-ul unui utilizator de Facebook sau cuvintele numerotate ale unui mesaj pe
Twitter. Totodat, aceast distribuire a reelelor sociale determin goana dup like-uri,
dup tot mai muli abonai.

76

13. Chiar dac toate aceste schimbri ne confirm c jurnalismul devine din ce n ce mai
digital, nu trebuie s uitm c pentru a avea o prezen online, ai nevoie de o
prezen offline.

Bibliografie
1. BERGER, Peter L., Thomas Luckmann, (2008) Construirea social a realitii, Editura
Art, Bucureti,
2. BECIU, Camelia, (2011), Sociologia comunicrii i a spaiului public: concepte, teme,
analize, Polirom, Iai, 239 -243
3. BOURDIEU, Pierre (2007), Despre televiziune urmat de Dominaia jurnalismului.
Traducere din limba francez i prezentare de Bogdan Ghiu, Ed. Art, Bucureti
4. BIGNELL, Jonathan, ORLEBAR, Jeremy, (2009), Manual practic de televiziune,Ed.
Polirom, Iai, 15 36
5. DRUCKER, F., Peter, (1969) The Age of Discontinuity Guidelines to Our Changing
Society, Transaction Publishing, Reprint Edition June 1992 (New York, Ed. Harper
and Row), New Brunswick (U.S.A) i London (U.K.), Google Academic
(http://books.google.ro/books?id=1Zp7_rJ1vcMC&pg=PR3&hl=ro&source=gbs_sele
cted_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false)
6. DUTTA, Avijit, (2012) Digital Communication and Knowledge Society, BVICAMs
International Journal of Information Technology (BIJIT), Bharati Vidyapeeths
Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi, Vol. 4 No. 2, 23
28
7. FAYARD, Pierre(2007), Trezirea samuraiului. Cultur i strategie japonez n
societatea cunoaterii, Polirom, Iai, Traducere de Dana Zmosteanu
8. FELT, Ulrike, WYNNE, Brian, (2007) Taking European Knowledge Society
Seriously, Report of the Expert Group on Science and Governance to the Science,
Economy and Society Directorate, Directorate- General for Research, European
Commission, , Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities
77

9. FLONTA, Mircea, (2008)Cognitio O introducere critic n problema cunoaterii,

Ediia a doua, revzut i adugit, Editura All, Bucureti,
10. FLICHY, Patrice, (1999)O istorie a comunicrii moderne. Spaiu public i via
privat, Ed. Polirom, Iai
11. FOUCAULT, Michel, (2008) Cuvintele i lucrurile, RAO International,trad.: Bogdan
Ghiu i Mircea Vasilescu, 433-441, 461-467
12. GIDDENS, Anthony, (2000) Sociologie, Editura ALL, cap. 11
13. GRUESKIN, Bill, SEAVE, Ava, GRAVES, Lucas, (2011)The Story So Far, What We
Know About the Business of Digital Journalism, Columbia Journalism School, Tow
Center for Digital Journalism, cap. 1
14. LANE, E. Robert, (1966) The Decline of Politics and Ideology in a Knowledgeable
Society Association, American Sociological Review, Vol. 31, No.5, Ed. American
Socilogical, Oct., pp. 649-662, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2091856
15. MARINESCU, Valentina (2009), Cercetarea n comunicare. Metode i tehnici,
Bucureti, 1-111
16. MUNTEANU, Ana Maria, Curs - Comunicare i Dezvoltare Global, An Ii- FjscUniversitatea Bucureti
17. NAUGHTON, John, (2000), A Brief History of the Future: Origins of the Internet, Ed.
Pheonix, London (http://www.amazon.co.uk/Brief-History-Future-OriginsInternet/dp/075381093X)

18. Niedermayer, Hans Peter (2003)Jurnalistul: profesie sau vocaie. In: Ruxandra
Cesereanu (coord.). Curente i tendine n jurnalismul contemporan. Cluj: Limes,
9-14
19. PETRE, Raluca, (2011) Transformarea cmpului produciei media romneti.
Utilitatea conceptului de lohn cultural n Ana Maria Munteanu, Raluca Petre, Flux,
pia cultural i efecte ale convergenei spectaculare ctre o ecologie a mediatizrii,
Bucureti, Editura Universitar
20. Schndelbach,Herbert (2007) Introducere n teoria cunoaterii, Editura Paralela 45,
Piteti
21. STEHR, Nico, (1994) Knowledge Societies, Sage Publications Ltd, London, U.K.,
Google Academic
(http://books.google.ro/books?id=8lny1VUy2AkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ro&sourc
e=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false)
78

22. SWIDLER, Ann, ARDITI, Jorge, (1994)Department of Sociology, University of

California, Berkeley, California, Annual Reviews Inc., p. 305-306
23. Towards Knowledge Societies (2005) United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization, Unesco Publishing, Paris, France,
24. Understanding knowledge societies In twenty questions and answers with the Index
of Knowledge societies, (2005) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division
for Public Administration and Development Management, United Nations Publication,
New York,
25. VASAS, Ferenc, ULMANU Alexandru-Brdu (1997) Reporterul i rolul su n
procesul jurnalistic n Mihai Coman, Manual de Jurnalism- Tehnici Fundamentale de
redactare, Polirom, Iai

Sitografie

http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/
http://www.journalism.co.uk/

http://annenberg.usc.edu/Faculty/Communication%20and%20Journalism/~/media/78.ashx
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0245:FIN:RO:HTML
http://www.economist.com/node/770819
http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Interviuri/5642/Peter-Drucker-Eu-nu-cred-in-lideri.html

79

Anexe

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 7.06.2013
w.journali
sm.co.uk/
news/why
-theguardianhas-givenbloggersthe-keysto-itswebsite/s2
/a553196/

Autor

Titlu

Alastair
Reid

De ce The
Guardian a
dat
bloggerilor
cheile de la
website
(Why the
Guardian
has 'given
bloggers
the keys' to
its website)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

The Guardian a anunat o nou

reea de bloggeri pentru seciunea
de mediu. Dup modelul blogului
de tiin, zece scriitori din ntreaga
lume pot s abordeze orice subiect
legat de domeniul mediului.
n urma celor 800 de cereri au fost
alei 10 din cei mai buni scriitori.
Reeaua de bloggeri include experi
care pot oferi cunotine de
specialitate n domenii specifice.

Randerson a inut s sublinieze, totui, c acest lucru nu a fost

un substitut pentru jurnaliti de "a face investigaii, a copia i a
edita, ci mai degrab ofer o voce diferit i un alt nivel de
detaliu, care pot fi mai atractive pentru unii cititori.
Dar ceea ce este c ne d o ans real de a extinde i
aprofunda acoperirea noastr. Este vorba de a alege oameni
care sunt de bun calitate i care au c eva cu adevrat unic de
oferit.
Exista un fel de antipatie fa de mass -media n rndul unor
oameni care doresc mai mult profunzime i nu le place felul
n care jurnalitii trebuie s fac lucrurile la un nivel pe care
multime de oameni l vor nelege.
Deci, atunci cnd vom acoperi un mare eveniment de mediu,
n mod normal prin canalele jurnalistice normale, a continuat
Randerson, acetia l -ar putea crete i completa cu informaii,
opinii, comentarii, analize pe marginea subiectului.

80

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 05.06.2013
w.journali
sm.co.uk/
news/inno
vation-indevelopm
entreportinggrantwinnersannounce
d/s2/a553
177/

Autor

Titlu

Alastair
Reid

EJC
numete
ctigtorii
granturilor
pentru
raporturile
de
dezvoltare
inovativ
(EJC
names
winners of
grant for
innovative
developme
nt reports)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Centrul European de Jurnalism a

anunat ctigtorii programului de
granturi Inovaie in Raportarea
Dezvoltrii. Cele aisprezece
proiecte vor primi granturi de peste
300 000 din partea fundaiei
Gates
Termenul limit pentru urmtoarea
rund de granturi este de 2
septembrie 2013 i Rttens a
declarat ca programul ar reduce
"pragul" pentru aplicaii pentru a
facilita i mai mult procesul .

Proiectele au fost eligibile dac au avut un public int ntr -una

sau mai multe ri cu cea mai mare asisten pentru dezvoltare
(Frana, Germania, Italia, Olanda, Norvegia, Spania, Suedia,
Marea Britanie).
Proiectele, selectate din peste 500 de aplicatii, includ o
aplicaie interactiv care urmeaz s fie publicat de Der
Spiegel despre viata de zi cu zi a refugiailor somalezi, o
investigatie multimedia interactiv pentru a arta harta fluxului
de numerar european din i nspre Kenya pentru ziarul spaniol
El Mundo, o serie de rapoarte multimedia despre "reducerea
decalajului digital" n India, Uruguay i Egipt pentru ABC-ul
spaniol i ediia italian a publicaiei The Post Internazionale,
i un proiect multi-organizaional pe ntru a crea "vizualizri
grafice interactive" ale problemelor de dezvoltare din ntreaga
lume.

81

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 5.06.2013
w.journali
sm.co.uk/
news/editors13do-whatyou-dobest-andlink-tothe-rest/s2/a5531
73/

Autor

Titlu

Sarah
Marshall

Faci ceea
ce faci cel
mai bine i
leag-l de
restul
(#editors13
: 'Do what
you do best
and link to
the rest')

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Jeff Jarvis ofer ipotezele unei

industrii dificile n care este
nevoie s ne adaptm.

Prin linkuri mai degrab dect prin scriere, jurnalele de tiri

pot fi mai eficiente i se poate trece la ceea ce este cel mai
bun.
O mulime de juctori sunt acum parte din ecosistemul
nostru, cu bloggeri i alte persoane i companii care opereaz
n spaiul on-line.
Noi nu mai putem fi izolai , a declarat Jarvis, sugernd c
jurnalele de stiri devin colaboratoare: cu alte organizaii de
tiri, cu cititorii, i chiar cu guverne dac acestea sunt n
msur s ofere surse.
"Noi nu mai sunt paznici de informaii, vom aduga valoare", a
spus Jarvis.

82

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 5.06.2013
w.journali
sm.co.uk/
news/how
newsroom
s-manageugc-inbreakingnewssituations/
s2/a55318
5/

Autor

Titlu

Alastair
Reid

How
newsrooms
manage
UGC (User
Generated
Content) in
breaking
news
situations

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Camerele de buzunar i social

media care au dus la generarea de
coninut a u deveni accesorii
permanente de tiri de ultim or,
dar cum pot jurnaliti s gseasc
semnalul n zgomot?

Un exemplu bun ar fi alegerile din SUA", a declarat el pentru

Journalism.co.uk, "n cazul n care o mulime de interesante
materiale din campanie electoral au fost capturate dup ce
camerele de reea s-au oprit.
Print, digital, social sunt elementele care conduc ctre o
acoperire de succes.
Aceast combinaie de comunicare i versatilitatea creeaz o
redacie agil, reactiv, care poate rspunde rapid la orice
situaie i poate gestiona un aflux generator de coninut, de
ndat ce este necesar.
n cadrul redaciei 90% din jurnaliti folosesc Twitter-ul.
Social media are rol de aprovizionare cu informaii obinnd un
strat mai mare de nelegere.
Va fi ntotdeauna nevoie de reporteri instruii i jurnaliti
pentru a verifica rapoarte n desfaurare si pentru a analiza
semnificaia lor n urm. Dar, cu v nzri globale de
smartphone-uri care se apropie de un miliard, publicul larg
joac un rol tot mai mare n aceast conversaie.
Cred c vom tri ntr-o lume din ce n ce documentat iar
provocarea este cum putem ine pasul cu acest flux de
documente", a spus Goldberg. "n caz contrar, am putea fi
condui la tot felul de concluzii false, pentru c vom vedea
doar o parte."
Ceea ce nseamn c avei ntr-un fel acel punct central de
oameni care comunic i schimb informaii, nu numai pe
social media, dar, de asemenea, evident, vorbesc unul cu altul,
a spus el. Nu pot sublinia ndeajuns ct de important este
proximitatea ntr-o situaie de criz ca asta.

83

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 5.06.2013
w.journali
sm.co.uk/
news/wnc13mailonlinepublisherreaches36-of-ukpopulation
-everyweek/s2/a
553171/

Autor

Titlu

Sarah
Marshall

Publicaiile
Mail
Online
ajung n
fiecare
sptmn
la 36% din
populaia
Marii
Britanii
(Mail
Online
publisher
reaches
36% of UK
population
every
week)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

DMG Media (Mail Online, Daily Mail,

Metro) ajunge n fiecare sptmn la
36 la sut din populaia Regatului Unit.
Mail Online a avut n luna aprilie 119
milioane de cititori la nivel global din
care 42 din Marea Britanie i 900000
de cititori care utilizeaz iPhone i
500000 care utilizeaz aplicaia
Android.

Compania nva 50 miliare de lucruri despre 43 de

milioane de oameni pe o perioad de 10 zile.
Am nvat s mbrim internetul pentru ceea ce este,
nu ceea ce ne-am dori s fie Kevin Beatty, DMG Media
S nelegi consumatorii la acest nivel de date este critic
pentru viitorul nostru. Putem s folosim aceast unitate de
comportamente pentru a cauta i a aduce soluii
inovatoare de marketing pentru agenii notri de
publicitate. (Kevin Beatty)

84

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 4.06.2013
w.journali
sm.co.uk/
news/how
-russiatodayreachedonebillionviews-onyoutube/s
2/a553152
/
6

Autor

Titlu

Rachel
McAthy

Cum
Rusia
Today
ajunge la
un miliard
de
vizualizr
i pe
youtube
How
Russia
Today
reached
one
billion
views on
YouTube

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Rusia Today a devenit n aceast sptmn

primul canal de tiri care a ajuns la un
miliard de vizualizri pe platforma
Youtube.
Acesta are o medie de 800 000 de
vizualizri pe youtube.

Pentru redaciile productoare de film, avnd o prezen

puternic pe YouTube este, de obicei, o parte cheie a
strategiei. Dar cum v mutai de la uploadarea
videoclipului de pe platform la a construi o comunitate
implicat n jurul ei?
Utilizarea videoclipurilor bazate pe calitate (cu o
campanie publicitar atent) i uploadarea lor pe
platformele web (unde publicul este numeros) pentru a
genera discuii, oferind o combinaie de stiluri este
secretul unui astfel de record.
Deci, asta e ceea ce este Youtube. Este vorba de
videoclipuri, vizionare de videoclipuri, dar, de
asemenea, de discutarea lor. Noi ncercm s iniiem o
dezbatere i un raport privind problemele care conteaz
cu adevrat pentru publicul nostru.

85

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 4.06.2013
w.journali
sm.co.uk/
news/apgooglescholarsin-digitaljournalism
announce
d/s2/a553
154/

Autor

Titlu

Alastair
Reid

Burse The
Associated
Press
Google
anunate n
jurnalismul
digital (APGoogle
scholars in
digital
journalism
announced)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Programele de finanare prin burs

sprijin inovaia jurnalismului i a
tehnologiei. The Associated Press i
Google ofer drept grant 20 000 $
Aceast burs a fost lansat de anul
trecut n scopul upgradrii
jurnalismului actual.

Ctiva din bursieri pentru AP-Google Journalism and

Technology (Adam Allevato, Lindsey Cook, Nonny de la
Pena, Tyler Fisher, Nilkanth Patel, Erik Reyna) dezvolt
aplicaii i site -uri web pentru facilitarea jurnalismului. Ei
au, de asemenea, scopul de a promova diversitatea
geografic, de gen i etnic.

86

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 4.06.2013
w.journali
sm.co.uk/
news/editors13eightrevenuegenerating
-ideas-fornewsoutlets/s2/
a553148/

Autor

Titlu

Sarah
Marshall

Opt idei
generatoare
de venituri
pentru
canalele de
tiri
(#editors13:
Eight
revenuegenerating
ideas for
news outlets)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Editorul publicaiei Wired, David Rowan

a prezentat n cadrul World Editors
Forum, n Bangkok, idei pentru generarea
de venituri. Publicitatea sczut determin
un brain storming al jurnalitilor din
domeniu pentru a gsi noi fonduri.

Comerul, evenimentele, consultana, finanare

comunitar, ageniile de creaie, croazierele i
inovai a sunt cteva din ideile pentru generarea de
venituri.
Sfatul su este s gndim global, s gndim totul ca
pe o pornire, s ne ateptm la ntreruperi,s folosim
mulimea i s ne asumam riscuri.

87

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 4.06.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
ws/editors1
3-whyel-paisinvestin
g-at-atime-ofcrisis/s2/a553
149/

Autor

Titlu

Sarah
Marshall

De ce El Pais
investete pe timp
de criz
(#editors13: Why
El Pais is investing
at a time of crisis)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

n ciuda crizelor financiare

din Spania, cotidianul El Pais
investete ntr -o nou
platform web.

Avnd deviza independenei i a aprrii democraiei,

momentul crizei l ajut s devin ziarul de cel mai vndut
din Spania.Pstreaz valorile, schimb orice altceva
(Javier Moreno)
Bieii tech stau n mijlocul redaciei

88

10

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 3.06.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
ws/editors1
3-13datajournalis
mprojectsbig-andsmall/s2
/a55313
4/

Autor

Titlu

Sarah
Marshall

13 proiecte
inspiraionale
pentru jurnalismul
de date (#editors13:
13 inspirational
data journalism
projects)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

n cadrul unui workshop al

World Editor's Forum, Justin
Arenstein a subliniat o serie
de proiecte de jurnalism
tematic dezvoltate n lume.

Exemple de data jurnalism: Washington Post Top Secret

America, Washington Post - Sperana de via sntoas,
Guardian - drepturile gay din SUA interactiv, Bloomberg
miliardarii Bloomberg, Veja.com scandalul din metrou.

89

11

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 3.06.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
ws/editors1
3-why2012wastransfor
mational
-forgannett/
s2/a553
132/

Autor

Titlu

Sarah
Marshall

De ce a
fost2012
transforma
ional
pentru
Gannett
(#editors13
: Why 2012
was
'transformat
ional' for
Gannett)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Editorul The US: "Ne-am mutat

de la a fi o companie de publicare
la un centru de putere
multimedia"

Compania are 5.000 de jurnaliti i transformarea digital a

fost construit pe legturile locale. Jurnalismul local este
oferta noastr cea mai important
Digitalul pur i simplu ne ofer mai mul te moduri de a
conecta oamenii.
Un lucru nu s-a schimbat n 106 ani: toate tirile sunt locale.

90

12

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 3.06.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
ws/editors1
3-eighttrendseverynewsroo
mshouldbeawareof/s2/a5
53130/

Autor

Titlu

Sarah
Marshall

Opt
tendine de
care
redaciile ar
trebui s
in cont
(#editors13
: Eight
trends
newsrooms
should be
aware of)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

n cadrul conferinei WAN-IFRA

din Bangkok, Justin Arenstein ofer
o serie de idei pentru canalele de
tiri.

Cele patru aplicaii ale erei contextuale: Twist, Highlight, My

Recommended Radio, Hunch.
Printre ideile aprute n cadrul conferinei, observm c:
publicul este n cutarea de semnal n zgomot, verificarea este
important n evoluia peisajului de tiri,
Datele deschise i jurnalismul de date, co-crearea, reutilizarea
i replicare, transformarea tirilor narative n date structurate,
securitate i criptare personal sunt elemente demne de luat n
considerare n cadrul noului jurnalism.
Deoarece oamenii lectureaz att de mult coninut, oamenii
sunt consumatori pentru puin timp.

91

13

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 31.05.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
ws/africaat5
0-howtechnolo
gy-ischangin
gjournalis
m-inkenya/s2
/a55312
1/

Autor

Titlu

Alastair
Reid

Cum
schimb
tehnologia
jurnalismul
n Kenya
(#AfricaAt
50: How
technology
is changing
journalism
in Kenya)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Schimbrile economice, schimbrile

tehnologice i socializarea digital
determin modificri n orice societate,
chiar i n cea African.

"n Kenya cred c, dac dorii s obinei tiri doar

conectai -v la conturile de Facebook i Twitter i apoi
putei obine toate tirile pe care le dorii. ".
"Oamenii au acces la internet, oamenii au acces la massmedia sociale. Prin urmare, ei ne spun ce se ntampl
atunci", a spus el. "Acum cteva sptmni, a existat un
atac n partea de nord-est. Am avut povestea i dac nu a r
fi fost social media nu am fi avut o poveste."
Cred cu trie c att jurnalismul tradiional i jurnalism
cetatenesc vor co-exista i probabil c trebuie s coexiste (Alice Klein, Radar)

92

14

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 31.05.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
wscommen
tary/why-allwouldbejournalis
ts-needto-blog/s6/a553
119/

Autor

Titlu

Sue
Greenwood

Tot ceea ce
au nevoie
viitorii
jurnaliti
este un
blog ('Why
all wouldbe
journalists
need to
blog')

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Sue Greenwood, profesor la

Universitatea Staffordshire
pred viitorilor jurnaliti
secretele blogging-ului.

n cei patru ani de cnd folosesc blogging-ul ca un instrument

de predare, nu am gsit un mod mai efectiv de a arta
jurnalitilor care este punctul de scriere al unei poveti (sau de
a face un film) dect dac este cineva cruia s i pese despre
subiectul pe care l va citi.
Eu i nv despre alegerea numelui potrivit i le explic despre
numele site-ului vs URL, plasarea de cuvinte cheie, trucuri
SEO, design ca semnal, design pentru a fi citite i mereu,
mereu am pstra aducerea lor napoi la gndire despre modul n
care publicul va folosi blog-ul lor i ceea ce vor dori s obin
de la el.
Odata ce acestea sunt n curs de desfurare, ncerc s -i ajute
s se concentreze pe construirea publicului: cine sunt ei si de
unde sunt ei, ceea ce va atrage atentia lor, ce i va determina s
fac clic i s urmreasc un link de la Twitter, Facebook, un
forum, etc?
De cele mai multe ori, nu este vorba despre cum s ajungi de
la o vizualizare la un milion de vizualizri, ci avnd n vedere
cine ar vrea s vad povestea pe care ai scris-o i modul n
care i vei determina s vizualizeze povestea.

93

15

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 16.05.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/skil
ls/howto-getstartedin-datajournalis
m/s7/a5
52981/

Autor

Titlu

Alastair
Reid

Cum s:
porneti n
jurnalismul de
date (How to:
get started in
data
journalism)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Articolul conine sfaturi (de la

experi i profesori) despre cum
s foloseti datele statistice
pentru a determina apariia unor
tiri.

Avem att de multe date publicate n fiecare zi c trebuie s

obii aceste abiliti, nu poi s ignori micarea de date deschise
i nici nu poi sta mult fr aceste abiliti. Ai nevoie s le
obii. (Marianne Bouchart, productor web i jurnalist de
date)
Deoarece jurnalismul de date este un domeniu relativ nou,
cele mai multe dintre ghiduri pe aceast tem sunt autodidacte. Acelai lucru este valabil pentru fiecare dintre experii
cu care am vorbit.
Etape: ncepe cu o ntrebare, autonva, gsete o comunitate,
dezvolt o baz larg de cunotine
Jurnalismul de date este o imens suprapunere ntre tiin i
art.
Nu poi petrece luni i luni dobndind noi competene,",
spune ea. Trebuie s iei nite cunotine de -a lungul drum i
s nvei ceea ce avei nevoie atunci cnd avei nevoie pentru a
ajunge la urmtorul pas n proiectul dumneavoastr, pentru
ajunge la ceva real, ct mai curnd posibil.

94

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 30.05.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
ws/howcrisisconnecti
on-appcouldhelpjournalis
ts/s2/a5
53088/

Autor

Titlu

Rachel
McAthy

Cum ar
putea
Crisis
Connectio
n s i
ajute pe
jurnaliti
(How
Crisis
Connectio
n could
help
journalists

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Platforma Crisis Connection va fi

destinat cetenilor ce doresc s
mprteasc informaie important
n timpul unei crize i totodat ofer
jurnalitilor o surs preioas.

"Aceste informaii apare peste tot pe reelele sociale, dar nu

ntr-un fel de platform dedicat, care este ntr-adevr
proiectat s se ocupe de acest tip de informaii," Gabriel
Kahn, profesor la USC

16

95

17

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 24.05.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/skil
ls/howtoengagewithdiversecommun
ities/s7/
a553043
/

Autor

Titlu

Sarah
Marshall

Cum s:
angrenezi
diverse
comuniti
(How to:
engage diverse
communities)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

n acest articol sunt prezentate

prerile jurnalitilor cu privire la
comunitile online.

Minoritile etnice din ntreaga lume rar se simt auzite n

discursul de mas, astfel nct peste ani minoritile i
comunitile p ersecutate au aprut pe web ca s se simt
vizibile, auzite, i s ia parte la conversaie.
Frumuseea on-line este c vei avea mai mult spaiu
pentru a scrie i a avea mai mult spaiu pentru fi activ pe
reelele sociale. Cred c e mai important s folo si web-ul
pentru a obine toate aceste voci diverse si poveti si apoi
s ne gndim la moduri de prezentare ntr-un mod
semnificativ.
Dac singurul lucru pe care l faci n calitate de jurnalist,
n mediul online, este s verifici Twitter-ul, este o mare
greeal. (Ramaa Sharma, editor digital la BBC Delhi)

96

18

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 22.05.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
ws/soometalaunches
-visualstorytell
ing-toolto-helpjournalis
ts-buildquickmultime
diastories/s
2/a5530
40/

Autor

Titlu

Rachel
McAthy

Soo Meta
ajut la
construirea
rapid a
povetilor
multimedia
(Soo Meta to
help
journalists
build quick
multimedia
stories)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Un nou instrument de povestire

vizual, care permite utilizatorilor
s reuneasc videoclipuri, text i
sondaje interactive ntr-un pachet
multimedia unic, a fost lansat
oficial astzi.
Soo Meta a fost construit de o
echip din Budapesta

Cu un pic de practic, avei posibilitatea de a crea o pies de

coninut n cteva minute. Acesta permite practic oricui s
creeze un film rapid, fr experien, cu un instrument complex
de editare video, a spus Szakal.

97

19

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 1.05.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
wscommen
tary/hyperloc
almediaiscomingin-fromthecold/s6/a552
844/

Autor

Titlu

Damian
Radcliffe

Media
Hiperlocal
vine de la
rece
('Hyperlocal
media is
coming in
from the
cold')

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Se mplinete un an de cnd
NESTA a lansat un fond de
investiii n valoare de 1 milion
de lire sterline, denumit
Destinaie local, care vizeaz
stimularea dezvoltrii unor
servicii de generaie viitoare a
mass-mediei hiperlocale.
Analiza Ofcom a concluzionat
c utilizarea site-urilor
hiperlocale este n cretere.

n timp ce studiile recente NESTA (Nesta este o organizaie

caritabil independent, cu misiunea de a ajuta oamenii si
organizatiile n inovaie) arat c adoptarea dispozitivelor
conectate, cum ar fi tablete i smartphone-uri a fost
conductorul din spatele utilizrii sporite a mass-mediei
hiperlocale, anul trecut a artat, de asemnea, c metodele
tradiionale de consum rmn populare cu publicul.

98

20

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 15.04.2013
ww.jour
nalism.c
o.uk/ne
wscommen
tary/socialmedianeedsto-putthepersonat-theheart-ofthestory/s6/a552
662/

Autor

Titlu

Esra
Dogramaci

Social
media are
nevoie s
pun
persoana n
centrul
povetii
('Social
media
needs to
put the
person at
the heart of
the story')

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Esra Dogramaci explic

importana vocilor umane n
tirile furnizate pe social media.

Premisa de social media este c, pentru a avea o prezen

online, avei nevoie de o prezen offline.
Nu este suficient s ai cont de Twitter, Facebook sau
YouTube, pentru a include hashtag i linkuri i statistici, dac
nu ai poporul.
Eu cred c cei care lucreaz n mass-media sociale de astzi
reprezint n pod - generaia mass -media care va veni va fi
crescut cu social media i media digital ca o a doua natur n
timp ce la cellalt capt oameni de tiri trebuie nc s fie
convini de meritele lumii sociale ...
Dac vrei s fii n social media, trebuie s fi social.

99

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 07.06.2013
w.pressga
zette.co.u
k/peoplebecome7-daydigitalproductundersuedouglas

Tema prezentat
Autor

Titlu

Gavriel
Hollander

People
urmeaz
s devin
un produs
digital
non-stop
la
ndrumare
a lui Sue
Douglas
(People to
become
7-day
digital
product
under Sue
Douglas)

Observaii

Editorul Sunday Express, Sue Ceea ce facem este s utilizm resurse jurnalistice
Douglas, urmeaz s conduc suplimentare pentru a revigora ziarul Sunday i n special
procesul de transformare a Sunday publicaia Sunday People.
People ntr-un produs digital de apte
zile.

100

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 03.06.2013
w.pressga
zette.co.u
k/onetwo-britsnowreadingdigitalmagazines
-sayssurvey

Autor

Titlu

Press
Gazette

Conform
sondajelor
unul din doi
britanici
citesc acum
reviste
digitale (One
in two Brits
now reading
digital
magazines
says survey)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Sondajul comandat de aplicaia de

chiocuri de ziare Lekiosk a constatat c
migrarea ctre digital a explodat n
ultimele doisprezece luni i c anul
acesta unul din doi cititori au migrat
catre digital, spre deosebire de anul
trecut cnd unul din trei citeau reviste
digitale. 19% dintre respondeni folosesc
tablete pentru a citi revistele spre
deosebire de anul trecut cnd doar 5 %
citeau de pe tablet.

Cand vine vorba de lecturarea revistelor, viitorul este

digital - i hardware-ul care ne duce n viitor este
tableta. Crucial, editorii revistelor care culeg cele mai
mari recompense de la revoluia digital a lecturrii
revistelor vor fi cele care inoveaz
modelul
tradiional de abonament la o revista - i pe formatul
existent al revistei digitale. (Nathaniel Philippe, unul
dintre fondatorii Lekiosk)

101

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 30.05.2013
w.pressga
zette.co.u
k/dailymirrorlaunchesirelandfacingwebsiteand-eedition

Observaii

Tema prezentat
Autor

Titlu

Gavriel
Hollander

Daily
Ediia irlandez a publicaiei
Mirror
Daily Mirror a lansat primul site
lanseaz
independent Republic of Ireland.
website-ul
irlandez i
o e-ediie
(Daily
Mirror
launches
Irelandfacing
website and
e-edition)

102

Acesta va cuprinde tiri i blog -uri direct de la jurnaliti din

Irlanda, de asemenea, utiliznd divertismentul i acoperirea
de sport de la titlul din Marea Britanie.

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 28.05.2013
w.pressga
zette.co.u
k/content/
guardianaustralialaunchsees-634centtrafficincreaseswan-hillguardianwebsite

Observaii

Tema prezentat
Autor

Titlu

William
Turvill

Lansarea
The
Guardian
Australia a
cunoscut o
cretere de
trafic
de
634.000
pentru siteul Guardian
Swan Hill
(Guardian
Australia
launch sees
634 per cent
traffic
increase for
Swan Hill
Guardian
website)

The Guardian a lansat ieri, n Ziarul, fondat n Manchester n 1821, pretinde a avea
Australia, noul website, adaugnd cititori 40 milioane la nivel mondial - dintre care o treime
acest canal la ofertele din Marea provin din Marea Britanie.
Britanie i Statele Unite.

103

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 28.05.2013
w.pressga
zette.co.u
k/content/
germandaily-bildchargeonlinepremiumcontentand-offerprintreaderswebsiteday-pass

Autor

Titlu

Dominic
Ponsford

Cotidianul
german Bild
ncarc online
pentru
coninutul
premium i
pentru a oferi
cititorilor de
print un site
web "de
trecere zilnic"
(German daily
Bild to charge
online for
premium
content and
offer print
readers a
website 'daypass' )

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Bild, cel mai mare ziar de scandal al

Germaniei a dezvluit planurile de a
taxa cititorii pentru accesul la
caracteristici, interviuri i alte tipuri de
coninut exclusiv.

Cititorilor de print li se va oferi o trecere zilnic

pentru a accesa site-ul prin intermediul unui noi
tehnici de imprimare, despre care Bild a spus este o
premier mondial.

104

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 28.05.2013
w.pressga
zette.co.u
k/scotsma
n-invitespayingfriendscontribute
-articlesnewsection

Autor

Titlu

William
Turvill

The
Scotsman
invit
prietenii
abonai s
contribuie
cu articole
n
noua
seciune
(The
Scotsman
invites
paying
'friends' to
contribute
articles to
new
section)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

The Scotsman urmeaz s lanseze o

nou seciune a ziarului su pentru
organizaiile nscrise care doresc s
contribuie cu un coninut editorial.
Organizaiile (n afara persoanelor
fizice, companii, comerciani i
partidele politice) sunt invitate s
devin prieteni cu The Scotsman
pentru un cost de mai puin de 300 de
lire pe an. Acest pre include un
abonament pentru publicaie.

"Cred c aceasta este o inovaie interesant pentru The

Scotsman, care va deschide noi canale de informare i de
dezbatere n ntreaga Scoia i dincolo, subliniind munca i
problemele cu care se lupt n prezent pentru a se face
auzit. Apelez la dumneavoastr s v implicai i s o
sprijinii. "

105

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 30.05.2013
w.pressga
zette.co.u
k/content/
dailygrindguardianbringsopenjournalism
approachlifeopeningcoffeeshop

Autor

Titlu

Gavriel
Hollander

Erodarea
zilnic:
The
Guardian
aduce
jurnalism
ul deschis
aproape
de via
prin
deschider
ea
unei
cafenele
(Daily
grind:
Guardian
brings
'open
journalis
m
approach
to life' by
opening a
coffee
shop)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

The Guardian a deschis propria "popup" cafenea n East London.

Cafeneaua, numit # guardiancoffee, a
fost deschis n aceast sptmn.
Magazinul are colecie de iPad-uri
disponibile pentru clieni, precum i
afie digitale care arat cele mai
recente postri pe reeaua Twitter.

Adaptarea la pia prin crearea unei loc n care procesul de

cunoatere i de mprtire a cunoaterii este mai uor.
# guardiancoffee este un exemplu fantastic despre modul n
care jurnalismul este mai aproape de via, prin adoptarea
tehnologiei de vrf n raportarea de fapt a poziiei actuale a
tehnologiei: conducnd dezbaterii n timp real i avnd un
angajament n cadrul comunitii de creaie tehnologic .
(purttor de cuvnt pentru The Guardian)

106

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://ww 24.05.2013
w.pressga
zette.co.u
k/content/
guardianmovescom-webaddressrecognitio
n-itsmainlyglobalaudience

Autor

Titlu

William
Turvill

The
Guardian
este pe cale
de a adopta
adresa web
.com
n
recunoatere
a audienei
sale globale
(Guardian to
adopt .com
web address
in
recognition
of its mainly
global
audience)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

The Guardian este pe cale s mute adresa

de web de la guardian.co.uk la
theguardian.com.
Publicaia spune c platforma online, este
accesat de aproape fiecare ar din lume
i c Marea Britanie reprezint doar o
treime din publicul prezent.

Acest lucru poate fi o mic schimbare a URL-ul, dar

ea marcheaz un pas mare pentru The Guardian i
reflect evoluia noastr de la un ziar de imprimare
naional respectat publicat numai n Marea Britanie ajungnd la sute de mii de oameni o dat pe zi - la un
lider global de tiri i de brand mass -media, cu birouri
n ntreaga lume, i un public tot mai mare la nivel
mondial prin accesarea jurnalismului The Guardian n
fiecare minut din fiecare zi.

107

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 14.05.2013
ww.pres
sgazette.
co.uk/gu
ardiansmovejournalis
mtrainingcardiffuniversit
ydelayedleastyear

Autor

Titlu

William
Turvill

Mutarea
ziarului The
Guardian ctre
formarea
de
jurnaliti
cu
Universitatea
Cardiff a fost
amnat
pentru
cel
puin un an
(Guardian's
move
into
journalism
training with
Cardiff
University
delayed by at
least a year)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Anul trecut, publicaia The Guardian

anuna c va oferi studii de masterat
n jurnalism digital, n parteneriat cu
Universitatea din Cardiff. Lansarea
ateptat pentru luna sept embrie a
acestui an a fost amnat din cauza
termenelor limit de nscriere a
cererilor de cursuri postuniversitare
care s-au ncheiat n luna martie.

Richard Sambrook, profesor i director al colii de

jurnalism Cardiff, a declarat pentru Press Gazette: The
Guardian i Cardiff au intenionat iniial s lanseze un
master n Jurnalism Digital n acest an, cu toate acestea,
aa cum am lucrat asupra propunerii unui curs foarte
inovator ne-am dat seama c era mai bine s se amne
pentru un an, mai degrab dect s compromitem planul
de a ntlni acest termen.

108

10

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 29.04.2013
ww.pres
sgazette.
co.uk/co
ntent/syr
ianelectroni
c-armyclaimshavehacked11guardian
-twitteraccounts

Tema prezentat
Autor

Titlu

William
Turvill

Syrian Electronic
Army pretinde c
a intrat n 11
conturi
de
Twitter
ale
ziarului
The
Guardian (Syrian
Electronic Army
claims to have
hacked
11
Guardian Twitter
accounts)

Observaii

Un grup autointitulat Armata Grupul, care a intrat n prealabil n conturile BBC i

electronic sirian pretinde c a Associated Press, a pretins a ajuns n 11 feed-uri de
infiltrat 11 conturi de Twitter Twitter ale ziarului Guardian.
Guardian n ultimele zile.

109

11

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 23.04.2013
ww.pres
sgazette.
co.uk/lo
rdrotherm
erehowguardian
inspired
-mailonlinebecomeglobalbrand

Autor

Titlu

Press
Gazette

Cum a inspirat
The Guardian pe
cei de la Mail
Online s devin
un brand global
(How
the
Guardian inspired
Mail Online to
become a global
brand)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Mail Online, publicaie destinat

unui public mai tnr, internaional
se folosete de reelele de socializare
pentru a obine poveti ntr -un timp
scurt.
Reelele de social-media (Twitter,
Google, Facebook) reprezint pentru
The Mail Online o surs imens de
trafic.

"ncercai lucruri, iar dac ceva funcioneaz pstrai -l

i asta e ceea ce am fcut. Ar fi bine s mi asum credit
pentru reuit, dar trebuie s spun c su ccesul de pe
Mail online este construit pe o mare cantitate de
munca i pe talentul lui Martin Clarke i pe talentul
altor jurnalitii ai notri. "

110

12

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 22.04.2013
ww.pres
sgazette.
co.uk/lo
rdrotherm
ererevealsplansdoublemailonlineaudienc
e-andchargepremiu
mcontent

Tema prezentat
Autor

Titlu

Dominic
Ponsford

Lord Rothermere
dezvluie planuri
de a dubla audiena
Mail Online i de a
ncarca
coninut
premium
(Lord
Rothermere reveals
plans to double
Mail
Online
audience
and
charge for premium
content)

Observaii

Proprietar Daily Mail i General "Mail Plus nu va fi liber - vom ncerca s-l facem
Trust, Rothermere a dezvluit premium. Ar putea s nu funcioneze, nu tim n
planurile de a dubla numrul acest stadiu.
audienei Mail online i de a ncepe
ncrcarea de coninut online
premium.

111

13

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 22.04.2013
ww.pres
sgazette.
co.uk/co
ntent/sur
veysuggests
-4-centbroadsh
eetreaderswillingpayonlineaccess

Tema prezentat
Autor

Titlu

William
Turvill

Studiile
Un studiu a constatat ca 4 la
sugereaz c suta din oameni ar fi dispui s
4% din cititori plteasc pentru coninut web
sunt dispui s
plteasc
pentru acces
online (Survey
suggests 4 per
cent
of
'broadsheet'
readers willing
to pay for
online access)

112

Observaii

Este ncurajator s vezi c un procent relativ semnificativ de

oameni ar fi dispui s plteasc pentru coninutul lor online
preferat.

14

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 16.04.2013
ww.pres
sgazette.
co.uk/co
ntent/gu
ardianinvitesreadersstartprovidin
gcontentnewwitnessplatform

Autor

Titlu

William
Turvill

Guardian
invit cititorii
s
devin
jurnaliti prin
intermediul
noii aplicaii i
website
Witness
(Guardian
invites readers
to
become
journalists via
new 'Witness'
app
and
website)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Guardian News and Media a

deschis
platform
GuardianWitness (n parteneriat
cu reeaua de telefonie mobil
EE) care permite cititorilor s
contribuie (prin site-ul web dar
i prin aplicaiile disponibile pe
Iphone i telefoanele mobile
Android) cu text, video i
imagini pentru site.
Platforma va conine misiuni
pentru cititori dar i concursuri
exclusive.

GuardianWitness va consolida n continuare recunoaterea

noastr ca jurnalismul este acum o conversaie cu dou sensuri
i se va deschide site-ul nostru aa cum nu s -a mai ntmplat.
Nu numai c va face acest lucru mai uor pentru implicarea
cititorilor notri n jurnalismul nostru i formeaz comunitile
locale i globale de interes comun, acesta va oferi, de
asemenea, jurnalitii notri, un nou instrument fantastic,
oferindu-le perspective i puncte de vedere la care poate nu au
nc acces.

113

15

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://w 25.03.2013
ww.pres
sgazette.
co.uk/co
ntent/tri
nitymirrorannounc
escreation
-newdigitaljournalis
m-unit

Autor

Titlu

Press
Gazette

Trinity
Mirror
anun
crearea
unei noi
uniti de
jurnalism
digital
(Trinity
Mirror
announce
s creation
of
new
'digital
journalis
m unit')

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Trinity Mirror a anunat crearea unei

de
jurnalism
digital,
uniti
responsabil de crearea i dezvoltarea
unor idei de coninut pentru site-uri i
publicaii tiprite. Ideile pilot vor fi
testate prin mai multe titluri
regionale.
Claire Miller, reporter la Cardiff,
responsabil pentru dezvoltarea
depozitelor de date Wales Online, va
face parte din echip alturi de David
Higgerson, director de editare
digital pentru platformele digitale
regionale Trinity Mirror.
Valoarea potenial a datelor a fost
dovedit printr-o serie de teste de
jurnalism de date.
Trinity Mirror elimin 92 de locuri
de munc din cadrul ziarelor
regionale i creeaz 52 de locuri de
munc pe care le va repartiza la
ziarele naionale i regionale.

Neil Benson: Rspundem la provocrile cu care se confrunt

industria prin redefinirea fundamental a abordrii noastre la
crearea de coninut i unitatea de date este cea mai recent
pies din puzzle Jurnalism de date a fost un domeniu de o
importan tot mai mare pentru noi, n ultimii doi ani, iar noua
unitate ne va permite s progreseze mult mai rapid, n toate
redaciile noastre.
Avem nevoie s abordm aceste date, s identificm care
dintre acestea sunt de interes pentru cititorii notri i apoi s le
transformm n coninut captivant, care ofer context
persoanelor, precum i capacitatea de a cuta date pentru
informaiile care vor prezenta interes pentru ei.

114

16

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data publicrii
http://www. 07.02.2013
pressgazett
e.co.uk/ho
w-get-jobeveningstandardorindependen
t-you-musthaveabsolutecommitmen
t-andhungerjournalism

Autor
William
Turvill

Titlu
Cum s obii o slujb la
Evening Standard sau
Independent: "Trebuie
s avei un angajament
absolut i foame pentru
jurnalism i scriere"
(How to get a job at...
the Evening Standard or
Independent: 'You must
have
an
absolute
commitment and hunger
for
journalism
and
writing')

Tema prezentat

Observaii

The London Evening Standard i

The
Independent
angajeaz
adolesceni i absolveni - ucenici
de
jurnalism.
nfometai
Angajatorii caut n principal
tineri interesai de jurnalismul
tematic, care s aib dovezi legate
de stilul de scriere.

Cerina principal este legat de dovada

angajamentului absolut. Valorile etice sunt un
criteriu important pentru angajare.
Alte criterii: competitivitate, o bun judecat a
tirilor, sete de breaking news, capacitate de a
spune o poveste.
Interese vaste: domenii de specialitate,
bloguri, bloguri n direct.

115

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data publicrii
http://www.p 05.02.2013
ressgazette.c
o.uk/pressgazettes-topteninvestigativejournalistsbrave-andunstoppablenick-daviestops-list

Autor
William
Turvill

Titlu
Lista Press Gazette a
celor 10 jurnaliti de
investigaie: curajosul
i de neoprit Nick
Davies in topul listei
(Press Gazette's top ten
investigative
journalists: 'Brave and
unstoppable'
Nick
Davies tops the list)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Dup chestionarea celor mai

jurnaliti
de
importani
din
Marea
investigaie,
Britanie, cel mai bun a fost
declarat Nick Davies (The
Guardian) pentru expunerea
scandalului telefon-hacking i
pentru investigaia asupra
Wikileaks.

Caracteristicile unui jurnalist de investigaie:

foarte curajos, de neoprit, performana la nivel
nalt, dedicat, activitate eroic, principii etice
bine sedimentate.
Interese: expunerea erorilor judiciare, a
fraudelor.
Munca lui repudiaz opinia popular conform
creia jurnalitii de investigaie sunt interesai
doar n celebriti i brfe. (interesul pentru
cunoatere)
Clasat pe locul 4, Jonathan Calvert (The Sunday
Times) afecteaz schimbri enorme n
comportamentul
public,
prin
expunerea
scandalurilor.
Pe locul 7 se afl Paul Lewis (The Guardian),
susintor al jurnalismului de date (divizie a
jurnalismului care ncurajeaz dezvoltarea
societii cunoaterii)

17

116

Detalii tehnice
Surs

Data
publicrii
http://www.pre 04.01.2013
ssgazette.co.uk
/lord-prescottjoins-sundaymirror-newcolumnist-iknow-powergoodcampaigningjournalism
18

Tema prezentat
Autor

Titlu

Press
Gazette

Lord Prescott se altur

ziarului Sunday Mirror
ca noul lor cronicar:
tiu puterea binelui,
jurnalism de campanie
(Lord Prescott joins
Sunday Mirror as new
columnist: 'I know the
power
of
good,
campaigning
journalism')

Observaii

John Leslie Prescott, Baron Abordarea digital a publicului, venit din partea
Prescott a reprezentat Hull unui politician transformat n jurnalist este o
East
ca
membru
al noutate pentru presa contemporan.
Parlamentului, fiind deputat
Acesta vrea s foloseasc
spaiul editorial pentru a
discuta cu oamenii de toate
vrstele aflndu-le pasiunile,
sau
nemulumirile
prioritile.
Acesta dorete s comunice
cu cititorii prin e-mail sau
twitter (n 2012 acesta a fost
numit Tweeter-ul Politic al
anului, avnd peste 165000
de adepi)

117

Detalii tehnice
Surs
Data
publicrii
http://www. 20.12.2012
pressgazett
e.co.uk/dail
y-mailclaimsvictoryblock-porncampaign

19

Autor

Titlu

Press
Gazette

Daily Mail pretinde

victoria n campania
blocrii
pornografiei online
(Daily Mail claims
victory in 'block
online
porn'
campaign)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

The Daily Mail a obinut o victorie

dup ce
Premierul David Cameron a declarat
c vor exista filtre web pentru casele n
care exist copii.: Pentru mine, faptul
c att de muli copii au vizitat cele
mai ntunecate coluri ale internetului
nu este doar o chestiune de ngrijorare
ea este absolut ngrozitoare. Un
atac tcut asupra inocenei este n curs
de desfurare n ara noastr i am
hotrt c vom lupta cu tot ce avem.
Totodat The Mail a obinut victoria n
campania de recunoatere a veteranilor
de convoaie Arctic din timpul celui deal doilea rzboi mondial.

Exist un jurnalism de campanie, dornic s

creeze o lume mai potrivit, n care etica,
recunoaterea i valorile unei societi
interesat de progres.
Se ncearc o reeditare a accesului online,
tocmai pentru a implementa o alt fel de
cunoatere, constructiv, fa de cea
pornografic, distructiv.
Observm c profesia de jurnalist, n Marea
Britanie, este apreciata n condiiile n care
aceasta aduce un plus societii.

118

Detalii tehnice
Surs
http://www.pressgaze
tte.co.uk/how-gettrainee-job-sun%E2%80%98coming
-decent-story-bestway-get-noticednewsdesk%E2%80%
99

20

Data
publicrii
05.12.2012

Autor

Titlu

William
Turvill

Cum s obii o
munc de stagiar
la..
The
Sun:
Venind
cu
o
poveste
decent
este cel mai bun
modalitate de a fi
observat
ntr-o
redacie (How to
get a trainee job
at...
The
Sun:
Coming up with a
decent story is the
best way to get
noticed
by
a
newsdesk)

Tema prezentat

Observaii

Candidaii trebuie s aib calificare n

domeniu (NCTJ, s noteze rapid
pentru c n jurnalism timpul este
crucial)
Dup doi ani de stagiu acetia pot fi
angajai ca personal permanent.
Majoritatea reporterilor au nceput la
ziare i agenii locale.

Calificarea NCTJ (National Council for

the Training of Journalists)
Stenografiere rapid, 100 de cuvinte pe
minut pentru a nregistra ct mai multe
date.
Cerine: entuziasm, dorin de a nva
(societate de cunoatere), o nelegere a
chestiunilor legate de tiri, politic,
showbiz, televiziune i sport, capacitatea
de a scrie corect i original, cunotine ale
istoriei ziarului, cunoaterea social media
(digitizare), profesionalism, capacitatea de
a lucra n echip,

119

Anexe journalism.co.uk
Articolul 1
Why the Guardian has 'given bloggers the keys' to its website
The Guardian's new environment blog network brings writers from around the world to add expert commentary
alongside news reporting
7 June 2013, Alastair Reid
The Guardian has announced a new network of bloggers for its environment section. Based on the same model
as the its science blog, ten writers from around the world are given free reign in the site to do as they please.
"They're basically given the keys to the Guardian website," said the Guardian's science and environment news
editor, James Randerson, speaking to Journalism.co.uk.
"They're able to publish direct to the website without editorial involvement and they're not desked or subbed as
such. They're sort of an arm's length team so we're in contact with them and suggesting topics but they can
basically do their own thing."
Letting bloggers loose inside the website of a major international news organisation may seem risky, but
Randerson "trawled" through more than 800 applications with Adam Vaughan, editor
of environmentguardian.co.uk, in order to find the best writers for the job.
Much as with the network of science bloggers, the environment blog network incorporates experts in their field
to offer specialist knowledge in specific areas. John Abraham, for example, is a professor of thermal sciences
and is on hand to discuss climate change. Elsewhere, blogs are authored by campaigners or scholars or, in one
case, the chief executive of a wildlife NGO.
"So when we're covering a big environment event in the normal way through the normal journalistic channels,"
continued Randerson, "they could augment that and supplement that with information and opinion and comment
and analysis around the edge of that.
"There are some stories that we just wouldn't be able to cover with the number of people and resources that we
have," he said, "so having more specialist bloggers who can get into areas that we wouldn't ordinarily be able to
adds to the richness of coverage on the site and allows us to provide quite an impressive offering for people who
are really interested in this area."And unlike in some other models these bloggers are paid, receiving a
percentage of the advertising revenue that their post generates.
"Do I think it's a good thing for news organisations? And is this going to be the future? I think so, yes," he said.
"It provides real benefits, in this case it is giving us an ability to go into greater depth on topics and broaden our
coverage in a way that we wouldn't be able to do otherwise."
Randerson was keen to point out, however, that this was not a substitute for journalists "doing investigations and
writing copy and it being edited", but rather offering a different voice and a different level of detail that may be
more attractive to some readers.
"If one took it to its logical extreme and the Guardian was left with just people editing and copy coming in from
outside without any control then it would be a very different kind of organisation so that is not the logical
destination for all of this.
"But what it does do is it gives us a real opportunity to broaden and deepen our coverage. It's all about picking
people who are good quality and have something really unique to offer."
Jon Butterworth, a physics professor who has worked at CERN, writes for the science blog but not "in the way a
journalist would", offering expert commentary which can appeal to readers who may already be familiar with a
subject and don't feel drawn towards basic science reporting for a general audience.
"There's a kind of antipathy to mainstream media among some people who want more depth and don't like the
way that journalists have to pitch things at a level that lots of people will understand.
"Having people that are prepared to go into a bit more depth is attractive to some people."
The subject of relationships between news outlets and external writers has been a hot topic in the industry of late,
with Jeff Jarvis urging editors to "do what you do best and link to the rest". But Randerson believes the
Guardian's method may be surpassing that.
"We're kind of going one better than linking in a way," he said. "we're co-opting the rest, or at least trying to coopt people who we think will provide something good quality and unique and therefore will be desirable to have
on the site."

Articolul 2
EJC names winners of grant for innovative development reports
The Gates Foundation-supported programme will fund 16 projects investigating issues around the Millenium
Development Goals
5 June 2013, Alastair Reid
The European Journalism Centre has announced the winners of its 2013 Innovation in Development Reporting
grant programme.
The programme, supported by the Gates Foundation, will award sixteen projects a share of more than 300,000
in grants for "innovative" journalistic endeavours based around the Millennium Development Goals.
"The ones we have now are really good projects," Wilfried Rtten, director of the European Journalism Centre,
told Journalism.co.uk. "Very serious CVs, decent budgets, major media outlets, great story approaches. If that
comes through I'll be happy. Still everything is on paper, but if these stories all run like they intend to run then
I'm very happy with the outcome."
Projects were eligible if they had a target audience in one or more of the eight European countries with the
highest net development assistance (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK), are in
collaboration with a media outlet with a large audience and are based around the progress or objectives of the
Millennium Development Goals.
The projects, selected from more than 500 applications, include: an interactive application to be published by
Der Spiegel about the day-to-day lives of Somali refugees in an Ethiopian refugee camp; a crowdsourced and
data-driven investigation into land grabbing in Africa to feature in media outlets from a number of different
countries; an interactive multimedia investigation to map European cash flows into and out of Kenya for Spain's
El Mundo; a series of multimedia reports into "reducing the digital divide" in India, Uruguay and Egypt for
Spain's ABC and Italy's The Post Internazionale; and a multi-organisation project to create "interactive graphic
visualisations" of development issues around the world.
"What I found outstanding was the co-operation levels," Rttens added. "There's a lot of in-kind contributions
from the media houses so it's basically a part of the funding."
The prevalence of data- or multimedia-based projects was encouraging, said Rttens, as all the projects would be
displayed online to make them more "sustainable" and accessible, with traditional media acting as a "back-up
channel" for the website.
Rttens was also interested in the similarity of approaches on a technological level as it showed a similar calibre
of digital innovation among European journalistic enterprises.
"There were very few differences between the countries," he said. "So the state-of-the-art guys would be on a
similar page in Spain and Italy and France and UK and Germany.
"I thought there would be more cultural differences of how to do this, but everyone is basically going for a
similar environment, a similar approach. The state-of-the-art is international more than steeped in national
traditions so much."
The deadline for the next round of grants is 2 September 2013, and Rttens said the programme would be
lowering the "threshold" for applications to further facilitate the process, but insisted that experience plays a role
in selection as he felt a responsibility for the investigations the programme supports.
"We got a lot of stories where you could see the CV of the person is not the one that should be doing this and
then you have some old hacks in their 40s having 20 years of Africa experience, they can do anything," he said.
"Great stories, yes, but I want to see the reporters back after and not get lost in the woods."

Articolul 3
#editors13: 'Do what you do best and link to the rest'
Jeff Jarvis delivers keynote 'challenging industrial assumptions' at the World Editors Forum, warning delegates
to 'beware of the sudden golden pill'
5 June 2013, Sarah Marshall
Jeff Jarvis used the keynote presentation at the World Editors Forum in Bangkok today to discuss his views on
the "relationships, forms and models" news businesses should focus on.
"Do what you do best and link to the rest," Jarvis, a well-known news industry commentator urged, (a view
shared by Anthony de Rosa who recently suggested news outlets stop "matching" and re-writing 500-word news
stories already online).
By linking rather than re-writing, news outlets can be more efficient, and move on to what they are best at.

"Think about what the real value is to the community," Jarvis said. But to deliver what the community wants
demands that you know and understand those individuals.
Relationships
And individual relationships are what news outlets should foster, Jarvis said.
"What if we are not in the content business?" he asked. The news industry is good at manufacturing things, but
needs to move beyond doing just that. "Content is only one of many things we do."
News is a service, Jarvis argued. And that changes the relationship news providers have with the public, with
individuals.
News businesses need to understand those people as they become more valuable to advertisers the better they are
understood. The "myth of mass media" was that all readers see all adverts, and in the old model media
companies charged advertisers the same amount to speak to each reader, Jarvis said.
But users can have different values, he said, and offering the same product at the same price to everyone "doesn't
make sense any more".
He urged delegates at the conference to think in terms of "small data" and how that can be used to target goods
and services to individuals. Unique users and page views are old media metrics, he said, and the industry needs
to focus metrics on relationships.
Ecosystem
Lots of players are now part of our ecosystem, with bloggers and other people and companies operating in the
online space. "We can no longer be isolated," Jarvis said, suggesting that news outlets become collaborators:
with other news organisations, with readers, and even with governments if they are able to provide source
material.
In his speech Jarvis referred to a conversation he had with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. "You don't make
communities," Jarvis said, but you can enable communities to do what they want to do, to share information.
Jarvis suggested news outlets should involve and transform in other ways. "We should be incubators for startups," he said.
He also discussed reorganising the inverted triangle way of telling a story. There are "assets and paths", Jarvis
argued, citing Circa, a mobile news app, as an organisation that tells stories in new ways.
He also alerted delegates to Repost.Us, a site which allows you to add text sources to an online story, where the
"article becomes embeddable, like a video".
Curation
Journalists add value to the flow or pool of information, Jarvis said, giving the example of how NPR's Andy
Carvin curates social media information.
And news organisations can create the structure to allow audiences to share and elegantly organise stories.
"We are no longer gatekeepers of information, we add value," Jarvis said.
Business models
Jarvis does believe users should pay for content, but does not think paywalls are the solution.
"Paywalls are not our salvation. Beware of the sudden golden pill that is going to solve all our problems," said
Jarvis.
The biggest problem media has, in Jarvis's view, is engagement. There is a "paradox of engagement and
Facebook has 30 times the engagement we have". He said the move to "slap on" a paywall does not make sense
when we consider this fact.
He proposes a reverse paywall (something that he has previously written about). "Reverse the pay meter," he
said. The more people engage, the more valuable they become and therefore should pay less, he explained.
"Value your reader," he said.
Media businesses must also understand the changing media landscape. Snow Fall, a multimedia presentation
from the New York Times which takes about two hours to consume is entertainment, he said, adding that the
New York Times is now competing with the entertainment business, including providers of film.
"We need to give services to people, we need to give services to advertisers," he said, and encouraged news
outlets to look for new opportunities. He gave the example of research that found small businesses in New York
were frequently not active on social, and just 9 per cent were found to have a web presence, according to Jarvis.
He proposed that news outlets provide that service by connecting the businesses with customers in the online
space.
"Beware of the sponsored content trap," Jarvis said. "Just like paywalls, sponsored content is not a sudden
golden pill." He said the style of advertising, which is sometimes called native advertising or content marketing,
"is going to devalue the brand, diminish our credibility and confuse readers."

Articolul 4
How newsrooms manage UGC in breaking news situations
Pocket-sized cameras and social media have led to user-generated content becoming a permanent fixture of
breaking news, but how can journalists find the signal in the noise?
5 June 2013, Alastair Reid
User-generated content has been a regular fixture in newsrooms for decades, from submitted photographs to
letters and opinions, but with the rise of mobile technology and social media it is playing an increasingly
prominent role in the real-time nature of rolling, breaking news.
In his role as managing editor at Storyful, Markham Nolan deals with forms of user-generated content on a daily
basis and occasionally finds that UGC itself may break the story rather than come alongside it.
"A good example would be the US elections," he told Journalism.co.uk, "where a lot of the most interesting
material from the campaign trail was the stuff that was captured after network cameras were switched off."
When it comes to off-the-cuff remarks or incidents away from the news cameras, UGC may be the only source
of information.
"The huge turning point in the [US] election was Mitt Romney and the 47 per cent," continued Nolan, "and that
was amateur video, that was UGC."
These moments, however, are few and far between and in the majority of cases a loose plan or newsroom
structure is necessary to manage UGC in breaking news.
Teamwork
The Denver Post has experience in breaking news situations. The paper was nominated twice in the breaking
news category for this year's Pulitzer prize; firstly for reporting on a wildfire that, according to social media
editor Dan Petty, "burned 300 homes to the ground"; and secondly for it's coverage of the Aurora cinema
shooting, for which it won the award.
Rather than it being a singular award centred around a scoop or an individual's hard work, Petty explained how
"print, digital, social, the whole works" contributed to making the coverage successful.
A large contributing factor in that team success was in having a nerve centre of editors in the newsroom, where
the "metro and city editors, politics, night editors, public policy editors, photo editors" are all in one place.
"What that means is you kind of have this central hub of people communicating and sharing information, not
only on social media but also obviously talking to one another," he said. "I can't emphasise enough how
proximity in a crisis situation like that is important."
Aside from the editorial team, Petty stressed how having a versatile team on social media can also make the most
of a breaking story.
"Our whole team is well versed in taking over the institutional side of social media really well. We can all play
tag team and take different duties so we might break it down so I'm focussed on liveblogging and somebody else
is focussed on Facebook and Google Plus and somebody else is focussed on Twitter."
This combination of communication and versatility creates an agile, reactive newsroom that can quickly respond
to any situation and manage an influx of user-generated content as soon as it is needed.
Planning
Petty also explained how, for the coverage of the Aurora shooting, his first thought was to turn to established
sources on social media in the local area to get the facts.
"We know that we go to these 10,12,15 people that we just pull in right away on Twitter, so we do have those
sources set up and that was really critical during Aurora.
"It gave us a big leg up in a lot of early reporting in that we already had those sources well established and we
knew where we needed to go."
Journalists on the ground had their own sources but, with Petty's estimate of 90 per cent of the newsroom using
Twitter for work, social media played an equal part in sourcing information and getting a greater layer of
understanding.
Detailed planning in anticipation of a breaking news event can be counter-productive every story is different so
needs a different approach but knowing where to look when events heat up can give a newsroom a running
start.
"Pre-curated Twitter lists are absolutely essential in ensuring that we can find the best information as quickly as
possible," said Petty.
The liveblog
When news actually breaks, these pre-curated contact lists are the first port of call; there will always be someone
at the scene quicker than a newsroom can dispatch a reporter. Those reporters will naturally do their job once
they arrive but setting up a liveblog and managing the flow of UGC in the wake of an event can often be vital for
news outlets wanting to offer up-to-the minute information on breaking news.

At the Guardian, Paul Owen has recently run a live blog for the Syrian civil war, the funeral of Margaret
Thatcher and the Boston bombings, among others. As such, he has first hand experience of managing a constant
stream of reports and footage from multiple sources in the context of a constantly evolving story.
The Guardian's Boston liveblog, he said, "was quite a straightforward example as all the videos that came
through of the explosions back each other up".
"They show the same thing from different angles so it's relatively easy to show that they are accurate."
But not all UGC has enough context for a journalist to be able to make an informed decision on exactly what is
being seen. Owen gave an example of a video he was sent which claimed to show people "looting marathon
jackets just after the bombing had happened".
"The person who sent it to me is a trusted source but I watched the video and they could be doing anything, it
could be a stall for free jackets for people who participated in the marathon. You just don't have enough
information to be able to say that that video is what it says it is so I didn't use it at all."
In circumstances like that it comes down to journalistic instinct, says Owen.
"You just have to judge it yourself and decide whether it is trustworthy. You don't have to know who it is who
sent it, most of the time it's just a member of the public."
Unconfirmed reports became a minefield of uncertainty in the hours and days following the bombs that killed
three and injured more than 250 in Boston, as Owen told Journalism.co.uk the day after the attack. Rumours of
more bombs, of a Saudi national being detained, of a firebombing at a library, were all false reports published by
news outlets.
"Where is this information coming from?," he said. "If it's an anonymous source being told to a news agency
then that's sort of two steps away from you, so we've been very cautious."
In these cases, Owen said the team effort of journalists managing social media and reporters on the ground
becomes vital in establishing what should be reported and how.
The same can be said of Al-Jazeera English, where web producer Cajsa Wikstrm first started working with the
liveblog and regularly published UGC when covering the revolution in Egypt.
"The first video we tried to verify was someone being shot by police in Egypt, in Alexandria, in the street, and
we thought 'how can we know this is even Egypt? How can we know?' So we started emailing and contacting the
person who uploaded it but eventually we couldn't. That's kind of where the debate started, how do we actually
verify things?"
Wikstrm says that the occurrence of UGC in live reporting really took off once the civil war started in Syria,
but there were still circumstances where verification would be impossible and content would go unpublished or
only with a suitable disclaimer.
Two years later, the stream of content from Syria has largely faded into background noise, said Wikstrm, in
which only truly memorable events stand out. Al-Jazeera English has a team set up to monitor social media for
fresh news but often the material is sent from Syrian groups themselves.
"We do receive a lot, especially in Syria because activists are so active," continued Wikstrm, "it's like the whole
Al-Jazeera network has probably been added to a lot of the activist groups' email lists."
The power and importance of UGC in the context of covering a civil war, as in Syria, is represented in the video
below of an Al-Jazeera report. Aside from a reporter embedded with troops in Aleppo, it includes footage
purported to be of rebels fighting government soldiers in Qusayr, (see from 1:00). The report was broadcast on
June 4, a day before the rebels lost the city.
Verification
The constantly evolving status of a rolling news situation such as Syria blurs the line between UGC and known
sources, providing a constant test for journalists. Paul Owen says he regularly receives similar videos at the
Guardian as the team at Al-Jazeera.
"I probably get about five or six emails a day from different groups who send different videos. One of the best
ones is a group who have a really good Facebook page and the group is called the Local Co-ordination
Committees of Syria.
"Everyday they have a network of people around Syria and they post videos and have reports on what's going on
and what's happened in various parts of the country so if I'm doing the Middle East blog I'll always check what
they're doing. That's not to say I take their stuff as gospel, I don't, but it's a good starting point as they've been
right before and over a long period of time you begin to trust certain groups over others."
Owen believes correspondence from these groups represents "a better starting point than searching YouTube or
Twitter for videos that have a certain hashtag that you might be looking for", but verification techniques have
become increasingly important as the war has worn on.
In some cases that means cross-checking landmarks that appear in videos with Google maps to verify where a
video is taking place. What is much more difficult, however, is proving when the footage was captured.
"So if you look up part of the video's link," says Owen, "the unique part of the link, if you look that up on
Google and Twitter and lots of links come up from two years ago then you know not to use it because it's old.

"If all the links that come up are from the last 24 hours then that's another step in your decision of whether to use
it or not. But again it doesn't prove that it happened in the last 24 hours. The closest you may get is to prove that
it didn't."
At Storyful, Nolan regularly deals with videos from Syria where the verification process has become "second
nature".
In one particularly gruesome episode, the Storyful team received a video from Syria showing two people being
beheaded with a chainsaw.
"You could hear screams in the video, the sounds of the chainsaw, everything in Arabic," he said. "But it
actually turned out to be a video that was four years old from Mexico and it happened during the drug wars
around the border there.
"We were able to debunk that quite quickly and say 'Look, this isn't a Syria video, it's being made for
propaganda services by the rebel forces trying to smear the army further'."
In this case Nolan said initial suspicions arose through a traditional journalistic "spidey-sense".
"We started running searches for varieties of the word chainsaw. We did it in a couple of different languages
through YouTube and we just stumbled across this video, in Mexico, of a chainsaw beheading and the visuals
were exactly the same."
In other cases, it may be a process of using footage to verify reports rather than the other way round.
"In Bahrain, the government line was often completely at odds with what we were seeing on the ground," said
Nolan, "and at certain times you could have three separate videos shot from three separate angles of the one
event which gives you a really good view of everything.
"It gives you almost a 360 degree panorama of an event happening and the government is denying that it actually
took place. You can stand that up and say 'No, listen, this is clearly something that took place, the date can be
verified, all the different reports correlate and you're trying to say it didn't happen'."
This type of situation, where there are multiple sources of UGC documenting one event, is an area of
specialisation for a group at the UC Berkeley Data and Democracy Initiative. The Rashomon Project, which
received Knight Prototype funding and was recently featured on Journalism.co.uk, allows multiple videos to be
played simultaneously to get to the root of events in a contentious situation.
Born out of a disputed course of events involving the police response to protests at UC Berkeley and UC Davis
in 2011, professor in new media and Rashomon Project leader Ken Goldberg told Journalism.co.uk that the he
wants the project to be provide a timeline within 24 hours of an event to reduce the amount of time for
speculation and rumour to get in the way of the truth.
"What we're really after is that all sides will be able to tell their part of the story, in some cases the police have
footage that they don't feel they'll be able to release and the activists have one perspective, one narrative to tell
and it's very complex and what we're clear about is trying to get to as fair and unbiased a presentation as
possible, saying let's put everything on the table, and let's not hold back.
"So if there's a time gap in it it will show up, the metadata will indicate that there's a missing piece and it won't
line up with the others and that will be evidence that something was cut out. If the police give us a tape and
they've cut out a choice section that they didn't want anyone to see then that will be obvious."
There will always be the need for trained reporters and journalists to verify reports as they unfold and to analyse
their meaning in the aftermath. But, withglobal smartphone sales approaching one billion, the general public has
an increasing role to play in that conversation.
"I think we're going to be living in an increasingly documented world the challenge is how do we keep up with
that flow of documentation," said Goldberg. "Otherwise we could be led to all kinds of false conclusions because
we only see one side."

Articolul 5
Mail Online publisher reaches 36% of UK population every week
A focus on audience data means DMG Media 'learns 50 billion things about 43 million people over 10 days',
chief executive Kevin Beatty told the World Newspaper Congress
5 June 2013, Sarah Marshall
DMG Media, the company which owns several national titles including the Mail Online, Daily Mail and Metro,
reaches 36 per cent of the UK population every week.
The figure was one of many shared by Kevin Beatty, chief executive of DMG Media, who was speaking at
the World Newspaper Congress in Bangkok.
Audience data

Beatty told the conference that by gathering audience data for the Mail Online and other digital titles in the
portfolio, the company learns "50 billion things about 43 million people over a 10-day period".
"We now have an increasing level of insight on the 31 million people on our central database," he said. "By
leveraging our combined data across the group, we are able to share real information with our businesses to help
serve our customers better and to find new ones."
The latest audited circulation figuresshow the Mail Online had 119 million readers globally in April, 42 million
of whom were in the UK, plus there were nearly 900,000 readers of its iPhone app and more than 500,000 using
the Android app.
That "huge audience" is the "cornerstone of our own sales network where we track behavioural data of 52
million unique browsers", Beatty expained.
He said he does not really understand how the audience data is measured, "but one of the things I am learning
fast is to how we should use it and how we should actually deploy it better".
He gave a real example of an anonymous user. Data shows this person likes competitions, that she has a clear
interest in showbiz and fashion content, that she has tried to quit smoking, plus where she lives and gives many
of the details of her family.
Innovation in commerce and advertising
DMG Media expects digital revenue to exceed print advertising revenue by 2015, Beatty said, explaining
audience data is the key.
"Understanding consumers at this level of rich data is critical to our future. We can utilise this drive the
behaviours we seek, and to bring innovative marketing solutions to our advertisers," he said.
One such solution has been to launch a Groupon-style daily deals business called Wowcher, which now has 2.5
million subscribers and is the second largest daily deals offering in the UK.
Consumer data "also allows us to sell products and services directly through our growing commerce division",
Beatty explained.
"One of the things we know through our rich customer data is that our customers continue to want to buy travel,
they continue to want to look at financial products, they continue to want to look at other products and services."
And sometimes this involves cutting out the middle man and "looking for that opportunity for ourselves".
Keeping it free
"There's a prolonged and sometimes passionate debate about paywalls," Beatty said.
He told conference delegates that publishers have three options to choose from, depending on what their purpose
is and what they want to achieve.
"You really have as a content site three choices: serve a niche and charge; bundle digital and print to your
existing customers and hope to generate some new customers; or you can, as we have chosen, go for new
customers at scale and stay free."
Beatty argued that the Mail Online audience is closer in scale to global players, like MSN, Yahoo and AOL
Huffington Post, and to some TV networks like CNN and BBC News, than it is to newspaper websites.
Referring to the digital-native sites such as MSN, Beatty said we know that none of these news sites are likely to
start charging any time soon. "So if we want to compete with these players on that scale, we have to remain
free."
He also explained that DMG Media has an "ambition to get people engaged on the web and on their mobile
devices with Mail Online in terms of 30 to 40 minutes, which is around the average time that people can spend
reading a newspaper."
The free-to-access model has led them to new customers both in the UK and globally. "We have learnt to
embrace the internet for what it is, not what we would like it to be," he said.
Journalism.co.uk is in Bangkok for the World Editors Forum and the World Newspaper Congress.
Follow @SarahMarshall3, @JohnCThompson, #editors13and #wnc13 for updates.

Articolul 6
How Russia Today reached one billion views on YouTube
A detailed look at RT's approach to YouTube, where it records around 800,000 to one million views a day
4 June 2013, Rachel McAthy
For newsrooms producing video, having a strong presence on YouTube is usually a key part of the strategy. But
how do you move from just pushing out video on the platform to building an engaged community around it?
Russia Today (RT) seems to have found the right formula for them, as it celebrated reaching a billion views on
YouTube this week.
The government-funded broadcaster, which describes itself as an "autonomous non-profit organisation", arrived

on YouTube in 2007, and since then has delivered a range of video content to its audience, ranging from
documentaries and interview-style programmes, to raw footage of user-generated content.
On an average day RT records around 800,000 to one million views of its YouTube channel, which is said to be
"comparable" to its own website traffic.
Having reached the one billion mark this week, head of online projects Kirill Karnovich and chief press service
specialist Anna Belkina speak to Journalism.co.uk about the channel's strategy and reasons for its success.
Using video to 'spark' a discussion
Russia Today has an engaged audience on YouTube. Compared to a traditional broadcast audience, the audience
accessing video on YouTube "tends to be younger, more technologically-progressive", Belkina explained.
Because of this they are "more interactive". "They want to not just watch the broadcast but want to leave
feedback, comments, generate a discussion".
This fits in well with Russia Today's approach to YouTube video content, which is that "every posted video clip
must provoke a response, spark a debate", Karnovich said, which works to feed the audience's appetite for
interactivity highlighted by Belkina.
"Our YouTube audience, they really like to ask questions," Karnovich added, with RT's documentary and
interview-style video content appealing to such demand.
And powerful video also comes in the form of user-generated content, which is often delivered to YouTube as
"raw footage".
In some cases, this raw footage happens to capture what turns out to be a big news event, such as the
Chelyabinsk meteor strike, which according to RT stacked up "more than 30 million views in less than a week".
Belkina said this sort of video, which captures a big moment - referred to by RT as "event videos" - is the style
which "tend to draw a lot of the audience".
The meteor video is "one of those stories that again, doesn't require much commentary, but everybody around
the world wants to see it and everybody around the world did see it and use it in broadcasts", she added.
Providing a combination of styles
But this is far from the only style on offer to viewers. In fact RT's strategy is to provide "a huge variety of
genres", Karnovich explained.
"Our main task, or any task for any international media, is to grab the YouTube subscriber, to make him watch
every video you upload."
He added that part of the recipe for success in keeping the new viewer hooked is in "the concentration of video"
on the YouTube channel.
For RT, for example, this is about keeping the content focused on quality, rather than uploading any video.
Karnovich added that the channel uploads "less than a dozen videos" a day.
And the output is varied. "It's always a combination," Karnovich said, adding that "big stories, big, breaking
news stories" will not solely be covered by unedited footage, or edited packages, but by a range of styles.
Being where the audience is across the web
RT works to reach audiences across the internet, not solely on its own platforms, and it aims to offer a different
experience for each community.
Karnovich explained that a key goal for RT is to "get one particular internet user to follow all of our resources".
And, he added, RT"s "policy", which helps it in this goal, is "to offer different things on every online platform".
"So that's why, for example, content which has been published to YouTube may differ from the website and the
flow of information on Twitter, or posts on Facebook," he added.
"We really try to make people follow RT everywhere online."
And as more news outlets become aware of the best ways to offer their content to their audiences on different
platforms, competition is hotting up. "You have to fight for your audience at every platform because the battle is
really huge," Karnovich said. "There are a lot of contenders who try to get to be successful online."
One way RT tries to support the growth of brand awareness is by allowing users to "re-upload our content to
their YouTube channels", with proper permissions and attribution. This "helps spread the message, spread the
content further and further online", he said.
Understanding the audience
As has already been discussed, RT's audience on YouTube is usually of a lower age bracket than traditional
viewers - said to be in a "25 to 40+" age-bracket - and "more technologically progressive".
Karnovich added that RT's YouTube audience is "the best audience in terms of age" and "the most interesting
audience for advertisers".
The channel also keeps an eye on how long viewers are spending with YouTube video. Thanks to the longerform video which makes up part of RT's YouTube offering, the average time spent consuming RT's YouTube
videos is around three minutes, Karnovich said.
RT's YouTube audience itself is very engaged, with hundreds of comments left below videos. According to
Karnovich the channel has received "almost six million comments on just 19,000 videos".

"So that's what YouTube is about. It's about videos, watching videos, but also discussing them. We try to spark a
debate and report on issues which really matter to our audience."
Belkina added that its audience feedback has also helped RT "zero in on what is interesting to an audience at
large".
For example, comments left on RT's website and YouTube helped to inform the broadcaster about which stories
appeared to me of most interest to their audience, which turned out to often be under-reported international
stories or coverage which gives a "fresh perspective on an international story that they weren't getting anywhere
else".
"That's how we have become the channel that we are today, and that is in huge, huge part, specifically to our
audience being very engaged, being very responsive via our social media platforms, and that's really critical to
our brand."
And for RT these engaged viewers in turn then help "make this content popular". For example, Karnovich said
RT now "has a very good rating on YouTube", which helps surface its videos when other users search for
relevant content on YouTube.
So this helps bring RT's video to new audiences, with the hope they will see the range of content on offer and
sign up as a subscriber.
Quality, not quantity
As referred to earlier, Karnovich stressed that the focus is on "quality, not quantity".
He also advised journalists to place themselves in the position of the viewer, and think about what would make
them click on it when it comes to a headline or video blurb. He added that the title of a video in particular is
"where you grab the audience".
Quality is also important when it comes to the team. Belkina said that RT "always had a young team, very openminded, very open to technological advancements".
"It's really about - it's a bit of cliche, but it's a cliche for a reason - thinking outside the box, being open to new
platforms, different ways of engagement", she said.
RT has a social media team of six, who work on the broadcaster's approach across YouTube and other platforms.
Careful advertising
Via the YouTube Partner programme RT does draw revenue from pre-roll video advertising and banners, but
Karnovich stressed the importance of a "gentle" approach.
"Of course we're monetising our content on YouTube, but we're doing it in a very gentle manner," he said.
"For example, if we have news which from one point of view covers a tragic event where people died, we
absolutely click off all the video ads or banners, trying not to distract our audience."
He added that this sensitive approach is "really a priority for us".
Below is a video by RT on reaching one billion views on YouTube and some of the "huge-hitter" videos in terms
of views

Articolul 7
AP-Google scholars in digital journalism announced
Programme seeks to support "innovation at the intersection of journalism and technology" with $20,000 grants
4 June 2013, Alastair Reid
The Associated Press and Google have announced the latest recipients of their journalism and technology
scholarship program, giving six recipients $20,000 each to research projects in digital journalism.
The scheme, administered by the Online News Association, was first launched last year and seeks to support
creative and innovative students who are pushing the sector forward.
Supporting innovation at the intersection of journalism and technology is crucial to the future of news," Sue
Cross, AP senior vice president for the Americas, said in a press release. "We are pleased to team up with
Google in supporting the initiative and ideas of six impressive students who will be shaping that future.
Below is a list of the AP-Google Journalism and Technology scholars for the 2013/14 academic year, based on
ONA's announcement:
Adam Allevato
Adam Allevato, who studies mechanical engineering at Colorado State University, is building a Wordpressbased news platform that is deeply-integrated and determined by consumer needs. At the university, as
webmaster of its Rocky Mountain Student Media Corporation, he is credited with having "helped transition the
organisation to an online-first, demand-driven newsroom".
Lindsey Cook
Lindsey Cook aims to promote computer science among female journalism students with her project,

journochiCS, as well as "provide a community of awareness and resources". She is studying journalism and
computer science at the University of Georgia.
Nonny de la Pena
Nonny de la Pea, a Harvard graduate and Annenberg Fellow doctoral candidate at USC's School of Cinematic
Arts, is focussing on immersive journalism through virtual reality and gaming platforms. She is a former
Newsweek correspondent and award-winning documentary maker.
Tyler Fisher
Tyler Fisher, a journalism undergrad at Northwestern University, Knight fellow and webmaster of North by
Northwestern, is looking to create a "second-screen app and framework for local broadcast news" called
Teleprompt.
Nilkanth Patel
Nilkanth Patel is an editorial production associate at The New Yorker who will begin studying journalism and
computer science at Columbia University in autumn with a focus on data visualisation. With his funding he aims
to make "interactive news a more pervasive component of reporting by creating tools to make data visualization
quicker and easier for budding journalists".
Erik Reyna
Erik Reyna, who is studying new media at Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, wants to develop a website
that will help "non-programmer journalists in the creation of news package templates through the use of code
snippets".
The students were selected by committee with an aim to promote "geographic, gender and ethnic diversity"
while also rewarding those working at the crossroads between journalism, computer science and new media.
Richard Gingras, senior director of news and social products at Google, commended the high calibre of the
projects in a statement, and said: "It is this rich new thinking and these fresh new efforts from these scholars that
will ensure that the future of journalism can and will be better than its past.

Articolul 8
#editors13: Eight revenue-generating ideas for news outlets
The list, as shared in a presentation by editor of Wired UK David Rowan, does not include paywalls or
advertising
4 June 2013, Sarah Marshall
With advertising spend dramatically reduced newspaper ad revenues is down 22 per cent globally since 2008,
according to a report published yesterday the future is not in banners and buttons, David Rowan, editor of
Wired UK told theWorld Editors Forum in Bangkok today. And Rowan did not discuss paywalls as a solution
for funding news.
He said there is an important role for news publishers, "but we need to find new sources of funds".
Rowan said as news businesses "we need to change our mindsets", arguing that mobile is key due to the rise of
smartphones and mobile. "You must put mobile internet at the heart of your strategy," he said.
Mobile is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, he added, as people are changing their reading behaviour, checking
mobiles up to 150 times a day. "And that is time they are not spending reading your newspaper or magazine," he
said.
A key question for media companies to to address is "where are you adding value?" The answers may include
trust, expertise, curation and depth. So how do we turn these traits into revenue potential?
He shared ideas and examples inspired by entrepreneurs, start-ups and innovators.
1. Commerce
Get people to buy things, urged Rowan. He gave the example of news sites offering a 'deal of the day'. He also
mentioned Stripe, a tool to make it easier for people to make payments for such offers.
2. Events
Create events, he suggested. Wired creates for-profit events, which have become a "significant revenue stream".
3. Consulting
Wired has also added a consulting revenue stream, "telling stories in a corporate setting". Wired UK helps
businesses and brands put on events, for example. "People are more willing to pay for something thats scarce,
he said.
4. Colleges
Conde Nast, which publishes Wired (as well as Vogue), has opened a fashion and design college in New York,
drawing on the title's expertise and contacts.
5. Community funding

Rowan outlined examples of news projects that have attracted crowdfunding from sites like Kickstarter. He
mentioned Tomorrow Magazine and Brain Pickings.
6. Creative agencies
Axel Springer, a large European media company, has set up a creative agency, as has France's Le Monde, Rowan
explained. Telegraph Create, set up by the UK news title, carried out a brand project for Sainsburys, for example.
7. Cruises
The Daily Mail realised it was selling cruises on behalf of several companies, so it cut out the middle man and
now sells its own cruises, Rowan said.
8. Innovation heads
Several companies, including DMGT, which owns the Daily Mail, have programmes which reward staff who
come up with new revenue-generating ideas.
Rowan also shared four examples of newsroom innovation:
Snow Fall, The New York Times A17,000 word multimedia story. He said other outlets may not have the
budget of the Times, "but need to learn own solutions".
Truth Teller, Washington Post A application for fact checking video and audio of political speeches and
interviews in near real-time.
Street Quality Grades, LA Times A project which used the crowd to asses the quality of local roads
Homicide Watch A local US site which tracks every homicide in Washington DC.
Move fast and iterate, urged Rowan. And lose the sense of embarrassment around failure. Businesses pivot, they
dont fail, he said. His advice is to think globally, think like a startup, expect disruption, to use the crowd and to
take risks.

Articolul 9
#editors13: Why El Pais is investing at a time of crisis
Spain may be in the middle of a crippling financial crisis, but El Pais is investing despite suffering sharp
advertising and circulation declines
4 June 2013, Sarah Marshall
Spanish news oulet El Pais launched a news site for Latin America on the day the first Argentine pope was
announced. That may have been a timely advantage for a publisher based in an economy hit by crisis.
In a talk at the World Editors Forum in Bangkok, Javier Moreno, the news outlet's editor, explained why El Pais
is investing despite the crisis, with a focus on digital and Latin America.
Moreno explained that El Pais was founded in 1976, with the values of "independence and the defence of
democracy" helping it to become the top-selling newspaper in Spain.
Between 1976 and 2007 there were "the glory days", Moreno said. El Pais was selling 450,000 copies on a daily
basis and in 1992 sold more than 1 million newspapers on Sundays. And with rising circulation came increasing
revenues.
But the glory days were not to last. Now circulation is falling, with figures for the daily at 300,000 last year and
Sunday sales at 455,000 copies less than half the peak 20 years earlier.
Revenues declined too. In 2005 they peaked at 453 million; in 2012 the figure was 193 million, a drop of 57
per cent.
"We were fully unprepared for that change," Moreno said.
He explained that El Pais made a loss for first time ever in 2012, which was a dramatic blow to everyone:
shareholders, readers and newsroom staff.
The headcount of 456 employees was reduced to 327, with 129 people laid off, close to one third of the staff.
But the title decided to invest despite the crisis. They decided not to cut foreign reporting, an unusual move in
such circumstances, and they focused in digital.
Before crisis hit in 2008 El Pais had two newsrooms in two different buildings: one for print and one for digital.
These merged in 2009 and the title became 'digital-first' in 2010.
Technology was a key factor, Moreno said, explaining that the "tech guys sit in middle of the newsroom". This
proved hugely beneficial when the news outlet received Wikileaks documents and technologists were able to
build a database in just three days.
Another goal was to reach out to Latin America. "We wanted to become the number one provider of news in the
Spanish-speaking world," Moreno said.
The publisher has invested, expanding staff in Mexico from two to 12 and extending the network of stringers
throughout South America.
El Pais launched a site for Latin America in March and early figures show encouraging increases in visitor

numbers.
So how did it achieve expansion in a time of crisis? Moreno said it is down to decision-making ability,
leadership and values. "Keep your values, change everything else," urged Moreno.
Journalism.co.uk is in Bangkok for the World Editors Forum.
Follow@SarahMarshall3, @JohnCThompson and #editors13 for updates.

Articolul 10
#editors13: 13 inspirational data journalism projects
Delivering a workshop at the World Editor's Forum in Bangkok, Justin Arenstein highlighted a series of data
journalism projects produced by newsrooms across the world
3 June 2013, Sarah Marshall
Building data journalism projects which offer readers added depth and understanding to a story, was one of eight
key newsroom trends highlighted byJustin Arenstein from the African Media Initiative and African News
Challenge at the World Editor's Forum.
As such, he outlined 13 examples of data journalism from across the world, both big and small, highlighting
what is possible.
1. Washington Post Top Secret America
This is an investigation into arms procurement. The Post "wanted to find out what tax payers' money was being
spent on", Arenstein said, explaining that it is still being added to "it's a living recourse on military spending".
The investigation has provided traditional stories, and as the data was geocoded the Post was able to plot the
information on a map. And by plotting data they were able to find patterns - and see relationships between arms
spending and manufacturing and the constituencies where politicians involved in procurement process are based.
The Post has "also created a visible database", Arenstein said. In a newspaper you have limited space so you
cannot report on this, he explained, whereas the web has the advantage in that underlying research can go online
and be used as a resource. Google calls these "living stories", Arenstein added.
2. Washington Post Healthy life expectancy
The topic of healthy life expectancy "could be a dry subject", Arenstein said, and the Post's solution? "To put the
person in the story" by making it interactive. "It encourages people to spend more time engaging," he said.
3. Guardian Gay rights in the US interactive
This example is "less to do with numbers" and more to do with information and localising that information. "It's
real narrative information," Arenstein argued.
4. Bloomberg Bloomberg Billionaires
Here Bloomberg allows readers to interact with the information on the world's richest people, filtering to find out
whether they inherited their wealth or earned it.
5. Google Flu trends
Data can be predictive, Arenstein said, explaining how the flu trends study looked at what people were searching
for in Google (keywords such as 'cold', 'flu', 'tissues') and then looking at how reports of flu mirror the search
pattern. Projects like flu trends shows "what are people interested in before it's news?'".
6. Veja.com The scandal meter
Brazilian news outlet Veja.com extracted data from their archives going back to 1985, creating an interactive of
the results which allows the user to search linkages.
Smaller scale examples
7. The Globe and Mail The 'Who had it Worse' machine
The Canadian news outlet "built the tool so it could go viral", Arenstein said. Then they looked at analytics to
see who was sharing and interacting. By doing so they could see the demographics who are interested in this
type of story.
8. ProPublica Prescriber Checkup
This example from not-for-profit investigative news outlet ProPublica is a tool which lets users find and compare
doctors and other top drug prescribers.
9. The Star Health, Kenya Dodgy doctors
This data journalism interactive cost just $500 to build and has so far taken four work days, including one
programmer and two journalists. In the same way as ProPublica created a health portal page in the last example,
the Kenya title created a tool to allow users to search for registered doctors.
Arenstein told an anecdote which outlined the importance of such a tool, explaining how someone fell ill, called
who he thought was a doctor, was treated but it turned out that the man was not a doctor but a vet.
The Kenyan title is both monetising and opening the tool to those not online. They are providing results by SMS,

charging a premium text message rate.

10. Gottavote, Kenya
Election information was provided in a lengthy PDF, Arenstein explained, so one coder and one journalist
worked together to build the Gottavote app, making it easy for people to get the information. They then created a
message-sharing app so Kenyans could encourage one another to vote. The interactive generated as much traffic
as the news content on the election, Arenstein said.
11. Where my money dey? Ghana
This tool allows people to search for their area and tells them how much money has been received by officials. It
was built for just $250, with volunteers making it possible, and the newspaper is now on board and pointing
people to the tool.
12. Find My School, Kenya
This tool advises parents which schools would be best for their children, based on data.
13. Great Schools
This example from the US does exactly the same as the Kenyan project above.
Newsrooms might say these tools are not the product of a newsroom, Arenstein pointed out, but they "anchor
content" and "build loyal audiences around content".
Arenstein's slides are at this link and the raw 'live notes' on the session are at this link.

Articolul 11
#editors13: Why 2012 was 'transformational' for Gannett
The US publisher says the positive shift is down to a focus on digital audiences, metered paywalls and investing
in digital marketing
3 June 2013, Sarah Marshall
Last year was the key "transformational" year for US publisher Gannett, which owns Newsquest, Robert Dickey,
president of the US community publishing division told the World Editors Forum in Bangkok.
"We have moved from being a publishing company to a multimedia powerhouse," he said in the keynote speech.
Dickey said while much of the world knows Gannett for publishing USA Today, the 106-year-old company has
81 local newspapers in the US and 23 television stations.
The company has 5,000 journalists and the digital transformation was built on local ties. "Local journalism is our
most important offering," Dickey said. "Our goal with digital is to provide access to that."
He said that digital progression will not kill newspapers, at least not for the foreseeable future. "Digital simply
offers us more ways to connect people."
Last year Gannett started introducing metered paywall options for its local titles. Several choices are available to
subscribers, including an 'all access model', combining print and digital.
Dickey said that 2012 was the first time in six years that Gannett gained in circulation revenue, adding that 28
per cent of revenues are now from digital.
Gannett has also invested in local digital marketing, such as Groupon-like coupon deals.
The "transformation has increased both top level revenue and circulation revenue", he said.
The publisher has also made organisational changes as it shifts focus to digital by creating a national newsdesk.
In what Dickey described as a "bold move for Gannett", the publisher created the national desk - based in the
USA Today newsroom - which feeds into more than 100 local newsrooms. This allows editors to focus on local,
strong, investigative work, he explained.
Dickey said Gannett has also invested in tools and training, with video currently the top training priority for
journalists.
The main challenge, in Dickey's view is "to constantly know your audience".
Reflecting on the past and looking to the future he said: "One thing hasn't changed in 106 years: all news is
local."

Articolul 12
#editors13: Eight trends newsrooms should be aware of
Using data to make 'news you can use' and other tips from Justin Arenstein's presentation at WAN-IFRA
conference in Bangkok
3 June 2013, Sarah Marshall

One of the sessions at the World Editors Forum, currently underway in Bangkok, was a workshop looking at
why newsrooms should focus on data with tips on how to get started.
The 'data revolution in your newsroom' workshop was led by Justin Arenstein, involved in a number of
initiatives including the African Media Initiative and African News Challenge.
Arenstein listed four apps that are, as he described, it, part of the "age of context". Each of the apps serves to
illustrate the point that people are not necessarily searching for news and information, but that recommendations
are pushed to them automatically. Arenstein argued this is something news outlets must be aware of as they
pivot to the changing landscape.
The four 'age of context' apps he showed are:
1. Twist - An app that uses your social media connections and accesses your calendar to make informed guesses
as to who your contacts are and let people know if you are going to be late to an appointment. "It starts becoming
an automated PA," he said.
2. Highlight - An app which helps you find new people.
4. My Recommended Radio - A Music recommendation and discovery app which maps out the mathematical
structure of music and recommends new music.
5. Hunch - Which makes commercial recommendations based on your likes and dislikes
Arenstein also mentioned Google Now, which only delivers news articles it thinks you would be interested in.
And while thinking about the way content discovery is evolving, Arenstein also mentioned Google Glass,
immersive media and "the direction the digital world is travelling", with readers delivered contextual
information.
He also talked about Google Goggles, an app which has been around for several years and enables the
recognition of objects, such as buildings. Apps such as this provide the user with the ability to start to "peel away
the history of an area", and local newspapers are sources of some of the information delivered.
Arenstein described this as "hyper-personal media". He said newsrooms should be aware that consumers are now
less brand-aware and expect news and information to come to them.
He outlined eight trends news outlets should be aware of:
1. Audiences are looking for the signal in the noise, with news providers able to make sense of the buzz from
social media. Indeed Signalnoi.se is the name of a platform that provides "actionable intelligence". It was used
by Al Jazeera to predict activity during the start of the Arab Spring.
2. Verification is important in the evolving news landscape. Journalists are now faced with verifying that
images, videos and facts shared on social media or sent to a news outlet are what they purport to be. Arenstein
mentioned Storyful, a news agency which verifies such information.
3. Open data and data journalism. While some news outlets are guilty of simply creating "data porn", as
Arenstein described the process of creating pretty pictures rather than meaningful data interactives, other outlets
are using data to provide context and background. He later shared 13 examples of data journalism
projects carried out on both large and small scales.
4. News as a service. We need to "move beyond the crisis", Arenstein said, referring to the decline in newspaper
circulations and ad revenues. We need to frame the conversation differently, he suggested. He urged news outlets
to ask the question "are we content-first or are with audience-first?'" Most media outlets are not having this
conversation and it has implications for major decisions such as paywalls. He gave the Mail Online as an
example of an organisation which is audience-first, bringing in ad revenue by reaching more than 100 million
readers, and listed the Financial Times as a content-first outlet, with the niche content appropriate for a paywall.
He said news outlets should also ask "are we creating news or content?" Once that is answered "we can create
engaging experiences around that content", he said, using the examples of County Sin and Where Does My
Money Go?, two projects which allow the reader to explore information.
5. Because people are reading so much content, people are consuming it for less time. Newsrooms should be
aware of this trend, Arenstein said, as we strive to find ways to increase engagement in a crowded media
landscape
He listed three examples of projects delivering such engagement. The first is NPR Public Insight Network,
where the "underlying powerful concept" is one of whether the audience becomes a resource working together to
shape policy. The next example he gave was Purpose, which takes signatures for campaigns by getting people to
provide a missed call. The third example he gave exposes wrongdoing by providing hidden cameras.
6. Security and personal encryption. People are increasingly realising that conversations, particularly with
newsrooms, can be monitored, Arenstein said. Some journalists are using Tor, an open-source piece of software
which allows for anonymity. Al Jazeera is working on a new "plug and play" option to protect whistleblowers
and sources when they want to report a story to the outlet.
7. Co-creation. Arenstein said there are a number of examples of initiatives where networks of journalists in
different parts of the world are working together, citing the Hacks/Hackers chapters as an example, with
journalists and technologists working together in local groups and the groups also working together regionally

and internationally.
8. Re-use and replication. The next newsroom trend Arenstein outlined is the growing number of repositories
which are "the first or experimental versions of new solutions". The Knight Foundation has invested millions of
dollars in open-source projects, which allow for the sharing of information and code. "There's also a growing
civil and civic movement creating tools," he explained.
What do we need to change in our newsrooms?
The next area Arenstein outlined during the three-hour workshop are steps newsrooms should be taking now, as
the nature of digital news and media evolves.
1. Geotagging. By geotagging stories, people and places mentioned in articles, news outlets can be ready for
new geolocation tools and services, including Google Glass. Unlike the next point, geotagging happens at the
newsgathering stage.
2. Build in entity extraction and network analysis. In comparison to geotagging, this must happen at the news
production stage, Arenstein said. By creating "deep linked data", news outlets can semantically link articles and
both journalists and readers can start to see relationships by the linked information. Arenstein gave the example
of Thomson Reuters projectOpenCalais, and Poderopedia, which automates linkages.
3. Turning narrative news into structured data. (As explained further in the next point).
4. Treating news as an API. The New York Times and the Guardian are two news outlets which have done this,
opening up their structured data.
Arenstein's slides are at this link and the raw 'live notes' on the session are at this link.
Journalism.co.uk is in Bangkok for the World Editors Forum.
Follow@SarahMarshall3, @JohnCThompson and #editors13 for updates.

Articolul 13
#AfricaAt50: How technology is changing journalism in Kenya
As the continent experiences an economic boom, mobile phones and social media are playing an increasing role
in many societies, particularly Kenya
31 May 2013, Alastair Reid
The African Union celebrates its 50th anniversary this year and, as countries work through the social and
economic troubles created by colonialism, many nations are experiencing a boom the likes of which have not
been seen in 30 years. Of the world's fastest growing economies, half of the top ten are in Sub-Saharan
Africa according to the IMF and as more countries are moving from being bracketed as "poor" to "middle
income", technologies such as mobile phones and social media permeate society more and more.
This is particularly true of Kenya, where Musa Haron, a freelance print and radio journalist in Nairobi, described
a situation that should be familiar to social media users the world over. Previously he would only hear the news
if he caught the evening broadcasts, but the real-time nature of social media is having a wide impact
"Social media has managed to override the traditional media, where things that are happening on TV or radio at
prime time have already been shared on Twitter and Facebook," he said. "In Kenya I think if you want to get
news just log in to your Facebook and Twitter account and then you can get all the news that you want. And then
when you wait for the seven o'clock or nine o'clock news it is like a recap. You already have a touch of what is
happening."
The timeline of social media's wider introduction in Kenya follows much the same path as Europe - Facebook
around 2007/8, Twitter a couple of years later but mobile use among the poor only took off in 2009 according
to the World Bank, and the country itself was not released from the corruption and human rights abuse of
President Moi's 24-year reign until 2002.
As such, Njenga Nakeenah, a radio journalist at Hope FM and Earth Journalism Network fellow, sees these
technologies as having a liberalising effect on his compatriots.
"There is a transformation that has not been there and the fact that the government has not clamped down
whatsoever on the internet, [means] Kenyans are able to express themselves and even receive all kinds of
information from all over the world without any limitation whatsoever," he said.
"I think this has kind of liberalised the platform and Kenya has opened up [more] now than it was a few years
ago."
People's interest in politics has rocketed "anything political will sell" says Nakeenah and the feedback loop
created between social media and the increased liberalisation of Kenyan politics, and hence Kenyan journalism,
is ever-growing.
"Politics has more ground because people are interested in how they are governed," continued Hakeenah, "so if I
do a story that is inclined more towards the politics you will find that it has a following. If I did a story on the

government or some project somebody will pick that up but not as many as those who are doing politics.
Regardless of how popular a political topic is, even months later somebody is retweeting a story that you shared
a long time ago."
And the power of social media, amplified by mobile access, is being felt from the slums and skyscrapers of
Nairobi to the dirt tracks and plains of the Rift Valley. In January, the Communications Commission of
Kenya published statistics from its SIM card registration survey revealing that, allowing for the possibility of
duplication, there are between 25 and 30 million mobile phone users in Kenya, representing around 60 to 70
percent of the population.
Hakeenah regularly visits his "rural home" not far from Nairobi, but says that many people are connected to
social media and their appetite to stay connected is so strong that it can influence whether they eat or not.
"Even there, there are people who are very well connected because a number of Kenyans are well educated and
they have access," he said. "They'd rather forego a meal, maybe lunch, and have airtime for their phones. And
you will find that most people are on social media, Facebook and Twitter and others.
"So you will find that the connectivity, although it may not be very pervasive in the rural areas, it is still there
because if I go there will be somebody who will meet me and they will be interested in what I'm doing and then
they will get to join or get connected to the social media through the internet and that way the numbers keep
growing..."
Hakeenah's conclusions are backed up by independent research, as one study in 2012 put Facebook use in Kenya
at almost 2 million while another found that the country has Africa's second most active Twitter community,
behind South Africa.
Collins Nabiswa, social media editor of Nairobi's Daily Nation, which has 350,000 Kenyan Facebook fans, told
Journalism.co.uk that social media can inform people of local news where more established media do not have
the same reach.
"Very many people go onto social media to access and to know what's happening around them and you find that
in traditional media, radio and TV, [they might] not have a national outlet so they can't see press where they are,"
he said. "Their network is not there. But there is the internet where they are. So they go there and log on to
internet to access, to know what's happening."
These more marginalised portions of society, which Nabiswa says access the internet either through their phones
or by the use of a dongle but rarely see their stories told, are where the work of a UK based media development
organisation comes into play.
Radar, founded by Alice Klein and Libby Powell, both freelance journalists with backgrounds in development,
offers free training in mobile journalism to citizen reporters as one of its central programmes.
"Our focus at Radar is to bring in people who aren't involved in mainstream media production," said Klein, "so
we work through our trusted network of partner organisations who can then select participants so we know that
these are people who can give us verifiable information."
These participants, including Musa Haron, are often selected by NGOs and taught how to send micro-reports via
SMS to a local number, which then forwards the text to an email account in the UK.
"Mobile phones are pretty much everywhere in Kenya," she continued, "even when we were training people who
had come down from Lodwar in the north, which is a semi-arid area of northern Kenya, they all had their own
mobile phones. It might not be smartphones, it might just be green-screen phones but they are still capable of
using those to send us the micro reports."
Radar received "hundreds" of microreports when it was first introduced to cover March's national elections but
has since remained a key outlet for some citizen journalists in the country, such as SMS updates on the
presidential inauguration from citizen journalist Sarah Mwikali and live reports of Occupy Parliament protests
from Musa Haron, a story which eventually made its way on to the New Internationalist website.
All of these stories broke through mobile reporting, albeit from the relatively connected streets of the capital, but
tip-offs from rural areas would largely come through social media, as Nabiswa explained.
"People have access to internet, people have access to social media. Therefore they tell us what's happening right
then," he said. "A few weeks ago there was an attack in the north-east. We had the story and if it wasn't for the
social media we would not have had the story."
That attack proved to be the first in a new wave of violent incidents on the Kenya-Somalia border from Somali
militia groups that has led to an increased military and media presence in the area.
Hakeenah described how a recent story of a water source polluted by heavy metals had first been broken by a
text message sent to the newsroom at Hope FM. Trained reporters followed up on the lead, but the story and
industrial pollution would have remained un-reported without the initial tip-off.
"The first person who was reporting about the poisoning, they may not know what it is really," he said. "But
once you have experts looking into that then you're able to change how that society is."
This appetite for involvement is reflective of the more open and liberal society that Hakeenah said emerged with
the internet.

"In Kenya everybody, as long as they have a phone, they become a reporter," he said. "And it is very interesting
because you are able to break a story if you have sources who are savvy in terms of using mobile telephony. And
what has happened is that they are coming up, we are coming up as citizen reporters whereby something happens
somewhere and someone is either tweeting it or calling you or sending you a text message."
This may be similarly true of the situation in more developed countries but the geographical isolation of some
areas of Kenya and the connectivity which the technology brings is making the difference. Lucy Maroncha, a
freelance journalist who writes for the Standard Group, Radio Netherlands and IRIN News, said that these
technologies have radically changed how journalists in the field go about their work.
"I am able to report my stories directly as opposed to going to sit somewhere and file my story," she said. "Now I
can report a story directly from the field, where it is happening. So I think that it has really changed. Another
thing is that we are able to send short messages, on my phone I can send a very short message to my editor and
they get the story."
Some issues of connectivity and the availability of power outlets for charging still remain, but mobile phone
manufacturers have begun to pick up on the demand for models better suited for the African environment.
Nokia's Asha's series has had a dual sim capacity - to act as a back-up in areas with low connectivity in the
phones since its launch in 2011 and the new 501 model reportedly has 48 days of standby battery life. Other
examples include ZTE's solar powered model, launched in 2011, where one hour of sunlight equates to 15
minutes of talk time; and Apple are expected to produce a low cost iPhone for developing countries later in the
year.
Klein believes these developments will allow citizen journalists to play a more prominent role in Kenya, playing
a key role alongside the more traditional forms and outlets.
"I firmly believe that both traditional journalism and citizen journalism will co-exist and probably need to coexist," she said. "It's not that one will take over from the other, you need the traditional journalism that sends
people to do these long training courses and they write these longer, rigorous in-depth features and articles but I
think that citizen journalism will definitely play a role insofar as diversifying the voice."
That diversification of the voice is important not just for the individuals involved but for society on the whole,
said Hakeenah, describing how citizen journalists and traditional outlets can work together.
"I believe that traditional journalism is not threatened, as many would want to say, but it is kind of getting a
boost in the fact that if you have your sources right and they're positioned right then you have your stories," he
said.
"And then the only thing you need to do is to tweak, by educating those who are your sources, citizen journalists
so to say, because if we just rely on the resources the media houses are giving us then it means that we are
missing the real story which is out there."
Voices previously marginalised by a lack of connectivity are finding they can play an increasingly important part
in society and, as Kenyans learn how best to put these new technologies in to practice, the opportunities for
journalism to play its truest role can blossom.

Articolul 14
'Why all would-be journalists need to blog'
Sue Greenwood, senior lecturer, Staffordshire University
31 May 2013, Sue Greenwood
I teach journalism students how to blog.
Ok, theres a chunk of you out there right now with your finger poised over the back button.
What if I put it this way: I teach journalism students how to build an audience.
I use blogging to demonstrate being responsible for your audience; how to find, enthrall, and grow your
audience. Finger still poised?
In the four years Ive been using blogging as a teaching tool, I havent found a more effective way to show
would-be journalists that the point of writing a story (or making a video) is that someone who cares about the
subject will read it.
And through running a blog myself, Ive found a really useful way to test the theories I teach.
Two weeks ago, the blog I set up specifically as a test-bed for teaching my students how to build an online
audience reached one million page views. By the time you read this, itll have added around 25k views to that
figure.
The site was at the top of Google and Bing for its primary search term (wreck of the week) within weeks of
launch beating The Telegraph, Guardian and all UK property websites, and it has never dropped from top
position.

The site is a blog about property: www.wreckoftheweek.co.uk - the name picked to piggyback on a phrase
already in use that my intended audience would be searching on.
It uses the most basic software and design options my students could choose, and theres nothing about it that I
dont cover in half-a-dozen teaching sessions.
While most newsrooms (and some journalists) now have a direct relationship with the audience for their media
product through responding to tweets and comments; measuring likes and interrogating stats, journalists by-andlarge write for their peers not their public.
Reporters arent poring over Google analytics pages and thinking: Blimey OReilly, that story about the park
closure gave us a 20 per cent new visitor boost; Id better do a follow-up. And I need to think about how Ill
bring those new visitors back for the follow-up.
But thats what effective bloggers do.
So I start by teaching my students how to pick the right subject for their own blog. I teach them about aligning
passion with expertise, usefulness, or humour.
I teach them about the importance of what comes first on a blog; both in signaling intent to your human audience
(this is what this blogs about and what youll get from me) and in signaling intent to non-human search bots
(these are the words that describe this content and heres their relative level of importance).
I teach them about picking the right name (as with wreck of the week) and explain about site names vs URLs;
placing of keywords; SEO tricks; design as signal; design for readability and always, always I keep bringing
them back to thinking about how their audience will use their blog and what theyll want to get from it.
Once theyre underway, I try to help them to focus on building that audience: who are they are and where are
they; what will attract their attention; what will make them click and follow a link from Twitter, Facebook, a
forum, etc?
I try to get them to dig into different types of user stats in order to analyze what content works for their audience
and how or if they should respond to that.
Again, using Wreck as the test bed, I spend time working with analytics: what search terms bring in visitors;
what makes some posts more popular; how many pages do and should visitors look at?
I get emails everyday from Wrecks readers and that becomes a lesson too what will be the best way for my
students to engage with and respond to reader queries?
Finally, I start linking audience to income and encourage my students to think entrepreneurially this is their
work, it should have a value that reflects its quality or usefulness to their audience.
From there, its a hop and a skip to branding, marketing and how the concepts theyre practising on their blog
could earn them six-figure salaries, but should at least earn them the price of the odd night out.
This isnt about teaching journalism students how to blog, its about getting them to think about their work in
relationship to the audience for that work. Its about them understanding audience isnt just something for editors
and proprietors to worry about.
Most of all, it isnt about how to get from one view to one million views but about considering who would want
to see the story youve written and how you will get them to see it.
Sue Greenwood is a senior lecturer at Staffordshire University, specialising in web-based and entrepreneurial
journalism. She is also undertaking a PhD researching Facebooks dominance of the social web. She
occasionally blogs about tech start-ups and journalism at http://whatworkedwhatdidnt.com

Articolul 15
How to: get started in data journalism
Advice from experts and trainers on how to start turning statistics into stories
16 May 2013, Alastair Reid
"We've got so much data being published every day that you have to get these skills, you can't ignore the open
data movement and you can't stay any longer without these skills. You need to get them."
Those are the words of Marianne Bouchart, a web producer for EMEA and data journalism project co-ordinator
at Bloomberg News, which neatly sum up the importance, and opportunity, for journalists to get to grips with
data.
In the 21st century, almost everything is logged electronically in some way or other. Making sense of the data is
a growing necessity among journalists but, for some, that first step from the safe world of words to an alien
landscape of numbers can be intimidating.
"I think it's easy to get scared by data journalism," continues Bouchart, "thinking, 'oh my god I don't know
anything about numbers and I don't know anything about the subject of this data. Where am I going to start?'
"That's usually the first impression you get when working on a data journalism project and the advice I would

give is to forget about fear and just be bold and take this as a great opportunity to learn new things."
So where do you start?
Start with a question
Paul Bradshaw, founder of Help Me Investigate and a lecturer in online journalism, says the first thing you need
to arm yourself with is not programming skills or advanced knowledge of scraping, but a sense of curiosity.
Approaching a set of data in search of a story is the same as approaching any situation, in fact it may precede
acquiring a data set in the first place, and that is more important in making progress.
"If you start with a story or if you start with a question, if you're curious, then that will lead you to the tools and
techniques that will help you solve that problem and answer that question," Bradshaw told Journalism.co.uk,
"and then you'll get a new question and you'll learn new skills to solve that one."
A recent project from Help Me Investigate looked at local council spending for the Olympic torch relay, an
investigation that took almost a year, but was the product of requests under the Freedom of Information Act and
good old-fashioned leads.
"In this case someone pointed out to us that bunting was very, very expensive and in fact we found one local
authority which spent 50,000 on bunting alone, just on these flags," he said. "This was a lead that led us off on
the track to find out how much authorities have spent and how they spent it."
So in this case, it was following the scent of a story that got the investigation started. Analytical tools and
techniques were a secondary factor.
Teach yourself
"I think it's essential if you want to get into data journalism that you have the initiative to learn things yourself
because to me that's the best way I've learned things," Bouchart added.
"To give it a go and fail and learn from my failure and to get new skills out of that and go on and do new
projects."
Because data journalism is a relatively new field, most of the leading lights on the subject are self-taught. The
same is true for each of the experts we spoke to.
Bouchart had "picked up" a few basic HTML and CSS skills and had done some graphic design work before
studying journalism at City University London, but when it came to JavaScript and more advanced coding
techniques she taught herself, largely through scouring the web for sources of information.
Bradshaw worked in magazine editing and website management before moving into data and investigative
journalism and, again, taught himself the skills he needed to find the answers he was after.
"It's really not about learning scraping or learning JavaScript or learning spreadsheets," he says, "it's about 'right,
I want to ask a question about council spending and in order to answer that question I might need some
spreadsheet skills', that's where you start."
Nicola Hughes, who recently joined the Times as a data journalist but prior to this was a Knight Fellow at the
Guardian after a year at Scraperwiki, created her own role at CNN in her first job after graduating from Cardiff.
Having been given the "usual starting job" running errands around the newsroom, she started the DataMinerUK
twitter account and began researching new projects and data investigations and finding out how they were made.
Eventually someone higher up spotted her work and gave her the role of digital media producer.
"I realised there were all these online resources that weren't necessarily set up by news organisations," she said,
"but were just tools with which I could analyse and understand information coming out in a stream and in data
format.
"So I started with Delicious and all these online resources for tagging things, finding tutorials, finding other
bloggers that wrote about tutorials."
Find a community
Just as Hughes picked up most of her skills and knowledge from bloggers and the tech community, so did
Bouchart and Bradshaw.
"Ultimately you learn from other people," says Bradshaw. "Most of the things I've learnt about freedom of
information are either from other people who know more about it than me or because people have asked me
questions and I've gone off to find out the answers for them. So just helping other people helps you learn and
builds relationships which lead to better stories and that's really what we do with help me investigate."
Bouchart tells a similar story, creating the Data Journalism Blog as a home for what she was learning that got
listed alongside the Guardian data blog and ProPublica as one of the best data journalism sites of 2011 by 10,000
words. As a result she worked with the European Journalism Centre in creating theData Journalism Handbook, a
free resource for people interested in data journalism that she describes as "the best place to start".
Develop a broad knowledge base
This may seem obvious as a journalist should be able to turn their skills to new topics as is appropriate, but the
subjects you may cover as a data journalist can vary to cover a wide range of what would normally be considered
journalist beats.
One of Hughes's favourite projects during her time at the Guardian wasuncovering the large proportion of US

food aid that ends up in the pockets of American agribusiness giants.

"[We aimed to] trace every single purchase of US food aid from the vendor, from the actual factory, the plant it
came from, to the port outside of the US in it's destination country," she said. "What food type it was, how much
it was and for which programme, and that data itself was split between the shipping records and the procurement
records. We had to go and find all of these and match them up.
"I like it because it required a lot of journalism, it was grunt work in terms of programming but also some stuff
had to be done by hand."
Within a matter of weeks of the US food aid story being published Hughes was working on a different story
around the Olympics, moving from a large, in-depth data project on global development to an analysis of
biometric and sporting data in less than a month.
At Bloomberg, Marianne Bouchart regularly has to deal with a varied range of projects on multiple subjects the
WikiLeaks diplomatic cables, the Clearstream case, an analysis of trends among medal winners at the 2012
Olympics, co-ordinating with 40 media organisations in analysing data on offshore accounts sometimes
running more than one at a time.
To specialise or not to specialise?
"When people say data journalism they think that's one speciality in itself," says Hughes, "but it's like saying in
school 'I want to do mathematics'. They offer mathematics as a course but mathematics consists of geometry,
algebra, topology, probability and those are very different areas. Data journalism is split almost like that as well
but there is a huge overlap between the science and the art."
There is no denying that Hughes is a specialist when it comes to the programming side - she teaches advanced
data journalism but she sees her experience working with lots of people and programming languages as a
foundation to draw upon when the need to specialise in one particular area arises.
"Every time you do a data journalism project the turn around can be from 6 weeks to 6 months," she says. "Each
journalism project doesn't use every spectrum of abilities, it doesn't use all the JavaScript visualisation libraries
that you can think of. It uses only one probably, a map or charting.
"To a certain extent when you're scraping it uses a subset of libraries which you know, therefore you are
very knowledgeable in those subsets of your own skills for those six months and the next six months when you
get another project you have to use a completely new set.
"No person can keep up with all the developments in all the different fields. When I say specialise, you are
relearning all the different fields."
That is not to say, however, that coding and programming is the main area of expertise involved in data
journalism. Paul Bradshaw believes that, although it is possible to work on a simple story by yourself, bigger and
better stories are the result of working in a team and therefore anyone can be involved in some respect.
"There are all sorts of different elements to it which require different types of skills: some of it is about design
skills; some of it is hardcore programming, if you're creating a tool for example; some of it is understanding the
Freedom of Information Act and the Data Protection Act and the Environmental Information Regulations. So it
doesn't have to be all technical."
In the UK, FOI requests are often central to data stories, so being able to get the data in the first place is a very
important skill, he says. Then there's cleaning up the data, mixing it together in spreadsheets, creating tools for
analysis, using visualisation and design skills, finding sources, finding case studies. These are the elements that
build the story and being able to play a role ensures your value to the project and the newsroom on the whole.
Finally, Bouchart believes that dabbling in various areas is a must, so that journalists are able to adapt to each
new project and what it requires.
"You can't spend months and months acquiring new skills," she says. "You have to pick up some knowledge
along the way and learn what you need when you need it to get to the next step in your project, get to something
real as soon as you can.
"Then if you arrive in the newsroom with journalism skills on top of all of these other small skills in statistics or
an understanding of programming and how to use a spreadsheet that is something really, really valuable I
think."
Hear more from Bradshaw, Bouchart and Hughes on data journalism skills inthis previous Journalism.co.uk
podcast.

Articolul 16
How Crisis Connection could help journalists
The app, which has been prototyped, will aim to give citizens a platform to share important information in a
crisis, also offering journalists a valuable resource
30 May 2013, Rachel McAthy

When a crisis hits a community, people need information fast. Those in the area affected need to know key
details, as do friends and family, the emergency services and the press.
Many people take to social media to share information in breaking news situations, and where a level of danger
remains there is often the need to gain a quick understanding of who is at risk.
In response to this, the Innovation Lab team at the University of Southern California (USC) Annenberg, has been
building Crisis Connection, an app linked up to a public online map, which works to provide a resource for
people to report moments of crisis, and connect with others who may be able to help. The project
was granted $600,000 from the LA-focused Ahmanson Foundation in October 2012.
The idea is that by engaging with the platform, members of the public can use the information to "make
important decisions about their own safety", such as certain roads to avoid during a crisis.
The data is then plotted on the map, also providing a useful resource for the media, not only to see where stories
are breaking, but make more informed decisions about where to distribute reporting resources.
The power of the community
Gabriel Kahn, a professor at USC, told Journalism.co.uk about his experience in a former role as bureau chief for
the Wall Street Journal in Los Angeles, when he knew an earthquake could strike at any moment.
"I knew there was going to be one eventually and it was going to be big and disruptive and it was going to be a
massive, massive story.
"And I had 12 reporters in the bureau, which is a lot of reporters, especially these days, but I still just wasn't
confident that we were going to be able to cover the story adequately by just spreading our reporting resources
around like that."
But further down the line he said he "realised I didn't need more reporters". Instead, the answer could have been
to look to the community to "share information that was going on, to help us figure out what the story was".
When Crisis Connection is launched, those who find themselves in a crisis will be able to post updates or
images, for example, to give an idea of what they are experiencing, which is then pinpointed on a map.
For the press, these reports can help not only flag up a possible news event, but also give some idea of the scale
of it.
"If you get 1,000, 2,000 or however many posts in a short time period, you can start to understand, looking at the
map, how damage is concentrated, what the different issues are in different places," Kahn said, "and you can
start to piece together an understanding of the situation".
As well as posting information on the crisis, the app will also offer "a resource-brokering application", Kahn
added, in which users can "post a need or you can post a situation", which someone else who could help can then
respond to.
"You could say 'my car has fallen into a drainage ditch', or something like that, and someone else could say 'hey
I have a Jeep with a winch', and they can attach their resource to your need on the map.
"So what we're trying to do is create a more efficient connection between need and resource."
He stressed, however, that this is in no way "trying to replace 911". "This is not a substitute for that," he said.
The potential for news outlets
As well as the benefits for the general public, Crisis Connection can also help news outlets in "delivering
accurate, essential information in a timely fashion", by having access to the resource of information being shared
publicly on the map linked to the app.
It is then up to the news outlet to "verify these individual reports and corroborate them", Kahn added.
Kahn added that said certain users, such as a member of the emergency services or someone who has previously
used the app and shared authentic information, could potentially have a "higher credit score", than an unknown
user, to help with gauging the reliability of information.
"That's the kind of thing we're working with," he said.
The platform is designed to cope in crisis situations where mobile communications can sometimes come under
pressure. In response to this, Crisis Connection will offer "people-finder functionality" to let users contact other
via email, Twitter or Facebook with a map of where they are. This could also help journalists let their newsdesks
know their location.
Another feature of the platform which could prove valuable for journalists when rolled out to the public is the
ability to apply geographical areas of interest, which for a journalist could be a specific patch, or the areas in
which businesses or organisations they report on are based, for example. Then, when something new happens in
that area, the journalist will receive an alert rather than having to regularly monitor a map.
Currently, when news breaks, citizens and journalists alike often turn to social media platforms for the latest
updates and eye-witness accounts, but these tend to be loud and busy places, not just focused on crisis events.
"This information is popping up all over the place on social networks but not in any one kind of dedicated
platform that's really designed to handle that kind of information," Kahn said.
The challenges

But while the noise of social media presents Crisis Connection with an opportunity to offer a focused space for
this important information, it also puts a spotlight on one of the key challenges, as Kahn explains.
"If we create another platform, do people feel compelled to actually create a new profile, on a new platform,
which involves a new app, or is this all just going to be happening over Twitter, or something like that?"
Kahn added that he does not "have a great answer for that one yet".
"Should we just try to do this in a way that's integrated with existing social media platforms, or should it be a
dedicated platform? The advantage of a dedicated platform is of course that people go there for specifically this
type of action, so you separate the signal from the noise as a result of that. And people go there with a particular
mindset: I either need this kind of information or I want to contribute this information in a useful way."
But ensuring engagement during a crisis could be difficult if users are not already familiar with the platform,
another challenge for Crisis Connection. A way to tackle this is being addressed by the launch approach. Later
this year Crisis Connection will go live, but will only be shared among the community at USC. Additionally, the
app's features will be applied in everyday situations to try and build people's awareness of the tool.
"One of the big issues is what's going to motivate someone to contribute information?" Kahn said. "How are we
going to make this compelling, how are we going to create a user interface and a product and everything else
that's going to make people actually want to share this information?"
Partly, the idea is that by distributing the app among the university community, users may be "a little bit more
compelled to share details if they feel that they're sharing it with a community of people that they know".
Another way in which the app will try to encourage engagement is through push notifications, which can also be
used in non-threatening situations to encourage participation.
Correction: The spelling of Gabriel's surname has been corrected from Khan to Kahn.

Articolul 17
How to: engage diverse communities
Tips on going beyond Twitter to dig for news and contacts
24 May 2013, Sarah Marshall
As a journalist you no doubt spend your day monitoring Twitter. "But if the only bit of journalism that you do on
social is to go to Twitter, it's just such a mistake," says Ramaa Sharma, who is BBC Delhi digital editor.
"Twitter is great for beginners as it is open and everything is accessible to you", says Yasmine El Rafie, who is
development editor for social media at Swedish Public Radio. "Whatever you are looking for you can just do a
Twitter search and it's there." But her view is that you should also look to other networks such as Facebook
where "you can reach the masses".
In this feature we look at how can journalists reach out to people beyond their normal networks, for example
using forums, SMS and other social networks such as Weibo, to find news stories and sources from different
communities.
It focuses on gathering news and finding contacts from BME (black, minority and ethnic) communities in the
UK, and also at newsgathering in different parts of the world.
There is also advice on thinking about the social networks and online spaces where you push out stories.
Reaching diverse sources and audiences in the UK
The good news is that diverse communities are often active online, as Sharma says. "Ethnic minorities the world
over seldom feel heard in mainstream discourse, so over the years minority and persecuted communities have
taken to the web to feel visible, heard, and to take part in the conversation," she told Journalism.co.uk.
"If their view of the world is not represented in the country they live in, it is not unusual for these communities
to go where they can get information that is relevant to them and to connect with people who are speaking the
same kind of language or have the same kind of issues as they do. And I don't mean just issues to do with race,
but also perception. Of course, it's very easy to find people of like-minded views and thoughts and ideas online."
So what are the online spaces where people from diverse communities in the UK often communicate?
Forums
El Rafie from Swedish Public Radio recently carried out a month-long research project at Polis at LSE in
London during which she spoke to a researcher at LSE who told her conversations were taking place on a forum
called Muslim Youth Net that journalists were rarely aware of.
"For example, postcode wars, how there would be a conflict between one neighbourhood and another
neighbourhood solely based on the address, not race, not religion."
The researcher also told El Rafie about "discussions on homophobia and gay Muslims", threats which could be
interesting for journalists to follow whether as a source of stories or to better understand the community.
Twitter hashtags

While El Rafie was in the UK there were several hashtags trending on Twitter. "The beauty of Twitter is you can
follow whoever you want, or you can make Twitter lists," she said. "My suggestion here would be that when
there is a hashtag trending like #YouKnowYoureAsianWhen or #MosqueDayMemories or #AsianBoysLike
here are participants who are in some way related to the subject.
"Why not just go to the hashtag and add as many of them as possible to a Twitter list? Then you have your own
news agency that you can just follow. Mostly there will not be much difference in that list to other conversations
on Twitter, but now and then you might get a discussion that you don't have elsewhere."
BBM
Another place where people communicate is BBM, an instant messaging service for BlackBerry phones. It was a
means of communication during the 2011 England riots, where Paul Lewis from the Guardian and some other
journalists working on the story followed the conversations taking place. BBM was also used in Egypt at the
time of the 2011 revolution.
BBM was also highlighted by the web editor of Nigerian Watch, a newspaper for the UK Nigerian community,
El Rafie said, when she spoke to him about how he monitored the "buzz" of conversations. He has an extensive
Facebook network and also listens to the "chatter" from BBM, such as conversations about DJ club nights and
religious gatherings, El Rafie explained.
"I got the sense that the messages that move around in this group do not really distinguish necessarily between
the diaspora and the community in Nigeria."
Facebook groups
El Rafie also recommends joining Facebook groups, explaining some could be particularly useful to
investigative reporters. One of the interns at LSE, who was helping out with her research, had worked with
young asylum seekers in Denmark. "She was able to find Facebook groups where refugees from Afghanistan, for
example, communicate."
And when El Rafie was working on a story about growing up in a mixed-race household, she found a small
Facebook group of people who "have a Finnish mother and a non-Finnish father". "All of a sudden I had group
of people I could contact for my story."
Newsgathering from afar
Journalists can gather stories and voices by both monitoring online conversations and reaching out to people who
may be thousands of miles away.
Initial contact could be via social or other online platforms, but what about areas without a strong internet
connection and where smartphone penetration is low?
Esra Dogramaci, who is now in London completing an MA in politics and communication at LSE, was involved
in projects for Al Jazeera which gathered news from Libya, Uganda and Gaza via SMS and simple voice calls.
She said it is important to bear in mind that "Al Jazeera has a reputation for covering the voices of people who
are naturally not included in the mainstream media narrative."
So how do you access these harder-to-reach communities?
Phone and SMS
In response to the Kony2012 campaign by the group Invisible Children, to bring Joseph Kony and the Lords
Resistance Army (LRA) to justice, the Al Jazeera team decided to see what Ugandans in the north of the country,
an area where the LRA and Kony had operated, thought of the campaign.
Working with the web and TV broadcast teams, Al Jazeera's social team reached out to people in northern
Uganda.
They set up local phone numbers and asked local radio stations to broadcast the number. The team also set up a
number in Doha so Ugandans who were living overseas were able to share opinions too.
"We went through all the messages, filtering them for spam or abuse, and then plotted them on a map,"
Dogramaci explained.
In November 2012 attention was on the assault on Gaza, and again Al Jazeera used simple phone technology to
gather opinion.
"What we always try to do at Al Jazeera is get both sides of the argument," Dogramaci said. "We wanted to have
a look at how the bombardment was affecting ordinary people's lives, both Palestinians and Israelis.
"So we looked at who were the people who were active online and using personal connections to find people on
the ground and how this was really affecting their lives."
She said the aim was to find out "if the narrative being broadcast by 'wider media' was accurate".
The team recorded the phone interviews, uploading them to SoundCloud.
Similarly Al Jazeera used phone and SMS services in the run up to last year's elections in Libya, the first since
the fall of Gaddafi, adding the voices to an Ushahidi open-source map.
Sending sources cameras
Al Jazeera also tried something that was done for the 2009 Iraq elections and with the Iranian uprising,
sending Flip cameras, video recoding devices with a USB connection for simple upload.

The web and social teams sent 15 cameras to three major cities: Benghazi, Tripoli and Misrata.
"We identified people online; bloggers, activists, people who were talking about Libya, and asked them to find
ordinary Libyan citizens and ask them two very simple questions: would they be voting and what were their
hopes or expectations."
Dogramaci explained however that the internet connectivity was poor so results were limited.
UGC
Newsgathering from afar is a necessity at BBC Persian, the Farsi-language website which is blocked in Iran, and
at BBC Arabic.
Dmitry Shishkin, who is now digital development editor at BBC Global News and used to be at the World
Service, told us the "two newsrooms are using social media to the best of their advantage when it comes to
collecting and harnessing user-generated content".
"With all of the events that have been happening in Iran in the last few years, BBC Persian has been riding the
wave," both using social media to gather news and to push it out.
As Sharma described it, for BBC Persian "social is not a luxury", with core newsgathering taking place by
finding out then verifying information from social networks.
Beyond the main social networks
UK newsrooms may focus their efforts on pushing stories out and driving traffic through Facebook and Twitter,
but there are other networks popular in particular countries.
Shishkin explained that Orkut was a key focus for BBC Brasil, as the platform, which is now owned by Google,
was particularly popular there.
In Russia and the Ukraine VK is popular. "There the domestic social media network is much bigger than
Facebook or Twitter," Shishkin said, "And so the audience you get on VK differs from the audience on
Facebook and Twitter and you are able to reach the audience which otherwise would not get onto the BBC News
website."
And China has one of the largest social media networks in the world, calledWeibo.
"BBC Chinese is a good example of how you try to navigate and get to the users in a market which is pretty
difficult to penetrate," Shishkin said. "The key thing about BBC Chinese is the main news website is blocked in
China. The BBC runs another BBC Chinese website which talks more about learning English and about culture
and sport, and that site is permitted in China. So the team is using social media to ensure there is an awareness of
the brand."
Ramaa Sharma, who has been in Delhi since February, said that it is worth considering communication methods
beyond popular social networks. She mentioned that Yahoo Groups are regularly used there and that it is worth
joining communities around topics.
Multiple voices
Sharma works with both the BBC Hindi service and the India index of the English-language site BBC.com, and
said how the team finds stories that resonate with both Indian communities around the world and in India.
Sharma gave the example of how they gathered feedback on a story on planning in India, pushing it out to the
BBC Hindi Facebook page and the @BBCIndia Twitter account.
"We found that both of those communities were saying very different things, had very different concerns," she
said. "The English-speaking community is global and was interested in India's place in the world, while the
Hindi community, with some people based in rural heartlands and small metro cities, was interested in 4G
connection in rural areas and how can education be more digital.
"So we had these two very different communities talking about two very different things, bigger picture and
smaller picture, but by weaving that into a story together we can offer richer journalism, more inclusive of a
variety of voices inside and outside of India and provide a better product."
"The beauty of online is that you have more space to write and have more space to engage on social. I think it's
increasingly important that we do use the web to get all of those diverse voices and stories out and then think of
ways of presenting them in a meaningful way."
A podcast featuring Ramaa Sharma, Esra Dogramaci, Yasmine El Rafie and Dmitry Shishkin is at this link.

Articolul 18
Soo Meta to help journalists build quick multimedia stories
The storytelling tool, which officially launches today, is already working with two media outlets in Hungary
22 May 2013, Rachel McAthy
A new visual storytelling tool, which enables users to bring together video, text and interactive polls into a single
multimedia package, has officially launched today.

Soo Meta, built by a Budapest-based team, offers a simple drag-and-drop system to pull in content from across
the web into its online workstation, with the ability for users to search for videos, images, text within Twitter and
audio.
Users can either 'collect' content in the sidebar 'library' for later use, or 'insert' it directly into the player. The end
product can then be password protected, or publicly available and embeddable.
Chief executive Tamas Szakal said the idea began with another platform calledDragontape, which enabled users
to "string together videos".
"While we were doing this we discovered a new way how stories can be told in a meaningful way," he told
Journalism.co.uk. The next step was to add a "text layer" on top of the video to help enrich the experience.
Also inspired by platforms such as Storify, Szakal worked to create a product which would "pull together from
different sources all the tweets, the social media inputs you need for a story", as well as providing the ability to
add commentary "to further illustrate video or pictures", as well as overall to "create quick videos out of stories".
And "that is what Soo Meta allows you to do", he said.
Users can login to Soo Meta with Facebook or create an account. When they create a new package, there is a
search facility for online content. This includes the ability to search for certain text on Twitter.
Then, when content is dragged into a story its source reference, such as the Twitter account it came from, or the
YouTube source, will automatically be taken with it and presented in the package alongside the relevant
material.
The tool also offers the ability to edit content, so users can shorten YouTube clips, for example, and zoom in to
pictures.
"With a little practice you have the possibility to create an engaging piece of content within minutes. It allows
anyone basically to create a quick movie without the experience with a complex video editing tool", Szakal said.
And "we don't store any of this content," Szakal added. "We stream every single piece of content from the
original source".
One of the latest additions to the Soo Meta menu is a polling feature, which lets users specify a "break-point" in
the timeline of the piece in which to insert a question to the viewer, along with answer options.
During the playback of the package the viewer can then select their answer and see the latest results of the poll,
before the multimedia package continues.
Journalists can use Soo Meta for free to produce multimedia packages, but if they are planning on inserting polls
and expect more than 10 responses, they would need to sign up for a paid-for account, of which there are two
tiers at $7.99 a month and $24.99 a month.
The paid-for options also offer additional features such as the ability to view statistics on where poll responses
came from geographically as well as viewing numbers and time.
Soo Meta also offers a browser add-on, so when journalists are researching stories online, they can use it to
select specific content they might want to combine in a package later, such as images or text, and 'collect' them
outside of the Soo Meta workstation.
Then, when they return to the workstation, that content will be waiting for them in their library to use as they
wish.
According to Szakal "some media companies in Hungary" have already bought licences to use Soo Meta,
including "one of the biggest sport sites" in the country.
As well as journalists, Soo Meta is a tool which is also being aimed at teachers. Szakal said he noticed the
education sector has not differed hugely from when he was at school, with the "same tools, same structures".
"This is something we don't understand, we don't really like, because there is so much technology around us that
would allow us to make it better".
And like journalism, "education is very much based on storytelling", prompting the idea for a platform which
could benefit both industries.
The overall aim is to provide a platform which offers a simple and clear workflow, and the ability to produce
videos with some speed.
"It's more for the world where people are consuming more visual content, they read less on mobile devices, so
they expect more visual stuff, more playable, lean back experiences," Szakal said.
Currently, he said, Soo Meta has been presented by media outlets within articles which are otherwise largely
text.
"I think on a platform like a sports magazine, or a news site, it's a pretty cool add-on that replaces a YouTube
video, for example, or replaces a slideshow".
"But I could imagine over time it could evolve to something like a standalone thing".
One feature which would support this is the user profile pages presented on Soo Meta, which act as "a channel"
of packages created by that user.
Szakal said this "could serve as a channel, like a YouTube channel, and it could serve as a channel that plays
well on iPad, that could even in the future work well on smart TV platforms".

"We think for now it's better to embed it into existing formats," he added, "and over time it could evolve to a
unique format that integrates text, picture, video and even interactive elements of the web into one new format".
With the platform now officially launched, the team is "focusing on customer development and fundraising",
Szakal said, adding: "We want to grow as fast as we can."
Update: A quote from Szakal was corrected to 'string together', rather than 'stream together'

Articolul 19
'Hyperlocal media is coming in from the cold'
Damian Radcliffe
1 May 2013, Damian Radcliffe
It is a year since NESTA launched 'Destination Local', a 1 million investment fund aimed at stimulating nextgeneration hyperlocal media services in the UK.
Since then the UKs nascent hyperlocal scene has witnessed a step change in activity and recognition from
policy makers and funders alike. And while it may be too early to tell, the increasing penetration of smartphones
may also mean that 2012 to 2013 was also the year in which UK hyperlocal media consumption began to
become more mainstream.
This busy year began with the publication (by NESTA) of my landscape report 'Here and Now'; the first analysis
of hyperlocal media in the UK. Research reports, it would seem, are like buses; you wait ages for one and then
several arrive at once. Consistently during the course of the last 12 months each one has deepened our
knowledge of the sector, both in terms of its size and its relationship with audiences.
After 'Here and Now', the next project out of the blocks was the latest set of annual Communications Market
Reports published by Ofcom. These statistical doorstops have long been the bible for anyone working in the TV,
radio, internet and telecoms industries. For those interested in hyperlocal media, the 2012 reports offered the first
attempt to analyse the size of this industry in the UK both in terms of the number of sites (432 as of May
2012 but having grown to633 by February 2013), their geographic distribution and the size of their audience.
Ofcom's analysis concluded that "use of hyperlocal websites is growing", and reported that "around 1 in 7 (14
per cent) of people state that they use a local community website on at least a monthly basis".
More recent research by NESTA into the demand for hyperlocal media services in the UK developed this
understanding further still, revealing the often highly functional nature of hyperlocal media consumption.
Amongst survey respondents, weather, news and entertainment were the most popular types of content being
accessed.
NESTAs latest research also highlighted the plurality of tools and services users harness to access this local
news and information ranging from search engines to social networks to find content, through to utilising a
mixture of desktops, mobile and tablets to consume it.
SEO it would seem as well as the need to have your content on a wide range of platforms is clearly just as
important for hyperlocal publishers as any other type of news outlet.
Alongside these reports, a longer 30-month research project, led by Cardiff University, into "understanding the
value of the creative citizen" has provided us with our first evidence of the volume of hyperlocal publishing, as
well as thetypes of content, these sites are producing.
During a 10-day sample period the analysis revealed that the UK hyperlocal sector produced 380 stories a day at
a rate of 15 stories an hour. It also showed that the sector has a long tail. A third of the sites studied during this
time frame were responsible for 75 per cent of all hyperlocal content being produced.
Perhaps not surprisingly much of this content focusses on community news, local politics and sport broadly in
line with the consumption patterns revealed by NESTA. Politicians, businesses and members of the public are
the most commonly heard voices on hyperlocal sites. Community groups perhaps need to up their ante and
engage with these media outlets more.
And while NESTAs recent research shows that "the take-up of connected devices such as tablets and
smartphones has been a driver behind the increased use of hyperlocal media", the past year has also shown that
traditional methods of consumption remain popular with audiences.
For every innovation like Talk About Locals augmented reality project,HypARlocal, there are also examples of
sites demonstrating the resilience of older online community models.
This is particularly true for forums. One of the UKs largest, the Sheffield Forum, is now 10 years old with more
than 6.4 million posts in its archive; a number which is increasing at a rate of around 2,000 posts per day.
Print too has shown its longevity. In fact, in some areas, it seems to be having a resurgence. Online ventures such
as the Brixton Blog and HU17.net, have embraced reverse publishing as a means to grow their audience and
their revenue.

More recently the Port Talbot Magnet and the Caerphilly Observer announcedthat they too are to join the ranks
of hyperlocal publishers launching print editions. This may well become a more common trend in the coming
year.
Other trends we can expect to see in the next 12 months include expansion efforts by successful publishers and
increased efforts to capitalise on social networks beyond Twitter.
For the former, this may include partnership with commercial partners such as Archant's collaboration
with EverythingEppingForest.co.uk, or efforts like theKentishtowners expansion South of the River and the
decision by the team behind the Sheffield Forum to develop a sister site Leeds Forum for their northern
neighbour.
Expect too more efforts like those "to get Blog Prestons Facebook page into shape". Facebook has 1 billion
members worldwide and is simply too big to ignore.
This all paints an optimistic picture. And one which evidence increasingly suggests is justified. But, against this
many of the time-honoured challenges faced by the sector remain.
Funding and commercial viability is still a challenge for many operators, and sustainability is often bound up in
the fortunes and the time of a few. Stoke's PitsnPots is a good example of this. The site has (rightly) widely
been held up as a beacon for the sector. However, it has sadly been mothballed since August last year, when
a post was put up to say those behind it are "taking a break".
Meanwhile, just as it was last year, the elephant in the room remains Leveson. Although the DCMS has recently
announced efforts to ensure that 'micro-business blogs are outside of the proposed new press regulation system,
the picture is more complex.
Online-only operations may well choose to voluntarily opt into the system, thus ensuring they can benefit from
incentives such as protection from exemplary damages and use of the regulators arbitral arm. But, as
the Newspaper Society has noted, "if bloggers started to print and distribute their blogs, they would cease to be
exempt from the scheme and be exposed to the heavy financial penalties for publishers outside of it".
Such a move may act as a disincentive to the sorts of hyperlocal publishing efforts weve seen emerging in the
past 12 months; efforts which in many cases are integral to the financial sustainability of online operations. How
these proposals and further discussions about 'relevant publishers' plays out may well determine whether the
UKs hyperlocal sector continues on a upward curve or not.
One thing is for sure, in the hyperlocal world, the next year is going to be interesting.
Damian Radcliffe is the author of 'Here and Now UK hyperlocal media today', the UK's first review of this
emerging sector. He is an honorary research fellow at the Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural
Studies and has spent much of the past 20 years working in local media, in a mix of content and policy roles. A
former BBC staffer, he has also worked for Ofcom and led a Sony Award-winning partnership between BBC
English Regions and the charity CSV. His research and writing on hyperlocal media can be found on
his personal website.

Articolul 20
'Social media needs to put the person at the heart of the story'
Esra Dogramaci
15 April 2013, Esra Dogramaci
Earlier this month I had the opportunity to speak at the annual Polis journalism conference at the London School
of Economics.
I was asked to share on my experiences while at the social media team at Al Jazeera. When you hear "social
media," "journalism" or "media," usually a few things continue to dominate the conservation:
Was (the Egypt Revolution) a social media revolution? (Yes this is still debated two years after the fact.)
What tools do and should journalists use?
How do you verify social media sources?
How do media companies regulate staff use of Twitter and other platforms?
Remarkably little is said of how social media is actually put into practice, besides analytics.
As well as dealing with the above questions, the social media team at Al Jazeera engages their viewing (and non
viewing) audience with campaigns around various media issues. Non-viewing here refers to an audience that
does not necessarily watch Al Jazeera due to broadcast limitations.
With the theme of the conference being 'Trust in Journalism' I decided to use three cases: 'Uganda Speaks,'
'Libya Speaks,' and 'Gaza Voices' to show how trust plays a role in how audiences contribute and that social
media is premised by offline communities, and simply, by being social.
Uganda Speaks

In response to the Kony2012 campaign by the group Invisible Children to bring Joseph Kony and the Lords
Resistance Army (LRA) to justice, the team decided to see what Ugandans in the north of the country - an area
where the LRA and Kony had operated - thought of the campaign.
An easy mistake to make in social and mobile media is the assumption of equal access - that if you have a
smartphone, everyone else does and is as connected. But in Northern Uganda where this is not a reality, how do
you obtain local voices when internet or 3G connectivity is not an option?
Here the team contacted local radio stations to broadcast a call for opinions by phone or sent via SMS to local
numbers, as well as a Qatari number for Ugandan expats to also voice their opinions. These responses were
verified, filtered (for abuse, duplication and so on) and plotted on a simple Ushahidi map. The results appeared
on the Al Jazeera web page.
Libya Speaks
The second instance was #LibyaSpeaks. Following the topple of Muammar Gaddafi and his regime, Libyan
elections were held with great anticipation.
For this instance, FlipCams were distributed to willing participants in Benghazi, Misrata and Tripoli. Participants
were identified as being active online, as bloggers, activists and the like, and cameras were distributed via Al
Jazeera staff travelling to Libya to cover the elections.
Each participant was asked to record and upload one minute length videos asking Libyans would they vote in the
election and what their expectations were of the elections.
Poor internet connectivity and limited bandwidth meant that videos were not able to be received and processed in
time for the feature page for the elections, although they were taken up on Al Jazeera's user-generated content
platform, Sharek (meaning to share/participate).
However there was a plan B. As in the Uganda case, local lines were set up where Libyans could call or SMS
their responses. Again these were plotted on an interactive map, with in-house staff providing translation.
Gaza Voices
The last campaign of 2012 centred around the Israeli operation "Pillar of Defense" on Gaza. Again, an
interactive map featured responses and prominent voices on Twitter, from both sides.
For this instance (a breaking, high intensity news event), there was also a call for local voices - both Palestinian
and Israeli, to speak to new media staff and record their testimony. These ranged from calls with bombing
audible in the background to citizens in Tel Aviv describing some disruption to their everyday lives but not
being under any direct threat or danger. The calls were recorded and featured on a Soundcloud playlist in raw
form.
Two things struck me from the audience response during and after the presentation. The first is how little the
public at large, as well as fellow media organisations, knew about these activities.
Secondly, even within media circles the discussion of how to use social dominates how social is actually and
actively used. The premise of social media is that to have an online presence you need an offline presence.
It is not enough to have a Twitter, Facebook or YouTube account, to include hashtags and handles and track
analytics, if you don't have the people.
Aren't people what are at the heart of news stories and the communities that come together and enable social
platforms?
I do think that those working in social media today still constitute a bridge - the media generation to come will
have grown up with social and digital media as second nature while at the other end senior news folks still need
to be convinced of the merits of the social world in allying risks of mis-news, misinformation and liability.
The success of people working in this field presently will be in their redundancy. When we can step back and see
our present efforts - building campaigns, strategies and training staff as second nature in newsrooms - as
inherent, it will be time to move on. By then we will have hopefully graduated to building more innovative ideas
in media and looking at the next big social and digital things things.
Where then does trust fit into this conversation? Trust in journalism is built on elements such as reputation,
representation, content and relationships.
If you are in media and want to tap into the 'wisdom of crowds,' this is not going to happen if you only run to
your sources when there is a breaking news event.
It is in taking the time, in building those offline communities and relationships, not because of your brand but
because of the reputation that you genuinely care about the people behind the news story and as such are
exercising your responsibility to extend the journalism platform, the (proverbial) microphone to them.
Your audience then not only becomes loyal, but also your advocate and is more willing to forgive you when
mistakes are made.
If you want to be in social media, you've got to be social. Perhaps then it's less the technological savvy but the
human-social traits that should be looked for when bringing the social to media.

Esra Dogramaci was a part of Al Jazeeras new media/social media team in Istanbul and Doha. She is now back
to academia completing a degree in Politics and Communication at the London School of Economics with a
research focus on Turkish media in cultural diplomacy. Esra is on Twitter @esrad

Anexe Press Gazette

Articolul 1
People to become 7-day digital product under Sue Douglas
Gavriel Hollander07 June 2013
Former Sunday Express editor Sue Douglas is to lead the transformation of the Sunday People into a seven-day
digital product.
Douglas will oversee a revamp of the People when she takes on her new role as publishing director of Trinity
Mirrors newly created Digital Brands subsidiary on Monday.
Trinity Mirror chief executive Simon Fox told Press Gazette that additional editorial staff are likely to be brought
in over the coming months as part of the change.
What we are doing is using additional journalistic resource to reinvigorate Sundays and in particular the Sunday
People, he said. There is an opportunity for the People to fill a gap in the Sunday market and that will be Sue
and her teams prime focus.
Fox said the group was considering a rebrand for the title, but added that the first priority would be to move
the People to a seven-day operation.
Currently, the People is silent six days a week while the Mirror and other brands are supported by a daily paper.
One of the planks of the strategy is to bring the brand to life digitally each day of the week. He said the People
would not try to replicate a daily paper on its website.
By not having a daily printed product you have a freedom to do interesting things with your digital product
throughout the week and then build up to a crescendo at the weekend.
It has not yet been decided whether the People will have a new stand-alone website under the plans.
Fox also moved to scotch rumours that the five Sunday papers that form the Sunday Brands subsidiary
including Wales on Sunday, The Sunday Mail in Scotland, The Sunday Mercury in Birmingham and
Newcastles The Sunday Sun would be run centrally from London.
There is no suggestion that the five brands will be centrally run together, he said. The reporting lines of the
other four Sundays are unchanged. Their success is built on their regional strength.
Sunday Brands will be chaired by former ITV commercial director Rupert Howell. Douglas and Howell led an
investor consortium that sought to take a majority stake in the People before talks ended last month.
Fox said: When we reached that point we thought what a shame that the ideas wed discussed wouldnt see
the light of day. On that basis, we continued those discussions and found another solution.

Articolul 2
One in two Brits now reading digital magazines says survey
Press Gazette, 03 June 2013
More than half of Britons have bought digital magazines in the last year as the move away from print has
intensified.
The results of a survey of 2,000 consumers by One Poll, commissioned by newsstand app Lekiosk, found that
the migration to digital has ballooned in the last 12 months. While a year ago, only one in three respondents had
bought or read digital magazines, this years poll shows that one in two have gone digital.
The growth in the use of tablet computers is even more stark, with 19 per cent of respondents using them to read
magazines, up from just 5 per cent in 2012.
Nathaniel Philippe, one of the founders of lekiosk, said: When it comes to reading magazines, the future is
digital and the hardware thats taking us into that future is the tablet. Crucially, the magazine publishers that
reap the biggest rewards from the digital magazine reading revolution will be those that innovate on the
traditional magazine subscription model and on the existing digital magazine format.

Its clear from our research that a high proportion of British consumers want reading a digital magazine to feel
like reading a print magazine, albeit with certain added, interactive features like adverts they can click on and
videos they can watch. Publishers need to start working on these new formats now: the UKs love affair with the
magazine is as alive as ever but digital magazines have never been as much a part of that as they are now.
The research found that 40 per cent of people wanted digital magazines to be exact replicas of their print
cousins. When asked how digital products could be improved, 20 per cent said they would like more video
content while 15 per cent wanted to be able to share articles with friends.
Pollsters further discovered that 10 per cent of Britons read magazines produced outside the UK.
Philippe added: Digital magazines are easily exported across borders and continents and weve seen quite a few
users from countries where we dont source magazines download our apps to get access to the magazines from
the countries where we are working with publishers. Were seeing the start of a trend which could see the
digitisation of magazine content drive the globalisation of a wide range of magazines.

Articolul 3
Daily Mirror launches Ireland-facing website and e-edition
Gavriel Hollander, 30 May 2013
The Irish Daily Mirror has launched its first stand-alone Republic of Ireland website and e-edition.
The website www.irishmirror.ie will provide exclusive Irish news online for the first time. Previously, the
Irish Daily Mirrors content was incorporated as part of the Daily Mirrors UK site.
It will feature breaking news and live blogs from its Ireland-based journalists, while also using entertainment and
sports coverage from its sister title in the UK.
Both the e-edition and website were launched today.
Online development will be led from Dublin by James McNamara, who will report to editor-in-chief John
Kierans.
Kierans said: "Irishmirror.ie and the launch of our Irish e-edition are exciting new offerings in the Irish market
that have been in development for several months. Irish Mirror.ie brings together advanced technological
features and our award-winning local and national journalism resulting in a dynamic, vibrant news and
entertainment portal.
"The site is far and beyond the most technologically advanced amongst our competitors in the Republic of
Ireland and will allow us to be first with breaking news. Were very confident it will quickly become the daily
go-to website for users in Ireland, and beyond.

Articolul 4
Guardian Australia launch sees 634 per cent traffic increase for Swan Hill Guardian website
William Turvill, 28 May 2013
The Guardian launched its new website in Australia yesterday, adding to its current offerings in the UK and
United States.
The newspaper, founded in Manchester in 1821, claims to have 40m readers worldwide one third of which
come from the UK.
Editor of the Australia edition Katharine Viner said in her introductory blog post that the title already has 1m
readers Down Under.
Last week, The Guardian announced plans to move its web address from Guardian.co.uk to TheGuardian.com in
line with its global approach.
It today reported that The Swan Hill (in Victoria, Australia) Guardians website saw a 634 per cent increase in
web traffic on Monday.
Guardian Australia has reported that the spike, from an average daily online readership of 900 to 6,000, occurred
because the papers web address is TheGuardian.com.au.
Swan Hill Guardian general manager Rob Duffield told Guardian Australia: Were having a bit of fun with it.
Its certainly different for us. Our editor is away at the moment, hes climbing a mountain in Asia, and he would
be sorely sorry that hes missed it all.
Guardian Australia is funded by businessman Graeme Wood who is said to have provided enough money to
keep the site going for five years. The Guardian has yet to reveal a figure for his investment.

Articolul 5
German daily Bild to charge online for premium content and offer print readers a website 'day-pass'
Dominic Ponsford, 28 May 2013
Germanys largest tabloid newspaper Bild has revealed plans to charge readers for access to features, interviews
and other exclusive content.
Much news content will remain free after the paywall comes into effect on 11 June. Readers will be charged
4.27 for website access and twice that to read the e-edition version of the paper.
Print readers will be offered a day-pass to access the website via a new printing technique which Bild has said
is a world-first.
The Telegraph reports (via AP) that this is the first significant move in Germany to persuade online readers to
pay for news.
Meanwhile, in the UK the Telegraph has yet to reveal first online subscribers numbers since launching a metered
paywall for foreign readers six months ago, and in the UK at the start of May.
The Telegraph offers 20 articles a month free to UK readers before asking them to sign up as a subscriber. So far
the paywall has had little effect on overall Telegraph website traffic.
Last week the Telegraph reduced the number of articles offered for free to foreign readers to 10.
The Financial Times adopted a metered paywall in October 2007 and now offers 10 articles a month free before
requiring readers to pay for access.
It has considerably more subscribers digitally than it does in print with more than 316,000 paying for online
access.
The New York Times reported in February that at the end of last year its online subscriber numbers had reached
640,000 in the space of two years. It also has a metered-access model, offering readers 10 free articles a month.

Articolul 6
The Scotsman invites paying 'friends' to contribute articles to new section
William Turvill, 28 May 2013
The Scotsman is to launch a new section of its newspaper for subscribing organisations to contribute content.
Organisations not including individuals, companies, traders and political parties are being invited to become
Friends of The Scotsman for a cost of less than 300 a year. This price includes a subscription to the paper.
It is hoped that the Friends will contribute an article of around 750 words to the paper and website section at
least six times a year.
Editor Ian Stewart said the paper would reserve the right to pick who we will be Friends with to ensure it does
not give us any unacceptable conflicts.
He explained that organisations institutions, trade associations, professional bodies, societies, interest groups,
charities and others can set the agenda of topics discussed in the section.
And we go into this in the full knowledge that friends can be direct, critical, hold different views, fall out
occasionally, sometimes dont speak for a while sometimes walk away and never speak again, Stewart said.
I think this is an exciting innovation for The Scotsman that will open up new channels of information and
debate across Scotland and beyond, highlighting work and issues that currently struggle to get heard. I would
appeal to you to get involved and support it.
According to ABC figures, The Scotsmans circulation was 32,435 in January down 0.09 per cent month on
month and 17.53 per cent year on year.

Articolul 7
Daily grind: Guardian brings 'open journalism approach to life' by opening a coffee shop
Gavriel Hollander, 30 May 2013
The Guardian has opened its own 'pop-up' coffee shop in east London.
The caf, called #guardiancoffee, opened its doors to customers in Shoreditchs Box Park this week.
According to a recruitment advertisement posted on the Guardian website, it is both a coffee shop and space for
journalists to work in.

A spokesperson for the Guardian said: #guardiancoffee is a fantastic example of how we are bringing our open
journalism approach to life, by taking our leading technology reporting to where technology actually is: driving
real-time debate and engagement among the creative tech community.
People will also be able to drop in to find out more about the Guardian's innovative approach to storytelling,
and to enjoy some great food and drinks from local micro-roastery - Nude Espresso.
The Guardians new head of technology coverage Jemima Kiss will also use the coffee shop to host interviews
with key players from Londons Tech City.
The shop has a collection of iPads available for customers to use, as well as digital displays showing the latest
tweets from customers via the #guardiancoffee hastag.
It is not yet clear whether the coffee shop, located in Shoreditchs Box Park, will be a permanent fixture. It is a
pop-up outlet for the time being, in keeping with the nature of Box Park, added the spokesperson.
The #guardiancoffee hashtag began trending on Twitter this morning and the project has attracted some wry
comment.

Articolul 8
Guardian to adopt .com web address in recognition of its mainly global audience
William Turvill, 24 May 2013
The Guardian is to move web address later this year from guardian.co.uk to theguardian.com.
The title says its online content is accessed from almost every country in the world and that the UK represents
just a third of its audience now.
Editor Alan Rusbridger claimed last month that another third comes from the United States and the final third
comes from the rest of the world.
An announcement today said: This may be a small URL change but it marks a big step for the Guardian and
reflects our evolution from a much-respected national print newspaper based only in the UK reaching hundreds
of thousands of people once a day to a leading global news and media brand, with offices around the world,
and an ever-growing worldwide audience accessing Guardian journalism every minute of every day.
It said it is working on the ambitious and challenging project of changing URL with a team from Yoast.com.
The organisation has also worked with the likes of Facebook and Ebay.

Articolul 9
Guardian's move into journalism training with Cardiff University delayed by at least a year
William Turvill,14 May 2013
The Guardians move into journalism training has been pushed back by at least a year.
Last year the paper announced it was partnering with Cardiff University to offer a masters degree in journalism
with digital media.
It was expected to launch in September of this year, but plans have now been delayed with the application
deadline for postgraduate courses having ended in March.
Richard Sambrook, professor and director of Cardiffs journalism school, told Press Gazette: The Guardian and
Cardiff originally intended to launch an MA in Journalism with Digital Media this year, however, as we worked
through the proposal for what is a very innovative course we realised it was better to postpone for a year rather
than compromise the plan to meet that deadline.
We are still discussing what we will do with the Guardian and as soon as anything is firmed up we will
announce it.
A Guardian spokesperson said: Talks with Cardiff about the development of journalism programmes are
ongoing but theres no further detail at this time.

Articolul 10
Syrian Electronic Army claims to have hacked 11 Guardian Twitter accounts
William Turvill, 29 April 2013

A group calling itself the Syrian Electronic Army is claiming that it has infiltrated 11 Guardian Twitter accounts
in the past few days.
The group, which has previously hacked BBC and Associated Press accounts, has claimed it got into 11
Guardian Twitter feeds.
The hacked accounts are said to include @guardianbooks, @guardiantravel, @guardianfilm, @guardianstage
and @guardianphotos.
A blog post written by the SEA claims the group obtained access to accounts including those belonging to
assistant editor Michael White and environment editor John Vidal.
According to the website ZDNet, the SEA posted tweets on the hacked accounts saying: "Follow the Syrian
Electronic Army...Follow the truth!"
Journalists Claire Phipps and James Ball, on Twitter, reported that the Guardian office had received a number of
robot phone calls apparently related to the hacking.
A Guardian News & Media spokesperson said "We are aware that a number of Guardian Twitter accounts have
been compromised and we are working actively to resolve this.
According to a Guardian report staff first realised they were being targeted over the weekend when spoof emails
were recieved "encouraging them to click on links that could compromise some of the company's email and
social media accounts".
It was described as a "classic, if crude, "phishing" attack" and the paper has discovered that the attack originated
from IP addresses in Syria.
The Guardian report claimed the attacks were "an apparent effort to cause disruption and spread support for
President Bashar al-Assad's regime".

Articolul 11
How the Guardian inspired Mail Online to become a global brand
Press Gazette, 23 April 2013
Daily Mail and General Trust proprietor Lord Rothermere revealed this week that Mail Online journalists aim to
get stories up within three minutes of news breaking on Twitter.
The DMGT controlling shareholder was speaking at the Shift conference in London.
Talking about readers he said: The Mail Online is a much younger audience, and a much more international
audience whose choice of stories is slightly different as well. And they expect things to be very immediate.
For example, Twitter is a major form of primary source material for us and the guys on Mail Online try and turn
around stories from Twitter in about three minutes. So the timeliness of news is becoming much more important
and journalists have to learn a lot more different skills in understanding that and they are.
Asked whether global organisations such as Twitter, Google and Facebook are competitive or complimentry he
said: I think theyre frenemies. Theyre going to compete for advertising dollars, but they are a huge source of
traffic for us.
Were the most shared site on Facebook in the UK, and growing to become the same in the US. Twitter could
be a big marketing tool if we used it more effectively, but I dont think we do that yet. But as a primary source
material, we are finding it is one of the major sources of new stories. So I think we are co-dependant.
Rothermere also revealed that without Mail Onlines global audience it would be looking at being a paid-for site.
"If we were looking at just a UK environment we would be absolutely forced down the road of charging for
content, because there would be no other way of replacing our total revenue. But I think the opportunity of
reaching an English speaking audience globally with a pretty fixed cost base, so that its not going to grow in
line with the number of audience, means that there is potentially a much larger ad cake out there.
"And if you keep your fixed cost base tight and you start growing your traffic and you get your advertising in
then eventually youll start becoming quite profitable quite quickly. With newspapers you grow your audience
and you have a higher marginal cost. So its a different kind of business model. Thats the game were trying to
play at the moment.
"If we dont get to the right size then that will be the issue and well have to start becoming more focused on
charging for content. "
He added: When we started MailOnline we started seeing a lot of traffic from the US and we didnt know how
to monetise it, which was a bit irritating. To be honest, at the beginning we didnt really want it. Then, being
unashamedly opportunistic, as it continued to grow I was reading an interview with Rusbridger and he was
talking about wanting to make the Guardian a global newspaper. I thought that was a pretty cool idea.

"So I and the rest of the team decided to follow the traffic, and we put some people in to California and LA. That
worked, and after we started building a team in New York and its just continued to grow. We followed our
success, and its really that simple.
"Try things, and if something works back it and thats what weve done. It would be nice to take the credit
myself, but I must say that the success of Mail Online is built on the back of a huge amount of hard work and
talent from Martin Clarke and our other journalists."

Articolul 12
Lord Rothermere reveals plans to double Mail Online audience and charge for premium content
Dominic Ponsford, 22 April 2013
Daily Mail and General Trust proprietor Lord Rothermere has revealed plans to double the size of the Mail
Online audience and to start charging for premium online content.
The Daily Mail already charges for its Daily Mail Plus iPad and Kindle edition which includes an increasing
amount of unique content including a daily digital nostalgia magazine which was launched last week.
While Mail Online attracts more than 100m unique browsers a month worldwide (according to ABC) and has
very different news values from the Daily Mail print edition.
Press Gazette understands that Daily Mail Plus is seen as a way of providing a digital future for the Daily Mail
which is closer to its traditional values.
Daily nostalgia magazine The Way We Were is a significant editorial investment for the Mail featuring a
mixture of new interviews and features and repackaged archive content.
It was quietly launched this week without any promotion but Press Gazette understands that Mail executives
hope it will appeal to the papers large expat audience.
The Mail is currently offering a 30-day free trial for Mail Plus which includs stand-alone sport, TV and puzzles
sections with significant amounts of free content. At 38p a day, Daily Mail Plus is a fraction the cost of buying
an overseas print edition and is available worldwide from 6am.
Speaking about the Mails online success, Lord Rothermere told the Shift conference in London last week that
the Mail Plus iPad edition is seen as a more premium environment and we are going to try and push that as a
separate medium.
Asked about plans to charge for online content, he said: Mail Plus will not be free were trying to make it a
premium. That may not work, we dont know at this stage.
Mail Online for the foreseeable future will be free because were not competing against other newspapers.
We see that theres a global opportunity and we want to carry on growing. We would ideally like to double our
size, and try and compete with the likes of Yahoo News on a global space.
"I think its going to be very difficult to do that if we are charging. However, in due course I think we will start
experimenting with a freemium type model.
"But I believe well probably have to invest in premium content to do that.
\
Articolul 13
Survey suggests 4 per cent of 'broadsheet' readers willing to pay for online access
William Turvill22 April 2013
A survey has found that 4 per cent of people would be willing to pay for broadsheets web content.
The Digital Entertainment Survey, conducted by Wiggin LLP, found that 12 per cent say they would pay for
Facebook or Youtube at an annual rate of 19 and 20 respectively.
But according to the survey, only four per cent would pay 39 a year for their favourite broadsheet (or quality)
newspaper.
The survey found that overeallt 37 per cent of people would be willing to pay for their favourite content, which
they currently get for free.
The Times and Sunday Times are behind a longstanding paywall, while the Financial Times and Telegraph titles
operate a metered paywall, which allows readers to read a certain amount of free stories before charging.
The Guardian, Observer and Independent titles are the only up-market national newspaper titles not to charge for
website access.
Reacting to the survey figures as a whole, Wiggin partner Alexander Ross said: It is heartening to see that a
relatively significant percentage of people would be willing to pay for their favourite online content.

However with an increasing number of services offering content online, it is unlikely that free content will be
replaced by paid-for in the near future.
In fact, we would expect that both business types the so-called freemium model - will persist.
The findings were based on an online survey of 2,500 UK respondents conducted in March 2013 by Comres.
The full results of this survey will be released by Wiggin tomorrow at a 'summit' of media industry leaders being
held at the British Museum.

Articolul 14
Guardian invites readers to become journalists via new 'Witness' app and website
William Turvill, 16 April 2013
Guardian News and Media today opened a new platform allowing readers to contribute text, videos and pictures
to its website.
GuardianWitness, which has been launched in partnership with mobile phone network EE, is encouraging people
from around the world to contribute story ideas and content. The new platform is available as an app for iPhones
and Android mobiles as well as a website.
The platform will also set readers assignments for certain weeks, which will take the form of exclusive
competitions.
Selected submissions will feature on the website and/or in The Guardian and Observer newspapers. Videos will
feature on the GuardianWitness YouTube channel.
Guardian social and communities editor Joanna Geary said:
At The Guardian we have a long history of getting our readers involved in our journalism.
In the last few years alone our readers have helped us to review MPs expenses documents, follow the UK riots,
gain real-time insights into the Arab Spring as events in the Middle East unfolded and challenge the
government's employment schemes.
"GuardianWitness will further reinforce our recognition that journalism is now a two-way conversation and will
open up our site as we never have before.
Not only will this make it even easier for our readers to get involved in our journalism and form both local and
global communities of joint interest, it will also provide our journalists with a fantastic new tool, providing them
with insights and views that we perhaps dont yet have access to.
"We cant wait to see how the platform grows and develops in the coming months and look forward to sharing
some of the best contributions with our global audience.

Articolul 15
Trinity Mirror announces creation of new 'digital journalism unit'
Press Gazette, 25 March 2013
Trinity Mirror has announced the creation of a digital journalism unit responsible for "developing engaging
content ideas for our websites and print publications".
Trinity Mirror is currently in the process of cutting 92 jobs from its regional newspaper titles and creating 52
new jobs split between its national and regional titles.
Here's the announcement in full from Trinity Mirror:
Trinity Mirror today announced the creation of a new digital journalism unit.
The unit, to be led by David Ottewell, currently a hub news editor at the Manchester Evening News, will be
responsible for developing engaging content ideas for our websites and print publications
A number of data journalism tests in recent years have demonstrated the potential value of data, such as the Race
for a School Place series in Birmingham which tells readers how likely their child is to get into their chosen
secondary school.
The unit will pilot ideas through several regional titles before rolling projects out to all titles.
Joining David in the data team will be Claire Miller, currently a reporter in Cardiff who has made a name for
herself as an expert in finding data and creating compelling stories and visualisations. She has been responsible
for developing the WalesOnline datastore.
Neil Benson, editorial director regionals, said: We are responding to the challenges facing the industry by
fundamentally redefining our approach to content creation, and the new data unit is the latest piece in the jigsaw.

Data journalism has been an area of growing importance for us over the past two years, and the new unit will
enable us to progress much faster, across all our newsrooms.
The unit will report to David Higgerson, digital publishing director for Trinity Mirrors regional digital
platforms.
Higgerson, said: There has been an explosion of freely available data from various sources over the past few
years.
We need to go through that data, identify which of it is of interest to our readers and then turn it into compelling
content which gives people context as well as the ability to search the data for information which will appeal to
them.
I am delighted David has agreed to head up the team. He has been one of our pioneers of data journalism in
recent years and I believe is the best possible person to make our ideas a reality. In Claire, we also have someone
who has shown time and again that there are fascinating stories to be found within data which appeal to a wide
audience.

Articolul 18
How to get a job at... the Evening Standard or Independent: 'You must have an absolute commitment and hunger
for journalism and writing'
William Turvill, 07 February 2013
The London Evening Standard and Independent titles regularly take on new graduate recruits and, from this year,
will be looking to employ teenage, school-leaver apprentices. Doug Wills, the managing editor across both titles,
explains what the titles look for in young journalists.
What qualities do the Evening Standard and Independent titles look for in young recruits?
Clearly wed be looking for those who can show evidence of absolute commitment and a hunger for journalism
and for writing.
We would hope that they may also have an interest in a specialist subject but we would be looking for broad
interests as well.
How much experience would you expect 18 or 19-year-olds to have?
Not a lot. If you mean newspaper or editorial experience, they probably wont have had much.
They may have been involved in their school or college magazines or they may have written project work. Wed
be looking for evidence of writing skills.
You now have a specialised scheme for school leavers, but how often do you take on university graduates?
It is very much a case of when a vacancy is available.
At the Standard, we have previously taken on those with broad interests and a commitment to journalism on oneyear training contracts.
One of last years has this year been taken on for beyond a year and he is now a features writer for the Evening
Standard.
And another has been taken on and is working for business and online.
Both of these have shown themselves to be very proficient with a good news judgement and an interest in
specialist areas but also a broad interest in being able to turn around good features, good writing, blogs, live
blogs and columns for the paper.
Its nothing new here. Its people who can demonstrate they can write, have a good writing skill and have that
thirst for breaking news or being able to tell a story.

Articolul 17
Press Gazette's top ten investigative journalists: 'Brave and unstoppable' Nick Davies tops the list
William Turvill, 05 February 2013
Last year Press Gazette contacted more than 30 of the biggest names in British investigative journalism to ask
who they think are the best investigative journalists in the UK.
The clear winner was Nick Davies, commended primarily for his exposure of the phone-hacking scandal and
work on Wikileaks.
Davies was described by his peers as the man who humbled Rupert Murdoch, top of the investigative
journalism tree and very brave and absolutely unstoppable.

On page 10 of last week's Press Gazette - Journalism Weekly, in an interview with Press Gazette, Davies
describes his early career, explains why he tries not to read any newspapers except for The Guardian and
discusses his long friendship with Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger.
1 Nick Davies (The Guardian)
Not only for his work on phone-hacking but for, more generally, giving investigative journalism a good name.
His work repudiates the popular view that investigative journalists are interested only in celebrities and gossip.
2 Claire Newell (The Daily Telegraph)
Her work exposing FIFA for Insight in particular was top drawer
3 David Leigh (The Guardian)
Hes been performing at a high level for a long time and he hasnt lost any of his appetite
4 Jonathan Calvert (The Sunday Times)
His scoops are endless, and he effects enormous changes in public behaviour through his exposure of scandals
5 Heather Brooke (Freelance)
Worked well [in the] fight in the High Court in 2008 to force the release of the MPs expenses details
6 David Rose (Mail on Sunday)
Brilliant and dedicated, exposing miscarriages of justice, frauds in the climate change lobby, middle east
politicking etc.
7 Paul Lewis (The Guardian)
One of the best proponents of data journalism... has had some great scoops, from Police undercover officers
having affairs (and children) on their missions, to revealing how Ian Tomlinson really died
8 Mazher Mahmood (The Sunday Times)
Brilliant scoops and stings, whatever ones slight feelings about the occasional entrapment
9 Andrew Norfolk (The Times)
For his heroic work in pursuing the story of on street sex grooming and trafficking in Northern cities
10 Stephen Grey (Thomson Reuters)
One of his major coups was to secure flight data for the CIAs network of jets that were used to transport
rendition victims. That data... helped blow the entire thing out of the water and expose how widespread it was
The above testimonies were submitted anonymously by those who voted in this poll.

Articolul 18
Lord Prescott joins Sunday Mirror as new columnist: 'I know the power of good, campaigning journalism'
Press Gazette, 04 January 2013
Lord Prescott has joined the Sunday Mirror as its new columnist with the paper promising the combative
former deputy prime minister will pull no punches.
Prescott, Labour MP for Hull East from 1970-10 and now a life peer at the House of Lords, said:
I know the power of good, campaigning journalism. Pauline and I have read the Daily Mirror and Sunday Mirror
for decades so Im honoured to be given the chance to talk with the readers every week.
I want to use the column to talk to people of all ages and be their voice on the issues that matter. I want them to
tell me what they're passionate about, what makes them angry. What are their priorities?
I might put a few backs up, but after 40 years in politics I like think people know I tell it like it is even among
the Tories.
Lloyd Embley, editor-in-chief of the Daily Mirror and Sunday Mirror, said:
John is a colourful character who has been right at the heart of British politics for over 40 years.
Importantly, he is a Mirror man through and through so his political insight and sensitivity coupled with his no
nonsense approach will resonate well with our readers.
The paper said it wants readers to send in comments and suggest story ideas to Prescott by email or tweeting him
at @johnprescott.
Prescott has more than 165,000 followers on Twitter and last year was named Politics Homes Political Tweeter
of the Year.
His first column appears this weekend.

Articolul 19
Daily Mail claims victory in 'block online porn' campaign
Press Gazette, 20 December 2012

The Daily Mail claimed a double campaign victory this morning including its drive against online pornography.
The papers block the online porn campaign claimed victory after Prime Minister David Cameron said that
under the proposals web filters will be default on for houses with children, which parents will have to choose to
have lifted.
Writing for the Mail, Cameron said: To me, the fact that so many children have visited the darkest corners of
the internet is not just a matter of concern it is utterly appalling.
A silent attack on innocence is underway in our country today and I am determined that we fight it with all
weve got.
He added: With our system, when people switch on their new computer, a question will pop up asking if there
are children in the house. If there are, then parents will be automatically prompted to tailor their internet filters.
Want to restrict access to Facebook after 8pm? Decide to allow younger children to view fewer sites than their
older siblings? Or want to stop access to certain sites altogether? Now you will be shown how to do it.
Conservative MP Claire Perry is to be appointed as Camerons adviser on reversing the commercialisation and
sexualisation of childhood, tasked with implementing the new web filter system.
Elsewhere, the Mail also claimed victory in its campaign to win recognition for the veterans of the Arctic
Convoys, who won their 70-year battle for recognition yesterday when David Cameron announced they will be
given campaign medals.
The paper reported: No 10 sources said that the medals would also be awarded posthumously, meaning the
families of those Arctic Convoy veterans who died during the Second World War or since can collect one on
their behalf.

Articolul 20
How to get a trainee job at... The Sun: Coming up with a decent story is the best way to get noticed by a
newsdesk
William Turvill, 05 December 2012
The Suns editorial graduate scheme takes on four graduates each year. Candidates must have an NCTJ
qualification, with 100 words-per-minute shorthand.
Here, associate news editor James Clench shares his experiences of coming onto The Suns scheme and shares
his tips on how to impress.
What does The Sun look for in a trainee recruit?
In general terms, what we look for in a candidate is: bags of enthusiasm and willingness to learn; a solid grasp of
current affairs across news, politics, showbiz, TV and sport; an ability to write accurately and with flair; a sound
knowledge of The Suns history, famous scoops and campaigns; good knowledge of social media; the ability to
present in front of a group and to work as part of a team; professionalism; likeability; and common sense.
What do trainees do at The Sun?
Each trainee spends time on different sections of the paper news, features, sport, Bizarre, subbing and will
also go to our Scottish and Irish offices.
At the end of the two-year scheme, they may be taken on as permanent staff in any department.
Have previous recruits been successful?
Our graduate trainee scheme relaunched in 2010 and each of the four recruits has done extremely well since they
started.
We are taking on another four this year, who came into the paper for the first time at the end of the summer.
I started as a trainee on a previous scheme in 1999 and am now an associate news editor. Caroline Iggulden is a
great success story she joined on the scheme in 2002 and is now head of features.
What tips would you give to aspiring journalists?
Get as much experience as you can on local papers or websites.
If you are applying for a trainee scheme, read and re-read your application it is surprising how many
applications we have received containing basic spelling errors, which generally end a candidates chances of
getting to the interview stage.
If you dont make it onto the scheme, dont be disheartened the majority of our staff reporters started at local
papers and agencies.
The best way to get noticed by a newsdesk is to come up with a decent story.
Do the basics properly turn up early, work hard, be enthusiastic and be thorough.