Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Formule X
Formule X
Valori de adevr
Mulimi
Adevrat (A)
Fals (F)
Cuantificatori
universal ()
existenial ()
Submulimi
Propoziie general
Operatori logici
(x A) P ( x)
A B: Dac x A,
atunci x B
Relaii
de apartenen,
incluziune, egalitate
xM
A B
i, sau, non,
dac..., atunci...
Inducia matematic
(n M ) P (n), M N
Propoziii compuse
A i B.
non A.
A sau B.
Dac A, atunci B.
Teoreme
direct: Dac P, atunci Q;
reciproc: Dac Q, atunci P.
Condiie necesar
Condiie suficient
Condiii echivalente
C = D dac i numai
dac C D i D C
Operaii cu mulimi
A I B = {x | x A i x B} intersecie
A U B = {x | x A sau x B} reuniune
A \ B = {x | x A i x B} diferen
A B = {( x, y ) | x A, y B} produs cartezian
26
MODULUL
Radicali
Logaritmi
Definiii
Definiii
Definiii
...3
a;
1) b = n, n N: a 0 = 1 (a 0), a n = a12
n factori
n
1
2) b = n: a = n ( a 0);
a
m mk k m
3) b = : a = a , m Z , k N* \ {1}, a > 0 ;
k
x
y
4) b = R \ Q: a > 1, a k a a k ;
Determ
inarea
lui b
xk
0 = 0, R .
*
+
1)
2)
c = a a n = c, n = 2k + 1, k N* ;
a n = c,
c =a
n = 2k , k N* .
a
>
0
,
Proprieti
Pentru a, b R + (proprietile 15),
avem:
1
ab = n a n b ;
2 ( n a ) k = n a k ;.
m n
a = mn a ;
Pentru x, y R; a, b R + , avem:
mk
nk
1 a x a y = a x + y ;
2 (a x ) y = a xy ;
3 (ab) x = a x b x ;
45
= a ;
n
a 2 = | a |;
x
4 a = a x ;
b
b
5 a x : a y = a x y .
mk
a na
=
, a R + , b R *+ ;
b nb
ab = n | a | n | b | , ab 0;
a n |a|
=
, ab 0, b 0;
b n |b|
k
a = | a | , k par.
m
unde e 2,71...
Proprieti
Pentru a, c R *+ \ {1}, x, y R *+ (proprietile
19), avem:
1 log a a = 1; 2 log a 1 = 0; 3 a log a c = c;
y
6 log a x b = b log a x;
7 log a x = 1 log a x, 0;
log c x
8 log a x =
9 log a c = 1 ;
;
log c a
log c a
10 log a x 2 k = 2k log a | x |, k Z* , x 0;
11 log a ( xy ) = log a | x | + log a | y |, xy > 0;
MODULUL
Proprieti
log a c = b a b = c, c, a R*+ , a 1, b R.
n! = 1 2 3 ... n
Mulimi finite
Probleme de combinatoric
simple
0! = 1
(a + b) = C nm a n m b m , m N, n N
n
m =0
Mulimi ordonate
Aranjamente
n!
,
(n m)!
0 m n, m N, n N
Anm =
Combinri
n!
,
m!( n m)!
0 m n, m N, n N
C nm =
Pn = n!, n N
1 Cnm = Cnn m ;
Tk +1 = C nk a n k b k ,
k {0, 1, 2, ..., n}
C00
0
1
C11
C
C
0
2
0
3
...
C
C31
4 Cnm = Cnn m ;
5 a) coeficientul binomial Cnk este cel
mai mare pentru n = 2k , k N ;
b) coeficienii binomiali Cnk = Cnk +1 snt
C22
1
2
2
3
C33
...
...
n2
...
C
C
Cn 1 Cnn11
Cn0
Cn2 ... Cnn 2 Cnn 1 Cnn
Cn1
0
n 1
...
1
n 1
65
MODULUL
1 Cn0 = Cnn = 1;
2 Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + ... + Cnn = 2 n ;
3 Cn1 + Cn3 + Cn5 + ... = 2 n 1 ;
Termenul general al
dezvoltrii
Permutri
Proprieti
ale coeficienilor binomiali
Atribute
ale funciei
Operaii
Proprieti
Domeniul de
definiie
Funcii egale
Paritatea
Codomeniul
(mulimea
valorilor)
Suma
Produsul
Ctul
Monotonia
Zerourile
Resticia
Periodicitatea
Semnele
Prelungirea
(extinderea)
Injectivitatea
Surjectivitatea
Extremele
Compunerea
funciilor
Bijectivitatea
Graficul funciei
Funcia invers
Inversabilitatea
84
Funcii reale
MODULUL
DVA
Soluii
Reuniunea
mulimilor
soluiilor ecuaiilor
(sistemelor)
Intersecia
mulimilor soluiilor
ecuaiilor
Totaliti de ecuaii
(sisteme)
Sisteme de ecuaii
Soluii
Metode de rezolvare
1. Aplicarea formulelor
1. Metoda intervalelor
2. Metoda grafic
2. Reducerea la ine3. Utilizarea necunoscutelor cuaia (sistemul, toauxiliare
talitatea) echivalent
4. Metoda reducerii
3. Utilizarea necu5. Metoda substituiei
noscutelor auxiliare
6. Descompunerea n factori 4. Alte
7. Alte
Intersecia
mulimilor
soluiilor inecuaiilor
(sistemelor)
Reuniunea
mulimilor soluiilor
inecuaiilor
Sisteme
de inecuaii
Totaliti de inecuaii
(sisteme)
Ecuaii
Inecuaii
algebrice
raionale
a1 x + b1 y = c1 , ax + b = 0,
a x + b y = c ; ax2 + bx + c = 0
2
2
2
.a.
simetrice
y
x + x = 5,
1
2
3x + = 0; 2
= 3.
y
x +1
omogene
105
I. Ecuaii
Exemple:
x + y + xy = 0; x 2 + y 2 = 1.
I. Ecuaii
Exemple:
2 x + 3 y = 0; x 2 xy + y 2 = 2.
I. Inecuaii
ax + b > 0, a 0
ax + b 0, a 0
ax + b < 0, a 0
ax + b 0, a 0
Exemplu:
1 3 x < 2
3x > 3
x > 1.
II. Sisteme, totaliti
Exemple:
6 x 4 > 0
2 7 x 0
I. Inecuaii
A( x)
A( x)
> 0,
0 .a.,
B( x)
B( x)
unde A(X), B(X)
polinoame.
x 0,3 < 0
2 x 5 0
Exemplu:
1
>1
x
II. Sisteme, totaliti
Exemple:
2 > 0
x
1
1
<0
x x +1
Echivalena
Echivalena
I. Ecuaii
A( x)
= 0, unde
B( x)
A(X), B(X) polinoame.
Exemple:
1
1
2
= 0; x = 3.
x 2x + 1
x
raionale
4 0
x 1
1
x 2 x > 0
I. Ecuaii:
ax + b = 0, a 0
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, a 0
.a.
Exemple:
3x 1 = 0; 4 x 2 6 x = 0;
x 2 + x 2 + x + 1 = 0.
de gradul I
MODULUL
Funcia de gradul I
Funcia de gradul II
f : R R, f ( x) = ax + b,
, a 0, a, b R
g: R R, g ( x) = ax2 + bx + c,
c, a 0, a, b, c R
Funcia radical
Funcia putere
f : R R, f ( x) = 2 n +1 x
g : R + R + , g ( x) = 2 n x
Inecuaii
ax + b > 0 (sau <, , )
ax 2 + bx + c > 0, a 0
(sau <, , )
A( x)
> 0 (sau <, , )
B( x)
Sisteme, totaliti
ax + by = c
a x 2 + b xy + c y 2 = 0
1
1
1
ax + b > c
a x 2 + b x + c < 0
1
1
2
x( x 1) 0
x > 0 .a.
x + 4
DVA
Funcia
exponenial
f : R R + , f ( x) = a x , a
, a R , a 1
h: R *+ R *+ , h( x ) = x ,
Funcia
logaritmic
f : R *+ R, f ( x ) = log a x,
x, a R + , a 1
*
, R \ {1}
Ecuaii
ax + b = 0
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0
A( x)
= 0, A(x), B(x)
B( x)
polinoame
Ecuaii exponeniale
Ecuaii iraionale
f ( x) = g ( x)
f ( x ) 2 k g ( x) = 0, k N
2 k +1
f ( x ) = g ( x), k N
f ( x ) + g ( x ) = h( x ) .a.
= b, a > 0, a 1, a, b R
log a f ( x ) = b, a > 0,
f ( x)
=a
a 1, a, b R
g ( x)
, a > 0, a 1, a R
f (a ) = 0
x
h( x) f ( x ) = h( x) g ( x ) .a.
Inecuaii exponeniale
Inecuaii iraionale
f ( x) < g ( x)
a f ( x ) < a g ( x ) , a > 0, a 1, a R
h( x ) f ( x ) < h ( x ) g ( x )
f ( x) > g ( x)
f (a x ) > 0 .a.
f ( x) + g ( x ) h( x ) .a.
Sisteme, totaliti
4 x 2 x = y
x
8 + 2 y = 0
Sisteme, totaliti
x 1 x = 5
3 x = x
x 1 x
.a.
x x > x + 2
3 9 + 3 = 0
5 x 5 x 1 = 1
64 x + 3 8 x 4 < 0
.a.
|x|
1 5 < 25
Mixte
Ecuaii logaritmice
f ( x)
log a f ( x ) = log a g ( x)
f (log a x) = 0
loga ( x ) f ( x) = loga ( x ) g ( x) .a.
Inecuaii logaritmice
log a f ( x ) > log a g ( x )
logh ( x ) f ( x) logh ( x ) g ( x) .a.
Sisteme, totaliti
lg x + lg y = 0
2 lg x 3 lg y = 1
ln 2 x ln x = 0
lg( x + 1) = lg( x 2 4)
ln x 1 0
2 4 =0
log 2 x 1 > log 2 x
x + y = 2
lg x + lg y = 1 .a.
Simetrice
x + y + xy = 0
x2 + y2 = 1
2 x + 2 y xy = 0 .a.
x + y = 5
Omogene
2x + 3y = 0
x 2 xy + y 2 = 0
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = 2
.a.
3
3
x + y = 1
162
D(f)
MODULUL
Formule de reducere
tg 2 + 1 =
tg =
1
cos 2
cos
ctg =
sin
ctg 2 + 1 =
1
sin 2
sin sin =
1
= [cos( ) cos( + )]
2
cos cos =
1
= [cos( + ) + cos( )]
2
cos 2 = 2 cos 1
1 + cos 2
2
1 cos 2
2
sin =
2
cos 2 =
tg ctg = 1
tg
1
cos
cosec =
1
sin
cos 2 = 1 2 sin 2
2 tg
2
sin =
1 + tg 2
2
1 tg 2
2
cos =
1 + tg 2
2
tg
1 + cos
cos =
2
2
1 cos
=
2
2
sec =
+
cos + cos = 2 cos
cos
2
2
+
cos cos = 2 sin
sin
2
2
sin
sin
cos
sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
tg
+ = ctg ; cos ( + ) = cos
2
cos
= sin ; sin ( ) = sin
2
1 cos
=
2
1 + cos
sin
=
2 1 + cos
tg
1 cos
=
2
sin
etc.
sin( ) = cos ( ) =
2
sin cos =
1
[sin( + ) + sin( )]
2
+
cos
2
2
+
sin
2
2
tg 2 =
ctg 2 =
2 tg
1 tg 2
ctg 2 1
2ctg
tg ( + ) =
ctg ( + ) =
tg + tg
1 tg tg
ctg ctg 1
ctg + ctg
ctg ( ) = ctg [ + ( ) ]
Elemente de trigonometrie
206
Arborele trigonometric
MODULUL
y
2
207
2
O
1
2
f ( x ) = cosx
1o cos x = 0
x = + k , k Z;
2
2o par;
3o perioada: 2 ;
4o cresctoare pe
[ + 2k, 2k], k Z,
descresctoare pe
[2k , + 2k ], k Z;
5o xmax = 2k , k Z ;
y max = 1;
xmin = + 2k , k Z;
y min = 1.
y
O
1
2
2
f ( x ) = ctg x
1o ctg x = 0
x = + k ;
2
2o impar;
2 impar;
3o perioada: ;
3o perioada: ;
4o cresctoare pe
4o descresctoare pe
+k, +k, kZ;
2
(k , + k ), k Z;
2
5o nu are extreme.
5o nu are extreme.
y
f ( x ) = tg x
1o tg x = 0
x = k , k Z;
2
2
O 1 x
2
1
O y=
cos
1
x
x
tg x
arc
y=
O
2
y = arc
ctg x
O
2
y = ctg x
arcsin ( a ) = arcsin a;
arccos ( a) = arccos a;
arctg ( a ) = arctg a;
arcctg ( a ) = arcctg a;
arctg a + arcctg a = , a R.
2
MODULUL
Elemente de trigonometrie
f ( x ) = sinx
1o sin x = 0
x = k , k Z;
2o impar;
3o perioada: 2 ;
4o cresctoare pe
+ 2k, + 2k, kZ,
2
2
descresctoare pe
+ 2k, 3 + 2k, kZ;
2
5o xmax = + 2k , k Z;
2
y max = 1;
xmin = + 2k , k Z ;
2
y min = 1.
y = sin x
sx
co
arc
Proprieti
y=
M(x, y)
arctg: R , , arctg a = t tg t = a;
2 2
arcctg: R (0, ), arcctg a = t ctg t = a.
arc
sin
x
y=
arcsin: [1, 1] , , arcsin a = t sin t = a;
2 2
arccos: [1, 1] [0, ], arccos a = t cos t = a;
tg
x
sin, cos: R R;
tg : R \ + k k Z R;
2
ctg : R \ {k k Z} R;
cos = x; sin = y;
y
x
tg = ; ctg = ;
x
y
1
1
sec = ; cosec = .
x
y
y=
Ecuaii trigonometrice
Inecuaii trigonometrice
sin x > a
sin x < a
cos x > a
cos x < a
tg x > a
tg x < a
ctg x > a
ctg x < a
sin x a
sin x a
a sin x + b cos x = c
omogene
b
, tg = ;
a
a +b
2
2) metoda omogenizrii;
3*) metoda aplicrii formulelor
substituiei universale;
4) metoda reducerii la sistemul
au + bv = c
u = sin x,
2
2
unde v = cos x.
u + v = 1,
cos x a
cos x a
tg x a
tg x a
ctg x a
ctg x a
nZ
nZ
nZ
nZ
Reductibile
la inecuaii
algebrice:
f (sin x) 0,
f (cos x) < 0,
f ( tg x) 0,
U arctg a + n, + n
nZ
2
U + n, arctg a + n
nZ
2
U (n, arcctg a + n)
f (ctg x) 0 etc.
U (arcctg a + n, + n)
t = sin x
(t = cos x .a.)
nZ
nZ
nZ
nZ
nZ
nZ
U arctg a + n, + n
2
U + n, arctg a + n
nZ
2
U (n, arcctg a + n]
nZ
nZ
U [arcctg a + n, + n)
nZ
Metoda
substituiei:
tg x = a, a R; x = arctg a + n, n Z
ctg x = a, a R; x = arcctg a + n, n Z
f (cos x ) = 0,
t = cos x;
f (ctg x ) = 0,
t = ctgx.
Metoda substituiei
f (sin x ) = 0,
t = sin x;
f ( tg x ) = 0,
t = tgx;
= 2n, n Z
sin = sin
+ = + 2k , k Z
= + 2n, n Z
cos = cos
= + 2k , k Z
= 2n, n Z
tg
tg
2 + n, 2 + k
Elemente de trigonometrie
208
MODULUL
Poligoane
Cercul
Triunghiuri
Patrulatere
Paralelogramul
B
c
hb
1
1
A = bhb = bc sin =
2
2
2p = a +b + c
a
hc
a1
b1
B
mb
C1
ma
A1
mc
B1
A
D
AE =
M A
C
T
a+b
a b
, ED =
2
2
a O
O
R
D
AM MB = CM MD = a
D = a 2 R 2 = MT 2
A
1
A = d1d 2 sin
2
BC + AD = CD + AB
1
m( AC )
2 e
B
C
C
Patrulatere circumscrise
C
b
c 2 = ab
d1
AM MB = CM MD =
D = R2 a2
m(ABC ) =
d2
b
a +b
A=
h
2
B
E 0 = m(BAD) + m(BCD)
ABD ACD
DCE DAB
M
a
Trapezul isoscel
Patrulatere nscrise
B
d2
Trapezul
a2 + b2 = c2
a 2 = ca1
b 2 = cb1
hc2 = a1b1
1
A = bh = ab sin = d1d 2 sin
2
d12 + d 22 = 2(a 2 + b 2 )
Triunghiul dreptunghic
C
O R
p ( p a )( p b)( p c) ,
A cerc = R 2
1
Asec t = R 2 ; A sec t = R 2
2
360
msur n radiani
msur n grade
B
d1
M
A
D
m
m(AMD) =
m( A D ) + m( e C B )
)= e
2
D
m (AMD ) =
m( A D ) m(e BC )
)= e
2
262
Figuri plane
MODULUL