Published 1995 by

PhoenixELT
Campus 400, Spring Way
Maylands Avenue, Heme! Hempstead
Hertfordshire, HP2 7EZ
A division of Prentice Hall International

First published 1994 by Prentice Halllntemational

C International Book Distributors Ltd, 1994

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission

of this publication may be made without written permission
or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency, 90 Thttenham Court Road, London, WIP 9HE.

Typeset in HV12pt Century Schoolbook by

Pan Tek Arts, Kent

Printed and bound in Great Britain by

Redwood Books, Trowbridge, Wiltshire

Dlustrations by Harry Venning

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from

the British Library

ISBN 0134746104

876543
99 98 97 96 95

....,
=
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-,
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- I

=
- INTERMEDIATE
- GR MAR
~ WorKsheets
ANDY and AUDREY JACKSON

PHOENIX
ELT

---
New York london Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore
Published 1995 by
PhoenixELT
Campus 400, Spring Way
Maylands Avenue, Heme! Hempstead
Hertfordshire, HP2 7EZ
A division of Prentice Hall International

First published 1994 by Prentice Halllntemational

C International Book Distributors Ltd, 1994

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission

of this publication may be made without written permission
or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency, 90 Thttenham Court Road, London, WIP 9HE.

Typeset in HV12pt Century Schoolbook by

Pan Tek Arts, Kent

Printed and bound in Great Britain by

Redwood Books, Trowbridge, Wiltshire

Dlustrations by Harry Venning

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from

the British Library

ISBN 0134746104

876543
99 98 97 96 95

....,
=
-,
....,
-,
....,
- I

=
Contents
v Introduction
vi Glossary
Worksheet No:
ill 1 Grammatical terms When is a uerb not a verb?
D rn 2 Using the tapescripts I'm sorry, I'll say that again.
D rn 3 Adjectival phrases The man with the bald head
a ill 4 Adjectives: order The old grey mare
00 5 position This is something new!
aOO 6 compound A five-day week
a rn 7 Adjectives and adverbs: comP8!a~ive and superlative Which shoes are the cheapest?
III 8 Adverbials: order They left quickly {or the station
the next morning.
00 9 concession and contrast Although it was raining, we
went for a walk.
00 10 purpose I only did it to please you.
0011 reason The plane was late because of
the weathf'r.
aOO 12 Adverbs of degree: fairly, quite, rather This is rather too easy for me.
00 13 Articles: definite/indefinite Is it a god or the god?
00 14 newspaper headlines Man bites dog.
00 15 with geographical names Around the world in 8 days
00 16 Nouns: countable and uncountable Quiet waters run deep.
00 17 Prepositional phrases I: at, by, for Will she be at home for a while?
00 18 Prepositional phrases 11: in, on, out of He's out of town on business.
00 19 Prepositions: to + verb I object to doing this!
00 20 Prepositions and link words: with gerunds Please pay before leaving.
00 21 Prepositions of time: at, in, on, from ... to, by It happened at 8 o'clock in the
morning on Monday.
a ill 22 Pronouns: on. I prefer the black ones.
rn 23 Punctuation: apostrophes I can't and I won't, so that's it!
00 24 commas If, however, you agree, I'll do it.
rn 25 Quantifiers There's little tea hut lots of
coffee.
[II 26 Relative clauses: defining versus nondefining Shakespeare, who died in 1616,
wrote many plays.
00 27 whose The man whose car was stolen
a rn 28 Reported speech: passive forms Ten men are said to have been
killed.
questions He asked me where fish get
their money from.
aOO 30 reporting verbs He asked her to marry him.
a [II 31 Subordinate clauses: time I'll help you as soon as I've
finished this exercise.
rn 32 Time expressions: since, {or, in, ago We've been married since 1973.
aOO 33 still, yet, already Haven't you finished yet?
Are you still working?
IT} 34 Verbs: conditionals I and II Ifhe applies, he'll get the job.
aOO 35 conditional III I would have called if you had
told me.
 00 36 conditional Ut's timel I'd rather) H's time you got up!
ill 37 conditional revision I would if! could.
ill 38 (orget, remember, stop, try Let's try doing i.t this way.
+ ing or to
1100 39 Verbs: from adjectives It's too long - we must shorten
it.
II ill 40 future continuous She'll be coming round the
mountain when she comes.
lIill 41 future perfect We'll have finished by the time
they get here.
ill 42 future review What will the weather be like
tomorrow?
ill 43 get ~vegot to get ready.
ill 44 infinitive phrases after I don't know what to do!
question words
ill 45 in newspaper headlines Man lands on Mars.
lIill 46 modals of obligation and advice You should be more careful.
II ill 47 modals of past probability You must have been a beautiful
baby.
ill 48 modals of probability You must be the new sales
assistant.
ill 49 perception + participle or I can hear someone coming.
infinitive
1100 50 passive, causative J must get my hair cut.
II ill 51 passive, general The record has been broken.
II ill 52 past perfect When I looked up, she had
gone.
00 53 phrasal verbs I I'm nearly ready - hang on a
minute.
ill 54 phrasal verbs II Gille it up!
III 55 phrasal verbs III What does RSVP stand for?
ill 56 phrasal verbs IV Mick'sgone down with 'flu.
00 57 plus gerund or to + infmitive Do you mind waiting?
II ill 58 plus object + simple infmitive Please don't make me go home!
III 59 plus object + to + infinitive I want you to hlp me.
ill 60 present perfect versus past Have you been there? Yes,l
went last week.
ill 61 present simple versus continuous I know what I'm doing!
ill 62 transitive and intransitive He walks his dog in the park
every Sunday.
ill 63 tense revision I Have a nice meal!
0064 tense revision II She surprised everyone.
IIIII 65 used to, be Iget used to I used to enjoy this, but now I
hate it!
II ill 66 wish I wish I had a car.
ill 87 Phrasal verb table

I I Worksheets marked. with this symbol have accompanying cassette tape drills. The tapescripts for
these driUs are at the end of the book. They are numbered 1 to 22.
Introduction
These worksheets form the second part of a structural self-access system.
They are intended for intermediate students of English and deal with a wide
range of the grammatical points covered in intermediate course books, from
Preliminary English Test level, through to the First Certificate and leading
towards the Certificate of Advanced English. They offer a brief explanation
and/or illustration of each point before providing an exercise, with answers
given inverted at the bottom of each page for immediate checking. They
present broad rules and guidelines, leaving most exceptions and complex
explanations to the teacher, grammar or course book. They are not intended
as an alternative to any of these, but as a supplement, providing more
extensive illustration and practice of individual points. They are designed to
be photocopied and placed. in self-access or resources centres, and to be
written on by students and corrected by themselves. For this reason, they are
in A4 fonnal There are simple line drawings that illustrate the grammatical
points and ample space for students to write in their answers.

Teachers may also find the sheets useful for follow-up practice of grammar
points presented or reviewed in the lesson, either individually or as pair-
work, with each couple checking answers as they proceed, or as a homework
exercise. In this case the teacher may wish to mask the answer section while
photocopying the sheet, and go over the answers in class.

There is a simple glossary sheet (overleaf) giving illustrations of the terms

used in the explanations, which the students should use in association with
the worksheets. Worksheet 1 gives practice in recognising these terms, and
on sheets 67 and 68 there is a list of the most common phrasal verbs, with
example sentences for each, together with the type (see Worksheets 53 to 56).

The accompanying cassette provides simple drills, revising the points covered
in the exercises, in order to give students the opportunity to listen and
pronounce new words or structures in association with the writing exercises.
The tapescripts for the cassette are provided at the back of the book. Not all
of the Worksheets have accompanying cassette exercises, but those that have
are marked with a cassette symbol. Teachers or resources managers are
recommended to copy the tapescript onto the reverse of the relevant
Worksheet In order to provide as much material on the cassette as possible,
pauses are kept to a minimum, and students should be trained how to pause
the master cassette in order to allow sufficient time to respond. Otherwise
pauses can be added to the cassette according to local requirements.
Worksheet 2 gives guidance to students on how to use the cassette.

Note that apart from the introductory Worksheets 1 and 2, the Worksheets
are arranged in alphabetical order for ease of reference and for filing in the
resource centre.
 ,

GIossary

subject verb object adverbial

noun phrase verb phrase noun phrase prepositional phrase

p<)SSeSIlive definite
prvper lIoun modal ~,b article adjective noun preposition article noun

John couldn't find his pet dog lo the garden.

Bubject verb object aduerbial

noun phrase verb phrase subordinate clause

qlLAntiII.,. definite
.rlJ<I.
&<ljcdi.. ......" ...
I' Moa t of the new gue8ts had met him before they left.
I,
adje ctive dirty, old. blue, wooden The tall girl wore a new dress.
adve rb slowly, neuer, happily, sideways They often fly overhead.
adve rbial in the morning, when she spoke He found the mouse under the table.
artie Ie the, a The tea has an excellent flavour.
auxi liary verb have, be, do, was, did She didn't listen while they were talking.
con ditional if, unless They won't hear unless you shout.
dem ODstrative these, that This picture is nicer than that one.
ge rund walking, singing, laughing Do you enjoy swimming?
infin itive:
II' .
a) lBlple infinitive make, play I can't play the piano.
b)'cr infinitive to do, to work She wants to meet you.
modaI can, would, must You may be right.
noun
.
passve
girl, chair, wind, loue
is made, was mended
The room has little furniture.
My car has been stolen.
-......
phrasal verb put up, look after What have you been getting up to?
pre position at, beside, in front of, by They arrived at the party in the evening.
pre positional phrase in the green dress, on his head The lady in the pink suit is sitting in the shade. -......
pronDun we, myself, who, that She's got the one that you want. :l
relative clause who ran away, that works The person who spake was angry.
te nee goes, went, has gone I'll go as soon as they have arrived.
verb run, find, giue She smiled at him.
 Grammatical terms

When is a verb not a verb?

Every word in English can be put into a grammatical category, such as noun, verb, preposition, etc. Some
words may belong to more than one category, depending on their meaning and how they are used.
Examples: She likes ice-cream (verb).
He has many likes and dislikes (noun).
You must do it like this (preposition).

All good learner's dictionaries give the category after the headword, before the definition.
Example: Biology noun [U] the scientific study of living things

Exercise A
Choose one of the grammatical terms from the box to describe each of the underlined words or phrases in
the following sentences:

article adverb of frequency

I gerund
I phrasal verb I adjective I preposition

adverb reflexive pronoun

I conjunction I present participle I noun I adjective

1 That bull looks friendly enough. adjective

2 Which ~ do you prefer, the dark one or the light one?
3 I've just bought a nice bll.!g scarf.
4 I sometimes wonder why I bother.
5 The cat was hiding .J.lIld&r the table.
6 My boyfriend bates dancing.
7 He made himself another cup aftea.
8 We'll all go home 8S soon as the bell rings.
9 Mary really works lumi.
10 Last night I dreamed I was .an elephant.
11 She has lovely srojljng eyes.
12 I'm going to give up smoking next year.

Exercise B
The verb in English has a tense. It caD also be simple or continuous, active or passive, positive or negative.
Describe the following verbs.
Example: The house was being painted, past continuous passive
1 The moon had risen when they left.
2 The food will be divided amongst them.
3 She bas been sitting here for over an hour.
4 He nu his finger.
5 She won't have heard yet.
6 What's happening?
7 The lights weren't working at the time.
S This picture wasn't painted by Picasso.

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 Using the tapescripts
2 I'm sorry, I'll say that again.

Some of the Intermediate Worksheets (those marked with D) have accompanying drills on the
cassette. These drills take one of the grammatical points from the Worksheet and give a set of sentences
using it with everyday vocabulary and situations.
There are always two examples given of the kind of response expected. These are given at the beginning
and then repeated, introducing a bell sound to tell you when to respond.
Some of the responses may be quite long and complicated. You may be required to change tenses, or
nouns to pronouns, etc. It is difficult at first to remember what to say and bow to say it. To get used to
using the drills there are a number of things you can do.
1 Listen to the drill all the way through - do not try to answer yourself.
2 Listen to the drill and repeat the answer silently with the speaker.
3 Keep your finger on the pause button of your machine, and stop your machine as soon as you hear the
bell, to give yourselftirne to work out and practise the answer silently before you. respond. Then start
to speak as soon as you release the pause button.
4 Repeat the correct response again, immediately after hearing it, before the next question. This time,
try to concentrate on getting the same intonation in your voice as the speaker.
5 Relax and enjoy the drills. You may find some of them silly or stupid, but all the language practised is
useful!
6 Try to make up some more drills using the same grammar point, and check them with your teacher to
see if they are correct.

a Here is part of Exercise 1 from the tape. Before you listen to it, try to complete the sentences:
Jane: I've just met a man. He was wearing a pink wig.
Mary: Really! You met a man wearing a pink wig?
Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck.
1 Mary: _

Jane: Yes, and then I met a film producer. He had along beard.
2 Mary: _

Jane: Yes, and then I met a dentist. He was wearing a white coat.
3 Mary: _
Jane: Yes, and then I met a countess. She was wearing a tiara.
4 Mary: _

Jane: Yes, and then I met a priest. He was carrying a large bible.
5 Mary: _

Jane: Yes, and then I met a rock singer. He had a ring in his nose.
6 Mary: _

Jane: Yes, and then I woke up!

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 3
Adjectival phrases

The man with the bald head

a
To describe a noun we can use an adjective (an old woman - see Elementary
Worksheet i), a relative clause (people who are in their eighties - see Elementary
Worksheets 31 and 32) or we can use an adjectival phrase. This can be:
1 a preposition plus a naun, usually with an adjective
Examples: a dog with a shaggy tail, a news reader with glasses, a doctor in a
white coat
2 a present participle plus object or adverbial (active)
Examples: a stranger carrying a box, a room smelling of flowers, a plant
growing in the shade
3 a past participle plus agent or adverbial (passive)
Examples: a flower worn by the bridegroom, a picture painted by Rembrandt. a giraffe wearing a
a bird seen in the spring bowler hat

Exercise A
Rewrite the pairs of sentences below as one sentence.
Examples: The car was taken by the actress. She had a Welsh accent.
The car was taken by the actress with a Welsh accent.
The notice says the game is cancelled. It is pinned on the board.
The notice pinned on the board says the game is cancelled.

1 The treasure has been identified as Roman. It was discovered last week,

2 The children must have seen it. They were playing outside.

3 You'H find it on the table. The table is in the living room.

4 Judith has just shown me a blackbird's nest, It has six eggs in it.

5 They're looking for a graduate. He or she must have a degree in Sociology,

6 A new play has just started in London. Arthur Daley wrote it.

7 A soldier was first on the scene, He was wearing full dress uniform.

8 That special sign means this antique is genuine. It is printed on the bottom,

9 A tall, dark girl opened the door. She had shoulder-length hair.

10 The green leather jacket would look rather good on me. It's on display in the window.

Exercise B
. . Do Exercise 1 on the cassette,

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 Adjectives: order

4 The old grey mare

When we use more than one adjective with a noun, there is a general rule for the order in which we use
them. This rule says that the more specific or objective the adjective, the closer to the noun. Adjectives
expressing OPin.errUI. horrible) usually CO~ ~

a beautiful black leather handbag a big fat French chef a fierce black German dog

We can also use certain guidelines to help us decide how specific an adjective is:
Material is closer to the noun than nationality: an Egyptian Blone statue
Nationality is closer than colour: a green Australian lizard
Colour is closer than shape: a thin white line
Shape is closer than age: an old round table
Age is closer than size: a large young elephant
Opinion comes first: a magnificent old Chinese vase

Exercise A
Put the adjectives given in the correct order.
Example: a hag (plastidsmall/black) a small black plastic bag
1 a grapefruit (pink/delicious)
2 a motorbike (Japanese/white/noisy)
3 many buildings (newlconcrete/huge)
4 a mouth (wide!big)
5 some spiders (African/red/tiny)
6 a meal (MexicanlhotJtasty)
7 a jacket (hluelleather)
8 lots of men (fatJshort)
9 a trunk (old/tin/fascinating)
10 some students (youngfltalianlnice)

ExerciseB
Now list all the adjectives used in the exercise above into their categories.

opinion size age shape colour nationality material

.
small black plastic

Exercise C
Do Exercise 2 on the cassette.

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 Adjectives: position

This is something new!

A number of adjectives are not usually used in the normal position before a noun, but are only found
after the noun and a link verb such as be or feel:

I'm ready! It's awake!

Here is a list of the most common ones:

afraid I alive I alone I asleep I awake I due I glad I ill I ready I sorry I sure I well

Exercise A
Choose the correct adjective from the list above to complete these sentences.
1 The money is at the end of the month. Don't forget to send a cheque.
2 I missed the end of the programme because I fell _
3 She went to see the doctor because she was feeling _
4 Don't be this won't hurt!
5 We're leaving in five minutes. Are you ?
6 My sister believes that Elvis Presley didn't die from drugs and is still _
7 You don't look . Don't you think you should see a doctor?
8 I love company. Ijust hate to be -,,-
9 r think r know the answer but I'm not really ------;c
10 He was so tired that he could hardly keep during the party.
11 I'm terribly but I cannot accept your invitation,
12 I'm you enjoyed the film.

Most adjectives can also come after compounds with some- no- or any- as in:
somebody/nobody/anybody }
somewhere/nowhere/anywhere interesting, new, etc.
something/nothing/anything

Examples: something wonderful/nobody different/anything interesting/somewhere nice

Exercise B
Rearrange the following phrases and choose a suitable adjective from the list given to complete these
sentences.

suspicious I new / alive I exciting / cold / stupid I quiet / strong

1 to help push my car.lsomeone/l'm looking fori

2 anywhere/for your holidays?/Did you go
3 asked if we had noticed/anything/The police officerllast night.
4 would play/such a crazy trick!/Only somebody
5 but it had nothinglIt was/in it./the latest sportswear catalogue
6 so we can talk.lIt's tooILet's go somewhere/noisy in here.
7 to fmd anyone/fhey didn't expect/after the explosion.
S to drink.lsomethingll could just do with

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 Adjecffves:cornpound
6 A five-day week

) 1

a five-man team carrying a (our-hundred-pound box across an eight-foot bridge

When we want to describe something precisely, and give its height, weight,length, etc., we often use a
compound adjective, with the amount and the unit. The unit is always in the singular, for example:
DISTANCE, a five-mile walk TIME, a three-hour exam
WEIGHT, a six-pound fish NUMBER a four-man team
HEIGHT, a ten-foot wall LENGTH, a six-inch nail

Exercise A
Rewrite the following sentences using a compound adjective on the model above.
Example: He took off on a balloon fljght which took six hours.
He took off on a six-hour balloon flight.
1 Mary gave birth to a beautiful baby weighing four kilos.
_I

2 I've just had an interview with the boss which lasted twenty minutes.

3 A caravan which measures seven metres is suitable for a family oCCour.

4 The crew, consisting of eight men, was rescued by helicopter,

-
5 The architect wants to erect a block rising to 150 feet in the centre of the town, -
6 The walk, which covers ten kilometres, is one of the most exhausting events,

7 On 11 November every year, people observe a silence lasting two minutes, -

-
8 Because of the lack of orders, the company now works a week of only three days,
-
9 The bridge was damaged by a juggernaut weighing 38 tonnes,

10 She was wearing a coat worth 500 dollars and a hat which cost 200 dollars,

. . Exercise B -
Do Exercise 3 on the cassette_
-
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 Adjectives and adverbs: comparative and superlative

7 Which shoes are the cheapest?

Look at the shoes in the shop window and then at these example sentences.
1:1
ADJECTIVES
1 COMPARATIVE (Look at Elementary Worksheet 2.)
One syllable The slippers are (much) cheaper than the boots.
Two syllables The slippers aTe prettier than the trainers.
Three syllables The boots are more comfortable than the
highheeled shoes but more expensive.

NOTE Adjectives ending in -ed, -ing, -ful, -less or -nt take more Imost not -er/ -est.
Examples: more pleased, the most tiring, more useful, the most distant, etc.
AS The boots are as practical as the trainers, but they are not nearly a8 expensive.
The high-heeled shoes are not as dear as the trainers.
2 SUPERLATIVE The trainers are (by far) the most expensive shoes.
The slippers are the least expensive. Ithe cheapest.
3 IRREGULAR good/bet.terlbest bad/worse/worst far/farther (further)Jfarthest (furthest)
Example: It's the worst headache she's ever had.

ADVERBS
1 COMPARATIVE You walk more quietly in slippers than in boots.
2 SUPERLATIVE Of all t.he girls in t.he group, she danced the most elegantly.
3 IRREGULAR we11lbetterlbest badly/worse/worst little!lessJIeast
Example: I play tennis better in trainers than boots.
4 LIKE ADJECTIVES late; hard; fast; slow; early
Example: I can run faster in boots than in high-heeled shoes.

Exercise A
Find and mark the errors in each of the following sentences and correct them.
Example: It's the m&Fe boring book rve ever read.
most
1 He's not as good-looking than I thought..

2 This year's rainfall is the heaviest than last year's.

3 He was a brave man the city had ever seen.

4 The days become more long as the SUD moves more high in the sky.

5 'The Sunflowers' is one of the more beautiful painting I have ever seen.

6 I think women work more hardly than men.

7 This competition was not as nearly difficult than the last one.

8 Agassi played much more well than the last time I saw him.

II Exercise B
Do Exercise 4 on the cassette.

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 Adverbials: order

8 They left quickly for the station the next morning.

The standard order for aduerbials (single adverbs or
adverbial phrases) in English is: --'O~
,, ,
-
MANNER (how?)
PLACElDlRECTION (where?)
TIME (when?)
Where there is more than one adverbial of the same type,
the most specific comes first.
Example: They got married at one o'clock in the afternoon on a
sunny day in May.

With verbs of movement (go, arrive, drive, etc.) the adverb

of place usually comes first.
Example: They left for the station on foot half an hour ago.

Adverbs of frequency (always, sometimes, neuer, etc.)

come before the verb.
Example: I neuer eat meat. (See Elementary Worksheet 7.)
They got mamed at one o'clock in the
Other adverbs come after the object. afternoon on a sunny day in May.
Example: I speak English well.

Time adverhials are sometimes placed at the beginning of the sentence, especially when there are a
number of other adverbials.
Example: Last Saturday he played the violin delightfully in the local concert.

Rewrite the sentences below, including the adverbials given in the best positions.
Example: We are planning to go (tomorrow/to London).
We are planning to go to London tomorrow.
1 He walked (with a limp/towards them).

2 Suzanne visited her old friend (on a Sunday/usually).

3 He has played golf (professionally/in the USA/never).

4 Arthur gets up (on Sundays/in the morning/always/at six o'clock).

5 John played tennis (during the championships/very well).

6 They were hoping to sail (next yearJin a boaUround the world).

7 Gillian repainted the whole room (last weekend/with a small brush).

8 They've been living (in the mountains/for the past month/near a village/comfortably/in a caravan).

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 Adverbials: concession and contrast

Although it was raining, we went for a walk,

F
E
E
~
The following words and phrases are used to contrast two ideas:

but I yet I however I although I even though I despite I in spite of

Look at the following examples.

It was raining, but we went for a walk. (in the middle of a sentence)
It was raining, yet we went for a walle (in the middle of a sentence)
It was raining. However, we went for a wallt. (at the start of a new sentence)
AltJwugh it was raining, we went for a walk. (followed by a subject and verb)
Even though it was raining, we went for a walk. (followed by a subject and verb)
Despite the rain, we went for a walk. (followed by a noun)
In spite of the rain, we went for a walk. (followed by a noun)
Despite the fact that it was raining, we went for a wall.... (followed by a subject and verb)
In spite of the fact that it was raining, we went for a walle (followed by a subject and verb)

Use one of the above words or phrases in the following sentences.

1 they are always arguing, Jack and Jill still say they love each other.
2 Paris is an expensive city, it's still a great place for a holiday.
3 The rate of inflation has come down to 3% this year. ,the unemployment figures are still
rising.
4 They're still going ahead with the wedding her father's death.
5 They won the football match they only had ien players.
6 the bad weather, they're having a good time.
7 He's had several bad accidents, he sti1lloves skiing.
8 She made her granddaughter a lovely dress, the fact that she had arthritis in her hands.
9 she had lost her passport and ticket, Sue went to the airport and tried to get on the plane.
10 Tony lost his job last month and doesn't know where he's going to get another one. , he's
still cheerful and hopes to get married soon.
11 _____ the recession, Mr. Leech's company is doing well.
12 _ _ _ _ the fact that the company kept losing money, the director increased his salary.

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IT]
10
Adverbials: purpose

I only did it to please you.

ADVERBlALS OF PURPOSE can be grouped into:

1 PHRASES These are introduced by words such as:

in order to (+ INFlNITrvE) to (+ INFINITIVE) for (+ ing)

NOTES In order to and to can be placed before or after

a)
the main clause,
Examples: In order to open, turn the handle anti-clockwise.
Tum the handle anti-clockwise in order to open.
b) For is normally placed after the main clause.
It is followed by a noun. or gerund.
Examples: You must help Barbara prepare for the ceremony. I only did it to please you!
The cavemen used flint stone knives (or hunting,
c) To describe a gerJral purpose, we can use to or for.
Examples: This switch is for starting the motor.
This switch is to start the motor.
But if it is a specific purpose, we only use to.
Example: Turn that switch to start the motor.
(Not Tttrn-that 9witeh fur stani.:ng the motor.)

2 CLAUSES These are introduced by words such as:

in order that so that en case

NOTES a) In order that and so that are usually followed by a modal (can, could, may, might, etc.).
Examples; We have purchased the land in order that the company may expand.
Henry left the door unlocked so that we could get in.
b> That can be omitted after so in infonnallanguage.
Example: He must pass his test so he can help his dad with the driving.
c) In case expresses a potential purpose - something that might happen. It therefore does not
need a modal.
Example: Henry left the door unlocked in case we came home late.

Join the two halves of the sentences below using a suitable link word or phrase, to make the best sense.

1 Don't forget to take an umbrella for a) I can hear myself speak?

2 He cleared all the books out of the cupboard in order to b) see if there's any treasure here.
3 Would you please turn the music down to 0) the children won't be scared.

4 Many people use metal detectors so that d) make a bit more space.
5 Hand me the metal detector in order that e) the party.
6 He is studying divinity at college 80 f) anyone wanted to contact him.

7 She should leave the light on for g) it rains.

8 He left a message at reception in case h) get the football resulta.

9 She's baked Iota of cakes to i) hunting buried treasure,
10 They're listening to the radio in case j) he may become a priest.

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-IT] Adverbials: reason

11 The plane was late because of the weather.

ADVERBlALS OF REASON can be grouped into:

1 PHRASES These are introduced by words such as:

because of + NOUN due to + NOUN owing to + NOUN thanks to + NOUN

NOTES a) Due to is normally found after the verb be.

Example: The failure was due to poor maintenance.
b) Due to and owing to are more common with things we don't want to happen.
Thanks to is usually used with things we want to happen.

2 CLAUSES These are introduced by words such as:

as + CLAUSE because + CLAUSE since + CLAUSE

NOTES aJ As and since are more common at the beginning of a sentence.

Exampks: Since you insist, we will take a vote.
As no-one has objected, we wiu proceed as planned.
bJ Because does not nonnally start a sentence unless it is answering a question Why?
Examples: Why did you do that? Because I wanted to!
I went home because I was tired.

Link the two halves of the sentences below to make the best sense.

1 Robert entered the competition a) thanks to the recent rains.

2 Since you are doing nothing,
3 Owing to lack of ticket sales,
4 There is now plenty of water
5 He was refused a visa
6 AB you are a guest,
7 Because of his height
8 Due to a signal failure,
9 I suppose I shall have to attend
10 Thanks to all your hard work,
b) he couldn't join the police force.
c) because of his criminal record.
d) since rve been invited.
e) could you give me a hand?
f) the rete was a great success.
g) because he hoped to win a car.
h) I insist on paying.
i) the trains are running half an hour late.
j) the concert has been cancelled.

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 Adverbs of degree: fairly, quite, rather

12 This is rather too easy for me.

,,
I I
i ,

2n~~
This box is rather heavy!

1 The words fairly, quite and rather are used with adjectives or adverbs to indicate a certain degree-
more than slightly but not as much as very.

2 They mean almost the same, but fairly and quite suggest a positive idea (fairly /quite good),
while rather suggests a negative idea (rather poor, rather too easy).

3 Only rather can be used with comparatives (rather slower, rather more quickly),
where the idea can be positive or negative.

Exercise A
Add fairly, quite or rather. indicating the correct place in the following sentences.

Example: I'm! tired - I think L'1I go to bed. rather

1 Doo't worry, we're close to home now.
2 This material is light- I think it'll do for the summer.
3 I thjnk you've had too much to drink.
4 Don't you think he's young for such a senior position?
5 We must be ofT - it's getting late.
6 Have you seen the new play? It's popular.
7 I'm really pleased with the car - it's more economical than the old one.
S The house is large, so we can all fit in.
9 The house is large, so .it'll be expensive to heat.
10 The food was good but the floor was dirty. (20 a)
b)
_
_
-
a Exercise B
Do Exercise 5 on the cassette.

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 Articles: definite/indefinite
Is it a god or the god?
DEFINITE ARTICLE INDEFINITE ARTICLE

1 Information already known or mentioned 1 New information

The man in the car is my father. A man in a car waved at me this morning.
2 Describing a group of people 2 With professions
the rich, the poor, the unemployed She's a doctor and he's a bus driver.
3 Specifying something with a following 3 Expressing frequency
phrase twice a week, 1000 a year, once a day
He's the man I love. 4 Expressing 'only one' when there are many
4 With unique objects I'11 have a sandwich please.
the earth, the moon, the stars 5 General statements
5 Specifying a group of people or things A washing machine is essential.
The modem woman is more independent.
Who invented thE telephone?
6 With superlatives NO ARTICLE
the smallest coin, the most expensive car
7 With musical instruments 1 General statements
She plays the piano and the violin. Washing machines are essential.
8 With names of nationalities Modern women are more independent.
The French eat a lot of cheese. 2 Abstract ideas
9 With most geographical names (see Beauty is only skin-deep.
Elementary Worksheet 9) 3 Days of the week, months, names of shops
the Alps, the United States, the Red Sea Monday, April, Harrod's
10 Names of places with of 4 Names of people:
the Bank of England, the Tower of London Charles, Diana, Lovejoy

In the following passage, write a,the or (-) as necessary:

(1)_ _ ancient Roman god, (2) _ _ Janus, was (3)_ _

god who protected (4)_ _ beginning of (5)_ _ things. He
guarded (6)_ _ spring planting of (7)_ _ wheat, (8)_ _
time of leaving on (9) journey, and (10) entrances
like (11)_ _ doorways and (12)_ _ city gates. So that he
could be wise, (13) Janus had two faces, one to look
backward into (14)_ _ past and ( 5 ) _ - other to look
forward into (16)_ _ future.
(17)_ _ first month of(18)_ _ year is (19)_ _ entrance
to (20)_ _ new year. It is (21)_ _ time when (22)_ _
people look back at (23) year just past and ahead to (24) year to come. When our modem
calendar was put together, this first month was named (25) January after (26) two-faced
Roman god, (27)_ _ Janus.
Three other months that were named after (28) famous Roman gods and citizens are (29)_ _
March, (30)_ _ July and August.

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 Articles: newspaper headlines

14 MAN BITES DOG

Newspaper headlines often miss out articles to save space. Verbs are often put into the simple present
instead of the past (see Intermediate Worksheet 45).
Exampleo QUEEN GIVES PRESENT TO ITALIAN AMBASSADOR
(The Queen has given a present to the Italian Ambassador.)
When we expand the headline, we use the articles as normal.

The definite article is used for unique references, when the

reader knows who or what is being referred to, or specific
groups.
Examples: the Queen, the Moon, lhe Chinese

The indefinite article is used when new information is

given.
Examples: a present, an earthquake, a discovery

No article is used for new information which is plural or

uncountable
Examples: snow, riots, inflation, boredom MAN BITES DOG
(A man has bitten a dog.)
(See Intermediate Worksheet 13.)

Look at the following collection of headlines and make complete sentences for each one, putting in
articles where necessary.

I VILLAGER CALLS FOR ACTION AT ROAD JUNCTION

2 QUEEN GOES TO CHANNEL ISLES

3 FOOTBALL FAN FALLS OUT OF 125 MPH TRAIN

4 CHANCELLOR OF EXCHEQUER RAISES TAXES

5 HOUSE IS BLASTED AS COUPLE SLEEPS

6 MINISTER IS GUEST AT OPENING OF NEW SUPERMARKET

7 BOREDOM MAKES JOBLESS TURN TO CRIME

8 FLOODS ARE EXPECTED ON EAST COAST AS MOON APPROACHES EARTH

9 MAN GETS SECOND LIFE SENTENCE

10 LABOUR PARTY ATTACKS GOVERNMENT POLICY ON SCHOOLS

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 Articles: with geographical names

15 Around the world in 8 days

Intermediate Worksheet 13 deals with the general rules for the use of articles. There are also specific
rules for their use with geographical names.

With the Without the

RIVERS the River Danube/the Danube CONTINENTS Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia
SEAS the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea COUNTRIES Italy. Brazil, Germany
OCEANS the Atlantic Ocean/the Atlantic STATES California, Ontario, Bavaria
CANALS the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal COUNTlES Yorkshire, Kent, Fife
CHANNELS the English Channel CITIES Paris, Madrid, Sao Paulo
BAYS the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Bengal TOWNS Calais, Bournemouth, Seville
GULFS the Gulf of Mexico VILLAGES Sawston, Gretna Green
STRAITS the Straits ofHormuz STREETS Oxford Street, 5th Avenue
MOUNTAIN GROUPS the Alps. the Rocky Mountains MOUNTAINS Mount Everest, Kilimanjaro
ISLAND GROUPS the British Isles, the West Indies ISLANDS Bali, Jersey, Majorca
DESERTS the Sahara Desert/the Sahara LAKES Lake Victoria, Lake Michigan
UNIONS the United States, the United Kingdom
PLURAL PLACE NAMES the Netherlands, the Tropics
REGIONS the Antarctic, the Costa Bravs

Read the following holiday advertisement, putting in th.e when necessary, or leaving blank.

AROUND THE WORLD IN 8 DAYS WITH RUNWAY TOURS

We start our exciting tour in (1)_ _ London, (2)_ _ capital city of (3)_ _ England. Then we fly
over (4)_ _ English Channel to (5)_ _ France where we can admire the magnificent view of
(6)_ _ Alps before landing in (7)_ _ Geneva for our first night. From (8)_ _ Switzerland we fly
south to (9)_ _ Mediterranean Sea, (10)_ _ Suez Canal and (11)_ _ Red Sea, before heading
east over (12)__Saudi Arabia and the rest of(13)_ _ Middle East. Our second night is spent in
(14)_ _ exotic Madras, where you will taste a real curry! Then over (15)_ _ Bay of Bengal to
(16)_ _ Thailand where (17)_ _ Bangkok, on (18)_ _ Gulf of Siam, awaits all those who like
shopping! On the fourth day we fly south over (19)_ _ Malaysia and spend a romantic night on
(20)_ _ Bali Island. (2l)_ _ Timor Sea separates us from (22)_ _ Australia, where we spend our
fifth day, gazing down on (23)_ _ Great Sandy Desert and (24)_ _ magnificent Macdonnell Ranges
as we cross over to (25)_ _ Great Barrier Reef on the east coast, and then south to (26)_ _ Sydney
and (27)_ _ Canberra. The sixth day takes us across (28)_ _ Tasman Sea to (29)_ _ New
Zealand, and then over (30)_ _ Pacific Ocean to the great continent of (31)_ _ North America. The
exciting city of(32)_ _ San Francisco is where we spend our seventh and penultimate night. Finally
it's off to (33)_ _ majestic Rocky Mountains and over (34)_ _ Great Plains to (35)_ _ Lake Erie
and (36)_ _ Lake Ontario in (37)_ _ Canada where our last night will be spent in (38)_ _
fascinating Quebec, on (39)_ _ St Lawrence River. Don't delay - book today to see (40)_ _ rivers,
seas and mountains of our wonderful earth!

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 Nouns: countable and uncountable

16 Quiet waters run deep.

All English nouns can be categorised as either countable or
uncountable. Some can be classified as both, although they
change t.heir meaning slightly, depending on which category
they are being used in.
Most English learning dictionaries indicate which category by
placing [elf [U] or (eM after the headword.
COUNTABLE nouns can be counted. They can be either
singular or plural.
Examples: a flower I six flowers, a bird! ten birds, a theoryla
thousarui theories

A few nouos are only found in the plural, or with a plural verb.
Examples: clothes, belongings, goods, remains, people, police,
cattle A girl wearing jeans drinking milk
Some nouns are always plural, aod must be used with the
phrase a pair of to describe one.
Exampks: trousers, jeans, shorts, dungarees, braces, pants, tights, glasses, scissors
UNCOUNTABLE nouns never use the article a(n) or a plural. They use some or a unit noun such as a bit
0(. .. a piece of... a cup 0(. .. a loaf of... etc.
Examples: apiece of news. a loaf of bread, some milk. some cheese
Some nouns are usually uncountable. but can have a countable form which means 'one unit or specific
example of... '
Examples: 1 like chocolate. Would you like a chocolate?
Cheese is made from milk. Camembert is a French cheese.
The present was wrapped in paper. The Times is a right-wing paper.

Delete the wrong alternative in the following sentences. In the column on the right mark if the noun is
countable (e), uncountable em
or always plural (PL) in this context.
Cateeory
Example: I have a good Rewslsome good news for you. U
1 She was wearing a tight blue jean/tight blue jeans.
2 I have just bought a new furniture/some new furniture. Do you like it?
3 Would you like a wine/some wine? I have just opened this bottle.
4 I need an information/some information about my examinations.
5 He always eats a breadlbread with his soup.
6 He was wearing Ii silk pyjama/silk pyjamas when they arrived.
7 She has made good progress/good progresses in her studies.
8 I'm really thirsty. I'd like another beerlbeer.
9 Let me give you some advice/an advice: don't make him angry.
10 I've got some pain/a pain in my stomach. That food was bad.

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-rn Prepositional phrases I: at, by, for
17 Will she be at home for a while?

Is this for sale? I hate travelling by bus.

Here is a list of common prepositional phrases.

AT
at a time at first at home at the beginning at once
at times at last at work at the end at least
at lunch at intervals at school at the moment at all costs
at dinner at speed at university at present at war
at night at rest at sea at the weekend at peace

BY
by bus by mistake by yourself by heart
by car by chance by all means by name
by air by accident by degrees by sight

FOR

for sale for example for ever for a change

for bire {or instance for a while for the first time

Choose the best phrases from the boxes above to complete these sentences.

1 I came round to see you last night but you weren't _

2 She learnt the whole poem _ _ for the examination.
3 We are leaving the area, so our house is up _
4 Charles is doing a degree in French and Drama _ _ this year.
5 I didn't like him _ _ but after a while I grew very fond of him.
6 I'm tired of cooking. Let's go out for dinner _
7 This letter is for you. It was given to me _
8 I never want to leave you! I will love you _
9 It was very crowded - there must have been _ _ 50 people at the party.
10 I know him but I can never remember his name.
11 Bats sleep during the day and only come out to feed _ _
12 I'm sorry I can't help you. You'll have to do it _

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IT] Prepositional phrases II: in, on, out of
18 He's out of town on business.

If

David' s in hospital at the moment. He's on a diet.

Here is a list of common prepositional phrases.

IN

in theory in hospital in town in a hurry in future

in practice in bed in the country in my opinion in conclusion
in fact in trouble in public in a bad mood in particular
in detail in danger in private m any case in part

ON
on the leftJri ght onrnyown on fire on purpose
on a triP/jOll rney on a diet on duty on sale
on holiday on occasions on business on loan

OUT OF

out of control out of money out of work

out of date out of breath out of order
out of practice out of the question out of reach

Choose the best phrases from the above boxes to complete these sentences.

1 We11 have to use the stairs - the lift is _ _ _ _

2 His idea is great _ _ _ _ _ _ , but it will never work.
3 It's well pro tected. There's a guard _ _ all the time.
4 Most school children are during the month of August.
5 We muat w am them immediately. They are _ _
6 Do you like my new trousers? They were _ _ _ at half price.
7 Many Coreigners find it strange to drive _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in England.
B [can't stop to talk just now, I'm afraid I'm _ _ _ _
9 He's been ru nning so hard, he can't talk - he's _ _ _ _
10 Their mam age is breaking up, although they always appear the ideal couple _ _
11 Nearly thre e million people are _ _ _ _ ,with no income.
12 He said it w as an accident, but I was sure he had done it _ _

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 Prepositions: to + verb
19 I object to doing this!
The particle to is either a preposition, followed by a noun or
pronoun (to the end, to them) or an infmitive particle with a
verb (to eat, to smile, to dance). However, there sre a few
occasions when to is used as a preposition, but is followed by a
verb. In these cases we have to use the gerund - the 'noun' Conn
of the verb ending in ing. Here are the most common
examples:

Hey, I object to doing thisl

be averse to -ing I am averse to getting up
early on Sunday mornings.
be different to -ing Surfing is very different to skiing.
be close to -ing They are close to signing the agreement.
be opposed to -ing The government is opposed to supporting the railways.
getJbelgrow accustomed to -ing We are not accustomed to dealing with such large amounts.
get round to -ing He hopes to get round to finishing the work next week.
get/be used to -ing I could get used to eating Indonesian food.
look forward to -ing Mary is really looking forward to meeting your SOD.
object to -ing The Council has objected to games being played on Sundays_
prefer ing to -ing These days I prefer watching football to playing it.
take to -ing Ahmed has taken to calling late at night.

Use each phrase from the list above in ODe of the following sentences, together with one of the verbs from
the set below. Put it in the most suitable tense.

dance I visit I write I wear I collect I eat I work I take I smoke I agree I measure

1 Charlie has a brand new hobby - he matchboxes in a big way.

2 I'm sorry, but you can't have a cigarette in here. I most strongly in public.
3 He's really lazy: he always sleeping _
4 The two delegations have been arguing all day, but I think they at last.
5 I was brought up with Fahrenheit and I'll never the temperature in
Celsius.
6 Jane hasn't had a holiday this year so she's Disneyland in October.
7 I know you're very busy, but I hope you can those letters this week.
8 She's not but she just can't stand the waltz.
9 Some people claim that drinking alcohol is drugs, but they are both bad
for you.
10 Since we've been living in Spain, we dinner much later, although I haven't really got
used to it.
11 Most British people fur coats these days because it means killing wild
animals.

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 Prepositions and link words: with gerunds
20 Please pay before leaving.
PREPOSITIONS are normally followed by nouns.
Example: Monkeys live in trees.

The gerund (the -ing fonn of the verb) is a noun fonned from the verb. We can use this form after
prepositions.
Example: I'm not very keen on living in trees.

LINK WORDS such as after, when, while join two sentences to make one. If the subject is the same, we
can often reduce one of the sentences by using the gerund.
Example: He often whistles while he is working. --+ He often whistles while working.

J2..

You shouldn't use the phone while driving.

Choose 8 suitable preposition or link word from the list in the box and complete the sentences using the
verb given at the end of each one.

without I when I since I after I by / in spite of I after I instead of I for

1 It's dangerous to swim immediately (eat)

2 You should save some of your money all of it. (spend)

3 Low ceiling. Mind your head your seat. (leave)
4 This knob here is the volume. <change)
5 She never went skiing again her leg. (break)
6 He's very rude. He just left the party good-bye to the hostess. (say)

7 She didn't get the job a high mark in all the tests. (get)
8 They've travelled a great deal (retire)

9 Mary found the answer the word in an encyclopedia. (look up)

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 Prepositions of time: at, in, on, from . .. to, by
21
It happened at 8 o'clock in the morning on Monday.

AT IN ON

at four o'clock in April (months) on Saturday (days)

at the weekend
at night
at Christmas
at first (in contrast with a
change later: At first I liked
him but then 1 changed my
mind.)
at last (after a long wait: At last
the bus is here - we've been
waiting for ages!)
at the beginning/at the end
(with something which has a
beginning and an end: At the
beginning of the month I get
lots of bills. At the end of the
month I get my salary.)
at the time (at that moment:
I couldn't phone you as I
hadn't got your number at the
time.)
in 1994 (years) on 20th June (dates)
in spring (seasons) on holiday
in time (before it is too late) on time (at the appointed time)
in the morning (times of the
day)
in the end (after difficulties or FROM .. TO
effort: I took my driving test 5
times, but passed in the end.) {rom May to July (a period of
time)
in a month (after a period of
time: I'll be going home in a
month.)
BY
by 5 o'clock (within a certain
time limit: I'll finish this by 5
o'clock.)

Put the correct prepositions into each space.

1 I'm watching TV - I'll phone you back 9.30, the end of the programme.

2 We're going holiday three weeks' time.

3 So there you are last! Can't you ever be time?

4 first, I intended to stay the whole time, but the end I decided to leave before the end.

5 Shouldn't you have finished this now? - I've got to leave noon at the latest.

6 _ _ Saturday morning I'm going to work 9.00 11.30.

7 We usually stay at home Christmas, but go out New Year's Eve.

8 I've never been to Greece spring before - I didn't realise it would be as warm as this _
May.

9 I didn't understand what he meant the time, but it became clear the end.

10 _ _ the time we got there we were just time for dinner.

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 Pronouns: one
22 I prefer the black ones
The pronoun one lones is used very often instead of
repeating the noun.
One can be used on its own.
Example: I've got one.
or with an article + adjective.
Example: I want a green one.
Give him the old one.
Ones always follows a noun modifier (article.
adjective, etc.),
Example: Which ones would you like?
I want big ones.
'Would you like one?'
We use some instead of ones on its own. 'Yes please, I've never had these ones before!'
Example: I've got sOm.

Exercise A
Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with one or OMS and a suitable article where appropriate.

1 A: There are three pairs of shoes here - which are yours?

B: with the mud on them.

2 A: I'm having a cup aCtes. Do you fancy ?

B: No thanks, I've just had _

3 A: How many fish did you catch?

B: Only a couple of small . But that got away was enonnous!

4 k I want a pair ofjeans. How much are over there?

B: ,..,,- in the corner?
A: No, in the window.

5 A: I need some new gloves - thick that will keep my hands wann.
B: What happened to you bought last year?

ExerciseB
What do the following statements refer to?
Example: You need one to go abroad. A nQSlmort
4.

1 You must have one to drive a car legally.

2 If you haven't got one, you are unemployed.
3 You need one to shoot an arrow,
4 You wear one to keep your neck warm.
S You may find a Picasso or a dinosaur in one.
6 You wear woolly ones to keep your feet warm .

.. Exercise C
Do Exercise 6 on the cassette.

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 Punctuation: apostrophes
23 I can't and I won't, so that's it!
The apostrophe (') has two uses in English:

1 To indicate that one or more letters are missing:

a) from verb phrases to indicate how they are pronounced in infonnallanguage.
Examples: can't (cannot), won't (will not), that's (that is), I'd (I would II had), it's (it is/it has), etc.
In writing, this is normally only used for infonnallanguage, such as personal letters.
b) from a single word, which has a popular short form.
Examples: 'flu (from influenza), 'phone (telephone)
(These are now less common.)

2 To indicate the possessive:

a) before the -s for singular words.
Examples: Mary's book, the fish's tail, the man's job, one's duty, nobody's fault
NOTE that words ending in y do not change: (the lady's handbag).
It is also placed before the s where a word has a special plural fonn.
Examples: the people's champion, the women's movement
b) after the -s for plural words.
Examples: the boys' jobs, the ladies' committee, the birds' nests
It may also he placed after the -s in words that already end with s.
Examples.- Jesus' disciples, the Jones' new car. In these cases the 'missing s is usually still
pronounced (Jesus's, the Jones's).

Exercise A
Insert apostrophes in the correct places in the following sentences.
1 Annes mothers dogs won a prize at the show.
2 The womens team are going to Paris in a weeks time. Well see them there.
3 Wed better stop - theyve realised what were doing.
4 Whats the noise? Its the car thats lost ita silencer.
S The Davis bouse isnt one of the biggest ones.

ExerciseB
Write out the sentences without contractions.
Example: I'm pleased we've found the girls' shoes.
.....,;;;j I am pleased we have found the girls' shoes.
1 I'd rather you'd given it to the children's home.

2 He's going to show us the pictures he's taken.

3 One's got to help ones friends, even if one's in trouble oneself.

4 They won't agree because they can't allow exceptions to the rules they've made.

5 You'd better go. If he'd had any sense, he'd have left too.

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 Punctuation: commas

24

If, however, you agree, I'll do it,

There are no clear rules for the use of the comma in English. The safest way is to use a comma ifit helps
to make the meaning of the sentence clearer. In general terms, it is wise to use a comma:

1 whenever the normal order of the sentence (subject-werb--.objectJadverbiaJ.etc.) is disturbed as, for
example, when a sentence starts with a long adverbial or a clause.

Examples:

ADVERBIAI1CLAUSE COMMA SUBJECT VERB OBJECT/ADVERBIAL. ETC.

On most days of the week Sebastisn goes fishing.

With the utmost caution , ,he edged out into the main road.
If you don't stop laughing , I won't help you to lay the table.
As soon as the rain clears , w. can set ofT for home again.
Nevertheless , the director has decided to dismiSIJ him.

2 where there is 8 list of similar parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives. etc.).
Examples: I've got to get eggs, bread, potatoes and a bottle of sherry.
He stood up, smiled, raised her hand to msUps and kissed it.
It's an ugly, green, hairy thing.

3 with a non-defining clause (see Intennediate Worksheet 26).

Example: The new editor, who used to work in advertising, has adopted a fresh policy.

4 to mark an interjection.
Example: The chief reporter, on the other hand, has no intention of changing his style.

The commas in these cases, as in most others, indicate a pause or a change in intonation.

Add commas to the following sentences as necessary.

1 Visconti the film producer made strange avant-garde films in black and white.
2 As soon as she arrives you must I insist apologise to her.
3 Sue David and Allan all decided to share. Sam however insisted on a separate room which was typical
of him.
4 Had she known she would not have given in in any case.
5 Mary the victim must never find out if you see what I mean.
6 The winger cut in side-stepped the defender glanced quickly up and shot straight past the keeper who
had no chance of saving it.
7 What it was was no concern of theirs as they had unknown to him already come off duty.
8 I could do with a long cool drink to refresh me after a really difficult dangerous and dirty job.

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 Quantifiers

25 There's little tea but lots of coffee.

- When we don't know or are not interested in how much or how many, we use some. (There are some
people outside.) We can be more spedfic by using another quantifier, as in the following table.

I have
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

no
COUNTABLE NOUNS

no
J don't have any bread any apples
I have little cheese rew books

I have a little information a few cars

I have Borne money some enemies

Have you ... ? any space any problems

I have a lot of/lots of time a lot ofl]ots of thoughts

I don't have much many

NOTES
1 No is used with both countable and uncountable nouns with a positive verb. Any is used with a
negative verb.
Examples: I have no energy = I haven't got any energy. There are no eggs = There aren't any eggs.
2 any is used with questions.
Example: Did you bdng any water?
3 little and few are negative ideas, a littk and a few are positive.
Examples: I have Uttle time, 80 I must hurry. I have a little time, so I can stay for a while.
I have few problems, so I am quite happy. I have Q, few problems, so I am rather worried.
4 much and many are normally used with a nega.tive verb (or the question How... ) in informal language.
They are found with a positive verb in formal language. We normally use a lot of/lots of in positive
statements.
Examples: She doesn't need much encouragement. She has lots of courage.

Fill in the gaps in the following dialogue with appropriate quantifiers from the
table above.
'We need (1) more milk. There isn't (2) left in the fridge.'
'You're right. In fact we'll probably need (3) milk this morning, because
you said you'd invited (4) friends around for coffee this moming.'
'Yes, but only (5) colleagues from the office.'
'(6) ? How (7) exactly?'
'Well, seven, actually. That's not (8) ,is it?'
'But that means I'll have to buy (9) sugar and biscuits as well. I haven't done (10) _
shopping this:week. I've been rather busy and had very (11) time.'
'Haven't we got (12) biscuits in the cupboard?'
'No. There were (13) left last night but I ate them before I went to bed.'
'Don't worry - we won't need (14) biscuits. All my friends are on diets. One packet will be
enough.'
'Just as well. I didn't get to the bank yesterday, and I've got (15) cash on me at all.'
'That's unlike you - you usually have (16) money in your pocket.'

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 Relative clauses: defining versus non-defining
26 Shakespeare, who died in 1616, wrote many plays,
RELATIVE CLAUSES tell us more about the noun they describe, and can be divided into two categories,
de(ifling, and non-defining.

DEFINING NONDEFINING

Defining clauses identify the noun. Non-defining clauses give supplementary information.
Speak to the man who is standing by the door. Speak to my father, who is standing by the door.

Defining clauses are not separated by commas. Non-defining clauses are separated by commas.
The man who was el~cted knew nothing about the job. The Prime Minister, who was elected in 1992, has been
in power for three years.

Defining clauses may omit the relative object pronoun. Non-defining clauses always use the relative pronoun.
The man (that) you want is by the door. The pronoun 'hat is never used for non-defining clauses.
Gandhi, whoyou'ue read about, was a pacifist. OR
Gandhi, about whom you haue read, was 8 pacifist.

ExereiseA
DEFINING CLAUSES. Join the following pairs of sentences as in the example, omitting the relative
where possible.
Example: The book has been borrowed by someone else, You wanted it,
The book you wanted has been borrowed by someone else,
1 I can't find the prints. This customer ordered them.

2 Have you seen the film? E.veryone is talking about it.

3 The trip sounds wonderful. Your aunt has just been on it.

4 That young boy stole a pen. He has just left. the shop.

5 The pen was very valuable. He stole it.

6 Where's the umbrella? You brought it with you.

Exercise B
NON-DEFINING CLAUSES. Join the following pairs of sentences, as in the example. Use a suitable relative,
Example: David is going to talk about careers. I'm sure you all know him.
David, who(m} I'm sure you all know, is going to talk about careers,
1 My sister is studying geology. She finds it fascinating.

2 Van Gogh cut off his ear. He was a wellknown painter.

3 Togo is a fonner French colony. It is in West Mrica,

4 Sheila is a TV producer. I've just met her,

5 The treaty bas been signed by the president, He took power in s coup last year.

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S1I:.iMSNV
 Relative clauses: whose
27 The man whose car was stolen
We use whose to join two sentences together (in place of his, her, 's, etc.) to talk about possession. We do
not need to repeat his or her or add the.

Examples: The singer gave a wonderful performance. Her voice had improved.

prepositional phrase instead. fL

...-. The singer, whose (thd voice had improved, gave a wonderful performance.
We normally use whose for people only. We have no equivalent word for animals Clr things, and use a
<u.n"n..~

~ _l~.
The player whose leg
~

The dog with the broken

"" The
"""'~v
table with the broken
was broken is outside. leg is outside. leg is outside.

Combine the following pairs of sentences, using whose or a suitable prepositional phrase.

Example: The students' forms have been lost. They will have to pay again.
The students whose forms have been lost will have to pay again.

1 Who lives in that house? It has a white door.

2 We visited a patient. His eyesight had been restored by the surgeon.

3 The girls should go to the main office. Their names begin with the letters A-K

4 The countries will not be helped. Their debts are very large.

5 The people will be compensated. Their houses were damaged by the bomb.

6 The shops will make a big profit. Their turnover is the largest.

7 The players' shirts were dirty. They got changed at half-time.

8 Everyone should go on strike. Their job is threate~ed.

9 The car was involved in an accident. Its roof was white.

10 The guard was punished. His prisoner escaped.

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SlIaMSNV
 Reported speech: passive forms
28 Ten men are said to have been killed.
We use the passive with a reporting verb when we are not completely sure of the facts (particularly in
news broadcasts), The to- infinitive following the passive can be in a number of forms, as in the table
below.

SUBJECT REPORTING VERB TO- INFINITIVE

The president said to be very pleased.
The discovery claimed to cure baldness.
The team is/are reported to be resting at the hotel.
A teenager thought to have won the competition.
Some kangaroos rumcured to have been spotted in France.

Exercise A
Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the modal (may / might/could, etc.) with the reporting verb
given in brackets.
Example: A lion may have escaped from the zoo. (report)
A lion is reported to have escaped from the zoo.

1 The buildings could have been constructed by the Egyptians. (say)

2 Ten men may have reached the summit of Everest today. (claim)

3 The team could be training at high altitude, or so people think. (think)

4 The government may be on the point of resigning. (report)

5 The opposition might be planning a coup. (rumour)

6 The earthquake may have caused little damage. (say)

7 The police may have fabricated the evidence. (allege)

8 The laboratory may be working on a new cure for migraine. (think)

9 The new car could be the safest on the road. (claim)

10 The princess might have spent over 10,000 on that coat. (rumour)

ExerciseB
a Do Exercise 7 on the cassette.

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 Reported speech: questions
He asked me where fish get their money from.
1 When reporting questions, the word order changes to that of a statement, and the question mark is
omitted.
Example: Where are you going? She asked me where I was going.
Yes / No questions are reported using if or whether.
Example: Is it raining? She asked if it was raining.
2 The general rule is that if the speaking verb, for example, ask, is in the past tense, the verbs which
follow are in the past tense (see Elementary Worksheet 66). However, if the reported words are a
general truth, the tense may remain in the present.
Example.' Where are you going? She asked me where [ was going.
Where do kangaroos live? She asked where kangaroos live.

SILLY JOKES
Harry, a comedian, is asking his audience some silly questions
which are in Box A. The silly answers are in Box B, Report the
questions in Box C, and give a suitable answer from Box B in
the column on the right,

BOX A

1 Where do fish get their money from? 6Is February the only month that has 28 days?
2 [s May the shortest month? 7What does a nervous cow give?
S What's green and always points north? 8Where do little green men come from?
4 Which side of a chicken has most feathers? 9What has two noses, four legs, four arms and
5 Why did the baldheaded man put his head two heads?
out of the window? 10 Do teachers ever have trouble with their eyes?

BOXB
a) The outside, b) For some fresh hair, c) Yes, it only has 3 letters,
d) Two people, e) Milk shakes. f) A magnetic cucumber,
g) The river bank. h) Little green parents, i) No, they all do.
j) Only when they can't control their pupils.

BOXC Answers

1 Harry asked
2 Harry asked
3 Harry asked
4 Harry asked
5 Harry asked
6 Harry asked
7 Harry asked
8 Harry asked
9 Harry asked
10 Harry asked

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 Reported speech: reporting verbs

30 He asked her to marry him.

asked
agreed advised
I
H.
offered
promised
to dance.
w go_
I
You ""....
ordered
m.
hoc
to call.
w go_
I
Sh.
assllJ"ed
promised
m.
him that ...
Th.y refused to help. Sh. reeommend.cd them Ul decide. W. wid th.m
threatened wid warned
persuaded
urged

admitted
I claimed you went.
,h. I admitted lying.
H. denied that had gone.
They explained th.y would go. OR Sh. denied going.
pointed out
W. 8lXUsed me of
said

BUT He suggested that I should go. OR He suggested going. (if the subject is included in the verb)

Exercise A
Report the following statements, using the verbs given.
'You must pay me what you owe me.' Tony said to me.
1 Tony told
2 Tony ordered _
3 Tony urged _

'It looks a good job. Why don't you apply for it?' Vanessa said to Ben.
4 Vanessa suggested _
5 Vanessa advised _
6 Vanessa recommended _
7 Vanessa tried to persuade

''Yes, of course I'll write to you,' Kerry said to Jessica.

8 Kerry assured _
9 Kerry told _
10 Kerry promised _

'Your appointments are written in the diary,' the secretary said to the new manager.
11 The secretary explained _
12 The secretary pointed out _

. . Exercise B
Do Exercise 8 on the cassette.

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 31
Subordinate clauses: time

I'll help you as soon as I've finished this exercise.

a
The following conjunctions of time are followed by the present tense (simpLe or perfect) when referring to
future time:

as soon as
the moment
I'll ring you an."
once they arrive.
. when I gel home.
she's gone.
before we've had dinner.
It'U be dark by the time he's left.

We'll phone when we get there. 1 won't say anything until

We use the present perfect tense rather than the present simple to stress that the action is completed.
For example, when he has arrived suggests a slightly later time than when he arrives.

Exercise A
Put the verbs in brackets into the present, present perfect or future tense.
1 You can go home as soon as the bell (ring).
2 We (not start) the meal until John (get) home.

3 __ you please __ (tidy) your room before you (go) to school?

4 After I (finish) this gardening, I (go to have) a cold beer.

5 I promise I _ _ _ _ Chelp) you when I Cdo) my work.

6 Once we _ _ _ _ Cknow) the results, we (decide) what to do.
7 Don't worry, he _ _ _ _ (phoTU!) the moment he (get) there.
8 By the time I _ _ _ _ (be) fifty, I (be) rich and famous!

9 you _ _ _ _ (go) to see a show when you Cbe) in London?

10 _ _ _ _ Cnot be able) to come until I (finish) this work.

11 Your mother (start) to complain as soon as she (arrive).
12 The teacher (not give) us the answers until we (complete) the exercise.

. . Exercise B
Do Exercise 9 on the cassette.

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SH:!M.SNV
 Time expressions: since, for, in, ago

32 We've been married since 1973,

We've been married since 1973.

PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE

since/for in/ago/for
We've been married since 1973. (8 point We got married in 1973. (8 point in time)
in time) We got married 20 years ago. (8 point in time
We've been married for 20 years. (8 period measured from the present)
of time from the past to the present) We lived in Africa for seven years. (a period of
time that ended in the pasl)

Using since, for, in and ago, write sentences from the prompts below.
Example: I meet/the Prime Ministerltwo years.
1 met the Prime Minister two years ago.

1 Phyllis and Leslget marriedl25 years.

2 Johnlbe a carpenter/3D years/until he retire.

3 Vanessa/work at the hospitaV18 months now.

4 a) The 'Model 1" ForcVbe introduced/1909.

b) The 'Model 1" Ford/be produced continuously/IS years.

5 a) Camille Pissarroldie/l903.

b) Hellivel73 years.

c) His paintings/be popular/over 100 years.

d) They/increase in valuelhis death.

e) The French Impressionists/first get together/more than 100 years.

'03a SJ8aA OOT UIIl{1

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 -rn Time expressions: still, yet, already
33 11II

Haven't you finished yet? Are you still working?

r::: STILL indicates a state which is continuing.
Examples: I still love him.
I still don't know where he lives. (not always follows still)
YET indicates something anticipated but which may not have happened - it is therefore
used with the present perfect tense (but never with a positive statement).
Examples: I haven't met him yet.
Have you seen the film yet?
ALREADY indicates something which has or had happened before the expected time - it is
therefore used with the present perfect or past perfect tense (but never with a negative
statement),
Example: Do you want to come to the show? No thanks, I've already been.

Exercise A
Fill the gaps in the following dialogues with still, yet or already.
In the restaurant:
Waiter: I'm sorry, sir, but your order isn't ready (1) . Do you (2) want the same thing?
George: Yes - you've (3) asked us that.. What about my cocktail? Haven't you got it (4) ?
Waiter: Oh, I'm terribly sorry, sir. The wine waiter is (5) serving in the other bar.
I've (6) spoken to him but he hasn't come in here (7) c - - -
George: This really isn't good enough! I've (8) complained to the manager once this week, and he
(9) hasn't done anything about it. He told me last time that he had (10) _
threatened to sack that wine waiter, but he obviously hasn't done it (11) _
On the phone:
George: Mr Smith! I'm glad you're (12) in the office. I thought you might (13) have left.
Smith: No such luck. I haven't finished all my paperwork (14) . I'm (15) weeks behind,
and it (16) keeps piling up.
George: Oh dear. Ijust want to check if you have sent my order (17) . ItOBl hasn't
arrived, and you did say last week that you had (19) posted it.
Smith: I have, I have. If it (20) hasn't turned up by tomorrow, give me a ring.

II Exercise B
Do Exercise 10 on the cassette.

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 Verbs: conditionals I and /I

34 If he applies, he'l/ get the job.

We normally use conditional I (If + present + future) when the outcome is likely, and conditional IT
(If + past + would) when the outcome is unlikely.

Look at this advertisement for a job.

Conditional I Conditional n
(likely) TRAVEL COURIER (unlikely)
Reqd by Local Tourist Company
BILL Qualification: Degree in Mod langs. MIKE
Age: 18-25
Appficants must enjoy meeting people
and be willing to travel widely
Salary: 9,OOOpa plus bonuses

Age 22 Age 26
Degree in French and Spanish Degree in History
enjoys travel enjoys travel
sociable sociable
present salary 9,200 present salary 6,000

If Bill applies, he'll probably get the job. If Mike applied, he probably wouldn't get the job.
[{Bill applies for it, he'll ask for more money. If Mike were younger, he would apply for the job.
I{Bill doesn't get more money, he won't Mike isn't desperate for the job, so he won't
accept the job. apply for it.
Unless Bill gets more money, he won't Mike wouldn't apply for the job unless he
accept the job. were (was) desperate.
NOTE Unless is similar to Ifnot.

Other people saw the advertisement and were interested in the job. Complete the sentences using
conditional I or II.

Sally: 'I'd love the job, but I'm married, so I won't apply.'
1 If Sally (not be) married, she (apply) for the job.
Tim: 'I have a house in London. I don't want to leave it, so I'm not very keen.'
2 If Tim (get) the job, he (have to) leave his house.
3 Ifhe (not have) a house in London, he (be) quite interested in the job.

Liz: 'It looks great - I wonder how long the holidays are? I must ask.'
4 If the holidays (be) long enough, Liz (apply) for the job.
Sam: 'I will only take a job with a good pension scheme.'
5 Sam (not be) interested unless there (be) a pension scheme.

Maggie: 'My degree's in Chinese. i don't think. they'll be interested in me.'

6 lfMaggie's degree (not be) in Chinese, she (send) in an application.
Mark: 'The salary isn't as much as I get now so I'm not prepared to leave my present job.'
7 He (not leave) his present job unless they (offer) him more money.
8 If the salary (be) better, the job (appeal) to many more people.

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S1I:u\.SNV
[]] Verbs: condifionallll

35 I would have called if you had told me,

When we use if to talk about the past <the impossible conditiona}), we must use had in the if clause, and
would, should, could or might + have in the main clause.

E:w.mples: The bomb might have explockd if you had trodden on it.
We could haue saved a lot of time if we had gone by train.
The flood would not haue happened jfthey had
strengthened the defences.

We can start the sentence with If. In this case, we should separate
the if clause from the main clause by a comma.

Example: If the concert had started on time, we might haue missed

the beginning.

If I'd braked, we would have

crashed!

Exercise A
Join each clause in A to a suitable clause in B.
A B
1 lfit hadn't snowed this week, a) most of the cattle would have died.
2 He might have been arrested b) if I had realised that they would raise taxes.
3 If the drought had continued, c) we couldn't have gone skiing.
4 If John had won the competition, d) the company might not have collapsed.
5 I wouldn't have voted for this party e) he would have been the local champion.
6 If he had invested more wisely, f) if the police had been more alert.

Exercise B
Complete the following sentences with the verb given in a suitable form, as in the example.
Example: She (not marry) him ifshe had known about his past.
She wouldn't have married him if she had known about his past.

1 The team could have won the cup if they (practise) a bit harder.

2 If he had gone to university, he (apply) for this position.

3 The mosque might have been destroyed if the frre brigade (not arrive) in time.

4 If Shakespeare had been born in France, (11 write) Romeo and Juliet in French?

5 Ifyoll (buy) some cheese, I could have made that recipe for dinner.

a ExerciseC
Do Exercise 11 on the cassette.

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 Verbs: conditional (It's time/I'd rather)

36 It's time you gotup!

Look at the difference between these two sentences.

It's time to get up. It's time you got up.

~r~~
mm- -

~ .
-y,- '. 1- G:1

I,
(You always get up at this time.)
~o/~~III
(It's much later than you nonnally get up.)

It's ti11U! you got up is like the second conditional.

[{you got up now, it would be a good idea.
(past) (conditional)

Look at the difference between these two sentences.

I would rather go to the disco than the opera. I would rather you didn't smoke.

~
e~
(You prefer to do something else.)
-~
'f'
(You prefer somebody else to do something)

I'd rather you didn't smoke is like the second conditional.

[{you didn't smoke I would prefer it.
(past) (conditional)
NOTE I'd rather = I would rather.

Rewrite the sentences below starting with the phrase given and making any other necessary changes.
1 It's late - shall we go home?
It's time _
2 T don't want him to come now - tomorrow would be better.
I'd rather _
3 I've got tooth-ache and I haven't been to the dentist for ages.
It's time _
4 Instead of having it repaired, why don't you give me a new one?
I'd rather _

5 Your hair's getting too long, isn't it?

It's time _
6 I don't want you to pay me tomorrow - I need the money now,
I'd rather _
7 It's no good complaining that you never win. You don't know the rules!
It's time _
8 You'll never succeed if you don't do any work.
It's time _

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 Verbs: conditional revision
37
Review of Conditional Tenses
I would if I could.

{2) GENERAL TRUTH If it rains in England, no-one is surprised.

I LIKELY SITUATION If it rains in England tomorrow, some people will use an
umbrella.
II UNLIKELY SITUATION lfit rained more often in Africa, there would be more food.
III PAST IMPOSSIBLE lfit had rained more in Africa last year. there would have been
more food.
IIIIIl PASTIPRESENT If it had rained more in Africa last year, there would be more
IMPOSSIBLE food fOT the people today.

Put the verbs in the appropriate forms to complete the dialogue.

Mike: I was sure the shop would have been open yesterday.
Joan: But jewellers aren't allowed to open on a Sunday.
Mike: Well, I think the law should be changed. All shops should be allowed to open on Sundays if they
(I) (wa,nt) to 80 that we can do our shopping.
Joan: But you always play golfoD a Sunday! You (2) (not go) shopping even if they
(3) (be) open.

Mike: Ab, but if the jewellers (4) (be) open yesterday I (5) (buy) you your birthday

present.] dJdn't have time on Saturday.

Joan: Huh! If you (6) (get) up a bit earlier, you (7) (not miss) the bus, and then
you (8) (have) more time.
Mike: But you know I need a lie-in on Saturdays! Ifl (9) (n.otget) enough sleep, I
(10) (become) very bad-tempered.
Joan: Well anyway, if all the shops (11) (open.) on Sundays, the assistants (12) _
(have to) work much longer hours, and they (13) (not like) that very much.

Mike: Yes, but what about the unemployed? There are lots of people who (14) (work) on

Sundays if they (15) (be offered) the chance.

Joan: But I don't think the stores (16) (create) new jobs unless they (17) (have to).

Anyway, Sunday is supposed to be a day ofrest.

Mike: But Sundays can be so boring, and you know if people (18) (be) bored they

(19) (turn) to crime. There (20) (be) a lot less crime if more people

(21) (have) jobs.

Joan: So you reckon that opening more shops on Sundays (22) (reduce) the crime rate?
Mike: Definitely.
Joan: And if I (23) _ _-.,.-_ (go) to the supermarket next Sunday, you (24) (come) with
me?
Mike: Not unless it (25) (rain). I've got a golf match arranged against my boss, and if 1
(26) (not play), I (27) (be) unemployed!

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 Verbs: forget, remember, stop, try + -ing or to

38 Let's try doing it this way,

These verbs can be followed by a gerund (doing) or an infinitive (to do) according to the meaning.

I'll never torget eating spaghetti for the tirst time. Don't forget to feed the cat.
(earlier action) (new action)

Do you remember going to your first party? I must remember to driue on the left.
(earlier action) (new action)

Stop fighting! They stopped (driving) to admire the view.

(end an action) (new action)

Try holding your breath. I've tried to lose weight but I can't!
(do something to solve a problem) (attempt to do something difficult)

Complete the following dialogue, putting the verbs in brackets into the gerund or infinitive.
Elma: You won't forget (1) (post) the gas bill this time, will you Walter? We don't want
to be cut off.
Walter: No, this time I won't stop (2) (walk) for any reason. Yesterday 1 only stopped
(3) (help) a young man with his old car. He'd been trying (4) (get) it

started for ages, He'd already tried (5) (turn) the starting handle but that didn't
help, Then another man and I tried (6) (push) it for him. It was downhill, so it
was easy, but it still wouldn't start. Do you remember (7) (push) our old Ford
when it wouldn't start?
Elma: Only too well. I'll never forget (8) (show) it to my parents when we bought it,
They were horrified! They tried (9) (persuade) us to buy 8 better one but we
wouldn't listen. Ah well, you're only young once! Anyway, here's the gas bill. You will
remember (10) (post) it, won't you dear?

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 39
Verbs: from adjectives
It's too long - we must shorten it.
Could we shorten this? ib I think we need to loosen this!

Many adjectives have corresponding verbs, formed by adding -en to them. However, this is not always
~~
possible (the ones that don't work are marked *** below), and sometimes the verb is formed from the
noun rather than the adjective. Look at the following table and note the verbs in bold which do not
follow the standard pattern.

short shorten tight tighten bright brighten narrow ...

white whiten long lengthen thick thicken shallow ...
dark darken strong strengthen black blacken thin thin

wide widen deep deepen loose loosen weak weaken

Exercise A
The above adjectives and verbs form pairs of opposites. Complete the table below, pairing each adjective
with the opposite verb. (If there is no appropriate verb, write X.)

short lengthen tight bright narrow

white long thick shallow

dark strong black thin

wide deep loose weak

Exercise B
Now respond to the statements below, using the model given.
Example: This canal is much too narrow. Yes we'll bal/e to widen it.
I I think the background is far too dark.
2 These bridges are dangerously weak.
3 The export controls are much too tight.
4 The fish pond is rather shallow.
5 The examination is very short.
6 Don't you think this soup is rather thin?
7 The programme is much too long.

a Exercise C
Do Exercise 12 on the cassette.

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 Verbs: future continuous
40 She'll be coming round the mountain when she comes.

We use the future continuous (will be +ing) for a period of time in the future when we refer to the middle
of an action, just 8S we can use the present continuous to refer to the middle of a present action.
Examples: At 11.30 tomorrow I'll be playing golf. (I plan to start at 9.30 and finish at 12.30.)
I can't answer the phone - I'm having a bath! (I am in the water now.)

Exercise A
Answer the following questions by making a sentence from the words below, using the future continuous
or present continuous.

Example: Shall I phone you at half past seven? have

No, I'll be having my dinner then.

have I study I not give I write I live I visit I celebrate I play I look for I attend

1 Is Dr Brown in his office?

No. I'm afraid a conferepce.
2 Where will you be at 11 o'clock?
my hair cut.
3 Why can't Sampras give the demonstration match next week?
Because at Wimbledon.
4 Why can't you come for a drink?
Because for an exam.
5 What's so special about the 15th?
my 30th birthday.
6 Where will Phyllis and Les be this time next year?
in Hong Kong.
7 How about a game of squash at four o'clock tomorrow?
No. later. I reports until at least five.
8 Is the Queen at home in Buckingham Palace at the moment?
No. Canada.
9 Has the Minister got a sore throat?
Yes. I'm afraid a speech,
10 Will you still be at university next year?
No, a job,

a Exercise B
Do Exercise 13 on the cassette.

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 Verbs: future perfect
III
We'l/ have finished by the time they get here.
We use the future perfect tense to talk about actions that have started or are completed before a
particular point in the future. We look back on the action from that point.

Example: The bus is due to leave at ten o'clock. Charles expects to get to the bus station at 10.30, so the
bus will haue left by the time he gets there.

We can also use a future perfect continuous tense, where the action is likely to continue into the future.

Example: We have been working since three o'clock. In half an hour it will be five o'clock.
Then we will have been working for two hours.

Exercise A
Choose the best verb from the list given and put it in the future perfect. tense (simple or continuous) in
the sentence. (Warning - two of them are negativeD

clean up I get I live I rise I make I vote I reach / build I cook I treat

1 By the time the polls close, how many people _ in this election, do
you think?
2 On 11 October, the Pattersons _ here for ten
years.
3 The company claims that it 500 houses by the end of the decade.
4 Between now and Christmas the doctor at least 500 patients.
5 Scientists claim that the sea level three centimetres before the
year 2000.
6 It's no good phoning before eight. I back by then.
7 The climbers the summit until sunset.
S your aunt _ dinner by the time we arrive?
9 Don't worry- we _ all the mess by the time my parents
come home.
10. It's the firm's anniversary next week. They _ furniture
for 50 years.

Exercise B
Do Exercise 14 on the cassette.

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IT] Verbs: future review
42 What will the weather be like tomorrow?
In English there is no one special tense to talk about the future. The tense we use depends on the
situation. Look at the following summary of some of the different forms used to talk about the future.
PLANSIINTENTIONS She's going to have a party at the weekend. (going to + verb)
ARRANGEMENTS I'm meeting John at 8.30 outside the cinema. (present continuous)
TIMETABLESIPROGRAMMES The train leaves at 9.45am. (present simple)
PREDICTION Unemployment will increase next month. (future simple)
QUICK DECISIONS I'll have soup please. (future simple)
PROMISES/OFFERS Yes, of course I'll pay you back tomorrow. (future simple)
SUGGESTIONS Shall we go to the cinema? (future simple)
NOTE For the future continuous and future perfect tenses see Worksheets 40 and 41.

Exercise A
Complete the following dialogues with a suitable fonn of the verb given on the right. Say which type of
future it is.
1 'Yes, madam?' 'I the blue sweater please.' (have)
2 'What about going out this evening?' 'No, 1 my hair.' (wash)
3 'These cakes are really good, aren't they?' you another one?' (have)
4 'You lost the address Iast time.' 'Well I it this time.' (not lose)
5 'I'll miss you while you're away.' 'I to you every day.' (write)
6 'Why are you hurrying?' 'My favourite programme in half an hour.' (start)
7 'Let's go away for the weekend.' 'But your mother on Saturday!' (come)
S 'It's Tom's birthday tomorrow.' , 1 him a cake?' (make)
9 We've got no money,' 'What time the bank ?' (open)
10 a) we to tho:! building society and ask about a mortgage?' (go)
b) '1 don't know. Do you think the interest rates again?' (go up)

Exercise B
Decide which of the following sentences have the correct uses of the future tense, and correct those which
are incorrect, Put a tick (.....) ifyoll think it is correct.
Example: When i" the filth ending? When does the film end?
1 1 think she is marrying him in the end,
2 The train is going to arrive at 9.30pm.
3 No, I'm not going to forget to post the letter.
4 What time does the concert start?
5 Have you forgotten you have lunch with Mr Hill at 12.30pm?
6 I don't think it will rain tomorrow,
7 By the time we get there, there won't be anything left.
S I'm having a cup of tea, please.
9 Where will you have your hair cut?

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IT] Verbs: get

43 I've got to get ready.

The verb get is probably one of the mosl overused verbs in English. Students at school are sometimes
advised to avoid it. But foreign students of English should be able to use it. Here are some of its many uses.

g,t receiveJbuy/obtain (general meaning)

rue gol I have (possess) (mainly British English - in popular spoken
language the have part is often dropped)
I've got to I must (in popular spoken language this often
becomes I gottal
get + past participle berom" (washed, dressed, married, divorced,
do the action to yourself drunk. tired, lost, killed, etc.)
get + adjective become (ready, angry, rich, etc.)
get something done have something done (get your hair cu.t, get the car repaired)
get someone to do something persuade someone to do something (You'll never get me to eat snails/)
get someone down depress (phrasal verb type II) (See Units 53 to 56.)
get through to someone make someone understand (phrasal verb type {)
get on with something continue (phrasal verb type IV)
get back return (phrasal verb type 1)
get over recover from (phrasal verb type II)
get rou1ld someone influence/persuade (phrasal verb type II)
get out leave/escape (phrasal verb type n
gel something/body out help someone escape/take out (phrasal verb type IID

Replace the underlined verb phrases in the following text with a suitable form of get from the list above.

I must tell you what happened to me last week. I was ofT work; (1) l...llill1 (1) _
(2) _
'flu but (2) I was recQverin~ from it, although (3) it had been depressin~ me.
(3) _
My husband had arranged to (4) haye the bouse painted without telling me
(4) _
anything about it. (5) I had just dressed mYself and (6) ~ prepannl: to go (5) _
downstairs when I looked through the window and (7) I received a real (6) _
surprise. A man had placed a ladder against the waU and (8) was taking (7) _
equipment out of a van and putting it in our garden. I told him to (9) ~ (8) _
but he laughed at me and said (10) he had to cootinue his work. (11) I
became angry and started to shout at him but (12) I couldn't make him (9)======
(10)
(11) _
understand. I went indoors and rang my husband's office, but they said he
(12) ~
was out (13) having his hair cut. The secretary told me not (14) to become
YRW, and that (15) she would ask him to phone later.
I stayed inside for the next two hours, watching the man (16) continuing his
(14)
(13)======
(15) _
(16) _
.wrk until my husband finally called. He apologised and explained. By the
(17) _
time (17) be returned. (18) I had recovered from the shock and forgave him,
especially as (19) he had bought me a big bunch of nowers on the way home.
He knows how (20) to innuence me!
(19) _
(18)
(20)
--======
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 Verbs: infinitive phrases affer question words
44

Where the subject ofttie second verb is the same as the first verb, we can use to + infinitive.
Compare 1 have no idea who to speak to. with I have no idea, who you should speak to.

Exercise A
Complete the following sentences with an appropriate question word (who, what, where, when, etc.)
as in the example.
Example: John was wondering how to get to work.
1 The judge couldn't decide dog to choose.
2 I really don't know to say.
3 She's not sure to go for her holidays - Portugal or Blackpool.
4 I'm lost - can you remember to get there?
5 I've forgotten to call him - was it Thursday or Friday?
6 My daughter is learning to drive.
7 The messenger wants to know to give this letter to.
a My 80n has decided to study at university.

We can also use an infinitive after certain reporting verbs (see Unit 30), where the verb has an object.
This object is the subject of the infinitive.
Example: The boss told me where to go.

Exercise B
Change the following sentences into reported speech, using a to + infinitive phrase.
Example: 'You should stay in bed for a while, give up smoking and stop taking pills.'
The doctor advised me what to do.
1 'Turn left, take the second right, and then follow the signs.'
The traffic warden showed him where _
2 'No fat, milk or bread - only vegetables and fruit for a week.'
The dietician told me what _
3 'You'll need a clean shirt, a jacket and a tie for the interview.'
My supervisor advised me how _
4 'Should I say it's John's fault or Mary's?'
Jimmy asked his classmate who _
5 'You must get out of the water by five.'
The pool attendant told the swimmers when _

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 Verbs: in newspaper headlines
45 MAN LANDS ON MARS,

..
.. -''"-
~

To keep newspaper headlines short, articles (see Worksheet 14) are often left. out and uerhs are simplified
or omitted.

The verb to be is sometimes left out.

Examples: PRIME MINISTER ANGRY WITH UNION (The Prime Minister is angry with the Unions.)
SEA LEVEL RISING (The sea level is rising.)
The present simple tense is used for past actions. If no time reference is given, the complete sentence uses
the present perfect tense.
Example: ACCIDENT KILLS 52 (An accident has killed 52 people.)
The infinitive is used for the fu.ture.
Example: POPE TO VISIT US (The Pope is going to visit the United States.)
The past participle is used in place of full passive forms.
Example: 52 KILLED IN ACCIDENT (52 people have been killed in an accident.)

Make complete sentences for each of the following newspaper headlines, putting in articles where
necessary and changing the tense of the verb where necessary.

1 LATEST PEACE TALKS END IN STALE-MATE

2 FAMILY OF FOUR DIES IN HOUSE FIRE

3 GENERAL SINTA REPLACED IN MILITARY COUP

4 BUCHANAN TO LEAD PEACE MISSION

5 DRAMATIC CHANGE IN FOREIGN POLICY ANNOUNCED BY FOREIGN SECRETARY

6 POP STAR IN POLICE CUSTODY

7 DRUGS FOUND IN BABY'S PRAM

8 NURSES UNHAPPY WITH HOSPITAL CUTS

9 NUMBER OF JOBLESS INCREASING

10 MINERS TO STRIKE OVER LATEST PAY OFFER

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Andy znd AudreyJKUon: In....-.;a... {'.rarnmaT War~ Pho<ooop,. MuunsO Illltma,i""al!l<>olt Diatribu"'" Lcd 1994, All righla~,
 46
I must do my homework.
Verbs: modals of obligation and advice

You should be more careful.

I have no choice. (often suggests obligation felt by the speaker)

I have to pay the fine. I have no choice. (often suggests obligation imposed by others)
I've got to go to school. I have no choice. (usually more infonnal)
I should respect my parents. It is a good thing, but depends on me.
1 ought to work hard. It is a good thing, but depends on me.
I'd better do what the doctor says. It is a good thing. (nonnaUy used for specific rather than general ideas)
I shouldn't smoke. It is a bad thing, but depends on me.
I musln't steal. I have no choice.

I've got to finish all these before the boss gets back!
Exercise A

Rewrite the following sentences using a suitable modal, as in the example.

Example: You/write to your aunt to thank her for the present. (a good tiring)

You should write to your aunt to thank her for the present.

1 We/make too much noise in case we wake the baby. (no choice)

2 Dr James can't come to the party. He/work all night. (no choice - external obligation)

3 11611 in these forms. (no choice - internal obligation)

4 You/report the theft to the police. (good idea - specific)

5 The people who paid too much/complain to the manager. (8 good thing)

6 She/stay in bed for a week. (no choice - informal)

7 The boy with the bad backllift such heavy weights. (a bad thing)

8 We/take an umbrella in case it rains. (good idea - specific)

9 You/get a visa to visit Tibet. (no choice - external obligation)

10 That player/practise 8 lot more. (a good thing)

ExerciseB
II Do Exercise 15 on the cassette.

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 Verbs: modals of past probability

You must have been a beautiful baby.

When we know that something happened in the past, we use a normal past tense. (He did it, I saw them,
etc.) Ifwe are not complete.ly sure, we use a modal (must, may, might, could + have). The choice of modal
depends on the degree of certainty, as in the following table.

PROBABILITY VERB EXAMPLE

100% past simple She knew.

almost certain must have We must have arrived.
quite likely
50% (possible)
possible but unlikely
highly unlikely
0%
may have
could have
might have
can't Icouldn't have
past simple negative
}
+ past
participk
He may have missed the train.
She could have forgotten.
We might have made a mistake.
You can't have lost it.
He didn't know.

Exercise A
The following sentences are about an escaped criminal. Rewrite them using a modal from the above
table, as in the example,
Example: It is almost certain that he left before breakfast,
He must have left before breakfast.

1 It is highly unlikely that he carried the gold by himself.

2 It seems quite likely that he had an accomplice,

3 He has almost certainly been spotted by the police by now,

4 It is possible but unlikely that he headed towards London.

5 It's quite possible that he gave himself up.

6 It is almost certain that he realised how serious it was.

7 It is highly unlikely that he thought things through clearly,

8 Possibly he escaped by boat.

9 It's quite likely that he made contact with his friends,

10 It is possible but unlikely that he committed suicide,

Exercise B
Do Exercise 16 on the cassette,

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S1I:L\I.SNV
 Verbs: modals of probability

48 You must be the new sales assistant.

When we know that something is true, we use a normal present tense. (He does it, I see them, etc.) Ifwe
are not completely sure, we use a modal (must, may, might, could), The choice of modal depends on the
degree of certainty, as in the following table.

PROBABILITY VERB EXAMPLE

100% present tense She knows.

almost certain It must be late.
quite likely must
may }
You may find this difficult.
50% (possible) could ... infinitive It could happen at any time.
possible but unlikely might 8M might be waiting.
highly unlikely can't/couldn't You can't be serious,
0% present tense negative He doesn't know.

Rewrite the following sentences using a modal from the above table, as in the example. (Make sure that
you retain the continuous or simple aspect.) -3 ~~

Example: It is almost certain that you know where you left your car. "-.. '6,~,0 ~,
.
~ ...
You must know where you left your car!
"...
1 It is highly unlikely that they are coming this evening.

2 It's quite likely that Joan enjoys football.

3 It's possible that this fish weighs over 15 kilos.

4 It's possible he'll fwd the answer but not likely.

5 It's highly unlikely that the government intends to increase taxes.

6 It's almost certain that he is influenced by local opinion.

7 It's unlikely to snow this winter, though possible.

8 You are quite likely to find him in his office.

9 It's almost certain that you are exhausted,

10 This disease is possibly contagious.

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Andy and Audrey J""Uon: Intarmo<lJala Grammu Worka"-ts Phot<>a>py MIa,..O Inlamah"".! Book Di.tnbut<>... Ltd 1994. All nlJh.... ...-,.,0<1.
 Verbs: perception + participle or infinitive

49 I can hear someone coming.

Quick! 1 can. hear someone coming!

1 Verbs of perception can be followed by either a present participle (1 watched him climbing the Eiger) or
a simple infinitive (I saw the girl jump from the plane).
2 The present participle suggests that the action is incomplete. (He was still climbing the Eiger when I
went home.)
3 The infinitive suggests a complete action. (Then her parachute opened safely.)
4 The following verbs can be used in this way.

sense ,eo watch observe notice hear listen to feel

Fill the gaps in the sentences with a verb from the list below in either the present participle or infinitive,
whichever is the most suitable.

leave I win I build I cut I play I grab I walk I cut I shout I speak

1 Harry saw some kids football on the way home.

2 Have you ever heard him French? He's got a dreadful accent.
3 Where have they gone? I didn't notice them _
4 Jill spends hours observing swallows their nests under the eaves.
5 Although it was pitch dark, she sensed someone slowly towards her.
G She watched her son the 50 metre race in the school sports.
7 1 didn't see anything, but I felt someone my wallet out of my pocket.
S I'm going to complain - I've been listening to the neighbours at each other all day.
9 I watched him the lawn for a while, and then I fell asleep.
10 I watched him the lawn and then he started washing the car.

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An~y..,~ Audrey Jad<.oon: lnlHmedi... Gnom1>l4r W~r""beeU Phot<IcoP1 Muun e Inl<lm.ti~no.l Book Diotn!>uton Ud 199<1. All rigbto ....,..,ed.
 Verbs: passive, causative
50 I must get my hair cut.
When we want to do something, but cannot or do not want to do it ourselves, we ask someone else to do it
for us. The person who does it may be less important to us than what is done, so we use the causative
passive - we use have or get with the past participle of the verb (v-ed):

p~ A II,.~ .-
~~ (.?r~~
You really must get your haircut. We're having a pool built in the garden.

Get and have mean the same, but we use haue in more formal situations (and with the present perfect to
avoid the confusion with other uses of have got).

Exercise A
Rewrite the following sentences using have + v-ed if it is formal (F), and get + v-ed if it is informal (I).
(Make sure you keep the same tense, and omit the words in italics.)

Example: Tomorrow the dentist is going to fill my tooth. (F)

Tomorrow I'm going to have my tooth filled.

1 The shoe shop mended my football boots for me last week. (I)

2 I must ask someone to fix my bike. ([)

3 The optician was testing her eyes because she used the computer so much. (F)

4 I forgot to ask the window-cleaner to clean the windows at the weekend. (I)

5 I should ask the gardener to cut the grass before my mother-in-law arrives. (I)

6 My lawyer is altering my will for me in the near future. (F)

7 Did somebody repair your roof? (F)

8 An engineer is checking Simon's central heating today. (I)

9 Has anyone ever read your palm? (F)

10 I want somebody to decorate my room. (I)

11 He told the police to arrest his chief accountant for fraud. (F)

.. Exercise B
Do Exercise 17 on the cassette.

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Andy and AudreyJacbon: Intennedi.teC.. mmar Worlun..ete Photooopy MaOl.... O In........lion.l Book OiIlnbulOts Ltd 1994. All ngnlll,....,..... ed.
-[I] Verbs: passive, general
51 FORMl'l'ENSE
The record has been broken.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
1:1

infinitive to make it to made

present simple
present CQntinuous
,h,
M i,
makes
making
it
it
it
it i,
'"
i,
being
made
made
present perfect simple ,h, ho, mod< it it ho, been made
past simple M mad< it it w", made
past continuous ,h, wo, making it it wa, being made
past perfect simple M h", mad< it it ha, b,," mad<
,h,
future (will)
future (going to)
future perfect
thry
w,
will
0"
will
going to
haue
make
make
made
it
it
it
it
it
it
will
i,
will
going to
ha"
'"'"
been
mad<
mad<
mad<
conditional h, would make it it mad<
past conditional ,h,
they
would
must
have made
make
it
it
it
it
would
would
must
have '"
"'," made
mad<
modal (must, can, etc.)
past modal w, may have mad< it it may have '"
been mad<

NOTES 1 The passive form always has one more part than its active equivalent (he makes - 2; it is
made - 3). The last part is always the past participle (-ed form), and the second last part
always part of the verb to be.
2 Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be changed to passive. Intransitive
verbs (go, smile, etc.) can never be passive.
3 We use the passive when we are more concerned with the object of the action, and don't know,
are not interested in or want to avoid mentioning the person or thing that did the action. Ifwe
wish to include this original subject, it follows the verb and by (He was killed by a lion).
4 Where a verb has two objects (He gave me a book) either object can become the subject was a
given a booklA book was given to me). The first example is more common.

Exercise A
Rewrite the following sentences in the passive. Omit the agent (the active subject) where appropriate.
1 The government is going to raise taxes again this year.

2 Someone had broken the window before we got here.

3 Lightning may have struck the church tower.

4 I would have finished the painting if you hadn't interrupted me. (2 passives)

5 Leonardo da Vinci invented this machine.

6 They will not sign the agreement at the summit meeting.

7 The referee postponed the match because of the fog.

8 Somebody needs to repair this damage.

9 Would it solve the problem if they came earlier?

10 They were mending the road, so we had to go a different way.

II Exercise B
Do Exercise 18 on the cassette.

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Andy and AudreyJack>n: lotannediou G.... mmar Work.hoo", Ph"""",py M..... rsClln~,iooalBook Dio.nbuton Ltd 1994. AU I1gh,..........d.
 52
Verbs: past perfect
II
When I looked up, she had gone.
When we talk about things that happened at a certain point in the past, we use the past simple tense.
But we sometimes need to talk about things that happened before that point, so we use the past perfect
tense.
Past Perfect Past Simple

"-9.:0
~...
- ..l".
~, I' ..

- -:-:;::~
, 'I
When the guards arrived, the prisoners had escaped. When the guards arrived, the prisoners escaped.

If the relationship between the two actions is clear, we don't always use the past perfect form.
Example: I reached the hospital at 8 o'clock, but the baby was born at 6.30.

Exercise A
Link each item in A with a suitable ending in B, and put the verbs in the past simple or the past perfect.
A B
1 Beo.-: (be) late for school this morning a) Ben (score) a bat-trick.
2 His tutor (be) annoyed b) the football match (start).
3 She (keep) him in class c) because the visiting team (have) to
get home quickly.
4 When he (reach) the sports field, d) because he .,- (miss) the bus.
5 It (start) early e) someone (steal) his bag.
6 By the time he (get) onto the pitch, o until he (finish) the exercise.
7 However, by the end oftbe match, g) because he (not do) his homework.
8 When he (go) to get changed at the end, h) his team (give) away two goals.

Exercise B
Fill in the gaps in the following story, using the verbs from the list in the past simple or perfect. Use each
verb once only.

vanish / search / know / drink / look / strike I do / tell / escape I hear I ask / smoke / leave

Sherlock Holmes (1) round the room. He could see immediately that the murderer
(z) through the window. The victim must have known him, because they
(3) sherry together. One of them (4) a cigar. The murderer
(5) the victim on the head with a heavy object, and before leaving, (6) _
through his desk. Papers were scattered everywhere. The landlady (7) Holmes that
she (8) a noise aod (9) _ who was there. The murderer must have panicked,
for when the landlady reached the room, he (10) But he (11) one very
obvious clue. Holmes (l2) at once who (13) the foul deed.

Exercise C
Do Exercise 19 on the cassette.

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 Verbs: phrasal verbs I
I'm nearly ready - hang on a minute.
A phrasaL verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles.
Examples: look out, take off
There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE I.

VERB + particle (no object)

This is a two-part verb which does not have an object.

Examples: If you don't apologise, I'll hang up. (put the phone down)
After five years abroad, the boy suddenly turned up. (arrived unexpectedly)
Because there is no object, this type of phrasal vJ;'rh cannot he used in the passive form. Here are some
more examples of this type.

set off call in pass out

(start a journey) (visit casually) (faint)

break down look out {all out

(stop working) (be careful) (stop being friends)

take off go off fall through

(go into the air) (tum bad) (go wrong)

Choose one of the ahove verbs to complete the sentences below. Change tne tense if necessary.
1 J There's a hole in the road.
2 It was such a hot day that the palace guard _
3 They loaded the suitcases into the car and _
4 The jumbo jet zoomed along the runway and _
5 They forgot to put the milk in the fridge and it _
6 When the car on the motorway, they had to call the AA.
7 After 30 years of marriage they are still good friends and have never _
8 When she shouted down the phone that he was a liar he I _
9 Why don't you for a coffee on the way home?
10 Their holiday plans when the travel company went bankrupt.

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Andy and Audrey J.. u.m, lntennediue Grammar Workaheet5 Photoe<Jp)' Mute... Clnternational Book Di.tributo... Ltd ISIN. All righta rOKl"Ved.
 Verbs: phrasal verbs II
54 Give it up!
A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles.
Exampl-es: turn . .. on, put up ...
There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE II.

VERB + object + particieIVERB + particle + object

--
--
This is a two-part verb which has an object.
Where the object is a noun, the particle can be placed before or aftu it.
Example: Look the word up in a dictionary. OR Look up the word in a dictionary.
Where the object is a pronoun, the particle must come aftu it.
Example: Look it up.

Fill in the gaps in the sentences below, using the verbs iUuslrated above. Make sure you use the correct
form of the verb. ..-
1 Kerry says that one disadvantage of living in London is having to so many
friends when they come to see shows.
2 An American teenager is suing his parents for not him properly.
3 When they entered the house, they could smell gas, so Lisa the mains supply _
4 The trouble with giving parties is that you have to everything afterwards,
5 The neighbours complained about our last party, because it was so noisy. We had to the
music _
6 Before Jane bought the computer, she took it home to ;t _
7 After his tenth accident on the Swiss slopes. John decided to skiing and to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ T.; Chi.
8 Zoe was late for school again, She forgot to her alarm _
9 Catherine had planned to go on holiday, but it until she got her exam results.
10 If you want everybody at the back to hear, you11 have to the volume _

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 Verbs: phrasal verbs 11/
What does RSVP stand for?
A phrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles.
Examples: ask {or, look after
There are fOUf basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE III.

VERB + particle + object

This is a two-part verb like Type II but, unlike Type 11 phrasal verbs, the particle cannot be separated
from the verb.
Examples: He asked for the bill. (requested)
When I do without breakfast, 1 get very hungry. (not have by choice)

More examples:

run. into someone look after someone / thing fall for someone think of someone / thing
(meet by chance) (take care 00 (be attracted to) (have an opinion)

carry on working feel like something stand ,or something take after someone
(continue) (want) (represent) (resemble)

Choose one of the ten verbs under the pictures or in the examples above to complete the dialogue below.
Lisa: You've really (1) Kevin Costner, haven't you, Jane? You've seen
that film three times.
Jane: So what? He's a really good actor. What did you (2) the film?
Lisa: It wasn't bad, but I find them all the same. If he (3) making
similar films, people will get bored.
Jane: I won't. Anyway, I'm thirsty_ Do you (4) a drink?
Lisa: OK, but I'm not going to (5) a milkshake this time. The last one
I had was horrible!
Jane: I hope we don't (6) Stephen this time. He's so stingy. Why
should we always have to buy him a drink?
Lisa: He (7) .,---;;:,--- his father. He doesn't like spending money either. They
certainly (8) the pennies.
Jane: By the way, what's his middle name - what does the 'A' (9) ?
Lisa (laughing): 'Alphonse', though he hates telling people.
Jane (laughing): OK - if he comes in this evening, I'll call him Alphonse all the time. And I'm certainly
not offering him a drink. If he doesn't have any money, he can (10) _
_ _ _ _ one.

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 Verbs: phrasal verbs IV
56 Mick's gone down with 'flu,
Aphrasal verb is a verb with one or two additional small words called particles.
Examples: come up with, get away with
There are four basic types of phrasal verbs. This is TYPE lV.

VERB + particle + particle + object

This is a three-part verb and, 8S in Type III, the particles cannot be separated from the verb.

;Iri's~d_wi\:i, l.o.a'll I'\...~~ to U,)I-,o.t: ""bo."t: \-Ie.'SO",but root:

f/ who<t ...~ ~ P<WI s tI-I?l1o~" VtI';) rf.\;"'~\'l.Ii'l
,.\ ~ boo "0 ""-'t
t:.,...~w:'s sh>..J'
"""". "'9 ...;,l;h "
rf.\ll<>>",,,,,,t :!I\"'';I't'". 1,,1:; Q>"\ ;~ \->; ... ? ""'*
b<;..c.:f.'cI, "y
~ loSt (QO'l~rt--"

on de.>.f ~ I~'
I"l<>t. M"e;"" T.....il,.ll
\i<>o.N <""" :I ~'l '. "'" flu<E
ro;"" "5 b-.f;,t. "'TON lG\\'T
t'k~~"
~*
~o~IoJrrn

go down with become ill with put up with tolerate

come up with think of/find get away with avoid being punished for something
get on with accepVlike run out of have no more
back out of
face up to
refuse to do after agreeing to
try to deal with a big problem
look forward to
get rid of
anticipate with pleasure
dispose ofi'not have
......
:l
......
Match the two halves of the sentences.
1 The manager came up with a) a deal he'd made with the army. ........
2
3
The swimmer came down with
Parents have to face up to
b)
c)
a lot of bureaucracy to get a visa.
half a million pounds.
:l
......
4
5
The general wasn't popular when he backed out of d)
Sometimes teenagers don't get on with e)
a plan to save the company.
their responsibility for educating children.
.=l
........
6 The bank robber got away with f) some weight.
7 You often have to put up with g) going somewhere warm on holiday. .......
8
9
I wonder if the Gulf will ever run out of
Fat people go on diets to get rid of
h)
i)
their parents.
a virus and couldn't compete. ......
10 In winter most people look forward to j) oil. :l
........
:l
........
........

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 -
-[I] Verbs: plus gerund or to + infinitive
57 Do you mind waiting?
Some verbs are followed by a gerund (doing) or to + infinitive (to do).

Examples:

Rachel enjoys swimming. Sheila offered to help.

Enjoy is always followed by a gerund. Offer is always followed by a to + infinitive.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND VERBS FOLLOWED BY A TO. INFINITIVE

admit give up agree long
appreciate imagine aim manage
avoid involve arrange neglect
can't face justify ask offer
can't help keep (on) attempt plan
can't stand mention can't afford prepare
carry on mind can't wait pretend
consider miss choose promise
delay postpone/put off decide refuse
deny practise expect seem
dislike resent fail tend
enjoy resist happen threaten
fancy suggest hope want
finish tolerate learn wish

Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund or the to + infinitive.

1 I 8m longing (see) my family and friends.

2 It's time Robin decided (get) ajob.

3 The east of England tends (haue) lesa rain than the west.

4 The ambassador arranged (meet) the Prime Minister before leaving the country.
5 I can't stand (queue) for buses in cold weather.
G My hands are full- would you mind (open) the door for me please?
7 I can't imagine (get) married and (haue) children.
8 What do you plan (do) when you finish university?

9 Do you fancy (go) to the cinema this evening?

10 When did you learn (driue) a car?

11 I'm broke - I can't afford (buy) a jacket like that.

12 They have refused (giue) us any more time.

13 I really dislike (answer) questions like this.

14 The gangster threatened (kill) the detective.
15 You should practise (read) these sentences aloud.

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 Verbs: plus object + simple infinitive

58 Please don't make me go home!

We use the verb make + object + simple infinitive to show cause or obligation.
Examples: The medicine makes me feel sleepy.
-.....
....,
The referee made the players moue back 10 metres.

We use let + object + simple infmitive to show permission.

Example: The doorman let the girls go through without paying.

......
J
....,

The guards made the prisoners work hard. The guards let the uisitors see the prisoners.

Exercise A
Put make or let in the correct. tense with a suitable verb in the following passage.

visit feel listen finish stop gel

watch
go
understand
come
starl
keep
treat
have
show
stay
work
continue
....--,
I had a terrible childhood. My father used to (1) me hard aU the time. He
wouldn't (2) me television in the evenings. He (3) me all
my homework before he (4) me out to see my friends. My mother was no better.
She (5) me my room tidy and never (6) me to music. I
wanted to leave school when I was 16, but they (7) me my studies and wouldn't
(8) me
very frustrated, but I didn't (10)
8 job, even at the weekends. Their attitude (9)
my feelings
me
, because I knew t.his would
_
....
(11) my father shout.ing. When I got to university they had to (12) _
me a bit more freedom. They tried to (13) me home at weekends,
but I refused, and (14)_ _ them that I was independent.
Eventually, I started a career and then got married. But my husband (15) me _
work. He tried to (16) me at borne, and wouldn't even (17) _
me myoId girl-friends. I wasn't prepared to (18) him me this way
and, after a few months, I packed my bags and went home.

a Exercise B
Do Exercise 20 on the cassette.

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SH:oL\\SNV
 Verbs: plus object + to + infinitive

59 I want you to help me.

There are a number of verbs, most of them to do with speaking, which can be used with the following
structure.
VERB + OBJECT + to + INFJ::1'I'ITIVE
Examples: John wants his brother to return his lawnmower.
Sue has invited her aunt to go OD holiday with her.

My doctor has advised me to go on a diet.

The following verbs can all be used with this structure.

want I ask / invite / persuade / advise I remind I order I expect

Exercise A

Use each of the above verbs, together with a suitable object and infinitive from the lists below, to
complete one of the sentences below. Make sure you use the correct tense.

me I your teacher I my mother / the queen I her I his troops I him I the prisoner

to read I to tell I to lend I to open I to retreat I to ring I to explain I to say

1 My mother hates me using her car, but last week I it to me.

2 Has Fred phoned? 1 me this evening,
3 The local council the new sports centre yesterday.
4 Ai; a child, I always me stones from an old book.
5 If you can't do the exercise, why don't you it?
6 The lawyer nothing when the police questioned him.
7 As they were losing the battle, the general _
8 You must you that joke about the elephant.

ExerciseB
When these verbs are used as a short answer, we keep the to particle at the end,
Example: Arthur has resigned. (] /aduise) Yes, I advised him to.

Give a short answer to each of the following sentences, using the subject and verb given.

1 The Queen has refused to see him, (we/expect)

2 The boys have invited Mary to the party. (Sue/ask)
3 We have finished all the work. a/tell)
4 I've tidied my room. (your mother/want)
5 The mouse has come out of its hole. (l/persuade)

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 Verbs: present perfect versus past
60 Have you been there? Yes, I went lost week.
We use the present perfect when we are concerned with the present results of a past action. We are not
interested in when the action took place.
Examples: I've lost my wallet.
I've never eaten meat.
Have you finished?

We use the past when we talk about an action that happened at a specific time in the past. We always
understand when (unless we are asking when!),
Examples: 1 found my wallet when I was cleaning my room.
Some dinosaurs didn't eat meat.
When did Beethoven write the Moonlight Sonata?

Have you seen my razor? liost it three weeks ago.

Put the verbs in the correct tense (present perfect or past) in the following sentences.

1 you thenews? There a terrible fire in hear/be

~
Binningham. It yesterday morning. A chemical factory happen
explode
2 you the TV 18st night? I really the see/enjoy

3
documentary.' 'No, I TV for ages. I too busy.' not watch / be
3 1 three letters since I you last. write /see
I after lunch and I I even for a cup of tea. start / not stop
4 _ _ _ _ the boss in yet?' 'Yes, he. up early, but come/turn
he to London for a conference. He five minutes ago.' go/leave
5 Most people some Shakespeare, even though he _ read/write
his plays about 400 years ago. He probably how popular they not realise
would be.
6 Mr Jones' his car again! He a blue one last week, change / have
but he in a red one now. I wonder how much it ? arrive Icost

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 Verbs: present simple versus continuous
61 I know what I'm doing!

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

a) Habitual actions a) Temporary actions happening now

He gets up at 6.30 every day. I'm phoning from work.
He usually gets up at 6.30. He's camping in France.

b) Pennanent state b) Repeated actions, but not a

She lives in Cambridge. permanent state
He doesn't like fish. I'm having driving lessons.
She's going to evening classes.
c) Eternal truths
Water boils at lOOce. c) Irritating habits with ~alwaY8'
The moon goes round the earth. She's always biting her nails.
He's always whistling in my ear.
d) Future with timetables, programmes, etc.
The bus leaves at 5.30. d) Future arrangements
The shop closes at 6.00. My son's getting married soon.
I'm leaving York on Friday.
e) Conditional
If it rains, I'll stay at home.
If you don't phone, I'll be angry.

f) Verbs of perception, emotion and belief

I beLieve in God.
I don't understand this.

g) Other verbs: think, know, mean, forget,

remember, suppose, trust, tike,love, prefer, hate,
wish, want, need, see, hear, feel, smell, taste,
notice, recognise, seem, appear, cost, depend

After the following questions and statements, find a suitable response.

Responses
1 When do you leave? a) That?s nice of him.
2 When are you leaving? b) We shouldn't miss it this time.
3 Where does Rhona live? c) Usually at 8.30.
4 Where is Rhona living? d) That's inconsiderate of him.
5 The bus is leaving. e) Quick, take a photo.
6 The bus leaves in half an hour. n At 8.30 tomorrow morning.
7 John always phones late at night. g) Dh no, we've missed it.
8 John's always phoning late at night. h) It gets dark half an hour later.
9 The sun sets at 7.30. i) Chester at the moment.
10 The sun is setting. j) Her home's in Dalston.
 Verbs: transitive and intransitive
62 He walks his dog in the park every Sunday,
A transitive verb is followed by an object and is marked in the dictionary [Tl.
Example: Iloue reggae music. (llove what?)
An intransitive verb is never followed by an object and is marked in the dictionary [IJ.
Example: The accident happened yesterday morning.
However, some verbs are transitive and intransitive and are marked in the dictionary lI,Tl,
Example: He walks his dog in the park every Sunday. (T J
He walks in the park every Sunday. r I J

Exercise A
Write the following verbs in the appropriate column in the box below.
take arrive practise happen run
want enjoy grow sleep open/close
go do put laugh move

TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE

Exercise B
Six of the sentences below require an object. Place each of the object phrases from the table in the
appropriate space.

the dance your eyes the company

the furniture his own vegetables an account

1 My father enjoys growing . They taste so fresh.

2 Your son's growing fast! He was a baby the last time I saw him.
3 They practised until it was perfect.
4 She wanted to play the violin well so she practised every day,
5 Tom was late for work, so he ran all the way.
6 Mr, Leech ran for 25 years.
7 They had to move out of the room before they could decorate.
S Don't move , I'm trying to take a photograph.
9 She opened at the bank.
10 What time does the bank open ?
11 The meeting closed at 10pm.
12 Close ! I've got a surprise for youl

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 Verbs: tense revision I
Have a nice meal!
-

This is a general revision of tenses. Refer to the Intermediate and Elementary Worksheets that deal with
past and present, simple and continuous.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Be careful- there are two passives and three negatives!

James Smith is a businessman. His company (1) (export) a lot of machinery, but James
(2) (speak) any foreign languages. Last year he (3) (go) to France on a business
trip. While he (4) (stay) for a few days in a small hotel just outside Nice, he (5)
(have) an interesting experience. The fIrst morning, he (6) (sit) eating his breakfast when a
Frenchman (7) (come) to his table and (8) (sit) down. The Frenchman
(9) (say), 'Bon appetit,' so James Smith (10) (smile) and (11) (reply),
'James Smith.' As neither (12) (can) speak the other's language, they (13) (eat)

their meals in silence.

The next morning, exactly the same thing (14) (occur) and the scene (15)
(repeat) on the third morning, so James (16) (go) to see the manager of the hotel, who (17)

(speak) excellent English, and said, 'I (18) (want) to complain, but there (19)
(be)

a very strange man staying in your hotel. I (20) (begin) to get worried. Every morning he
(21) (come) to my table and (22) (tell) me his name.'
'Really?' said the manager, 'And what (23) (he cam?'
'Something like "Bon Appetit",' (24) (reply) James.
'No, no,' said the manager,'That (25) (be) his name. That is just a polite expression in
French. We (26) (say) it to other people before we (27) (start) to eat. It simply
means "Have a good meal"'.
'Oh, yes, how silly of me,' said James. 'Thank you for the explanation.'
The next morning, he (28) (wait) for the Frenchman to come up to the table, and before he
could speak, James (29) (say) in his best French accent 'Bon appetit!' The Frenchman was
a little surprised, but then he smiled and (30) (respond) in his best English, 'James Smith!'

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 Verbs: tense revision II

64 She surprised everyone.

This is a general revision of tenses. Refer to the Intermediate and Elementary Worksheets that deal with
verb tenses.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

People with cats and dogs often (1) (put) small doors called 'cat-flaps' or 'dog-flaps' in their

outside doors so that the pets (2) (be abk to get) in and out of the house. Recently,
however, a little three-year-old girl called Karen (3) (decide) to use one.
It all (4) (begin) one Sunday afternoon when Karen's mother, Diane, (5)
(prepare) the evening meal in the kitchen, and her husband, Bob, (6) (work) in the back

garden. Diane (7) (think) that Karen (8) (be) with Bob and he (9)

(think) that she (10) (be) with her. Then they (11) (notice) that
Karen (12) (disappear). Neighbours and friends (13) (begin) to search for the
girl, and her worried parents (14) (call) the police.

Meanwhile, Karen (15) (follow) the neighbour's dog through the dog-flap in the front door.

She (16) (know) the house well as she (17) (be) there several times before.

Everyone in the family (18) (be) out, but Karen (19) (switch) on the TV Bnd

(20) (settle) down to watch some children's cartoons. She (21) (choose) a red apple

from the fruit bowl and (22) (eat) it while she (23) (enjoy) the funny pictures on

TV. Back at Karen's house, her desperate parents (24) (search) outside for an hour and a

half, and (25) (be) helped by the police and concerned neighbours. Police dogs and a

helicopter (26) (wait) to be used.

Karen (27) (be) unaware of the drama she (28) (cause) outside, and when the

owners of the house eventually (29) (wander) into the living room, she (30)

(smile) sweetly and (31) (say), 'Hello' They (32) (be) astonished to see her there
as they (33) (speak) to her distressed parents a few minutes earlier.
What a relief it (34) (be) for Diane and Bob to find Karen safe and well after all their

worry. Diane (35) (say), 'Karen (36) (lou) that dog and obviously (37)
(want) to play with it. If only it (38) (stay) outside, none of this (39)
(happen). We (40) (keep) an eye on her in future.' What a day!

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 Verbs: used to, be/get used to

I used to enjoy this, but now i hate it!

The two expressions used to and be Iget used to are frequently confused by learners of English, but they
have very distinct uses.

USED TO
1 Used to is always followed by a simple infinitive. (I used to hale cucumber.)

2 It is only used in the past tense to refer to a regular activity in the past which you don't do now (I used
to play tennis, but now I prefer golf.)

3 It can never be used in the present tense. The present equivalent is the present simple, possibly with an
adverb. (l play tennis (quite often/regularly/frequently).)

4 It is pronounced with [8J rather than (z), and the [d] is not pronounced, so it may sound like 8 present
tense.

BE/GET USED TO
1 Be I get used to is always followed by a gerund.
(I'll never get used to wearing contact lenses.)

2 It suggests knowing how to do something because of doing it regularly.

(I am used to getting up early.)

3 It can be used in the past (I could not get used to eating dinner so late when I was in Spain.), the
present (British police are quite used to dealing with football crowds.), or future (He'll get used to
making his own meals in the end.).

Exercise A
Insert used to or be Icet used to in the correct tense with the following sentences, together with the
correct form of the verb given.

Example: David never _ _"use:,"'d"t"'o"d::,.::iue:''---_ as quickly as he does now. (drive)

1 Don't worry -1 fast. I'm a very good driver. (drive)
2 I'm sure you with chopsticks if you practise. (eat)
3 She nervous when she travelled by air, (g,t)
but now she _ (fly)
4 Don't you recognise her? She quite famous. (b,)

5 Go and ask her! She autographs - she does it all the time. (sign)
6 Some people prefer the country, but 1 in the city. (live)
7 Simon for the first team, but now he's in the reserves. (play)
8 They with difficult patients, so they handled him well. (<hal)

a ExerciseB
Do Exercise 21 on the cassette.

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SH:IA\SNV
~

 Verbs: wish

66 I wish I had a car.

A regret about the present state of things, unlikely to change.

~ _ ~~:-~~0]1L I haven't got a car.

I wish I had a car (but it's not likely).
.. <So..,
~ .~-

This is like conditional n. (I would be happy if! had a car. If only I had a car.)
AB in conditional II, we can use were for was. (l wish it were true.)

A regret about the past, impossible to change.

I didn't buy that car last month.

I wish I had bought that car last month.

This is like conditional III. (I would have been happy if I had bought that car last month.
If only I had bought that car.)

A desire to change the present state of things.

I wish he would buy a car (but he won't).

=- I wish we could afford a car (but we can't),

~~~
NOTE I wish I I we would . .. is incorrect, but I wish 1/ we could . .. is fine.
(l can't swim. I wish I could swim.)

Exercise A
In the following sentences put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
1 I wish the bus (come). I'm frozen standing here.
2 There are no biscuits left. I wish I (not eat) them all.
3 I wish I (have) enough money to buy that dress.
4 I miss Peter so much. I wish he (write).
5 I've got a terrible headache. I wish I (not drink) so much wine last night.
6 We really need a holiday. I wish we (afford) one.
7 I wish the weather (be) better in this country.

8 There's a fantastic concert on at the Com Exchange next Friday. I wish I (go).
9 I wish Kerry (tidy) her room. It's a terrible mess.
10 I wish 1 (study) English more when I was at school.
11 I'm really tired. I wish I (not have to) go to work.
12 Oh, not again! I wish you (not come) into the living room in your dirty boots!

. . ExerciseB
Do Exercise 22 on the cassette.

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PHRASAL VERBS I verb + particle (no object)
(See Unit 53)
break down a) Why don't you sell that old car? fall Unfortunately their plans fell
It's always breaking down. through through and they couldn't go.
b) She broke down and cried when get by You could get by on less money.
she beard the had news. go off a) Milk goes orf quickly in summer.
break up Everyone was surprised when the b) The bomb went offin the busy
couple broke up after 20 years of street.
marnage. hang! Hang on a minute! I'm nearly
call in I'll call in and see you tomorrow. hold on ready.
carry on They carried on until the work hang up She hung up when she heard his
was finished. voice.
catch on Nobody will like that song. It'll knock out Our team was knocked out of the
never catch on. race.
check in Check in at the hotel reception. look out Look out! There's a car coming!
check out Pay your bill as you check out. pass away He had a heart attack and passed
come off What a stupid plan! It'll never away.
come off. pass out The soldiers passed out in the hot
come round When he came round in hospital sun.
he wondered where he was. pull in The train pulled in late.
cutdown She had to cut down on smoking. set off/out They set off/out for London at
draw up He drew up with a screech of 8.30am.
brakes. show off Stop showing off. We all know you
drop off The lecture was so boring I won the race.
dropped off and woke up at the take off The plane took of{ at l.45pm.
end. turn up He suddenly turned up after three
fall out They're a very happy couple. years abroad.
They've never fallen out. wear off By the next day, the shock had
worn off.

PHRASAL VERBS II verb + object (pronoun) + particle or verb + particle + object

(See Unit 54)
back up When the boss asks where we letdown I'm sorry to let you down, but I
were, will you back us up? can't go.
breakoff Unfortunately the talks have let off You don't have to do the work. I'll
been broken off. let you off this time.
bring about The smog in Los Angeles is look up Ifyou don't know the meaning,
brought about by car fumes. look it up in the dictionary.
bring round The nurse tried to bring the old make out We could just make out the trees
man round after he had passed through the fog.
out. make up He makes up wonderful stories
bring up After their parents died, they for his children.
were brought up by an aunt. puIJdown Several old houses have been
brush up They went to evening classes to pulkddown.
brush up their French. put off The match was put off till the
caUoff The match was called off because next day.
of snow. put up I've nowhere to stay. Can you put
clear up Your room's a mess. I wish you me up for the night?
would clear it up. rundown! He was run down / over by a car
cut off The town was cut offby floods. over and killed.
drop off Get in the car. I'll drop you off on _off Shall I see you off at the airport?
the way home. take in a) Is that really true? I can't take
get across He was a clever man but he it in.
couldn't get his meaning across. b) When he said he had no money
get down Cold weather gets him down. He I was really taken in.
hates it. take on He's taken on far too much work.
give away Don'tgiue the secret away to take over Too many small finns are being
anyone! taken over by large companies.
give up I'm trying to give up smoking. throw out I threw out a lot of old clothes.
hold up Heavy traffic held me up and I turndown The salary was too low, so he
was late. turned the job down.
knock out The fall knocked her out for ten wear out You're going to wear those shoes
minutes. out if you wear them every day.
workout Let's work out what to do next.
PHRASAL VERBS III verb + particle + object
(See Unit 55)
ask for He asked for a beer in the pub. join in Do you want lojoin in the
break into The burglar broke into the game?
house and stole 1,000. look after Will you look after my garden
bring off The Japanese firm has brought while I'm away? The plants will
off a successful deal. need watering.
call for I'll call for you about eight. Be look for I've looked for my pen
ready. everywhere.
come across As she was tidying her room look into The police looked into the theft
she came across an old but couldn't find any clues.
photograph. make for The thieves made for the airport
count on You can always count on my but they were stopped by the
help. police.
fall for He fell for her the moment he run into I ran into James yesterday. I
saw her. It was love at flrst didn't know he was in town.
sight. see about/to nl see about I to the airline
get over Has she got over her illness yet? tickets.
get round They got round their problems see through I can see through your lies - you
and went ahead with the snake!
project. stand by I'll always stand by you if you're
get through We managed to get through the in trouble.
meeting early and went stand for What does G.C.S.E. stand for?
straight to the pub. take after He takes aftu his father in
go through The customs officers went looks and in character.
through his suitcase looking for
drugs.

PHRASAL VERBS IV verb + particle + particle + object

(See Unit 56)

back out of You can't trust him. He always keep up with Slow down! I can't keep up with
backs out of agreements. you.
come up As he looked for a job, he came live up to The film didn't live up to my
against up against a lot of expectations.
discrimination. look up to He looked up to his father and
get away with The thieves got away with a tried to be like him.
million pounds. make up for I'll work extra time to make up
get out of She always gets out of washing for the minutes I was late.
up; it's not fair. put up with I don't know how they can put
go down with The whole family went down up with such noisy children.
with 'flu. run out of We've run out of milk again.
go in for a) I've never gone in for
jewellery.
b) Are you going in for the race?

Andy an<! Audrey J..,k.oon: lnurme<!ilt.o O",mn..' Won-h.... 1'l>ctoeepy M..t.en Cllnt.om~t;on.1 Book O.,<ributon l.td 1994. All righl.l _",ed.
[I] Tapescripf 1
Exercise 1 Adjectival phrases
Look at Worksheet 3.
Jane is telling Mary about the people she has just met at a party. Listen.
Jane: I've just met a man. He was wearing a pink wig.
Mary: Really! You met a man wearing a pink wig?
Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck.
Mary: Really! You met a girl with a snake round ber neck?
Now you take the part ofMary.
Jane: I've just met a man. He was wearing a pink wig.
Mary: Really! You met a man wearing a pink wig?
Jane: Yes, and I met a girl who had a snake round her neck.
Mary: Really! You met a girl with a snake round her neck?
Jane: Yes, and then I met a film producer. He had a long beard.
Mary: Really! You met 8 film producer with a long heard?
Jane: Yes, and then I met 8 dentist. He was wearing a white coat.
Mary: Really! You met a dentist in a white coat?
Jane: Yes, and then I met a countess. She was wearing a tiara.
Mary: Really! You met a countess wearing a tiara?
Jane: Yes, and then I met a priest.. He was carrying a large bible.
Mary: Really! You met a priest carrying a large bible?
Jane: Yes, and then I met a rock singer. He had a ring in his nose.
Mary: Really! You met a rock star with a ring in his nose?
Jane: Yes, and then I woke up!
rn Tapescript 2
Exercise 2 Adjectives: order
Look at Workaheet 4.
Richard is talking to James about his shopping trip. Listen.
Richard: I bought a watch. It was Gennan and very expensive.
James: So you bought 8 very expensive Gennan watch.
Now you take the part of JOTrU!S.
Richard: I bought a watch. It was Swiss and very expensive.
James: So you bought a very expensive Swiss watch.
Richard: That's right. And I bought a jacket. A leather one - dark brown.
James: So you bought a dark brown leather jacket.
Richard: That's right. And I bought a shirt. Pure silk. Made in Italy.
James: So you bought an Italian pure silk shirt.
Richard: That's right. And I bought some whisky. It's malt. Scotch, of course.
James: So you bought some Scouh malt whisky.
Richard: That's right. And I bought some cheese. French, I think it was, and smelly.
James: So you bought some smelly French cheese.
Richard: That's right. And I bought some lamb from New Zealand. Frozen.
James: So you bought some frozen New Zealand lamb.
Richard: That's right. And I bought some Indian cuny. It's really hot.
James: So you bought some really bot Indian curry.
Richard: That's right. And I bought a CD player. Japanese. The very latest.
James: So you bought the very latest Japanese CD player.
-
Richard: That's right. And I bought a computer game. An American one. It's fantastic.
James: So you bought a fantastic American computer game.
-
Richard: That's right. And then I ran out of money.
Tapescripf 3
Exercise 3 Adjectives: compound:
Look at Worksheet 6.
The pop star, Dick Twit, is being interviewed on a chat show. Listen.
Interviewer: Have you ever done a concert that lasted three hours?
Dick: Yes, of course I've done a three-hour concert. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Really? Have you ever sung in a band with five men?
Dick: Yes, of course I've sung in a fiveman band. I've done it all, man.
Now you take the part of Dick Twit.
Interviewer: Have you ever done a concert that lasted three hours?
Dick: Yes, of course I've done a three-hour concert. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Really? Have you ever sung in a band with five men?
Dick: Yes. of course I've sung in a five-man band. I've done it aU, man.
Interviewer: Really? Have you ever signed a contract for a million dollars?
Dick: Yes, of course I've signed a million-dollar contract. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Really? Have you ever worn heels that were six inches high?
Dick: Yes, of course I've worn six-inch heels. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Really? Have you ever eaten a meal with twelve courses?
Dick: Yes, of course I've eaten a twelve-course meal. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Really? Have you ever performed with a snake measuring two metres?
Dick: Yes, of course I've performed with a two-metre snake. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Really? Have you ever done a tour lasting nine months?
Dick: Yes, of course I've done a nine-month tour. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Really? Have you ever given away a watch worth fifty thousand pounds?
Dick: Yes, of course I've given away a fifty-thousand-pound watch. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Really? Have you ever made a tape lasting ten hours?
Dick: Yes, of course I've made a ten-hour tape. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Have you ever crashed a Rolls Royce worth 150,000?
Dick: Yes, of course I've crashed a 150,OOOpound Rolls Royce. I've done it all, man.
Interviewer: Well, thank you for the interesting interview, Mr Twit.

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[I] Tapescripf 4
Exercise 4 Adjectives and adverbs: comparatives and superlatives
Look at Workaheet 7.
Joe and Anita are trying to decide what clothes to buy. Listen.
Joe: 1 like these shoes - they're pretty.
Anita: They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some prettier ones.
Joe: Look. I like this jacket. It's really smart.
Anita: It's OK, but I'm sure we can find a smarter one.
Now you tak~ the part of Anita.
Joe: I like these shoes - they're pretty.
Anita: They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some prettier ones.
Joe: Look. I like this jacket. It's really smart.
Anita: It's OK. but I'm sure we can find a smarter one.
Joe: Look. I like those trousers. They're fashionable.
Anita: They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some more fashionable ones.
Joe: Look. I like this cardigan. It looks quite warm.
Anita: It's OK, but I'm sure we can find a wanner one.
Joe: Look. I like these socks. They're really long.
Anita: They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some longer ones.
Joe: Look. I like that shirt. It looks very elegant.
Anita: It's OK, but I'm sure we can find a more elegant one.
Joe: Look. I like this tie. It's quite colourful.
Anita: It's OK, but I'm sure we can find a more colourful one.
Joe: Look. I like these boxer shorts. They're fairly cheap.
Anita: They're OK, but I'm sure we can find some cheaper ones.
Joe: Look. I like that anorak. It looks reasonably waterproof.
Anita: It's OK, but I'm sure we can ftnd a more waterproof one.
Joe: Look. I like that sales assistant. She looks really helpful.
Anita: She's OK, but I'm sure we can find a more helpful one.
Joe: Anita, remind me to go shopping on my own next time.
 rn Tapescripf 5
Exercise 5 Adverbs of degree
Look at Worksheet 12.
Theresa hasju8t come back from a holiday. She is talking to Amanda. Listen.
Amanda (enthusiastic): So you say the weather was really nice?
Theresa (non-eommittal): Yes, it was fairly nice.
Amanda: But you look tired.
Theresa: Yes, I am rather tired.
Now you tau the part o(Theresa..
Amanda: So you say the weather was really nice?
Theresa: Yes, it was fairly nice.
Amanda: But you look tired.
Theresa: Yes, I am rather tired.
Amanda: You're lovely and brown.
Theresa: Yes, I am fairly brown.
Amanda: But it was an expensive place?
Theresa: Yes, it was rather expensive.
Amanda: But you say you had a comfortable apartment?
Theresa: Yes, it was fairly comfortable.
Amanda: But it was a long way from the beach?
Theresa: Yes. it was rather a long way from the beach.
Amanda: And very noisy?
Theresa: Yes, it was rather noisy.
Amanda: But your friend was very romantic?
Theresa: Yes, he was fairly romantic.
Amanda: And he was a good dancer?
r: Theresa: Yes, he was a fairly good dancer.
Amanda: But his English was poor?
Theresa: Yes, his English was rather poor.
Amanda: Never mind. You can go back and teach him next year!
rn Tapescript 6
Exercise 6 Pronouns: one
Look at Worksheet 22.
Charles and Diana are sorting oul sOrm! of their belongings. Listen.
Diana: Whose is this black bag?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got a black one.
Diana: And whose are these leather gloves?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got any leather ones.
Now you tau the part of Charles.
Diana: Whose is this black bag?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got a black one.
Diana: And whose are these leather gloves?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got any leather ones.
Diana: And whose are these new binoculars?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got any new ones.
Diana: And whose is this Swiss watch?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got a Swiss one.
Diana: And whose is this red coat?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got 8 red one.
Diana: And whose are these foreign stamps?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got any foreign ones.
Diana: And whose is this gold pen?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got a gold one.
Diana: And whose are these silk pyjamas?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got any silk ones.
Diana: And whose is this toilet bag?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got one.
Diana: And whose is this electric razor?
Charles: Mine. You haven't got an electric one.
Diana: You know,! don't think any of these things are mine!
 ...
~ [[] Tapescripf 7
Exercise 7 Reported speech: passive forms
Look at Worksheet 28.
Michael and Julio are discussing tlu! news. Listen.
Michael: I see they've signed the agreements.
Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been signed. but 1doubt it.
Michael: And they say the new road is open.
Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been opened, but r doubt it.
Now you take the part ofJulia.
Michael: I see they've signed the agreements.
Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been signed, but I doubt it.
Michael: And they say the new road is open.
Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been opened, but I doubt it.
Michael: I hear they've finished the preparations.
Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been finished, but I doubt it.
Michael: And I see that the world land speed record has been broken.
Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been broken, but I doubt it.
Michael: It says here that they have saved the rain forest in Togo.
Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been saved, but I doubt it.
Michael: And I read somewhere that they've discovered a cure for cancer.
Julia: Well, it's supposed. to have been discovered, but I doubt it.
Michael: I see they've chosen Oslo for the next Olympics.
Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been chosen, but I doubt it.
Michael: And I hear they've found the missing Picasso.
Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been found, but 1 doubt it.
Michael: According to this article, they've lowered the interest rates.
Julia: Well, they're supposed to have been lowered, but I doubt it
Michael: And here it says that fox hunting has been banned.
Julia: Well, it's supposed to have been banned, but I doubt it.
Michael: You know, I think you are becoming cynical.
IT] Tapescripf 8
Exercise 8 Reported speech: reporting verbs
Look at Worksheet 30.
M,. En{U!ld is chaf. He has difficulty in hearing what the doctor tells him. Lisun.
Doctor: Now Mr Enfield. Please get back into bed.
Mr Enfield: Pardon?
Nurse: The doctor asked you to get back into bed.
Doctor: Mr Enfield. Stop switching that light on!
Mr Enfield: Pardon?
Nurse: The doctor told you to stop switching that light on!
Now you take the part of the nurse.
Doctor. Now Mr Enfield. Please get back into bed.
Mr Enfield: Pardon?
Nurse: The doctor asked you to get back into bed.
Doctor: Mr Enfield. Stop switching that light on!
Mr Enfield: Pardon?
Nurse: The doctor told you to stop switching that light on!
Doctor: Mr Enfield. Please put your pyjamas on.
Mr Enfield: Pardon?
Nurse: The doctor asked you to put your pyjamas on.
Doctor: Mr Enfield. Lie down on your back.
Mr Enfield: Pardon?
Nurse: The doctor told you to lie down on your back.
Doctor: Mr Enfield. Say ahh.
Mr Enfield: Pardon?
Nurse: The doctor told you to say ahh.
Doctor: Mr Enfield. Please take a deep breath.
Mr Enfield: Pardon?
Nurse: The doctor asked you to take a deep breath.

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Tapescript 9
Exercise 9 Subordinate clauses: time
Look at Worksheet 31.
Jane'6 father wants her to help him. Listen.
Father: Are you still doing your homework? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: I will as soon 88 I've done my homework.
Now you take the part ofJane.
Father: Are you still doing your homework? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: I will as sooo as I've done my homework.
Father: Are you still having your shower? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: 1 will as soon as I've had my shower.
Father: Are you stilllist.ening to the Pop programme? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: I will as sooo as I've listened to the Pop programme.
Father. Are you still brushing your hair? 1 need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: I will as sooo as I've brushed my hair.
Father. Are you still painting your t.oe-nails? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: I will as soon as I've painted my toe-nails.
Father: Are you still tidying your room? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: I will as soon as I've tidied my room.
Father: Are you stiU eating your dinner? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: I will as soon as I've eaten my dinner.
Father: Are you still writing to John? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: I will as soon as rve written to John.
Father: Are you still sorting your books? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: [will as soon as rve sorted my books.
Father: Are you still practising for the concert? I need someone to give me a hand.
Jane: 1 will as soon as I've practised for the concert.
Father: Too late. 111 do it myself.
[]] Tapescripf 10
Exercise 10 Time expressions: still, yet, already
Look at Worksheet 33.
Rachel wants to go out and is waiting for Sam, Lisun.
Rachel: You're not still having a shower, are you?
Sam: I'm afraid 80. I haven't finished yet.
Rachel: And you won't forget to water the .plants?
Sam: Don't worry - I've already watered them.
Now you take the part ofSam.
Rachel: You're not still having a shower, are you?
Sam: I'm afraid 80. I haven't finished yet.
Rachel: And you won't forget to water the plants?
Sam: Don't worry - I've already watered them.
Rachel: You're not still washing your hair, are you?
Sam: I'm afraid 80. I haven't finished yet.
Rachel: And you won't forget to feed the cat?
Sam: Don't worry -I've already fed it.
Rachel: And you will remember to switch off the heating?
Sam: Don't worry - I've already switched it off.
Rachel: You're not still ironing your shirt. are you?
Sam: I'm afraid 80. I haven't fmished yet.
Rachel: You're not still polishing your shoes, are you?
Sam: I'm afra.id so. [ haven't finished yet.
Rachel: Don't forget to draw the curtains.
Sam: Don't worry -I've already drawn them.
Rachel: And remember to set the alarm.
Sam: Don't wony - I've already set it.
Rachel: You're not still chewing that gum, are you?
Sam: I'm afraid 80. I haven't finished yet.
Rachel: I really don't know why we bother going out in the evenings.
[IJ Tapescript 11
Exercise 11 Verbs: conditional III
Look at Worksheet 35.
Harry is discussing with Sally why their holiday went wrong. Listen.
Harry: We shouldn't. have waited. We missed the flight.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we hadn't waited, we wouldn't have missed it.
Harry: We didn't read the instructions properly, so we didn't spot the mistake.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had read them properly, we would have spotted the mistake.
Now you take the part of Sally.
Harry: We shouldn't have waited. We missed the flight.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we hadn't waited, we wouldn't have missed it.
Harry; We didn't read the instructions properly, so we didn't spot the mistake.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had read them properly, we would have spotted the mistake.
Harry: We should have asked the travel agent. He would have told us.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had asked the travel agent, he would have told us.
Harry: And you didn't listen to your sister, so we chose the wrong week.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if! had listened to my sister, we wouldn't have chosen the wrong week.
Harry: And the hotel manager didn't speak English. He didn't explain the problem.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if the hotel manager had spoken English, he would have explained the
problem.
Harry: And we should have changed more money, so we didn't ron short of cash.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had changed more money, we wouldn't have run short ofeash.
Harry: And the weather was SO bad, we didn't go skiing.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if the weather hadn't been so bad, we would have gone skiing.
Harry: You didn't remember the video camera, so we didn't get a film of the holiday.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps ifl had remembered the video camera, we would have got a film of the holiday.
Harry: You were sick, so we didn't go out.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if! hadn't been sick, we would have gone out.
Harry: We should have stayed at home. I would have had more fun.
Sally: Yes dear, perhaps if we had stayed at home, you would have had more fun.
[JJ Tapescript 12 -
Exercise 12 Verbs: from adjectives
Look at Worksheet 39.
Mike and Joan are planning to ckcorate their house. Listen.
Mike: I think the bathroom floor is too weak to support a jacuzzi.
-
Joan: I agree. Well have to strengthen it.
Mike: And I think the door is too narrow.
Joan: I agree. We'll have to widen it.
Now you take Joan's part.
Mike: I think the bathroom floor is too weak to support a jacuzzi.
Joan: I agree. We'll have to strengthen it.
Mike: And I think the door is too DarroW.
Joan: I agree. We'l have to widen it.
Mike: I also think the colours in the living room are too dark.
Joan: I agree. Well have to brighten them.
Mike: On the other hand, I think the colours in the kitchen are too bright.
Joan: I agree. We'll have to darken them.
Mike: You know, I reckon the bookcase is too long.
Joan: I agree. We'll have to shorten it.
Mike: But the curtains in the dining room are too short.
Joan: I agree. We11 have to lengthen them.
Mike: And the rails on the stairs are too loose.
Joan: I agree. We11 have to tighten them.
Mike: And the fish pond in the garden is too shallow.
Joan: I agree. We'll have to deepen it.
Mike: Why don't we just move to a new house?
 -
rn Tapescript 73
r:- Exercise 13 Verbs: future continuous
Look at Worksheet 40.
Sarah is telling William about the holiday she is about to go on. Listen.
William: So they have a pool?
Sarah: Oh yes, 111 be swimming every day_
William: And a golf course?
Sarah: Oh yes, (1) be playing golf every day.
Now you take the part of Sarah.
William: So they have a pool?
Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be swimming every day.
William: And a golf course?
Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be playing golf every day.
William: And you say they have a tennis court?
Sarah: Ob yes, 111 be playing tennis every day.
William: And I hear they have an excellent shopping arcade.
Sarah: Db yes, I'll be shopping every day.
William: You say there's a theatre next to the hotel too.
Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be going to the theatre every day.
William: Has it really got a casino too?
Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be gambling every day_
William: And it has three squash courts?
Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be playing squash every day.
William: And they have a private flying club next door?
Sarah: Oh yes, I'll be flying every day.
William: And they offer free champagne to all the guests?
Sarah: Oh yes,l'li be drinking champagne every day.
William: So why can't I come with you?
rn Tapescripf 74
Exercise 14 Verbs: future perfect
Look at Worksheet 41.
Bill and Daisy are expecting guests. Listen.
Daisy: Look at the time! We haven't hoovered the floor yet.
Bill: Don't worry. We'll have hoovered it by the time they arrive.
Daisy: But we haven't cut the grass.
Bill: Don't worry. We'll have cut it by the time they arrive.
Now you take 1M part ofBill.
Daisy: Look at the time! We haven't boovered. the floor yet.
Bill: Don't worry. We'll have hoovered it by the time they arrive.
Daisy: But we haven't cut the grass.
Bill: Don't worry. We'll have cut it by the time they arrive.
Daisy; But we haven't watered the plants.
Bill: Don't worry. Well have watered them by the time they arrive.
Daisy: But we haven't polished the furniture.
Bill: Don't worry. Well have polished it by the time they arrive.
Daisy: But we haven't tidied the living room yet.
Bill: Don't worry. We'll have tidied it by the time they arrive.
Daisy: But we haven't prepared the vegetables.
Bill: Don't worry. We1J have prepared them by the time they arrive.
Daisy: But we haven't cleaned the windows.
Bill: Don't worry. We1l have cleaned them by the time they arrive.
Daisy: But we haven't set the video.
Bill: Don't worry. We'll have set it by the time they arrive.
Daisy: But we haven't changed our clothes.
Bill: Don't worry. We'll have changed them by the time they arrive.
Daisy: Are you sure we invited them for this evening?
 Tapescript 15
Exercise 15 Verbs: modo Is of obligation and advice
Look at Worksheet 46.
Lucy is talking about school with her mothu. Listen.
Lucy: The teacher told me to do this exercise for homework.
r:: Mother:
Lucy:
In that case you must do it, dear.
And she 8sked me not. to copy_
Mother: In that case you shouldn't copY. dear.
Now you UIIre th part ofLucy's mother.
Lucy: The teacher told me to do this exercise for homework.
Mother: In that case you must do it, dear.
Lucy: And she asked me not to copy.
Mother: In that case you shouldn't copy, dear.
Lucy: And she told me not to write too much.
Mother: In that case you mustn't write too much, dear.
Lucy: And she asked me to be neat.
Mother: In that case you should be neat, dear.
Lucy: And she told me to check my spelling.
Mother: In that case you must check it, dear.
Lucy: But she asked me not to use the dictionary.
Mother: In that case you shouldn't use it, dear.
Lucy: And she told me not to forget my textbook.
Mother: In that case you mustn't forget it, dear.
Lucy: And she asked me to lake some photographs.
Mother: In that case you should take some, dear.
Lucy: And she told me to clean my shoes.
Mother: In that case you must clean them, dear.
Lucy: And she asked me to behave better.
Mother: In that case you should behave better, dear.
Lucy: Can 1 stay at home tomorrow, mum?
rn Tapescript 16
Exercise 16 Verbs: modoIs of past probability
Look at Worksheet 47.
Two resclU workers are discussing a party of wolkers who are missing. Listen.
Betty: It's almost certain that they got lost.
Brian: Yes, you're right. They must have got lost.
Betty: Possibly they went the wrong way.
Brian: Yes, you're right. They could have gone the wrong way.
Now you take the part of Brian.
Betty: It's almost certain that they got lost.
Brian: Yes, you're rigbt. They must have got lost.
Betty: Possibly they went the wrong way.
Brian: Yes, you're right. They could have gone the wrong way.
Betty: And it seems quite likely they had no food.
Brian: Yes, you're right. They may have had no food.
Betty: But it's highly unlikely that they knew how dangerous it was.
Brian: Yes, you're right. They couldn't have known bow dangerous it was.
Betty: It's unlikely that they missed the weather forecast.
Brian: Yes, you're right. They couldn't have missed the weather forecast.
Betty: It's almost certain that they found shelter somewhere.
Brian: Yes, you're right. They must have found shelter somewhere.
Betty: Mind you, it's possible they met another group.
Brian: Yes, you're right. They could have met another group.
Betty: And it's quite likely that they went back the same way.
Brian: Yes, you're right. They may have gone back the same way.
Betty: So what are we worrying about?
 [I] Tapescripf 17
Exercise 17 Verbs: passive, causative
Look at Workaheet 50.
Sybil is complaining to her husband Basil about the state of their hotel at the beginning or the season.
Sybil: Just look at the long grass!
Basil: Yes, I must get it cut befoTe the season starts.
Sybil: And the front door needs painting.
r::: Basil: Yes, I must get it painted before the season starts.
Now you take the part ofBasil.
Sybil: Just look at the long grass!
Basil: Yes, I must get it cut before the season starts.
Sybil: And the front door needs painting.
Basil: Yes, I must get it painted before the season storts.
Sybil: Just look at those dirty windows.
Basil: Yes, I must get them cleaned before the season starts.
Sybil: And the gate needs oiling.
Basil: Yes, t must get it oiled before the season starts.
Sybil: And the car needs a service.
Basil: Yes, I must get it serviced before the season starts.
Sybil: And you have to renew the TV licence.
Basil: Yes, I must get it renewed before the season starts.
Sybil: And somebody needs to check the toilets.
Basil: Yes, I must get them checked before the season starts.
Sybil: And the sign still wants mending.
Basil: Yes, I must get it mended before the season starts.
Sybil: And the menus need updating.
Basil: Yes, I must get them updated before the season starts.
Sybil: And the front drive could do with sweeping.
Basil: Yes, I must get it swept before the season starts.
rn Tapescripf 18
Exercise 18 Verbs: passive, general
Look at Worksheet 51.
A detective is discussing the scene of a crime with a colleague. Listen. E::
Detective: So we haven't found any fingerprints. E::
Constable: That is correct, sir. No fingerprints have been found.
Detective: And nobody has reported a car stolen in the neighbourhood?
Constable: That is correct, sir. No car has been reported stolen.
Now you take the part of the constable.
.....
-
Detective: So we haven't found any fingerprints.
Constable: That is correct, sir. No fingerprints have been found.
Detective: And nobody has reported a car stolen in the neighbourhood?
Constable: That is correct, sir. No car has been reported stolen.
Detective: And I see somebody broke this window.
Constable: That is correct. sir. The window was broken.
Detective: And they forced this cupboard open.
Constable: That is correct, sir. The cupboard was forced open.
Detective: And they have taken all the jewellery.
Constable: That is correct, sir. All the jewellery has been taken.
Detective: And they disconnected the phone. f::=
Constable: That is correct, sir. The phone was disconnected.
Detective: But somebody saw them leaving. E:::
Constable: That is correct, sir. They were seen leaving.
Detective: And somebody recognised one of them. E:;
Constable: That is correct, sir. One of them was recognised.
Detective: And you have already arrested them.
Constable:
Detective:
That is correct, sir. They have already been arrested.
So you have solved the case.
-!::l,
Constable: That is correct, sir. The case has been solved.
[I] Tapescripf 19
Exercise 19 Verbs: past perfect
Look at Worksheet 52.
Mr Bean is discussing a party he went to with a colleague, Miss Harris. Listen.
Miss Harris: They made some wonderful speeches.
Mr Bean: Really? They'd already made them by the lime I got there.
Now you take the part ofMr Bean.
Miss Hanis: They made some wonderful speeches.
Mr Beao: Really? They'd already made them by the time 1 got there.
Miss Harris: The bride opened lots of presents.
Mr Bean: Really? She'd already opened them by the time 1 got there.
Miss Harris: The couple cut the cake together.
Mr Bean: Really? They'd already cut it by the time J got there.
Miss Harris: And they gave everybody a piece of cake.
Mr Bean: Really? They'd already given everybody a piece by the time I got there.
Miss Harris: The photographer took hundreds of pictures.
Mr Bean: Really? He'd already taken them by the time I got there.
Miss Harris: And the best man feU down.
Mr Bean: Really? He'd already fallen down by the time I got there.
Miss Harris: The vicar spoke to them for a long time.
Mr Bean: Really? He'd already spoken to them by the time I got there.
Miss Harris: They opened sixty bottles of champagne.
Mr Bean: Really? They'd already opened them by the time I got there.
Miss Hams: The couple left. for their honeymoon quite late.
Mr Bean: Really? They'd already left by the time I got there.
rn Tapescript 20
Exercise 20 Verbs: plus object + simple infinitive
Look at Worksheet 58.
Tom and Martha are discussing their bosses. Listen.
Tom: My boss insists that I arrive early every day.
Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me arrive early.
Tom: My boss allows me to have an hour for lunch.
Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me have an hour.
Now you take tlu! part ofMartha.
Tom: My boss insists that I arrive early every day.
Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me arrive early.
Tom: My boss allows me to have an hour for lunch.
Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me have an hour.
Tom: My boss insists that I make the tea.
Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me make the tea.
Tom: My boss allows me to smoke in the office.
Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me smoke in the office.
Tom: My boss insists that I wear a badge.
Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me wear a badge.
Tom: My boss allows me to use the office phone.
Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me use the office phone.
Tom: My boss insists that I do overtime.
Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me do overtime.
Tom: My boss allows me to borrow the company car.
Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me borrow the company car.
Tom: My boss insists that I call him sir.
Martha: Does he? My boss never makes me call him sir.
Tom: My boss allows me to claim expenses.
Martha: Does he? My boss never lets me claim expenses.
Tom: Well, I think I prefer my boss to yours.
,[1] Tapescript 21
Exercise 21 Verbs: used to, be/get used to
Look at Worksheet 65.
Jose has been in England for eight years. He is talking to Julia. Listen.
Julia: So you like English breakfasts?
Jose: Yes. I've got used to eatingtbem now.
Julia: Did you eat a lot for breakfast in Colombia?
Jose: No, I never used to eat a lot!
Now you take the part ofJose.
Julia: So you like English breakfasts?
Jose: Yes. I've got used to eating them now.
Julia: Did you eat a lot for breakfast in Colombia?
Jose: No, I never used to eat a lot!
Julia: So you drive on the left now?
Jose: Yes. I've got used to drh..ing on the left now.
Julia: Did you drive on the let\. in Colombia?
Jose: No.1 never used to drive on the left!
Julia: And you even play cricket sometimes!
Jose: Yes. I've got used to playing cricket now.
Julia: Did you play cricket in Colombia?
Jose: No, 1 never used to play cricket!
Julia: And you like drinking English beer?
Jose: Yes. I've got used to drinking it now.
Julia: Did you drink English beer in Colombia?
Jose: No, I never used to drink English beer!
Julia: And 1 see you carry an umbrella now.
Jose: Yes. I've got used to carrying one.
Julia: Did you carry one in Colombia?
Jose: No, I never used to carry one!

-
lIJ Tapescripf 22
Exercise 22 Verbs: wish
Look at Worksheet 66.
Martin is visiting his friend John in fwspital. John has a broken leg. Listen.
Martin: So you went skiing then?
John: Yes, but I wish I hadn't gone.
Martin: Your wife won't be coming to see you then?
John: No, but I wish she would come.
Now you take the part ofJohn.
Martin: So you went skiing then?
John: Yes, but I wish I hadn't, gone.
Martin: Your wife won't be coming to see you then?
John: No, but r wish she would come.
Martin: You won't be playing football on Saturday then?
John: No, but I wish I could play.
Martin: You don't know how long you11 be in here then? .-.
John: No, but I wish I knew.
Martin: And you can't get out of bed at all?
John: No, but 1 wish I could get out.
Marlin: Your mother's sent you lots of flowers then.
John: Yes, but I wish she hadn't scnt them.
Martin: And your boss wants to sce you 8S soon as you're well.
John: Yes, but I wish be didn't want to.
Martin: And the TV in this room doesn't work?
John: No, but I wish it worked.
Martin: And the man in the next room keeps shouting.
John: Yes, but I wish he wouldn't shout.
Martin: And I won't go until you cheer up.
John: No, but I wish you would go!
PHRASAL VERBS I verb + particle (no object)
(See Unit 53)
break down a) Why don't you sell that old car? fall Unfortunately their plans fell
It's always breaking down. through through and they couldn't go.
b) She broke down and cried when get by You could get by on less money.
she beard the had news. go off a) Milk goes off quickly in summer.
break up Everyone was surprised when the b) The bomb went offin the busy
couple broke up after 20 years of street.
marnage. hang! Hang on a minute! I'm nearly
call in I'll call in and see you tomorrow. hold on ready.
carry on They carried on until the work hang up She hung up when she heard his
was finished. voice.
catch on Nobody will like that song. It'll knock out Our team was knocked out of the
never catch on. race.
check in Check in at the hotel reception. look out Look out! There's a car coming!
check out Pay your bill as you check out. pass away He had a heart attack and passed
come off What a stupid plan! It'll never away.
come off. pass out The soldiers passed out in the hot
come round When he came round in hospital sun.
he wondered where he was. pull in The train pulled in late.
cutdown She had to cut down on smoking. set off/out They set off/out for London at
draw up He drew up with a screech of 8.30am.
brakes. show off Stop showing off. We all know you
drop off The lecture was so boring I won the race.
dropped off and woke up at the take off The plane took of{ at l.45pm.
end. turn up He suddenly turned up after three
fall out They're a very happy couple. years abroad.
They've never fallen out. wear off By the next day, the shock had
worn off.

PHRASAL VERBS II verb + object (pronoun) + particle or verb + particle + object

(See Unit 54)
back up When the boss asks where we letdown I'm sorry to let you down, but I
were, will you back us up? can't go.
breakoff Unfortunately the talks have let off You don't have to do the work. I'll
been broken off. let you off this time.
bring about The smog in Los Angeles is look up Ifyou don't know the meaning,
brought about by car fumes. look it up in the dictionary.
bring round The nurse tried to bring the old make out We could just make out the trees
man round after he had passed through the fog.
out. make up He makes up wonderful stories
bring up After their parents died, they for his children.
were brought up by an aunt. puIJdown Several old houses have been
brush up They went to evening classes to pulkddown.
brush up their French. put off The match was put off till the
caUoff The match was called off because next day.
of snow. put up I've nowhere to stay. Can you put
clear up Your room's a mess. I wish you me up for the night?
would clear it up. rundown! He was run down / over by a car
cut off The town was cut offby floods. over and killed.
drop off Get in the car. I'll drop you off on _off Shall I see you off at the airport?
the way home. take in a) Is that really true? I can't take
get across He was a clever man but he it in.
couldn't get his meaning across. b) When he said he had no money
get down Cold weather gets him down. He I was really taken in.
hates it. take on He's taken on far too much work.
give away Don'tgiue the secret away to take over Too many small finns are being
anyone! taken over by large companies.
give up I'm trying to give up smoking. throw out I threw out a lot of old clothes.
hold up Heavy traffic held me up and I turndown The salary was too low, so he
was late. turned the job down.
knock out The fall knocked her out for ten wear out You're going to wear those shoes
minutes. out if you wear them every day.
workout Let's work out what to do next.