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0 t1 t2 t -t2 -t1 0 t
0 t1 t 0 t1/2 t 0 2t1 t
2
s ( t ) = 0 sin t , 0 , T0 + T0 = perioada semnalului
T0
1
T0=0.1
0
Ex: (0=1) -1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
T0=0.2
0
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
T0=0.5
0
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t
1. Semnale si sisteme in timp 3
continuu
Daca un semnal (in timp continuu) x(t) este periodic cu perioada fundamentala
T0, el poate fi exprimat ca o combinatie de functii trigonometrice.
Seria Fourier trigonometrica (S.F.T.):
2
x ( t ) = C0 + [Ck cos ( k 0t ) + Sk sin ( k 0t )] 0 = = 2F0
k =1 T0
1
1 F0 = = frecventa fundamentala
C0 = x ( t ) dt T0
T0 T
0
2
Ck =
T0 T
x ( t ) cos ( k 0t ) dt
0
2
Sk = x ( t ) sin ( k 0t ) dt
T0 T
0
1
=/2
0
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1
=-/2
0
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t
1. Semnale si sisteme in timp 6
continuu
Notatie: Ck = Ak cos k , Sk = Ak sin k
Sk
A0 = C0 , Ak = Ck2 + Sk2 , k = atan
Ck
e jk 0t = cos ( k 0t ) j sin ( k 0t )
Seria Fourier exponentiala (S.F.E.): x (t ) = ak e jk 0t
k =
1
T0 T
jk 0t dt = a e jk
ak = x ( t ) e k
0
A0 = C0 = a0
Ck jSk C + jSk
ak = , a k = k ( k 1)
2 2
Ck2 + Sk2 Ak
ak = a k = =
2 2
Sk Sk
k = k = atan , k = k = atan
Ck Ck
Relatia Parseval:
1
2
Px = x ( t ) dt = ak
2
Px = puterea semnalului
T0 T k =
0
Conditiile Dirichlet:
2
1 jk t
Pt. T0 lim ak = lim
T0 T0 T0
x (t ) e T0 dt =0
0 d, k 0
Deci, lim T0 ak =
T0
x ( t ) e j t dt
Transformata Fourier X ( ) = F { x ( t )} = x ( t ) e jt dt
1
Transformata Fourier inversa x ( t ) = F 1 { X ( )} =
2
X ( ) e jt d
1. Liniaritate: F ck xk ( t ) = ck F { xk ( t )} = ck X k ( )
k k k
3. Deplasare in F 1
{ X ( 0 )} = e j t F 1 { X ( )} = e j t x ( t )
0 0
frecventa:
t
F x = F { x ( t )} = X ( )
x ( t )
5. Derivata in timp: F = jF { x ( t )} = jX ( )
t
6. Derivata in 1 X ( ) = jtF
F
1
{ X ( )} = jtx ( t )
frecventa:
8. Integrala in frecventa:
1 1
F X ( ) d =
1 F 1
{ X ( )} = x ( t )
jt jt
9. Simetria: F { x ( t )} = X ( ) F { X ( t )} = 2x ( )
Notatie: s = + j
Transformata Laplace: X ( s ) = L { x ( t )} =
x ( t ) e st dt
+ j
1
2j j
Transformata x ( t ) = L { X ( s )} =
1 X ( s ) e st ds
Laplace inversa:
1. Semnale si sisteme in timp 17
continuu
Cateva proprietati ale transformatei Laplace:
1. Liniaritate: L ck xk ( t ) = ck L { xk ( t )} = ck X k ( s )
k k k
4. Compresie/expandare in timp:
L { x ( t / )} = L { x ( t )} = X ( s )
x(t) y(t)
S{} y(t) = S{x(t)}
2. Liniaritate: S { xk ( t )} = yk ( t ) S ck xk ( t ) = ck yk ( t )
k k
3. Invarianta in timp: S { x ( t )} = y ( t ) S { x ( t t0 )} = y ( t t0 )
(t) h(t)
S{} h(t)
h ( ) ( t ) d = h ( t ) h (t ) (t ) = h (t )
Def: Operatia de convolutie: x1 ( t ) x2 ( t ) = x1 ( ) x2 ( t ) d
1. Semnale si sisteme in timp 22
continuu
x( t ) y( t )
h(t) y (t ) = x (t ) h (t ) = x ( ) h ( t ) d
Conditia de stabilitate: h ( t ) dt <
1. x1 ( t ) x2 ( t ) = x2 ( t ) x1 ( t )
x1 ( ) x2 ( t ) d = x1 ( t ) x2 ( ) d
2. x1 ( t ) [ x2 ( t ) + x3 ( t )] = x1 ( t ) x2 ( t ) + x1 ( t ) x3 ( t )
Y ( )
H ( ) = F {h ( t )} = H ( ) = H ( ) e j arg{ H ( )}
X ( )
raspunsul in faza
arg { H ( )}
g ( ) = raspunsul in amplitudine
( )
h(t)
h ( t ) = h1 ( t ) h2 ( t ) hN ( t ) H ( ) = F {h ( t )}
H k ( ) = F {hk ( t )}
H ( ) = H1 ( ) H 2 ( ) H N ( ) k = 1, 2,, N
h1(t)
h2(t) h(t)
hN(t)
h ( t ) = h1 ( t ) + h2 ( t ) + + hN ( t ) H ( ) = H1 ( ) + H 2 ( ) + + H N ( )
|H()| |H()|
1 1
filtru trece-jos filtru trece-sus
0 t 0 t
|H()| |H()|
filtru trece-banda filtru opreste-banda
1 1
0 t1 t2 0 t1 t2
1. Semnale si sisteme in timp 27
continuu