Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Web Semantic
De ce Web Semantic?
Coninutul
semantic
este accesibil
pentru
oameni dar
nu i pentru
calculatoare
Web Semantic
o Tim Berners-Lee:
Web semantic = o reea de date care pot fi procesate
direct sau indirect de ctre maini
Calendar
Nota: reprogrameaza
sedinta de acupunctura
de marti, 27.03
Agent Web
Semantic
Preferinte
Mancare: veggie
Zbor: loc la geam
Hoteluri: Ramada,..
Listare
documente
confirmare
Update
aplicatie
contabilitate
Plata card
Rezervare
hotel
Geneva
Plata card
C9-Plug-ins.Extensii
XML SCHEMA
RDF
RDF SCHEMA
OWL
Metadate
Metadate date care descriu alte date (cine le-a produs, cnd, n
ce format se gsesc etc.)
Utilizri ale XML pentru Web-ul semantic:
o sintax serializat pentru alte limbaje de marcare - limbajul de
baz pentru Web-ul semantic;
o separarea formei de coninut un anumit vocabular XML poate
tradus n alte limbaje XML (XHTML) n vederea reprezentrii la
nivelul clientului (navigatorului);
o format universal de schimb de date ntre aplicaii distribuite,
aliniate Web-ului semantic, precum agenii software.
Metadate
Microformate
o Exemple:
<div>
<img src="www.example.com/bobsmith.jpg" />
<strong>Bob Smith</strong>
Senior editor at ACME Reviews
200 Main St Desertville, AZ 12345
</div>
Metadate
Microformate
o class="vcard">
Extind sintaxa HTML pt. a crea mark-up semantic
<div
class="photo"
src="www.example.com/bobsmith.jpg"
o<img
Scop:
procesarea
automata a informatiilor />
<strong class="fn">Bob Smith</strong>
o<span
Adauga
metadate in editor</span>
paginile web
a descrie un
class="title">Senior
at pt.
<span
tip specificReviews</span>
de informatie
class="org">ACME
<span
class="adr">
n ex.:
persoane, evenimente, produse, locatii
<span
class="street-address">200
Main St</span>
geografice,
etc.
<span class="locality">Desertville</span>, <span
o
Indicarea
prezentei metadatelor:
class="region">AZ</span>
n
atributele
(class, rel, id) elementelor HTML
<span
class="postal-code">12345</span>
(<div>, <span>)
</span>
</div>
o Exemple:
n hCard, hCalendar, hMedia, hResume, hRecipe,
hReview
o
o
o
RDF
o
o
o
o
Tipuri de obiecte pentru modelul de baz RDF:
o resurse datele descrise de expresiile RDF (o pagin Web
complet, o parte a unei pagini sau un obiect care nu este direct
accesibil via Web - o carte tiprit);
o proprieti atribute sau relaii ce descriu o resurs;
o declaraii resurse mpreun cu proprieti ale sale.
RDF Schema
o
RDF - Reguli
o Identificarea resurselor URI
o Descrierea resurselor proprietati si valori ale
proprietatilor
o Resursa orice are asociat un URI
o Proprietate resursa care are un nume (ex.
autor, homepage)
o Valoarea proprietatii ex. Ion Creanga (poate
fi o alta resursa)
RDF
o Ofera un model de specicare a triplelor (rand,
coloana, valoare de celula) via identicatori uniformi
de resurse URI
RDF - Statements
o combinatia dintre o resursa, o proprietate si valoarea
proprietatii formeaza o Declaratie (Statement)
n known as the subject, predicate and object of a
Statement.
RDF - Statements
o Subiect = rand: resursa despre care se spune ceva
o Predicat = coloana: o proprietate a subiectului
o Obiect = celula: valoare particulara a proprietatii
RDF - Statements
o combinatia dintre o resursa, o proprietate si valoarea
proprietatii formeaza o Declaratie (Statement)
n known as the subject, predicate and object of a
Statement.
Statement:
The author of http://users.cs.tuiasi.ro/~sarustei/ is Simona
Caraiman".
n Subiectul este: http://users.cs.tuiasi.ro/~sarustei/
n Predicatul este: author
n Obiectul este: Simona Caraiman
RDF - Statements
o combinatia dintre o resursa, o proprietate si valoarea
proprietatii formeaza o Declaratie (Statement)
n known as the subject, predicate and object of a
Statement.
Title
Artist
Country
Bob Dylan
USA
RDF - Statements
Empire Burlesque
Hide your heart
Bonnie Tyler
UK
Company
Price
Year
Columbia
10.90
1985
CBS Rec.
9.90
1988
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:cd="http://www.recshop.fake/cd#">
<rdf:Description
rdf:about="http://www.recshop.fake/cd/Empire Burlesque">
<cd:artist>Bob Dylan</cd:artist>
<cd:country>USA</cd:country>
<cd:company>Columbia</cd:company>
<cd:price>10.90</cd:price>
<cd:year>1985</cd:year>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
RDF
Statements
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xml:base="http://www.animals.fake/animals#">
<rdf:Description rdf:ID="animal">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdfschema#Class"/>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:ID="horse">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdfschema#Class"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#animal"/>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
Dublin Core
o set of predefined properties for describing
documents
n created by Dublin Core Metadata
Initiative (DCMI)
n original Dublin Core Metadata Element
Set consists of 15 metadata elements
Dublin Core
o set of predefined properties for describing
documents
n created by Dublin Core Metadata
Initiative (DCMI)
n original Dublin Core Metadata Element
Set consists of 15 metadata elements
Dublin Core
<?xml version="1.0"?>
Soluia :
o Modelarea cunotinelor via ontologii
o OWL proiectat pt. procesarea informatiilor
Ontologii
O ontologie reprezint conceptualizarea unui domeniu de
cunoatere ntrun format destinat a fi procesat de
calculator, format modelnd entiti, atribute, relaii i
axiome.
Ontologie catalog de tipuri de lucruri care se presupune c
exist ntrun domeniu de interes D (domain) din
perspectiva unei persoane care utilizeaz un limbaj L cu
scopul de a discuta despre D.
O ontologie cuprinde:
o categoriile, conceptele fundamentale
o proprietile conceptelor
o relaiile si diferenele dintre concepte
Ontologii
o Folosind ontologii, asociem semantici lucrurilor
despre care vorbim,
o descrierile semantice ajut calculatoarele s
par smart.
o Un program smart ar trebui sa fie capabil s
realizeze aceleai inferente pe care le fac oamenii.
o Ontologiile pot fi folosite pentru a conecta
informatiile la context intr-o maniera neambigua
Ontologii: exemple
A human is a living thing.
A person is a human.
A person may have a first name.
A person may have a last name.
A person must have one and only one date of birth.
A person must have a gender.
A person may be socially related to another person.
A friendship is a kind of social relationship.
A romantic relationship is a kind of friendship.
A marriage is a kind of romantic relationship.
A person may be in a marriage with only one other person at a time.
A person may be employed by an employer.
An employer may be a person or an organization.
An organization is a group of people.
An organization may have a product or a service.
A company is a type organization.
Ontologii: exemple
There exists a person x.
Person x has a first name Sue
Person x has a last name Smith
Person x has a full name "Sue Smith"
Sue Smith was born on June 1, 2005
Sue Smith has a gender: female
Sue Smith has a friend: Jane, who is another person.
Sue Smith is married to: Bob, another person.
Sue Smith is employed by Acme, Inc, a company.
Acme Inc. has a product, Widget 2.0.
Ontologii: exemple
Crocodil reprezint un concept ai crui membri sunt animale de un
anumit tip.
Ierbivor este un concept ai crui membri sunt acele animale care
consum doar plante ori pri de plante.
Orice membru al clasei Crocodil este vorace (gurmand).
Un animal nu poate fi simultan Ierbivor si Carnivor.
Ontologii: exemple
Ontologii specializate:
-
-
-
-
-
Niveluri OWL
OWL Lite (poate face o clasificare ierarhic i simpl a
caracteristicilor de constrngere)
OWL DL (DL Description Logic ofer maximum de
expresivitate, fr pierderea completitudinii &
decidabilitii)
OWL Full ( maximum de expresivitate i flexibilitate, fr
a se pune problema completitudinii)
OWL - Sintaxa
O clas este:
o colecie de indivizi (obiecte, things,...)
o modalitate de a descrie o lume
reprezinta un obiect (thing) al lumii
O clas se specific prin owl:Class
Cea mai general clas va fi owl:Thing
Relaia de derivare a claselor se exprim prin rdfs:subClassOf
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Audio">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Multimedia" />
</owl:Class>
OWL - Sintaxa
Expresii de clas:
reuniune <owl:unionOf>
intersecie <owl:intersectionOf>
complementara <owl:complementOf>
echivalenta<owl: equivalentClass>
un element <owl:oneOf>
toate elementele <owl:allValuesFrom>
unele elemente <owl:someValuesFrom>
cardinalul maxim <owl:maxCardinality>
cardinalul minim <owl:minCardinality>
disjuncie <owl:disjointWith>
OWL - Sintaxa
Elefantul nu este nici carnivor, nici omnivor
<owl:Class rdf:ID=Elefantul">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Ierbivor" />
<owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Carnivor />
<owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#Omnivor" />
</owl:Class>
Semantica operaiilor e conform cu teoria multimilor
Expresiile de clasa sunt asemenea constructorilor claselor
Sintaxa OWL
OWL - Sintaxa
Proprietile
relaii binare care pot specifica fapte privitoare la membrii
unei clase sau la indivizi
se refera la tipurile de date (datatype property)
se refera la obiecte (object property) vzute drept colecii de
relaii ntre indivizi (i date)
Elefantul mananca frunze,flori,iarba
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=mananca frunze,flori,iarba">
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Ierbivor" />
</owl:ObjectProperty>
OWL - Sintaxa
Un individ (membru) al unei clase se declar ca aparinnd
clasei respective i reprezint un obiect al lumii (Thing).
Este nrudit cu alte obiecte sau valori de date via Proprieti.
<!-- definim individul -->
<owl:Thing rdf:ID=Simfonia 9">
<rdfs:comment>Compusa de Beethoven</rdfs:comment>
</owl:Thing>
<!-- ulterior, specificm tipul lui (eventual proprieti/metadate) -->
<owl:Thing rdf:about=#Simfonia 9 ">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="#Audio" />
</owl:Thing>
Ontologii - exemple
o ontology of wine and food and
appropriate combinations of wine with
meals.
n can be used as a basis for some applications
in a suite of restaurant-managing tools:
o App: create wine suggestions for the menu of
the day or answer queries of waiters and
customers.
o App: analyze an inventory list of a wine cellar
and suggest which wine categories to expand
and which particular wines to purchase for
upcoming menus or cookbooks
Concluzii
Web-ul semantic ar trebui s permit ca datele,
localizate oriunde pe web, s fie accesibile i nelese
att de oameni, ct i de calculatoare.
Folosind ontologii, asociem semantici lucrurilor despre
care vorbim, descrierile semantice ajuta
calculatoarele s par smart. Un program smart ar
trebui sa fie capabil s realizeze aceleai inferene pe
care le fac (unii) oameni.
Owl cuprinde:
- categoriile, conceptele fundamentale
- proprietile conceptelor
- relaiile si diferenele dintre concepte