Progresul rn morf ologie

rnai vizibiia-dependenfa dc fucto.ii interni. Modificdrile irr

'aceste trei direc!ii sc 1,r'odrrr, in rrrorl continrru, dar in riL-
mqr.i diferil,e. Cel mai lenL csLc lrroccsul sistcmat,izirii. S-ar
pulea spune <'I prin cl liutbu lrrclrrr.reazd irrLr-un mt-rd s1,e-
cific ceea ce clgligd prin funcIia ci onomaLologicd, rle irrvirrr-
l,ar de semne ale obiectelor realitSlii. Crlci sist,e rnatizurou
se face tot mai necesard pe miisuli ce creqtc invcnt,nlrrl rlrr
unitSli qi tipurile de sensuri care sinl, exprirnat,e ru irj rrl,or,rrl
lor.

In capilolul privitor ]a isLorir.rrl problemei s-a ardtat cd

in tot cursul secolului al XIX-lca progresul limbilor indo,
europene a fost apreciat, aproape cxclrrsiv, pe baza obser-
vdrii evoluliei rnorfologiei qi, in spccial, a evolufiei flexiunii
nominale. S-a doverlil, insii <.rii Ilcxirrrrou rrorninald, privit{
separat de catcgoriilc lnorfologicc 11i rlc sirrl,axil , nu poate
constitui rrn criteriu satisfii<rr'il,ol dc apror:icrc rr direcliei
dezvoltilrii nici nriloar in lirlrbilc flexiorrrrro.
'fendirrfele plirrr:ipalc rlo cvo lu (,ic a s l,rrrcl,rrri i rnorfologicc.
se dezviiluic rnai grorr. l)a(,clc arlrrrrute ural,h or\ Iirnbilo so
tleosebcsc lnl,ro clc t,trl rrriri rrrrrlL srrll usJruoLrrl lnrlrfologio,
atit in ceea oo privcryl,c rrrrrrriirrrl, cll, rsi con{,irrrrl,rrl ,si foruru
categoriilc'r.
Datoril,I caraolcrulrr i ubsLrur:[ ryi sisLcrrrnIirt al rrcesl,ui scc-
tor, trS.slturilc lui calqclcrist,irc porflisl,il o vrcme foarte
indelungatd qi, de aceea, spre rlooscbirc dc vocabular, este
mai greu de gdsit un etalon al aprccierii gradului de dezvol-
tare a morfologiei in limbi cu structuri diferite. Totodat5,
materialul de, c"omparat este aici mai greu de dobindit, deoa-
rece perioada textelor.scrise este rnult prea scurtd fald de
ritmul foarte lent in care se produc schirnbdrile.
Pentru a pul,ea desprindc rnodificdrile calitative care 6e
produc in morfologie csto neccsar si urmlrim, atit clt ne
ingdduie ma[erialul, felrrl in care iau naql,cre categoriile
lnorfologicc ;i rallort,rrlilc Jol orr lexicul qi cu sin[axa.
Arn vIzuL cii urril,ri[,ilo I'orrcIicc sint monoplane gi q{, evo-
lu!,ia lrrr rrol'iirrrl rlcl,crtrrirrtrl,ir direct de evolufia gindirii,

95
 rl. sl,rrlrilir, rrrr.rrP.r'L lntre modificdrire produsc
osl,o gr'{)lr
lo rriv.lrrl f,rr.l,ir: rii r:1.11s1,1,j.1'1t lrecesitd(ilor dc cominicarc.
lrr opozil,io,,u. l,rrrl,l,ir.rr,' v9r,rr511lur"t oltinarqrc, i"- i"*"i
sPcoificc, rriv.lrrl rlrr virr(,ii ;rl vorbitorilor. iar'evolrrl,ia lrri
prr:J{lcsivri urlrrcnzii irrrlcrrpr,ol.rpe dezyoltarea girr,lir.ii.
^ Privitii sub ilctrsl, irsPcct,, rrroffblogiq arc o sil,iirrl,ic irPrrr.l,r,.
Inc{-din arLichil,at,. iat,.goriile m6rlologiir, ,i,, f',,rr,'1,,,'1',,,,,,
tate la categorii-logicc corcspunzl-rtoat'c.'i),,r, 1,,,,,,,lr,lisri rrrr
lnseamnd dependen!d directr. Exprirrral'.. irr 'lirrrrrii ir rrrrr,.-
goriilor logice se. poate_realiza qi iu irjut,olrrl v,.irbrrlirr,rrrrri,
fli aceasta se qi intimpl5 in faza ini{,ialil a corrsl,il,uir.ii lor,.
Transformarea unei categorii lexicale i' oategoric gr,ar'irLi,
cald se realizeaz[ in ritm diferit in funclie ?" ,noi um]l,i
factori, intre care un rol important revine-celor structurali.
repregintS. o anumit{ organizarc a con!,inutului sernanlio
Ia
qi aceastd organizare se realizeazl sub presiunea celorlah,e
sectoare ale limbii, _in primuJ rind 'a sintaxei. Categoriile
morfologiei slnt produse ale sirr [axci, care iqi creeazi] ilrsLru-
mentele necesare_ pe baza le-xicrrlui. Sc qLirr ci vocabularul
gi sintaxa apar de la crearea limbii, de-la cea mai simpll
comunicare. In cursul dezvolttrrii lirrrbii, o da[ii cu cres[erea
numdrului de cuvinte qi cu complicarea raporturilo. clirrtre
ele, funcliile sintactice pot sii irnpuntt o animitir organizarc
a materia,lului prin care cle sirrL cx|rirtale. Sinl,axa cste,
deci, cauza directd a acestei organiziiri (cauza rrll,iruji fiind
reprezentaLd de nevoile de c,-rrrrrr',icarr'), iur vocabularrrl
qste materialul asupra cdruia ea i;i r.xcrciLii ar:{irrrrca.
Categoriile morfologice sc crecazl jr d ivcr.se linrbi la clruci
diferite.'Dar chiar cele mai vechi diri elc sc forrneazd ire o
treaptd relativ tirzie din istoria linrbilor', iar transformiril"
care alcdtuiescacest proces se produc foarte lent. De acecr
limbile celemai pu!in evoluate de asLrtzi sc afld abia in laz
de constituire a categoriiJor gramaticale, ceea ce permite
cercetdtorilor sI surprindd unele din cclc mai veclii ctaoe
ln constituirea morlologiei. ln acelaqi tirnp, r,iLmrrl loaril,c
lent al dezvoltirii in acesl, sector al limbii'li irrrpicdicir sir
-lrr
urmdreascS. evolulia unci categorii gramaticale isloriir
unei sing.ure familii de limbi "9i ii %trligx srj ,.;.,;;i-i;
compara{ii inl,re limbi nelnrudjLe.
ln analiza principalelor aspecte alc l,r,oglcsrrlrri irr lnorfu-
,logte
va lr necesar, aqadar, sd urmrlrirrr Ll,rrPtirtl\ Iornrarc a
96
scnsrrrilor glanrat,icaltt, prirr spccializarea unor cetegorlr
scnritllLicc, 1i l,rcpl,ttl,tr lot' clrrttnt:ilrtu'rl rlo lcxic,'prccurn 6i
rrvolrr(,irr rrri.j loirrrclor rla cxprirrrrrrc tr rroilor.rral,cgorii, rltl lu
folrrrtr rrrrri prr(,irr nisl,crtrttl,icc ltt rrrijlortrrrr rrrtti ttt'gttttizttl,c.
'l'ilrirrrl r{('rrrnl tlc r:t'lc lrnil,rrl,c ttuti sltnt, t't'ttt tlisl'irr'grl ltt l,l11
slil,rrli lrt'ltlti,,,r irlc rttt,'i r'trlrr1rrlf i1 111,'t'l'olollirttr rlrtprttttlt\tt(tl
nuri lrlr,crrl,rru{,lr ;r rron(,itrul,rrltti li rlt ttt'trrlttt'i lrrx ilttlc f l
I'ot'lntt lrrtti ptr{'irr olgrtrrizrtl,ii tlc (rxl)r'rnrilt'{'.
In cclc cc rrt'rrtcazir vorrr irrt:ct'c:r si rlcspl'inrlclr rrrclo oorr-
cluzii privitoare la lcrrdilt[,clo tlc cvolrrl,ic ln morfologic,
cerceIind isLoria catcgoriilor glarrrirticalc nominale qi ver-
bale, procesul separdrii ptrr[,ilor dc vorbire qi direclia de
dezvoltare a paradigmelor.
Catcgoriilo gramatienlo apar irrlr o lazri rcla[iv avansa[5
a jstoriei lirnbii. Crearea Ior reprczitrt,ti trrt salt calitativ ln
limbd, din punctul de vedere al absl,rrrlt,izirrii ,1i, mai ales, al
sistcmatizS.rii. O vreme indelun gitl,ii cott r:c p ltr l tr cx llrimate de
ele (timp, aspect, numdr etc.) arr fosl, folrttrtlttt,tr t:tt rnijloaco
Iexicale. Trecerea de la lexical lit glrtrrrrrl,itrttl trorttttttltttttoztl ,
deci, nu cristalizarea in gindirc lrr fol'rrrii irri{,irrlri ll (:orr(ro[)-
tului, ci necesitatea vorbitorilor tlc tt sisl'r)ttrttl'izlt I'ttt'trtttl'<r
categorie no!ional5, devcniti frccvott[,ii. (]ttlrtcl,rrt'rrl rtbsl,r'ttrrl,
al cal,egoriei gramaticale se marrifostii lrr l':rPl,rrl rrii rrtt str Irttttl,tr
ataqa la un numdr mare dc senstrri lcxittrlr'.
.Ca{;egoriile gramaLicale sirrl' lrroprii l,trl,ttt'or pr\r[,ilor rlrr
vorbire rro!ionale. f)in punctul rlc vc<lt,rc rt I r'olr [,irrtt t,rr ltr j lor
semanlic, ele caracterizeazit srrbslttrrl,ivrr | 1i vrrrbul (rcflcc-
find insuqiri ale obiectelor qi proocsclor) ; rltrr, lrrin acord' ele
'aparl,in qi altor pdr{,i de vorbire. Ilxislii, rltrsigur, o diferen!5
..Intre aspectul lexico-gramatical al cirl,cgoriilor gi aspectul
ribr pur gramatical pi formal. Referindu-se la gen, J. I(ury-
'lowiczr face distinc{ia.inbre genul dcictic sau genul substan-
tivului, care se raporteazd la un aspcot, al obiectului reali-
tri(,ii exprimat prin substanl,iv, ,si gcrrrrl irtttrf,rric satt genttl
allor pIr(,i tle vorbirc, dobirrrlit, lrrin ilr,urtl rrl ctr strbst,itnl,ivul,
t lV sprur.,i,t g(rL(ztl rrxl.zu.itr (r(tlttultlczn('g,,, ltt .'Sllr:twr,z'lltttiit z
czylrto*ci i posir:tlz(rrr l'olskit'j Akrrrllrrrii Urrliljtl,rroit:i",.1(rirktin', 11)it4,
faic. 10, pp. l"r 1l , l,ritrl. r'rtsl'i , irr vol.,l . l( rr r.y lo w it:2,,,O'ttlltttt{
lro Jnlnlunclurro", 1!loscttvrr, 1r.)(i',1 , 1r1r.2()( ?011 .
97
7 - Progresul irl limtJtr
 (lrrlrr rlorrr'i rtrilrltrltt rrrr lrrlilrrrrstl Ei l-a c,ategoria numlrului' ltilui etc. Aslfel in lirnllilc mi,rrortczicnc srrllstantivclo sc
din nunctul de vedere impart in rrrrrrltoarclc olasc: tttttrtc tlc lriir'('i rrlc corpulrti ryi
rr r:rrzrtlttr, it l){ll'r{oirllti- l'lrrl'r: "virlcrit cd, rnanifosl,riri I'izictt qi tttoritlt: (lrortlii, sllilrirtirrrrc ct,tr.); rtl.lftl()
i, hoidrit6are est'e aparil'ia
rrl 11r'ittrrttl,ir':rliz;ilr' "u'li ""r'i;1ol'i
i

rlc lrrrlrrrric; cttvirtl,tr cltl'tt itt'itl,ll lorrrrl si l,irrrpul; o lrttr'l,rl it tttttti

irs;irtrtl,rrltti rri irllltlot'tr:'
irrt,rcg sl\u un irrl,r'rrg irr t'rtyror'1, r,rr pi'ir'( ilr' (r'rirliir;irril, l't'ttltztr
l,lst,. rl. l,{)'ri',.irl, 1,,1,f ,,t rri, itr ciud-a tlivers.ililrii.,l"]"1.].:ii:-
i

111,1:.); rrttrrrrr rlc ittrlrt'licl'ilrrirrl'c, porloitlrt', rtril,r'tttttt'ttlr'; rttttttr'

i";" j,'J,,
tlc lrtittr:,it'ttt'i solitlc; ttttrrt(r rlc lir:lrirlrrl.
*, x il,l ; " i l','J"ll; ;;i::liilTi. fill::l sr.iif'srr;l: olr-
j l i:; l
lll' J
l,'ot.rttr: rlczvoll,irl,c irll cl;rsr:lot'str irrl,ilrrlsr, lrr lirrrlrrlrr ttt'11t'tr
:

de care dispun rru pcrmib_int,ot,rl0lrilrrir

i' cc mS.surd o tut.gori. spcoiiiri,r.r rrt:i lirrrlri
""r""ilt,or:ii rrrrtr lrrr[,ttt i
afr'icitttc, irr spcciitl irr lirrrlrilrr lrittrl,rr. Irr lilrrlrir ztrltt, altttl'-
serve tinind acesLei l'arnilii, strbsLattt,ivclo sc grupcazI irr 1l] clasc,
avansabereprezintSofazLmai-vechctlirrisLoriirtttttrirritt'o- dupl urmdtoarele
evoluabe' Dar olria. irr sLtt- crjil,elij
;;;ti";p;t!t',.in.l "ttti lirnbi mai
:

iioi- ut noottrc,.sc lccurros. lt'isi Lttt t

a. diferenl,a de naturd a obicct,clor din realitate (oameni,
"it"rir
;;*tl;;;i ,r,;-r"g"t"ti inbrc limbi alrarfirrirtd rrrr'r
"unoqLitiltlot animale, plante, Jucruri cLc.)
"..igi b. rn[rirnea relativii a obitltrl,clot'
comune se expllca pIrII IJ.uu\".'.':':"","'*"':"f,**li::;il;
;;il;;ig:1"::1","":*;-**i:;:'ru1ffi :*','::-^ ^^^r^."; c. interac!,iunca canbit,at,ivri rlitrl,r'rr r'hirrc[,e :

il;d';;;; reJie.te,'i"-gracle tlife.i[e de anroximare' aceleaEr d. pozi{,ia in sliat,iu

trS.sirturi escn!ralc -i" it"iliilti,1't9t.'1tf ii l'rin
acclca;i legi e. critcriul viclii, al sLIlii iti'l'ivrr si lrirsivtr2'
ln lirrrba ptllrulrL{'ici i\lrtsrri rlirr Alli,'ir rlrr.sl, rrxis[ii o clas5.
o'
*."i"nT;;i ";"1;: iili l"(n|.,'
r'"T,Ti""tJJJJ,.'hi II I il'." i.
i r, i tr rc.c. -
sigu q i
1rr:r1 Lltt Itttttitl tlt: ttlricr'1,,'
Irr;rt'i ;i 1'rrl.l tri,'tr, 1,11,', ptlttt,nr nume
t"."U"rrlto .:I-d;j ii. It ul,n persoa ua, I rn l.),
in
i 1r
u
io olricct,c rrrirri 1i slltlrr''r. Irr lirrrlrrt lttttct'irrrlirtlli :l[,lrapasca
i'o"'r'. gcri'rl' aspcr'r'rrl); ;
rrrrnrclrt rlrt olrirrr,l,c lrllrl,rr si ltrltr rlc olrir,r'l,r't'ol,tttttltl Srl itl'li"t llr
lii.i"^;;t"'p"rl" ';:;5$lii"
l.'ff#flil' ,'lrrsr',liIcli|,'4.
:l*'
#;;;}iu:*finterni. ija""irr"i-il'ri" ltl i T'1[,Tl :'l ;:':l lj
:
I

Lut,rrr.,r so p0t, tlr:slrrinrlc

rl (it'trPrrlcrrc11vi1,1t'lot'1rr, r'llrsrrIt'r:lrrlitsii lilrlriilrr(,tllroltlrnll
rlr,,,r'glrrtizltt'rl lt rrtll irtlt'lttl'ltl'ttrlci litrrl \'{){lill)lllttt'ttl lt itl'itts tl
de factorii
;;;t;j;l; ubrt.u.lirur. Vi sist,r'rrrrrtizrrt'r' -
- l'"t'tttr' 1r'ttt- '', irrrrrrrril,i l,r'1rrrrl,:i lrtttl,il,lrl'it:r. (ltrrlrllrrlisl'ir:i l,r'tltlrl,it'tl irlrlrrt,itltl
cipale'ale "pro
evolulriei lor progrcsrvo'. lrcttl't'u ,rttvini,,,l,, rlitt ltr','r'ltrti slrrtli strttlltttl ii lr :tr'r'sl'lt ltitt'tl
-Gonul. problema ;;rfijiii [",,ut,,1 :r r.,,rrsLiLrriL olricIlrr si l'i I'osl, grt'itttttl rrri,ilorr tl.' or';lltttiz;tt'c lt t'o,';tlttlllrrrllrri. In
!,? gralna-
::l:l]j' (rooiI c{) lrlivtt;;lttctrltr tttltivrrr'lrir,r'ilr'l ii lrlc grrr;riliiscnrarlLiCet
unor studii numeroase' fdrS a-s.e PtrLtrrt'ajrrnq"
Spre dcoscbirc dc.^ulLc caltgot'tt clc 1lot,'l'i cu glrtrr I'rrcrtttst,il'riil,rr irr I)r'{'zrrrrt. Ilrrii. specialiqt,i
genul nu este o categorie general
"^"ti*."."eptaLe' rlspindit[: sint in lirrrbilc ncgro-africittto t,ottsitltrt'r'l cii sirrl, vcchi clasele de
ticale, dupS' cum sinL st
limbi care ,r., E'-ut' tt"lt-g"""gtomatical' cuvin[e grupa-te dupd criLeritrl lrozil,ici irr spa!,iu a obiectelor,
lintbi care, irr cursttl
jsLorici Io-r.' a9 rcnunial li el' $i formele qi cel al diferen !,ei dc rnirrirncs.
trits[turi specifice dc la-o farnilie'
lui cle cvolu!ie prezintS
dc limbi lir alta' ^-^-^ .,,,t,
-.r aparc'
gcnul sub rn.mr
I J. F a rr b l6 c, Lurtgu,es t'naltttltt-pLtlyrtlll27111(t5, in vol. ,;Les
ln faza lui lcxicalI sau tlcicticl'in"clase "form'
dcosebiLe fot'rnal
langucs du monde", I)aris, igs?, 1r.680.
, N. \r. OhOtittA,
unci arrurnit. g.uf iii^o t"tti"t"lor
fItn,n:;t,r1"tr1 , Mosrrovlr,'l 1)G1 ,1t. 17.
evoluate' 3 J. Vcn drycs, ['c lurt.14rt.lir: ,l'ltl'is, {l}:ll,;r. 11ll'
pi'rtt ;t"iti'^at"*ttltrr clasc'' in acl'uale' Criberiilcse
forrne
4 II. \t. V e I I o n, ,5t{./ I't\r'rtl.u.l.iotr. l.tt. i:t'tt.n:i rlr'r ('rrs 0l l(s. l)ilrtu's
"tp.;t;l
intilnesc ir, itibale 4u tliscours, in ,,Bullel,irr tlo llr I'ocitil.r! tlrr l,irrgrrisl,irltlc rlrr I'ltris", vol'
^n3o'it*;;;ii;biitt
qruplrii qi, deci' il;;;f clast]o' virriaza: in general' se XXXIII, Iasc.2, p.219.
sru trtai pulin cscnIill::]' 6 Cf . 'C. NI c i ri lr o t, I)i.t rrl'riltl.tti.stlrrrt. I( Itsst:ttsltrutlr,on
iorireqte d" tu o'p"tid'mai mult' Ilcdeuturtg Iiir tlic Gcsr:lt'itltk: tlt:r ,\prttltt',,,Sr:itrtrlia", vol. X,\V, ltr'
.i.n.ilt'rcr
ili;;"t'"I";a"rr.r*it",- iittnx, dime'siu'c, natura natcrra-
99
9B 7'
 in sualrili ;ttttolo mzuri tva mgtaraltu, ameangulta, ,,acest copil
W. Wrrrr,ll,l rrPr0,,iir Iir lrr l}irzir clasificlrii in clase nOrninalc frurnos al arallrrlui a ctizttl,"; lu plrrrrtl: w2\IoIo wnzuri wa
a sLuI trri(,trri,,l g,,,,,:,',,i rrl rlilrrlrln!'ei de valori' al optizit'iei waaralttt. r,t+,{zvnc.u.ttgttltrz. lrr lilrrlrrt Irgirll i nrl\lok.o ltltlrt.o ltttl/rrult:
do rnirt'itrrtl, trltttl't[':tl'c trl't" itt"tltri\ itt trltt'tt l\iLtl?.tn nttt.ttttrttsrtttthr:lr:,,tttrtltrrlrr lirrgrrl'i rrtllttltt\l'tt.l,tt lltr vot
O lazri rtlLrrl'iorrlii ltt ovrtltt{'irt claselor a fost' s.ttrt sl,rirrttl,". l't'itt t'ttPtrl,itt'rtlt rrl'ixrrlrri rlrr r:lrrrtii r{rt t'('lllizcrrzri
elc au plirrriL 0it !.1(rtrilr rlisl,irrtrl,iv rtn ctlvirt[ (1ll s('lls l]{'lr|'l l{1'
exDrilnincl glcril s0rl)&rrt'irr:'i lrriti lulgit dirr cirrc lttr'r' Iitt ltr Ii itrrorrlrrJ ltt ttttttt;it', t'tit:i rrxisl,i Ir'r'lixI rlrlr.l il,r' ltr rtttrllttltrt'
stltl ltll I)l'()lllllllc- [tt rttt'sttl ltil{rt l('l lllrrl)ll' qi
- lrr lrlrrt'irl.
lrtrrrltt ;rtrr I,r ,rirrs,,.l isl,opici lor, lirrrlriltt t tttt' rrlttt()sc r:ltltttr tttttltittttltt
acesle elementc se l,ransforrni'r irr al'ixc. lrr lirrrltilt'
"uitintrlrcspccl-iv'
manifcsLii terrrlirrfa sirrrPlifir;lilii. ttt:trsl'ttrtt- l'ltt str rrrttlizrlitzli
numelol clc lor.rtrr'i' trsl'c li.strlrsl'rrrtltv
i*"it. specific clasei
tl. li.nitl. .sr,. Drln gruparea Inar rnrrltor clasc lrrl,r'-ttltit singurii: se ootrto-
;fi;ffii ;:;;;;;;;, prefixut ctasei de.'rr.r. in lirnba ('wc s(r])st'arr- iresc ir"i intii clasele dc singrrlar ryi plural ale aceleiagi no-
m{t-. care a insemnaI irri{'ial ,,&p5'",,ia-r
ilii"r _ ".";;i;'il;";"ir t"ii'.n at ciasei de din care' lace dinrirruLiv.2. iiuni, iar apoi are loo o contolriro 1ro baza unor criterii mai
"-
este ,n"t"* sferei semantice iargi.'Aqa cum au rernarcab c.crcctiit,olii, existenla claselor
Cfutiiit^tirul denlote otrds5.tur6 arhaic5, iar Jrroccstrl contopirii lor qi, deci
c. ru.t"rroi a cornpar.ar n mod foarl,e plastic
"J;;;;;rL. ctauiricutorii cu chcile Sieroglifelor chineze,
irrai.li'r"" care Ei simplificarea acordului, sc.icttlizrrrrzii rrrai rcpcde ln lim-
au rolul de a distinge hierdglifele a dourl cuvtnte omonrme' bile afarlinlnd ttnor poputn[,ii ttttti ttvtlttHtrt.cr. [istc aici un
A*tiii.*loti "*-o f[out din nrotive sintactice' paraleiism lnt're graclril ilc <lczv,ll,itt'tt tt liviliz.{,i*i ryi nivelul
x,I"#;- ;.i" ii*I.rii, ascmirrrll,or arrtlltria l)() oilr(r I t:ottsl'ttl,;ittr irr Pr0ccsul
;i;;;^;'ai., ,tr.n*ii"i"o ntotaului, a transferului lor Ia dispari{,iei forrneltlr ctitttrrcl,c ittl'trt'ttrltlittt'rr ltrl'r'c sirrgrrlrrr";i
cuvinte care expnma ""iit"i ttgatc dc numele respecli" qtil pluialr. Acolo urrtlu cl'i[,0]'irrl rcgrrrPiir.ii(rsl,0 ir,,r:lrr irl vi{)(,ii1i
a lost prtr'a
;;;i;il ;. iJJi' Btto d".1't"ti'p.qt :''i,aceasta al g.enului nal,rrr.:rl, n{t t,ror:c rlrr llr r,ltrsl lrr ;,1crr. lrr lirlrlriltt t:ttt'tl
formd
'" a marcarlr -."tJ"l'ii prJdicalrrltri sau at'r'ibutulu'i'
constituie situalia au"clasc rlolttilrrtl{, t,t'il,rrrirrl grrrrrrlrri ttttl,ttt'ttl nrr irrl'lltrrlryl'rl
O'a"""Je i" upti1i""f acestdi ipo.Lcze o
c]tincza lru arO adesea alirluri tlc tll,rt clil,rl'ii. lrr lilrrlrrl srrrrlrilirrxisl,r'i o rrlitgi"t
ain timla chinez[. Fiind limbl izolanti, Dar in cltinezd cle numc de fiilrl,c llttlllll(); ttl,trrrr:i trllttl, llt l)llslll(t, rrrrilttttkrl0
*iif""""
-trl.tantiv '
i.rrroilat" at -ntt"tn a Bcorclrrluiprirrro;[c. indit'elc silL clescrigc <tit irvittrl irrsrrsipi tttttcttt'sl'i (girrtlilc, lirrrbrrj
inso[,ib dc un ttttrnel'al
"ti'." i. .;;i;ii "purf i"r obict.Lrr'l clasificalorul
rlt'nrrnriL. AsLfcl etc.), nurnelc lol rr1llrril,ii,.i rr IoIrrl irrrlirrrlrri clttsci t:it.eitr ii
"i"r"i "i,l;;i; ."ptuiEtr planf primesc ul u,,,,1,, irl'.lirs.i rlr, rrrrrrrr (1. ()lr'r()'i. ltr lilrrba
';i;;;,- de obiecte,lenu"'e'sc
numele ""oiii".
CrelO ain'Iriberia srrlrsl,urrl.ivIlr,sr.iiil1rrrIl lrr rlorrri ttla8c: una
r;i"-ca.e "" ob'iecie ''u inj.er' Pl b.u:1".::,ti"
$;i*" de animale au clasificatorul d7i cLt'. St arcrgerlel'al
cltlsrrr- Ientru nume de fiin{o qi dc'olriot'l'rr Irrrrri 1i Prrlerrtice, qi cea-
la origine cuvinte nolionale care au sens lalt[ pentru nume de obierll,tr rnitri.
"uto"iiti"t lcpctaltu i19,i: Se observ[ ci, trepbal, nttntoltl tltr lttr:rttri tind sd formeze
In limbile ,u,I"r,*rr-ucorthrl marcat pri.nnumelut IrLl este o sinsurd clas5,'tn timp cc tltttttclc drr fiinte se grupeazd in
.oiui ao usd la verb sau la determinatrt'ii arol'tlrrl sc irrtil- clase"Dobrivit gcnului naLrrrill. lrr lilillr0 zande exist[ cinci
"f
lncL sencral rlsl,irrdltl-ln-iotrnu coml'lt'lu
irrrnrclrri srrlri.t't s. I'r'- clasc:'oameni cle stlx mascttlitr, ttlttllctti tlrl sex feminin, oa'
;;$;"t1,;'i;;iit"'t u"1,,. Ai,,i. ixrrl.
Ast'l'cl meni in genere fdrii spcei[ir.irlclr s,.rirrlrri, irrriilr{rlo,1.i oh.iecte.
p.in ',rcf pdrl'i tlc propt-rzi{ic'
ru toaic celelilte
"i-rig,ito. O clasifi6are asernllriitoltl'c s{'irrl'ilrrr';l. irt ttttt:ltt lilnbi cart-
Caziene. AStfcl irt Ittitjoli(,rrl,r'rr li,rrrlrilor t'rtttt,ttzirttlo rlrl cst
50. pp. 165- 173, in tratl' rus{ ln vul' "Ai[rprrr'rullcltoc tlsl'rttorrralrrro"'
M'ii'il,+: '1M.
Dcf lrf ttsstr, It:;tl,ts:"'stt,t1',r".ufrt.t'ri-rtrs,l'ur-litlt':,ritit'tt
.li,'l'"T t, ' o!!' ,r,r,1,0,
z D. Westermann, ,!r'il,,l{,
Plural-b.ilduttg ,,1/,lun,l,ll;,,1?*-#;,, ,,, graduelle, ln ,,llrrllrllirr llt' t;t Sor:tr!lri rlil l,llrFrtr:;lirlttt' d'r l'ill'ls"' vul'
"i;;;i;":4ri'tw' lrr t'rrtl' rusl ln vol' XXVII, laso. '1 , 1t. fil).
einigen afrikanischen .1.'
{9(i3' 2 Vezi P. 10u.
sar,rxoadaune",'Moscova, I) ?2'
"eOiit"iit."oe
101
100
(rrirlro rltr;-1lrr:Hltttlczr') sr, irrl'iltrtlso 1r clase nominalc' care cu- Irl gcrrczci, opozi[,ilr irrrirrrlrl,/ilrlrrirrrlrl, trrrr.(.ritt'il{]1,(}r lrol,irlnll
),,'it',f ttttr tltt lrrii'lrrrli ryi tlc ocupa!'ii birbtrteqti'. 1)urrr(r (lrl ,si rtrt osl,rr rlrros{.lrilri l.irlil,lrl.iv rl(! olrozi(iilrr cotrgl,ttl,ttl,rr lrr
' "ii iilrrlrilc r,tt r'lltstr tt,tttittltl. rl.r'il, ;rlirr t ittltr'l't'tttl t'i Ittt'g r:tt.
ll,llllll l' i1l' ll';;jli;"il ', lJ;li:l ;ili;i; l,xff,,lii'iiT#:;]l lilil'i:: :i:: pr.irrziil,0r.. (llr tl|lll,irrr.(l,, l,,rr, irlir ,,rr rr ilr' lr Prrl,rrl, lrirrt'r1il, rrrrrt
,,,,,,, , ltrr 1,ir,r'tlrrl, lrr rrllr.rlrlrl,rtrr'In in r'n(lt'rrl llrrnr'lol rrorrrt
,f irr li'r'bilc rrcgr',, rrlli,,rttr'. $i
aitl irltlit'rrlc rlrr r'lrrsr'i sr'
"i,f rr11lc,;rrrlr.i,rrlrr,l {,lt 1ilil(,rrrrrr;,lrlrr.irr,r,ir rrr'o|rlulut. Nlr,rrfrrtr';'1,;,
reuotilltirll'ilrrrt;ilrr1'r'r'tli'rtl-'Aslft'l.irrlrirIlrir':i:tt'ri'r Si irrl,lir,ilr,lr ci trrt li,,rlttl,ot't'rir l)l'(:('ttlltll'tt(r't lt tl,r't lttlttt cirtl it
fti'*ii.;;i; : -r''";,r'"/ejulrttti'.
' lriiirr,t ,i;rrj"h
ln ccItrttir
l:tl;r;''1't'''tt" t-r'
sittt'" (Nl) tt,ii t,, lrirzii, ci unor. ( rrzr. rii 1i, l. llrrrrrrrl,r.rrlr. lrrll rtrl.viit',
;;;;.';;;"hi, iar,,glca" : "t'tt itt I'irzii. gXisLtlt(,rli tllitst,lol tlotttittillrl ltl,rl;1{,tit tl t:ttttt:ttltl,t'itl,ti
tuo*u, iar ,,cu silrL" (lr) stt!'|.l.tl'
"-T;;r*t"t;u..n lonrlnalc irr cllrstr c,trst'it'rriltr .prr
-
asupra subiccLrrlui cttrtl, tlrrIii (rrrlll i'i it vr'tzttL, ili irttpriDra
"torLtor piir'{,iltr lrlopozi{'iei- Ulterior,-lns5.,
; -at.u sa forrnalir Ia loaLo
nim ttl*tiutr &' i;"1' ffi:" ##J,';i ii':'ixif'i lll;
{l
o datd cu cornplicarea raporl,trrilttr'lrl l'r'rtzir qi cu dezvoltarea
fi"'."ri"-q;-i;;iii. au fosb; la originc' sisLemului cazual, aparc rr(r('{'si I lrl,r';r rl islingcrtt clare -a.-su-
illt:l ii '']i::1"-" biectului de obicr'1, in corrdrIiilc rrrrr'i lof ici libcre. Meillet
I *:g l'"ff :' *; .lf if
tlll,t H' ffi ;i'T'iJ;Tli :.-:l Ji'Jl!
: a explicat in mod convingiil,or lttrttl,t'tt rrc irr limba comund.
;;l;; f;;; i"ii*r'clasa in care s-au contopit nume.de per- indoleurorreanii nurnole tkt l'iin (r: irrr l'olrrrrr cir.zuale diferite
-*"1, ar rlinld de sex masculirr, de obiecle.mari-qi puter- la nOmirrativ qi la. acuza[,i.v, .$1rI'0 rlr,osclrilo rlrr rrttrnc]e de lu-
i"t de fiin!'e de sex fe-
femihlnut, clasti pentru nume crurl. carc au o sltrglil,t'i rl()sirrr.rrIi'r: rrrrrrrclc irrrirrrate puteau
""i...
minin qi dc obiecte mici2' funcLiona irr Il'azi ;i {.it strlrir', lc si ' rt 0lrit'r'l'r, ir;11 irlt:it' lipsa
Pe o rrerioaae -ai-lnaclurrgatl cvolrr!ia gcnrrlui
poalc f i diSLiircli,,i l',,r.rrritl,,irrl.r.rr rr,rrrrirrrrl.ry l.i rrlttzltl.iv ptr[,ea CrCa
,r.*etith in isloria limbilor indo-curopcnc' corrfuzii. I)0rio0lrrl arrrlrigrril,ii {,ii rrrr cx isl,ir lrrsr\ lrr tlazul nu-.
Existent,a in tre.uf a clasclor norniiralclaintrosLulat't'a
numcroasc fa' melol irtlrrtitrtitl,tr, rrirl'r, l'riir,,1,i,,ttlt,,,,l,' I'r'grrlii , trit o}.iecbo ale'
milii de limbi i-a,l;; p" unii ce'ceLirt.ri cxis- verbclor tritttzi['ivc, irPiilirrrI itt t',1 rlrr stti'itrtrt' Iltltttui in rnod
#;j;i";";il;. -:i i.i.-"" r"rl i'il"1,,'ir,rut,i a p.oLolinrbii exCcpfiorrrrl. li-rl,r.iirrril, plirr lrri.i loirc0 llcxiortttt'0, gtlnul_dC-
",*i
indo-europcne.S-aincercatchiarsiiserersLabileasc5sensu^
lrrorl'olirgirrii. I'll sc rrxl'irrrlrl 1rri.. acord la
virrc',', t'irLeg'r'i,i .virr,iirlril,
do rudc.ie' prrli'ale cor- c'vi'tcle ,,,i-g,,,, cit.rr iqi cl.ctrzti, ir.li'il,rrri dc para-
ili;"lTf;;r*it"r"ti"rne: nume dc colecti.vc' tru-ntc digurc irr t.lar,t rlcsirrrrrrt,ir rrorrrirr:rl,ivrrlui csl,rr irlcntitr{ cu cea
,ruroc de insirumenLc, -1"- l*::l
"iti"r,
5i"^.;.'t" misuri indicii dc clasl au tlaL nal[erc unor -lor]ne a icuzalivrrlrri, o illLii Pilr,irrligrrlli , irr r,irro r,irzul subiect are
"" a. u.orJ-"tit g""" cle arltat'- dar,e pr.obabil cd o marcI distirrcl,ivir ltr,oPrio. (iii |ilr.irrligrrrir animatului este
;i'*i;f l;.turile s-au petricut aseme'i altor Iirnbi care cu-
""*pfi""i" mai noutr rczull[, dui'Lt ilil'cl'ea t't'l't'rrtii l,r'ilor, din trecvenla
claie nominale. formelor cu desinen[,a iaro, ditt rroitt';irlcn{'a formalS' a mdr-
""F;r;;;;
nosc
fi rcconstituitd penlru ritT,!1 cii acuzativului cu afixul dc rttltL(rt (-m, -n)'. Acest
-oi"\r."t,L'.are poate de oliiecte cunosc-opozllla fapt confirml ipoleza lui Il. Ilirl. polriviL clreia neutruJ,
comunS. este aceea ln care numele
;;;i;;;;;r1 oninioi ryi ccl inanir''at' Din puncLul dc vcdcrc privenit din inanimat, reprezitrl,ri d liirniryiIir din perioada
iare ureccdI apariLia getttr]rri.
1 G. v a n B u I c h, lJnin'.;;\tooi' "Lcs iangucs du trtott- L,dt-u faz5 irlLc;ioiu'ri tr lirrrlrii irr,l,,,,ril'{)l,,,nr', r,1,ozi(ilt
Langucs
bipartil,I dc gCrr Sc Ir.rrrrsl,'r'rilrr i11 r,.1,,rzitir, lIi;rrrr'l,il,ii . ltt r.'rt'
^r^#S^#i'i:,i;;':i', "r^ ',',';a,f;.,1.' ,"1",0 o',,1,,xi 1." )oii'k;'i!:' drul atrirrrrrLriirri irr,,r'1rc sri rrlrlrni rlisl irrr'Iilr rlirrltl tttrtrrlttlitt
,

tttts;i' n3 t; .t;,?f,l' r* rsprurg ttcr irul. gcr ntctniscren D ettlina'

(J
I Cf. A. A. L (l {) ll I r ,' v, lJ't,trtrtt,rt't'it:ttttt' tt ttt'l)tttttttttL(lit ttttt:
u
pd,asunntc JrJblttu, Mosrlttvlt, lll(;:1, 1t. ll{)-
1
rion, Gottingen' 1947.

103
102
;i l',,111irri,r. S,rl, tr:t1r.r:t,1;l l',,rmttlor animabul devine mascll'
lirr, iitl irurrrirrrrrl,rrl rlrrvirrc ttoubru, La tema rnasculirrultri
sr ;trltlugli r1l'i.rrr sPlr,irtlrr Ptrttt,ru marcarea Ieminintrlui.
S irr' pr'i lclr, lrr lrrirrur vcrlct'o, cd scindalea artitttitLtrltri irr
nrilscrlirr ryi l'rrrrrirrirr trt'c Lt lrazl criterii sclltallt,icrl. l)ttt'lrt
l'itzu. ltr (ir.\to ar'(i lot; ttt:t:st, l)I'oocs genul dcvtltristl o lttl,cllttt'ic
11l'anrtttici-tldi, stlbol'(lorltrI ltlgilor gl'arnaLitlIlc. r\sit ('rrrtr rJ i\
rnai qm[a[, defertrrittan[tr in accasl,[ prt.,.lrlt,rrr;i I'slc irlrlrliIirr
genului arlaforic. Pentru distinclia gctttrltri tritl,rrlttl lrt srrlr-
stantiv'e erau suficiente mijloacelc lexicaltl, srrlrlrrl,ivisrrrrrl
bos - uq,cca) si moliunea. I)ovada rlr"r lu
(mater
iubstantivt - pater, opozi[,ia masculin * feminin nu cl'a rnorf olo-
gicd ne-o dI faptul cd. ea nu era marcabd nici prin t,ipul de
ieml (in latind gdsim sti'ba M { si'Iua F, lrcrtus M qi /agas
F, rer'M gi ler F, erercitus M qi manus Ii , rneridies lI gi res
F) pi nici prin flexiune. Din punct de vedere gramatical ge-
nui unui iubstantiv indo-eurbpcan er& definit prirt acord:
bonus rer dar bona ler.
Idoea cd marca opoziliei dirttre masculin qi ferninin a apd-
rut mai intti la cuvintele cu gcn va,riabil a losI formu]a[it
adesea de cdtre indo-europeniryli. S-a corlsidcrat trllool'i
rolul pfincipal revine adjectivului dar,. rlrrPi , rrrrr 1re l.rrtnir
dreptate obiecteaz[ A. Marl,irrcl,r, lirrgi'r rtrrr^. <1. I'ii.[,tt
de iex feminin notarea genul,ri l. a<ljo.liv.
'c irr li l',s1, 1rlrr,-
nasticS. iar ne linS5. nume do lr.rcrtrli I'ctttirrittrrl lttljrrrrt,ivrrlrri
nu avea lici o jusiificare sernapl,isL Nlui rrrrrl[,i .c1r.t,aL,r'i,
printre care II . Steinthal, II. I'arrl, ll. Ililt,,'A. NlrrilleL arr
considerat cd in indo-europeanl opozit,ia grarnaLicahi de
gen s-a realizat mai lntli la pronunre, dc la care ar fi fosl'
t"ransferatd. la adjective qi nume. Se remarc[ intr-adev5r cd
sint limbi care nu au gen declt la prollulne' dupd cum sint
altele (ex, engleza) in care opozitria M , F se pdstreazii nu-
mai la'prottume. Relulnd aceastl. problemtr, Martinel, ex-
ulicit nriorifaLea aparifi('i gcnrrhri la protrtrttrc dirl lIc{'csi-
latca d" {r nlur{.u fUIrrral gerrul urrei fiirr!c de scx [t,tttittitt
al clrci ntlrl]c l]tl e llrczcttt in context. Genul ar f i fosl, rlot'aI
rnai intii la demoristrative' apoi la pronurnele personal la
I A. M a r l, i n e L, Le genre ftntinin ett itttlo-curult|tnt elutttetr
l'onctionnel rlu problCnte' in,,Bullctin de la Soci6l0 dt' Lirrguistique de
Paris", vol. LiI, fasc. 1, p.9.
104
pcrso{lnlr a lll-ir ([r'or:1'(rrrl, I'ot'trr:rl,;rt' lritzrt rlcrtrorrstrtrl,ivrrlui),
la adjrrcl,ivc si lir srrlrsl,irrrl,ivr', Irr rrlr'11r'r'r'rr irr lirrrbn irrrlo-crr-
rttPoittti ir sul'ixrrlrri (/ (';r nriu'r'rr rlr'llrttnrn l)llr'{r sii Iijrr.
citt, tttt t'ol ilrrIot'l,rtrrl, 1rt'r'zcn(lr rtcr';llrrt r;ttltr ltt trrrtll,r' 111;y111r tltt
liirr(,rr rlc scx lcttrirrirr. l'r'in ,ilrrlt'1'tt' ,,,',,,t,,rl.icrl, lrlotttttttr'lr'
itt -c sr. r'itlrollcrrillr lrr rrll,r' ntrnr{'r'u rtlr'lrtrt rr'rrrr, rr;,ttt lirrltrrl
trlLttt' f,r'rrrr' (tttrtlr'r, rrtrrrt:; ), i.rr grlrrr ttttttltt;'tt' lottltttltj, ltt
IIunlo rlc lttr,t'ttt'i t'tt l,r'tttlt irr tl. I'r' l,rtztr trotrritrttl,rvttltti
lrr-a sc rrlcoazii itcrrzill,ivul, trPoi r,trzrrrilrr olrlir:c. (lrrvirrl,rrlt:
cu gcn variabil rrtai lioi dolrirrrlrrsc itt:uttt t,t'tri llaradignrc.
Este greu de stabilit pcrioadir apariliei opoziliei mascu-
lin-feminin in indo-europeanii. l)uprl Meilletr, ea s-ar fi
produs relativ tirziu, in epoca dcsprinderii ultimelor grup.e
ile limbi din trunchiul comun. Sc obscrvii c[ aceastS. opozi-
lie nu o lntilnim tn hit,itri, lirnlri crr l,cxtc din mileniul ql
II-lea i.e.n. Ilitita cunoaqlc rtturtiti rlisl,irrc[,irr dintre animat
gi inaninrat, dintre subiecl,trl ltt:l,iv rtl ,,tt,'1 lqrrf itlni verbale
gi obicct,ul ei pol,enlria12. Sopi\r'ltlclt lrr rrtrtscrrlirr rsi fcminin
csl,c realizttIir par[,ial ln ]irnbikr sil,rritl,rr lrr rrrii lrtl,rlrttlo; in
arrncarrir e prrlin dczvolLatii, in latirrii o r'cl)r'(!z{rrrl,rrl,r\ ltrrntoi
la adjcctivclo rtrs,i noi dtr doolinlrilo I ryi rr ll'tr, lipntrryt,rl lrr
oi"t
unclc folrlrc alc pr'orrurrrclor delnorrsl,rrtt,ivo ryi irrl,r:rogtrl,ivtl.
lia osl,<l lrrtti trxt,irrsii irr linrllilo din ccrrt,l'rrl l,oril,olirrlrri inrlo-
clrrol)oi\n, gct'rrr{Initrtt, llitll,irtc, slavtt, gt'ttitr:l\, tltsi lttt llr ogulil
rnirsrrrri lt l,ortLc (rill,clloli ilc rtotrtittaltt.
'l'rrrrrlirr[,rr lirrrltilol' irttltt ttut'ttltctttt it foill, llt:ttclt tltl u lrrtrlri
olrozi[,iir tlirrl,r'c rrtitst'ttlirr ryi I'crtrirtilr. l)rrpr\ A. Mrlillr:t,
1a1rl,rrlsg s.xplili p1i1 it(r{rsir r:ir rrlrqzi('itr itt'rt ltt ltuzii rrn t:riteriu
nol,iotralr'. Irr fapt,, trxt,itttlcl'ttlr rcalizlrrrlrr-so ,si pe bazI de
1 A. M e i I I c t, Essai tle ckronol<tgie dcs longues ind'o'europcennes'
'la Societ-e dc Linguistique de
La thcqrie du fcnr.-;itin,ln ,,Bulletin de
Paris", vol. XXXI I, fasc. 1, pp. 20- 22.
2 Existi si tcoria dupi carb-situaLia tlin hititd e nou{, reflectind
o reorganizaie a genului . Ct. L. ll j'cl ttr s I e v, Animc et inanim[,
persott"nel et ron-/rrsonnal, ln,,llssaii lilrguistirltrt's" TCLC, 1959, p.
ifO 9i J. Itur-ylowicz ln vol. l'rurced.ittgs uf theE-ighth_Inter-.
national Congress'of Linguists, Uslo, 1958, p. 6lit. I. M. Tronski
relevd c[ ge"nul cornun lin lrititn r:eprcz.int[ sttrna Mf tr', ln timp'
ce anirnatul indo-european c o catcgorie cottr;rlexrl sub aspect sc-
marrtic, O6u.pttu,loeopottcticnue rrJLtnoaue coctnoflHue, Leningrad, 1967'
p.
- 60.
3Cf.recenzialuiA. Meillct lulucrarealui Ir. Gerlach-
Il o y e n, I)ie nonirrulen Klussi[ikations-systeme in d'en Sprachen der
105
Criterii formale, ca tluor) la o gfripfli"e'artificiald a numelori rrrli ,',rrrr1,l,'xtt rti ttll ttrtli l,opici lilrrrlrr, $() (:{rr() 111i llrtlglant
in.clasele numiie gert. Ilnolc limbi (romanice fdrd romiittii' rt,,,t',',,,',',t ttlot'tlttlttt ltrl't'rr l,ct'tttotlii ttttrli sirtt,ttgrlttl. Gr:nul
balLicc, nlbancza) dcsfiin,teazd categoria nctrlrrr I rt i, rlislrrtlrr rr,,olo tttrll gr, It'ttttttl'ot'trrir lrrl,r' o ctll,tlgoritt.fortlalll ,
".fti.".
transformind genul lntr-o cla.l,ogorie pur formald; ln [olrrrlirrri ;rlirr rr,'1,,,1.r'ivtlltt rlttrl t'rr r'l rri plt'rrttl tlttl,ttt'ttl, irrr rliullrrril,itt
,i ir-uaoa sirilplificarca e lrrsogibI de motivare, itt .o.Ht'rrll(rlt
strttrttl cri irri ,*ir,,irlil'r, rr rrlt rrr'l ttt'tt p1rrirr,,l.ir'rrliir. S1 prlttl,rt ttrltrril,rr r:tI
ie revine la opozi6ie anirnul, - i'anirnab, i' tirrrlr pl.t)zrfltl,ti srrrr ltpnrr gr,trtrlrri 11t'rrrrrrrl,ir'ttl tttt ttl'rrr:l,trttzt'l rlrrlil,trl'otr
ii ii^f it" g.r**n'ir" gi slavo co'birruI sir rlivizirr irrmi lirrrlril. llrrIoll.rrl, ltt tttr',,lttl 11r'ttt'l'ttl trl rrrrr,i lirlrlri, grr-
irea tripart'itd a genului. 'risl,t'trz.rr rrrrJ nrr rrsl,c rriliil,,,.rrrrr rrrr irrrlir.l rrl rrl,rrrlirrlrri oi rlrr rrvoltr[,io,
---n"otirtiu
genul-ui se realizeazd in divorso_ lirlrlri Ir'irr.r.rrij- I,'irpLtrl csl,tt cxlrlicirlril tlttrrtr ttrr glrrrlittt.,'it ttttttttri irr lot'rrrtlltr
loace dif'eril"e' cu toate acesl'ea se obscrvri '1i- rtrrrr'lrr l'.rrrlirrlrr lui'inoi;riorr[,0 g0urrl 0or0sprrrrtlo rriv0lrrlrri rlc girrtlirc.al_vtr"r-
comune. In limbile care cunosc clase nonriualc csLc cvtdcrrLd bitoriloi; r-rltei;ior, cl esLo supus sisl,r;ttttrltt i gramatical. In
i""ai"ta de simpliticare a numdrului lor, -prin grul)alea legriturl cu acest aspecL ul pi'oblt'rrrt'i, (l- Nlcinho[3 .q emis
mai multor clas^e dupl criLerii avind la bazi [rtisirturt ideea tlependen[,ci g'enuhri de liprrl rrrorlologic al ]imbii:
-iunii" ii esenfialc ale obiectelor. O datd cu aceas[a se ob- limbile izolante.sint timf i 'fiilii gcrr, Iirrrbile aglutinante au
li"u rl 6 simpllficare a acordului. Are loc totodatd gi o. evo- clase nominale, iar limbile I'ltrxiorrtrlr, rtrr H{)ll' ca o faz[ mai
i"ii"'" miilo'acelor de marcare a claselor, de la varialiacate- de evoluatd a clasclor trorninalo. l)rrsigrrl rrir siLrrlr[,iit pe care o
i"i". i" Un pas inainte ln sistematizarea acestei prezinti ]inrbile e sLe nrai cotttplttxli, rllrt', lrr lirrii. lttari, cer-
realizeazd'prin morlologizarea ei' De la limbile cu
;;;li ;; "tixe. cetdtorul gerlnan are tlt'tr1rl'lrl't', ltt st'1's" l cii l'i1rrr I sl'rtrcLurii
Elase la limbile cu gen numdrul cabegoriilor concrete se re- mOrfologic-e dclerrnirri-r, iir rnir|r, liliisrrr.r'i , rlir.rrrr[,irr rsi rilnttrl
;;;;. jil tititt""I # simplificd. 1n evolul,ia limbilor indo- evolu[,iei genrrlui.
qi
euroDene se observd tendirr['a unilicdrii Lemelor dupa gen' Sprb dcrxebit'c rltl goll' lllttttrirtll itt't'its1t.r'l'r'ttltri.itstrlttltttit-
deoi'a stabilirii unoi tipuri de flexiunc Pc get' . ,. toare i1 divclst: liurlri, (ro()il (r(r ttlttt'trltzii ..lrtpttt'1t['ttt' (
'l)()zl-
.Uniicercebdtoriconsiderlcdstmpltltcal'eaEldlspartlla lia de ntrrrtiir t:st,tl, lrritt (!ti()ll{,it rli, rtpozi[,it'r'otttrrtlrltltrlti,..ittr
Eenului intr-o serie de lirnbi se explicI prin aceea cd' Irrnd
o istoria accslei r,,al,cg0r'ii lirrgvirrl,ir.rr r0llrrr.l,ri rlr,rIrrl rlo lilrr-,
E"t.g"rit lingvistici fdrd legdturd cu calcgoTiilq,,"ol..".g-P- pede evolu!ia progrlcsivii ir girrrlir.ii.lrr rlorrtr,rrirrl|'rrJr0rl,trril()r
tual6. el nu este necesar limbii qi, ca a[are' prln dlsparl.tla iantitativc. Accst,t: l,r'iisril,rrri l){)l'rtril, r:r'l'rrcl,i'rl,ot'ilot', llt lttui
lui, limba scap[ de un balasL inul'i]1' realit[{,ii2..criteriile
--irir,,'*1iu male InIsut'ii tlctril, lir irll,l} citl,cgttt'iirrror'l'ologitrtt, slt irt ('rtrPrc-
cdrespunde numai. par!ial tezc difcrorr(,clc rlilrt,r'c lirrrlri 'irr l'ttltttttlrtt'trtt tttttttlit'rlltri ca
a" .ta*iriiure pe $etturi re-pre-z.int[-concopte' $poi'slsLelnul
ry ":t: treptc mai ovoltruLc sittt trliti ptl(irr rrl'olrrirl,tt, r'u formc de
de inleles de ce atiU de mul[e limbi qi-ar fi incdrcaL exorimarc a lui rnui ut'lraicr, "'111 v11;1i lf i-
de pini aic.i se desprinde
;; ;'ffi;g;;ie inutild- Din disculiasau-alta, dategoria numimlui a losI llr or'i;1irtc t'aLcgorie lexicali'
id";.';[ ;;nul apare, intr-o formd d.in. necesitatea La lncdput au cxistat, nurne diftrlil,o lrtttrt,ru obiecte indivi-
a. ritt.*1t\zare. Creqterea numS.rului de cuvinte impune o duale qi nume colective pentrrr ut,cliraqi obiecte in grup''
,
;;;;tffi-;pecializare'a temelor,pe categori.i..s.qpantig"; ]iI .. :.
prefixele d'e clasl apar atunci clnd, ln condtlttle rlncl lrazc I DluI nlrcr{ra urror. linqvillir:lr A. Nltillr.l, t)..1 csperscn, Haver'
disnaritia ucnului ln,'nglr,z,ii t'sl,'o ttt:rtr:i 1'villlttl:i:l l)rograsllllti' Cfl
tr;;hr.yiena,1929, in ,,IJulIetin de la Soci6te dc Linguistique de Paris"
'
ll,'S e'i tl c l, Gibt ,'s airt (J,'nrts Itt'r'st)tuth'.', ,, llrrllllirr lirrguis[it1ue"
vo!. XXXI, fasc. 3, PP. 4-14' vol. XVl, 1948, p. (i.
'-'i ci.-r. F o d o l, Tht origin of Grammatical Cend'er in,,Lingua"' Llro Prr:sorrcc or rlbstttttttr of grrlttlttt ltfftlr:ts
2 "l'lris is rroi, l,il slry l,lrirl,
VIll, fasc. 2, 1.959, pp. 197-198' ?05' in {rny way l,lto rlttlrlil,v ol'l,lro litttgtt:t1;o, tttlrkos i(, ltel,l'tll'. t.tt worstt',
vol.
'"'; ii.^'i. -K';i't .
t;'*^'i c z, L'cvollttion.d'es..ca-ttgoric^s^ gramntari' l.Ii'orlor', 0l). tLl.., 1t. 205.
s I)ie Iin.tsit'lut.ng Iliktit'r1t111l.r,7,l1tr4dtcl,
,aZrriin vot. ;ftoniOmes du langage", Palis, 1966, p' G3' l]crlin, 1939.

106 107
f,'olrrrrr rlc rrxll'irnru'r1 (,r'{r srr;rlcl,ivistnul (tipul onL - poporl
col)dc -- ltiirl ru'r). Alcrrsl,r'i Iirzii ir Lisat urme in istoria unor
lirnbi ryi sc rnrri irtl,ilrrrrlil,rr si rrsl,iizi in unele dialectc l,ribuLt
aparl,inlnd lrttor rrolccl,iv i l,:i 1,i rl irtLre cele mai ittapoiulcr.
Irapbul oi rli[clcrr{,rr rlr: trtrtttrit'c la originc o tI'iisit,rrlil srr
manl,icd rczull,ii rsi dirr:rcrt'ir tri, in perioadi\ <rottst,il,rrilii clrr-
selor norninale, difcrcrt('a rltl'rrrrrlril' o lllt ct'il,rrlirr rlrr it,'t'litsi
tip cu ceJelalte criterii carc difcrcn[,iazii cllrsclc. A;ir s{) ('x-
plic[ de ce numole de obieote la singrrlttt'pi rrrrlc rlrr olrit'r'l,rr
in grup aparlin unor clasc diferite. Ast,fcl irr strllrili cxisl'ri
o clasd. de nume de oarncni la singular cu prcfixul nt.- (nLl,LL
,,om'(, m,wana,,fiu", ,,fiicrl"), qi o clasI de nume de oarncrri in
colectiv 0u prefixul wa- (watu ,,.oanteni", .ryana. ,,f.ii" '
,,fiice"), o clasS pentru numele pdr[,ilor corpului la singular
(mkono,,min5.") gi una pentru aocleafli nume la plural (mi
kono ,,mlini"). Exemple sjmilare se intilnesc in rnajoritatea
limbiior negro-africaire. ln aoest stadiu iru avem a face cu
un afix de plural propriu-zis, ci cu afixc pentru colectivc.
Varialia afiielor pentru nume de obiectc in grup e condi!'i-
onatd
"^- strict de sensul lor.
t;i.;i;;a" gtt*"titui iret i i c:rt,c goric i nurnil^r lu'] af i xul
de colbctiv devine marc5. a pluralului. Ircnonlcnttl s-a petre-
cut in istoria mai multor lirnbiqi a fost observat qi in indo-
europeand la desinen!a de ncrrLru plrrral in-4. Dovarla cri
la origine afixrrlera ntarca colcclivrrlrli c drtli de fapLul t'ii
in multe familii de limbi de pc glolt rtunrcJc de obiecle nu
au plural, iar acordul ou colectivul sc facc la singular dupl
binbcunoscuta reguld. cd (Qa rp4-aet, existenttr ;i ln vedicl
qi avesticd. qi in multe limbi ncindo-europene. Dupd
I. M. Tronski, formele de plural a.u apdrul nai lntii la
an ima[e2.
PlnI in prezent nu a {ost inci studiati, pe planul lingvis-
ticii gencrile, rela{,ia clintre nlrmeral.qi rtunlr. Ca partc de
vorbiie, numeralcle sc corrsl,il,uie tlrziu; mrrltir \/reIno dct,er-
minarea oarrtitaLivl a obiccLclol' s-a realizaI lrlirr l'or'rrro sptl-
ciale ale numclor trare dcsernrlau douh, trei sau palt'u obirltrt,rl
Asemenea nurlc aveau lorme diferit,e dupl clasele tlorttittu'
I e. Lo u k o Lka, I*s langues papoues,ln vol.,,Les langues t
monde", Paris, 1952, p. 'J27.
1I. M, Tronski, op.cit.,p.68.
108
(rilorrr lc irlritr'l,incarr crrvint,olc. A;a se constituie categoriile
rlrrrlrrlrri, l,r'irrlrrlrri ;i r;rrrrl,r'irrlulrri, carc au supravieluit tn
rrrrr[c lirrrlri I,r'ilrrrlrr rlc,lrsl,;izi. Ascrrrcrtcit forrne se intilnesc
irr lirrrlrilc rrrolrrrrczi{'no) rusl,l'rrlictrc, irr lirnlliltl polineziene
rlirr Noi lr' l lclrlirlrr, Nourr ( lrrilrrrr, tl irr rrrlriltclrrgul Bjsmarck
1i insrrlllc Solorrrorr. l'r' lrrir'(ilrr lirrllvisl,ir:rr lrrl,ottnrito de
W. Sr,lrrrrir.l l, zolrclr, lirrtrlr rsli( ('i u ;rscrrrl'ttcit I'ortttt: r:ttrcslluntl
ariilol cll 1r111[11y'1q (](]ir nliri irrrrlroirrl,ii. Arlcscir, ca lrr limbile
aust,r'alicnc qi paprrusc, clc trJ,ttr ltr o spetril'icare a formei dc
colectiv. Pe rnlsurd ce se corrst,itrric rrrtmcralele, asemenea
forme devin inutile, iar opozi{,iir Icxical{ individual-colec-
tiv se transforrn{ in opozil,ilr grrrrrrrrt,ictrL\ abstractd singular-
plural.
' Fprmele de dual au cottt,itttrul, irrsri rli pu'sisl'e o vreme ln-
delungatd, cu frrnc[,ia sptltriirlii rt trtlru'ii olritcl,rrlor Jrorechi.
Se qtie cti limba ittdo-crtl'rt;t,'rtrt:t .orttttttrl ltrl,rrt'it llr rrrotl ro-
gulat drralul la rttrnttt,si vrrt'lrr'. l'l I rr rr lrrlrrlrrrl ltr rlirrlcr'l,rrlrr
vechi indo-iranicttc, irr sllrvrr vr,r'lrr,, irr rltrrl.r'lr,trlr, lirrrlrii
grccc;t,i (pirrI lrr fol'tttttl't'tt lirrrlrrrvrlt.vit), itt lrlttrrttti, llr llrlr'
din got,irrti 1i it'lrtrrrlr,zrt \'('( ll(', lrr llxlr'll t.r'ltt tttrrt'rrlt ;'trrt'i
in sct:oltrl rrl X lll llrr, trrlrl rrtlll :rtttr trttrr Itr{ttt .lltltrr ltr
sullsLtrrrtivr', lrrljcr'livt', g,tottltrnl'irt vlllrl li tr rrrtl,lttttttl tt,lt'
$ea t){-\r'olclisrrrrrl rlirrtlt t tltrrttl t'ltttttttttt tt lt'ttttt'l.t tttlt'tlltt'
ditrrit irrl,r't' sirrgrrlrrr' 1i ;rlrrlrrl rrt lrltrrtrl rllzr',,llfrt ll vr('lrr 'r(l
cillg ryi it rrivlltrlrri llirrrlirir' S rr ('l)'rt't\rrl trrrllr'l r':i tltttllr'l'r'lr'
gt'cttt:sl i cttlrl ttrr lrillrlrrl rlrrrrlrrl lrrr';r rlrtr r'lro{ lt l)li'lrlll}l l{ li
slrrl,;ri ggltt lttiti t'v6lttlrlp rtt , t,l,,sJtlttt,l t,'11'rrlltlttt't tt 1 t tvtlt-
Za!,ie lnai irrllolil,oitt'c (r'olotrirlrrr')t.I'tttttllltlrlttl lrttttiltttt, tttt
lost eviden{,ialtr ryi irr lirrrlrill ttgt'o lttttll st slrrtiLit,tr, ttttde
dualul a disltdlut dc Lirnprrrirr rlirt rrsit i:rtrii ryi cbluicii, dar
s-a pIsbrat in clialecLerlo aI'ttl)o itlt, ttrtttt't,ribrri tnai lnapo-
iate.
ln evolu!ia categoriei IIllIr)Irlrlu i st' obscrvtl Lendinla con-
stantS. spre abstractizaro qi sirrrplilit'trrrr; csl,c evjdent cd
stabilirea ollozil,iei bintrtt trltll - rr()rr rrrllt csl,c rtlzttltuttll
abstracl,iziirii glrrrlirii, rrl lt'cctrt'ii rlc lrr t'()llr'oz()rrltiri corttlt'tlt,t,'
,1lc rrrrrIl,i1rlirril,lil,ii l;t o I{'l)r'(rz(rlrIitrc ltlrsl,t'itll,ir:.
t .l. V (, tt (l r y r':i, /,r' Iutt(:tti:t',I'irlis,lg2'l, p. /r1{i ryi A. M o i l-
.y 1., tlltt'r1:rt d'uru' ltistoin rlr lu lungur: gn'tqtttr, l'ttris, 19:lt)' p.273.
"t ' V. V. I v lt tt \t v, I'tutttlttntt.c t'punt,nuttnul(,c|oito cD,pola Pycc6oeo
,ror'rtu, Moscova, 19G0, p. 4lr.
109
 rir,11,rlr,rr,' l,r'r.pl,;rl, rlr,,(,.ritl l,r'.1,'ri.rrl iri
rt"tl.l'rttiitli-
1{eflecLitrtl lrtr ltspcll ''s''r'(ial al obiecteior. rcalil'ri1ii -- furr.l,i.
1,,,,,,,i,""'tlt'lttirotlrttl 1'] l.rrllltl('ltlrllll)lllll)(\(:
cantitatea itt I't.rt'tttit t'i .t'rt trrlLi gcnera'lI - cat'egotlil lltllllrl zcttzl'i lrrilt'\l)1
l,rrl irrl,olt:t(tt't 1'11 t ttr:ttrlllr ltllrrl'' lrlrl' lllt lttl '1r ' 1r r't'lJlll\('ll!'
i;11t.r1;1,
r"i"i"a "iisLaL rlrrrlt,li vt'(rrrro tturnai tla o ca[eg.ritt,.tlrrir:l'ttrrr ' ltttt tt'tlrllrtr\
'i rr ilfara rela!,iilor lor dirr l'r'irzii . Ar; lrtrrl,1tr,,,,,,1,'*l,ttl lt:rzct' lrr l''lttl;tlt'ltltl
,i""iti"e ""nrelor., clriirr, ,,r,,', ,,y1lill irrrrl,r' l;r t:'tllt''tlll | llrllr lrltzr'l'' l'lIr tttrltt
| )r'rrtf'ttlt'tl
:H;il;"J;;i;";i,;;',; ,ll"i Li"i', pri' ac,r'<l' ltr .r,lrrIi:r lll :lll'' t'rtr' ltltllt'tttl't|t'
fat'tr-'r'ii .xLI'itlirrg'v.isL.i.i .j':r.i rrtr t'l tttttt rrli*,11,' ( itzlritl{r ll iltl r''''rl It"'
, 11r l't
;;;t;;i .r,,'ir ( r' l,t r\r'Llr' l\ir:i irtrr ttvtrl, itl \'('(ltlll'llllllllll lllztt ll'lt 11111t vl't
lttt' 1t( lr{'ll ( illl'
i."oorLo"L d"ccit cei grunrirli,,uli, rrrai lrl,,s irr
"*r,"eo,'ii
rlirr sirrlittit rrt.l''xtr:' l'l xl'lr.rtl'r;r
nuLu I cal"egorici'
iii't,t',ig,t tt,,rrri.i l,rril,.t'igirr.ir l,.ttl.,
conli
""^l-L;;;|" I'.t'ttrrtttrtt .rtzttt il'r' (:()rIfir-
o" uip.i**re variazd.gi clc rl0 llr r,0Lrpcttlt'tt l11r.i1rnl0 a!i" adcrivalir ,.rrt,r'rr
d".at""ilitle unii cercci,ittori oa l'iirrrl rrtiti vrrtrlti2''l'ranslormarca
Ia sintacLii'e (rcdulrlicur'{')' rt
*o,t.'tJii;tt;ti trr p'rtpozi!'ii qi afixe cu valori
1*rpf"ii"it-i l',.otctlcc
il,t#;,il,t il";J; il:i,i'.1 iil ii,i'" i :.#
i.".", el a'o o "1";'i'
JJ :
i i:l i
fazd lexicali, iiind
;[ unor cuvint"
locale e abestatii "., in irffi o iti,,l t,,,,i I i rir lr i.,'l rr etape diverse.'. Ea
poaLe fi urrndritd -;i;;;l;tiirrrl'il" rrglirIirr..ie' unde afixe-
,lu"io'J.lpi""ie qi^a" rru.
it"lql pnttt"u"l urpo"ritl Iorrrrrr l' Asi'l'r'l lrr cst'ond teel in'
scamttd,,calc" q,,'pnn;,-i'r Liitlrlir lil r',rrl,'"'ittlt'r'io1"'5i.,'in'i ' f1
[i]l':i'$'T;?f; iTiJt.t;;lllill;?;r'if":'11'"trJ:"""'1:
rcducerii sau a dispari!-iei lui'. ca- iirrtb;;;g;iorelD'err,,iri';1'r'ovir"''lir'+.!tt'Irrt '
1'r:l"irr[estin"'
;;ii;'Jt"il i"-;rririt"t.a rnorfologica qi' :u ui-n1,tl :;il;;;;ff;l d.,'o ot,,mai'jos", itr litrrlrrt lrrrIirrl'i dtstT' zosa
o
i"rl""-*i*ti decit ca categoric irrr,siv,(r'x. rrlrrrzsr;,,trr {lJrir");
;hi";;;'i;o.lgl'1" el arc urt corrlinut abstract qi o lornta de .j;.I;;;;;,,oa""1"i'i,-.r,rfi",f,', r.sl,c irlcrrl,irr
organizaLS' in timba dravidiand i,,;;;;,;,-.i; Iixrrl rlr, 1,,,;rr,iv rrl irrrl() (ltttrt-
""F;il;; t"1e"le
exprimare eocsar ,,, . SinL ()xrrrrrPlo 1i irr lirrrlrilc
gerea apar i c i accs Lc i t,aLcsnl' i i es l,e r) s t-I
1,i
;;;-";;il,'irr t,ohari0ir sufixrrl rlri irrslr.ilrn('nlirl.-r7o I)r'ov.r.n()
",*r,ir,ui,,irit,,,.io"1;
fJili# *;*,i l.f "* I t;:lll' i lll i;i' li il .) i li,:,' Ji t iiili:
i l;, fitt;il;;;i"'y, ',li;' iar ctrl do s'.iitliv'rri(ril rlitt 1r'r'',zt['rit
l-st'b'l'arr t'iv rrl rtt tttl lt tltt l'L.."rrr ij l,."
concrel,. I..raza cslJo tltlrttltttsri rlirrt,t'-o srrit,ir
rlt, Slo,, orr",,,imprertui'ii,'i
analitismului ttxPrtttritl,. ,iirr'irui-iouii vc'c1c s-* l,ransf.rrnrr(,, irr lirrrlrilr, irrrli.rrrr rttt-
care se succctl irr ordinda id0ilor'<lc si tt1r,i itt stt-
""ii"lr_rXJecini tlcoscJrcsc irrt'r'o clc rrrrrnlri sttlr J;;:,,;;; irrt,r-' 1,urt1,"'if it".tr sorrsrrl"i" t"ijl.rr"
ln aceasLI iure..rrrlii.r"-r, rltr lotlat,iv 'rttu, -rttAit'
sint-actic. Accas Li Lr.cir'Lit ir rrr u I i t i srrr rr
I rr i
;r;;;;-l..i""f ii r
fixrrl
"'Cl,]igi'n,rlcxi,,rrl,i
sfarea ei Jrut'rr' .i rr t'iLe r a Iinrbi tlirrLlc ir'r,lrz,rililolctt l'ttrttr['it'. 1,r'rtlii cxlrlirrii lllarca
s-a p5.sLral, ..reE, oil trclc ugro-
"u'iJ lor variclaLc i,r rlrvo|s,r lirrrlri. lrr rlrrr'1" lirrrlri,
il tql i ii!1.\'l l:l;;' : " lr;lll t 1" ;' i ; "i r ii i: ru:l
i il"i_, El ie,,.,,,,irr,,,, i l* 1,.*1. . l.i t,rr i.s.
t." irr
un sistem foarte
indo-europ"t{'
|",iifi
ii*e.' A.ntt din urmS' procedeu-impttrrc sirrt'ncLic ccl mai im- dezvolbat sr ramrlrcai; i"-ttlt'rll'l:.
"",icar
tacltrul. ;a;i; ;; ,ingr,. caz'local' Posibilit'utca nermanentS' a ltm-
;;;;;;;iit"i' ur
" '.iI"eniot'
('ar(' sLaL l'o nu'u tlezvolLlrii mtirfologiei.
"
bilor de a exprima t-iil;i;;""9i;i" ;"in a'lverbe
de Ioc a per-
L a
t'"L.,rj"ri,:i,"fq,l.ii
uorLatt ' sr incarce
iliJ't""ri*'it*bi t'o dit""ttitii [ltrxio'a.ti nu--Ei
,
tlc
*; il a intona,t,iei ca urtice nrijloaoe
f
itt E*t,, cii dezvoltarea
,r,;;;;;,ih,i,..ltiito,'si'l,iclice a fosLposibilirc* rturtrai t-'oLrtlr-
sistemul cazual ,u ruLi" "ul . rl() r,0rnflrr:irt,

t,iile u'ei,,o',t,r,ti,,i,,'i ;fi;i;;;i;illlili"" lrr!'irri rtretrrbt'i'

se itt- it'lto-N'Lrut'lu-
pe rnlsurJ ur, ruIorLurilc'ttiirtrt' cuvirrtc irl prolrozi(ie |l'. l) tl g l' () r o v il , ll lt't6tr'"rttt rttt(ttt('('lltttt'ItJtr
A. .6tl1t't'tt ll tlilo'tll1)l'{) tll}l'l-
e-tisbentd a-lirnbii tru u,r,rtiu., irt vrtl.,, Il,itP't:t,t
;;i;;;r-;; ," Jii"t:""iiaz5', structu.a Procedeele'noi' capabile
u""on"ri'n,,rrinn
uool'''i'r'l"p' ti,,,d
mai corespnrto",tuiio'iJJ"tiilli' ap[r' irt cadrul struct'urtt T;'i";li:' l)lli;tll;, It,'i,'i' i'|t Ir(tIttIt /'i's,istrr:'r' "l'irt-
# ;";;i;;n"..i"1'ti" "ornuniclrii'
influcri!a'LoDi0ii f ixe qi u func!,ici
guu,'illt'vr'rtiti; 'i'r,ll':i,t,!,1,'i,,,,'i,t,'li"',,,,("t(.'.i.(.'sof t'ttrt14uu14t:s'llclsi.ki'
gramaticale i. ace ea;i
lor sintacti".' o ,t'it'a' cuvi.tc l'i'lt'vti'l t' 'losiIb
"*irtnr.,i".-sub f 1958, vol. I Ccn'crol'l'cn'dcncits' 1rp' tJ7 u9'

11r
110
ctrzrrril()r lor,rtlo s(r Ir'o(lrri c fll)rotlpe exclusiY in,limbilc aglu- grr^:srr,i.t. lr' ,livltttr' lrrrrl,i l.x isl,ii rroirtr:irlorr[,r1 forrnalil -.lntrei
l,ittttttl,tl, citl'o $() Plr'7i111,|i , ntilr aspectul general- al.strtrct'rrrii srrIixrrl rr,l.j1r'l,iylrl 1r rllrrittrrtt(:t rlrr,.'lrril,ivi Asl,l'gl, lrr firr6zrl
lor,0a irrl,urlrrr,,lirrl(} lnl,rc rrcl0 izr]lante gi cele flexiorrrrrrr. Irr afixrrl rlr 11,'rril,ir,' l)l'()\'tttl rlirrlr rrrr rlrlllr rtrljrrr:l,ivttl l:ttrtt
elc llosttr()z.i(,iilo so rrt,irry0irzii uEor la tcm5, prrIirrrl ltlrrii Irri inrlilrr lt,rlsitlttt'tt, itt rtt'ttttl;t rlrrrttttt'rrttt i tt tr"'ltil'ivrrlrri ll
,rn sistorir. Niv(llrrl ,l0zvrill,iir,ii limbii ln accsl, sco(ot' l,t'r'lrttirr al)l'()rl){' trlctrlir';r ltt littltrrrl ;rrl.;r'r'llvrrl rr1; ltr lirrrlrtl,, lrrl'rl,ri
Cercetat asIfel rtrr srrlr ltspr'rr[,trl f ixdrii trntti ttrttttrir rtttt i ttt ir: 1i li,lr,,rilr ir,.r,lrrjr r,l,.rrrr.nl / r'rr|rrr'lr.r'tl,{,itz:i Irrlo rlorrri lot'rtttrr.
sau mai mare dc cazrrri i,,,,rrlc, ci su} noillit itl rllrr(,irrrtl,rrlrri, Slrrlrrlilr';r llr,\rrrnrr rr,ulrltirl,' tttttt, ltt'ltzir irr llltll)il lltl l)llll
udi"X ut varietd!ii Lipurilor dc raPolLrrI.i trx Pt'itrr:rl'c irr lirrr.lrrr irrrl1l,r. l)r. ( lrlr,it {rtllnltz:1 rt. l)r':rrrl,rrli'lr, I nzutrl(, rri1l, trlrxrr
llrrtrlrll.r'trr,l,
cu mijloacele spbcifi6e struclurii ci nror'l'ologirrl itt tttrsittrrlrltt. 11r'ltlrrlrl,il;tlt,,lrlr:rl,r'rri.lr,:ltltl)r,(.tirlrzttl,c.(lrttltll,t't'rll
'lrr
crrlrlirrrlir rrrurriir'rtitt'r'tltl sttlttttil'irrrr{ii rltttlttgo
Cazurile cu v;lori abstracte sinb ilnprrsc tl. t'tt1r.t't'tr.ilrr sirr- lrtrlrrril,c sii rrrr
taclice ale frazei. Originea lor sin.taclit'ii t,ri'1 , - lt'r' din sonsrrl lor iriil,ial. l!lc sirrl, tttticc lttrttLru oatogorii lnUrogi
''',,',';1 de cuvinte. Iiolosirca lttr a ltrrrttt is cxlrrirnarea unor raporturi
rd.snindire gi .conslan[5. Multd vreme subiecLulc tl{|osr'lril, rlr,
obibct prin'topicd . El caplbd forme proprii acolo trrt(lo. s.o sintactice comlllexc qi vlrriul,l.
creeazd^ distinblii noi la nume (genul) qi la ve.be ([rartztlr- 1n cursul isiorici lirrrbii, {,vttltt ( i;r litzrrrilor se produce ln
vitatea) gi unde se instaureaz[ o topic[ liberd' doud tlirecfii: 1n lirrrbilo irulUl,ir[rrrl,c cilz.rrrile locale t.!i
Materialele comparative irlsuficiente nu permit sd se for- c.onstiluie sistolntt rllttiIitritl,rr (rr:rl,fr'l Irrrtgltilrrit iqi creeazd,
aldl,rrri rlo vct,lrirrl litl,iv crtt'rt ilv{'lt rrll r{('rrfl \'{ttl, rrrlrlifercnliat,
muleze concluzii sigure cu privire Ia felul in care s-au creat fortntt pttttl,rtt illlrl,il', ;rt'olttl'ir', lllltrl tr', r;ttlrlr'lrrl'iv):t; r'aztrr.ile
cazuri. E"probabi'l r.:5 unele din ele au dezvoltab
abst,r'nct,rl riitrtin lrr rrrirrrlll't'r'(lttrl , itrtlto;.';1{rrlrlrr si rlorrIirttr[ttl
il;;lii;;i;-potni"a''au la valorile caz'rilor locale' ln ceea
"ur"t*tt"
cu sorrttlifir,rr['ii rroi. SPt'rl tlt:ortlltttl rl" r'ttzttt'ilc lortrtlc tsi tltt
ce rriivegte'raporturile abribul,ive, cle s-au exprimat mult[ i r,inr lrr lrttzlt <:olttltrpl,tt
vreme printr-rin adjectiv tlcr.ivat <lin tema rtttrnel.t poscso- 1lt.c1tozil,ii, r'irr.c, ,,r1,,.i,',irrrl riryrrrr'l,rrlr(
*1,,ri,i,,1,i, l',,,.rrr,,,r2,, sisl,r'rrr. rl,,rir'lr rrlr', nzr.i l. rtlrlrl,t rtr'(,rt ttlr:i-
rului. Folosirea derivdrii pctttrrt trxIrittlttn';I aParlctr.rl(cl rr t,iriris,, sisl,trtttI irr..ltilir'. I'oltsotttitttl illllllll ('ilzlll'ilot', [t'rrttv.,ttl'
lnbilnim in fazele vechi ald Iirnbilor itlrlo-ottt'oPe lttr. ltt ltttJ't- irf lirnlrilr.llcriottttt't',it tlt'(r':illitl,r'rtlrttr;rrrlPt'rtr:tzltl'tlit.Vrrl0rii
ouh" t*titt*i arhaice circularr <loncotnil'tlttI forrrrrrlo trlt filirt's Ior.pr.rrr 1,r.r,P0zi{,rr i Pr.irr irrl,r.orlrrrt|r.r,n ilrrr,i l0pi|i rrttti lixr-..
erilis qi filius eri, regia tlontus ryi rcgis donttts' lVI iti vct:lri slnt'
11

1,, ,',,,'u,,1',,r',,lut i,'r lirrilrti str tttorlil'i,,:i I'rrlror'l,rrl rlirr[,r'o rirrsi-

formeie cu derivate"qi ut" s-ilrr 1ti\sIrrtt, irr llr{,inii ni itt grortcii la ttcrr(,rr si Ir'rrlrrtzi('ii ; rtlrrsl,r'tt rlitt ttt'ttt:i rlolrirttlcsr: r'o1rrl lrrirrt:i-
nume de persoane in sintagme 0a rirv'lIp.1z),eLrrv 0J-),apr,v, lroltt. 1,;rl,',l,isiit,',i1,,,1,,,1,'r'i,, itls()l,ll,rlill('ill{ril(('$l'()l'it,t'ttlttll0rsctttltt,
1-opy e[r, iega\"i'1, S aturnia por la 1 cd'tn p us ]lI ar tirts,
Lar fum'ilia- itrrsl'ir'lil,ttlrlcr,rtvirrl,,Pirrlzirrrl l'rrrrrr{'irrgrirrrlirl'it:tllri'o.l)rolltlll-
lrisi.'In ii*p .e ln labinI gi greaoir a devc.iL curent.{ conslruc- (.t, slrtir. lrtl,.t'virr;i ,ii'trtstr l)ro(r(ls() I',rtet,i.tt.tl&ro-ducr mai
[ia cu scnitivu], in slava vcche a prcvalat folosirca adjectivu- iluu.aur" sarr rnai l,ir,zirr, lir siricrc{,isilrrrlclrzrrrilor, la simpli-
iui der"ivaLz. ln iimba lighneascl in loc de genitiv se foloseqLe ficarea gi, in urrelc liirrbi, olrirtr' lir rlcsliin!'area flexiunii
sistematic un adjectiv derivat. Astlel aici ,,tatd" se spun norninale.' ln felul acesla au evolttttl, limbile indo-europene
d,ad,u, iar,,al tatdiui" d'ad,csleo (M), dudeslti (F), cu suf ix
adjec-
bival otr forrne varia.bils dup{ gen. In !iglinelt'o, ,,tritlttl tit- I Introtl,ucer.e in.j ting,vi.stic{t, rlrr rrrrlr:rrl0cl,iv srtb contluceroa acad.
G r a u r, Itrtcrrre$ti; l ltl;5, p. l til '
t6l;i" sc spuIIe o rltttlesll;o g.a?, iat ,,iapa lal'irlui" - i tlutleslti " l.
A
ll. V. fi n I I r: n,' ,\rtr l',tt',,itttt,,tt tltt (t''tr(, r/r's r'"r tt dr.s yarlies
"
d.utl.iscotrrs,.,llrrllolirr rlri l:r S,rr'ir'rlr'r rlrr l,irrllrrisli'lllr'(lt'l):trts", vrtl'
r J, W ac k e r n a g e l, Vorlesungen iiber Sgtt'tur',vo1' II' Uasol' XXXIII,1932, fasc. 2, pI).22'J \2]. (i'tr'LrttinK
3 L. I) c Itt tl, Orl thi"l,,lt,t,,,,,t l,r^t's tltt: l)q'tloprttrtl t1.[
1924, p. 75.
---t'd. Meille t, J. Vendrycs, Tru'ite dcgrunuttdlre(ottl' t ongigr, ,,Act,1 liugrrist,icir Aclrrlr:rrrirrr: Sr:irttl.irtl'rrttt llrtttpEttricilrr",
parde iles langues classiques, Paris, {953, p' 586' vol. VI, f asc,. 1--:J, 1$5ti, P. 121.

n2 113
8
 rlrr lrr [oltttclrr lot'vr'r'lti lrt rr,,lrr ttloderner de la sbrucbura siIIt'o- ,,cs,,i ,1,' rr11lrrl,irirr,. r 1,1,,,,r,r,rr,,1,,,' lr('r,r{r}nnl. lrr l,rrrrtrl vor.brrl,l
l,icri lrr $l,r'utl,ultt trttrtlil'ir,ri. l)r'oblcma sintet,ismului qi a allir- :t losl, lrtts itt ttt'trlrttt[:r irr tttttllr'ltrrrlri rlr'1rr, !'lplr. l'r'irrrii irrrll
lit,isrrrulrri rrrr Ir'iv,r1l,t} rrilrr|iti flexiunea nomirralh...l)tlsP|rr rllll'{}l)(rnisl,i irrr rlrPlrlirl, irr rri r,lrl, lr'l rrr rlolurlrrl,r,l,r vollltlo rlirr
ir$rr0r;t,.,ltr .,i g,ri,,'r.irl,r Vlr li vo|ba rnai depart,c. Ntl lirrril'iirrr lirrrlrrr irrrlo,,1;11p1p1,1rrrii, r'rr l,olrll r.lr rrrr.r, rltrl,or.rl,ir l'rrzirrrrii,
:riiri lu,'t,rrsi,ii'r'rr1ii :tsttl,trt lvolrr!iei- cazurilol" l'ot'ttlt trrililrllr lr tlt'rltttt'ttlr.lot lroltl.r, lt t'r.r'orlrl rl,rrrl.rr rrrru Fr.{tn.
Asa('lltll ,t,,,,,,',,lltl',,':rl,r1|rt'i;tfazulttinttr:slt',itt :ttts;rtrllrltll l,irrrlrrlr, r:tt'r' nu nrirt rlrrl rrr;1 irr 11i.trr.r'rrI ,lr,rrrnr,rrl.r. l)r,r'Jlorll{.
eiiotcategoricct'rrrcr'pl'rr;rlrr"l"1'rttriottLir tlrltrivr'lrrlrl''z'r'"llrr'ir llt yr,t.lr (r'rry'11,r,,, lr.lrrrr.t,zlr, ni)1.\,r,lrllnir r,l r. ) r.,,r,rrr lrr pr.rrl'i
si;dirii."Ata r" exp'lir.i de ,,r''l)oI cxisl.rt lirrrlri ,'r','ltr:tltr lrrt:r .ritlclI rtlr l t;lrt l,olic ll lrt'r )n u rrrf l()t' lr(,r'jr( )llt l(!.
3"1""i ri a"'ce exisi[ limbi carc, d*'ii .. 5i 1111 rr,1tsl,it,rril, rrrr Irr sLtrrl i i lc vrrclr i itll l rrrrlr r t vrtt'irr l r,lr, lr rrrr rr{,c ir lrr rrr:(,irrrt i i vur-
,irir-'tt."ionqr, pob renun{,a la cl. N.l'iilrrl lrrgirl,rr rlr:. rrrr balc erau oxlllirtrill,o lo-r it,rrl, Prirr vcr'lrtr ,rrr scrrsuri upropiaCe.
;;p;;; durabil al'rcalitI!,ii,' cazurile, dtl] :t" ",11. ']:illi::l'i' Gdsirn aici urra tlirr rrrorlirlil,ri{ilrr rlc cxplit;are a bogatei sino-
abitract, nu sirIL stabile' Cat,egoria cazulut-c dcl)orI(l.ctILit nimii lexicalc din l irrrb i lo t,r' i lrrr lc. l )rr pii'l'.A. Degtereva aceas-
ai."ct de raporl,urile sintacl,ice, ea se-dezvoltS pe.rndsulir td bcgd!,ie de cuvinl,o cu srrrrlrrri irsrrrrrirrriLoare s-ar datora
ior qi dispare aLunci cind devirte un.cadrrr pl'cc conbactului dirrtre lirnbit. llvirltrrl, cii ;i I'lrctorii externi au
"o-oti.ntii
t;;;"t;t;;;iru;'le puiuu crrprindc' Din puncLrtl de vedere al putut juca un rol, ditr nu rrsl,o rrr!c{,lllu'si-i considerdm ca
nu exist[ o difercn!d caliLal"ivl intrc. mt;loace fiind hol,dritori. Sirroriirttrtlc vr,r'lrrlo lrr sr:rrsrrri apropiate,
"oitinutului
;;;iiti;r;; sintetice de exprirnare a rapor[urilor sintacLice. 'I rcccrea
care exprimatt fir-'ct\ro iposl,;tzc rlilr,r'rl,r,rrll trrrrlrrilrsi rrcfiuni
Diferenl,a dinLre ele conslil fn modul de orgcntzaro' au losb foltlsiIrt, itt Pttt'iotLrllt t'otnrl,il,rrtt'tt crtl,r'!'oriilot'Hritrlr{r-
-dela'flexiunelamiiloacearraliLiccabst,rat'|cirtscamnistm-si- bicale, tir l'ortlttt srrlrltl,iv() l)cnl,t'rr r,x 1,r'itrrrrlr,rl {r:ttgl,rtt'u. l,it
oiifi"*r* u sistenrulrii mor.folrgic ;i inlirLu'are a lormc]or urtele vollrc lrlxtr'[,irrirrrl rrrr,'l,rttlrri l,rrr,lrrlrri l,r'rrrcilrrrl lcxirrttl
f;;;il;;i.-u"tr"luci con[,inut" PcirLru ac.elcali cazur.i exis[i a$oIrI()ltoa I'ot'tttc sttlrlcl,ivc I :ttt 1r:iullrrl, o vlr,rrrl l'otrt'l,rr ltttlrt-
desinente diferil,e in f uncIic rlc Lernr\ ']l' itJ ilc.cla$r tlTp' Itrrtqatir, plirr l,r'rrrli{,ilt lrr:r'is;r si rrzrrl lirr;lvirrl,ir'(r:rr, tllrtxturtJrlrt,
existS. forme omonime la cazrrri difclitc. lrt ltmbtle anallLlce la vcrbttl,,it I'i" lrr lirrrlrilr irrrlo lrrlopcrtrr).
I""^.U tint mai pulin nurneroa$e si atr caracter mobivat' Irr Iirrrltilc lrtt[,irr cvrrlrtitl,c r:i1l,r'1"1v1',ilrr r','r'lrrrlr slrtl, tttttttttt'ot\-
;;;;;; ,i.tt mai .iqot a* rnernorat' Ilxisbd rleci progret',dnf sc, tlit[,rtriLii rrl,il, I'ot'rttr,l,rl crlttplictrl,c rlr,ttlot'rl, r:il, yi rlrorlrrlrri
irrtt-ott singur asp'ect al. sisLcrrrtrlui morfologio' RitmuJ^ ql rrottclcl, tlc i1 r,,trrtcprr ltrr(,ittrrr'rt vr,t'llrl;i lrr Loltl,rr rlrt,rrliilrl.
modalitdtilil de rdalizare a accsLtti 1't'ot'cs vaIiazii rle la o $g 11if,citzi it-il,lrrl rrrzrrl rrrrrll,rrl lirrrlri rrrrrr:r'irrlir,rrr lrt r:ltt'c vt)t'-
iffi;,il;ii; i" r"."it de facLori slrricLurali. Dc aceca, ca ,si brrl i;i rrrotlil'ir:ii Ioltnl plttl,r'rr rt itrlt,'rr pt't'solttttt, rtttttti'irtll,
ia-"ui"n""iu genului, evolu( ia cazului - .caLcgoric caraclg- gcrrul qi st,aloit sttlriccl,ulrri (rlircr'i c itt lririoiu'(), itfozaI Bau
risticd irnui anumib tip IingvisLil qi lrncr perroade relaulv cLrlcaL), l)ro(ilrIII si porrt'r'rr rr Pt'trrtizrt tlltrrli ltrrl,itttloa s-a produs
limibate din isboria limbilor care i I reprezin Ld - nu consLlLure in mod inbcn!,ionai situ itt:cirlurl,irl. 'l n crrrsul evolutibi ior,
un indice al nivelului general al limbii' limbile au selectat un nllrlli"lr lcrlus rlc cralegorii dintre cele
-'-lnlinatira cvoluIiei 'categoriil'"'r gramaLicale alc vcrbulu i mai frecvente qi esen[,iale. CltirroLrgiit rclativd a constituirii
este neocsar sii se,fi*tint{i, FaLcgoriilc dobirrrlil.o ;'rirr
at'orel tccstor calegorii esbe greu rk-' tltr l,rrlnr i rt at,. DaLcle comparative
(numrir. Dcrsoltti, ttneori gclr) dr: accl.'it t'ltt'r'it silrl ltt'tt;tt'tt sLabilesc cu lllccizio doar I'i.r.pIrrl cr'i t,irlrlrrrl s-a oonstituit in
i^lirliir,[" t",tt,,1,,i,,'r,nlili'ri'ndu-l (aspct'!, tirrr1." ttlrrl' rlirr- lrrrna {rsl)()(rl,rrluisi rr Ittttrlttltti, cir:i sirrl, lilrtlri rlitrrl qi asLiizi
tezd). Primelc, fiind produse.alc..sirrtaxcl' sc illLllrrcs{r.,rrl cxplirru'i [,irrrprrl itrrlitrrrii lrlin lrti.j loirrc llxir:itlrl. Irr (i(](){t oo
forme similare in cclehai multc Iirrrlri 1i au, dc. la altut't(tit privcsl,rr rrclclrrll,t r:lrl,r'golii, sirrl, irrrlicii ltt lttvoitt'tttl illttt,rrztli
lor. o forml gramaIicald de exprirnitrrr' (iulegorla porsolll(rl qi sirrl
s-atexprimat"mulLd vreme prin prorrutntrlt' pct'sottalc I IIpo(tLt,t'.tt.tt. Cttut.ll,t)0.tlt'lltlJ(, itlt(l,.4t.llu,ttIu.ttr(:r;(,?0 t:!llpotL,llifr,lfA, llt VOl.
multe'limbi care au p5sirat pind as[izi u|t:sL Pt'occdctr' l'ro- ,, ll()lll)o(tl,l rl6tr(r'r'0 il ,rlrc'frrol'0 ilill,il(olllliilillrt", Most;ttvlt, 1960, p.15,

114 115
8r

dupii crrrc rrr,rrlrrril,,, rlirrl,czrrlc ryi aspectele au func{,ional, o
vrernc frirri rlisl,irrc[,irr clirr';i , irr scnsul cd nu iqi constit,uisrlll'i
sisIernc a;ralt,rr rlri ,r1,,,zi1ii. ln ]imbile ugro-finicc srrfixrrl
de conjurir.:l,iv coirrtrirlr) (rrr qlrI'ixul deverbalivclor, (ioo{l (ro rl
dps la concluziu <,ir cl cst,c o lot'nrd derivatir, (ial'c ir rrvul. irri
!ial sens de irrcoativ sitrr rlczitleratir,. ln lirrrlrilc rrlrilrrrr,'
existd un conjunciiv, [rcapLir aspeclualii olrrrsri :rorisl,rrlrri si
perfectivului, care include nuarrtc ce col'olJl)lurtl corrj rrr()l,i v u -
lui, optativului qi irnpentivuluir.
Distinclii clare intre moduri qi dialczc nu iur (r.\isl,rrl, nici
in fazele mai vechi ale limbii indo-europertc2. Aici vcr:hitrl
injunctiv cumula, uedistinct, valori nrodale, aspcoLualtr
qi temporale, iar opozil,ia diatezelor continul opoziIia
dintre verbe 'active verbe de slare.
- Ia origine lrn prcz{)nL irrl,rrrrsiv, irrr.r,irl,oi.ul
Istoria limbilor consemneazir procesul delinritdrii aces-
tor categorii gi al constituirii lor in sisteme. tr4ai lesne, pentru
c5 se produce in epoca istoricii, poate fi urmdrit procesul per-
fec!,ionirii acestor sisteme, prin precizarea valorilor terme-
nilor qi reducerea distinoliilor irrrrLile. Pt:ntnr limbile indo-
europene este semnificativir cvohr{,ia distinc{,iilor Itrodale.
ln timo ce indicat,ivul o clur disLins scrrtattl,ic rlc cclrtlirlttr
moduri, conjunctivul qi optuLivrrl ili ltttpt'tlttttrLt"t rcr:i1tl'or:
nuanl,e qi se constituie gi ca tttodttli altl sttbot'rlorriirii. l,ilrsrr
unor opozilii nete intre ele a avtrt, ctl rrt'lrrirr'c lrtpl,rrl ,'r'r tttt,ttl
din moduri preia gi valorilc cr:lrriltlL, sco[lrrrlrt-l rlirr rtz- Irr
cele mai vechi texte distincIia dint,r'c opt,tt,iv 1i rrorrjrrrrol,iv
e atestatd numai in grupul indo-i l'arr iarr ry i irr gt'cutrit. Sttrtsr.:ri [it
clasicd ins5. are numai optativ, pehlr-rvi ryi sogtliarra au rtttrttai
conjunctiv. ln poemele homerice colc dorrl urt.rtluri sirrt {olo-
site in egald misurd, dar treptat optalivul dispare. (lnNoul
Testament e intilnit numai in formule care exprimI dorin!a.)
Ncutralizarea opoziliei dintre conjunctiv qi optativ se pro-
ducc mai trrtli in propoziliile subordonate, apoi irr princi-
pule care cxpt'irrtir posibilitatea. De fapt, prin iltlirt,trl'aI'{1, llu
I
M. Dclaf r-rsse ct A.Caquot, Languesdu 'loutlurLel
de la Guinic,lrr vol. ,,Lcs Iangqcs du monde", Paris, 1952, pp. 743--
44.
7
' Cf.S. W. F. MargadanL, Iletnartlu'essurlescttt{gories
erammaticales dans /es langucs inrlo-europfurtnes ct sp{cialelnent en grec
"ancien,
in vol.,,Actes du deuxidme Congr'fs ilrl.l'rtuiional des lirrguis-
tes", Gen0ve, 1931, p. 201, $i I.:M. 'll r o trs k i c'p.cil,, pp.88 - 95.
116
triut.lrtc rroll.j rrrrr,l'ivul srrrr.r;rl,rrl,ivrrl (rlr,r:rr, r:rr for.rrro), r:i rrrl
ttttttl cllt'c. l'tttnrrrsl,c sr'rulrrr.il,i rrrrrlrr,lpr. 1i rrsl,l'r,l tilrrlfiig rrjrrlrg
lir o1ro7i(ilr lrirtrr'r'lr irrrlir.lrl,iv rrlrr irrrltrirrl rv,.
OPozi(,ii lrirrrrlc rrl rrl,rrlrilr,rrc 111 rrr.rrrrr rrrrli lrrrlr,lrrrrlfrrl,o ovo
Irrl ii si lrt rlirtl,lzr,(rrr.l ir' prrrrrr,) yr lrr rrrrlrr,r.l (rrrlr,,,l rriir pr,r.
lirr'l,rrrrr).
l,]vr,lrrl,iir r:rrl,r'1'r;1.;t,r lilrrpulrri Polrlr,lr rrr.rruirrl,ir r.lrirrr.rlirr
pcrio.'rrlir lrIrrr.i(,ir,r. l)u1rlr {.ulr 11 il ln{rrlt.:ll,irl,,lrrl,r: o crrl,ogor.irr
le.lirl,iv tttiti ttotli. Olrl,cllrr.irr corrcr,pl,rlrlir , l,irrrprrls-rr 6x'r:.irtr'1,
i'"rnulLe ljr'bi ryi oorrl,irrrrii s,'i s. rixPrirrrc Priir procede'e lexi-
cale (parbicule sau verbe arrxilirrr.). (iramaticilizarea lui se
realizeazI in nrulte lir'bi. ;''irr l,r.rrrrslormarea con]inutului
sernantic .al unor categorii cxisl,tnl,r. l)rrpI pdrerea lui M.
Brda12,. timptrl a lrrnt, r'\ryt,.r,. rlirr rrrrrl:
litrrtcctul ar fi fost
rr avut diverse
valori modale. Atlostrt t,irrP.l . l.y.1rrr. rlr, rrsPrr.r,. Aocsb lucru
poatc fi r:vid.rr(,ilrl, irr isl,.r.i:r lrrrrlrrl,r' ,,ri1,,,,,,r,)p,rnc. S-a
ar{t,at, cii (r(){\ tttiri vcrrltrr rliul,rrrr.(r{r l.(,11 1,6r.tr l11 (lrrrrzrrrrl,-
aorist,) a fosl, irr ilrrl,-r,rrl,l,r,;r.;i rl*il,rrrr.[,rr.irr,,rlrtli.r,i. l,ilnlrrt
conrurti'i tIV(llt urr sisl,r'rrr ruipr,r.l.rrrrl r.lrrr., (.1u.(r rt rr p:isl,t.trl,
rnai lrirrc irr 1l'r'lrr.rr vr,r.lrr'. (ilrlrrrrr:ri.r, I,rrrrrii rlrr rtrlrisl,
cat'c lrol,r';rzir 1rt,r'r'srrl v.r'lxrl irr Hurrr l'irr.r'r rrir'i o rrrrPIi,
r:ltlic. Srrrrsrrl lrri r.ir ui lils:r or.ir:;lr.ci rrrr'i r.,ri 1o1.1111q1,. l,l.n
rlrltrz:i t'ltrltr:ltrt'ttl lrrr lrllr;rit:. Artllil,li l6r'rrrrr iH6 6ltrrrrrr
l,crtlt rlrr lrr'(,zclr | , r.lrt'rr rrol,rlrz;i rl ltrr{,irrrrrr irr r:rrrs rlrr 'rllg
frilrillr|r, rri ..|rr rlr lrrrr'lr,r'1,, r'irr'o in(tir:ri rrrr l)r.{){:cll r.|rtlizrrl,.
l.ttrlrlPrrrrrl.rrIlr,r'i11i.il'ii ll l.r'rrr.l,r,trs1rr,,'l,rrrrlrr P,irl,rr Ii rl.-
rlrtsl'r 1rc lt:rz:r rlxisl,rrrr[,r,i lqpl'1,,,,1,rr srr1rlcl,it,c (l,iPrrl
Prcz. gdpoi,
itot'. iive"lxa I l,r'r.'t . i.,r}i.o, rror'. dgay,,v) ryi t yrrlori lor lor' lri
texl,clc ltorrrcricc. 'l'r'c|{,trl,, irr lirnbil' ilrrlo-crrropene vechi se
introdtrc valor.i temporale; rezult,al,e adcsea din reinterpre-
tarea aspecfelor, ele s-au exprirnal prin formele acestbra,
modif icrindu-le con tinutul.
In-latin5, sistemul temporal, boga[ ryi simetric construit,
s-a dezvoltat in cadrul temelor aspcc[rralc dc infectum pi
perfectum, mostenite din indo-europcanh.'I'crrrclc irsl,ecLrruie
.^^r^ A. M e_i I I e t, AperSu d'une histoire dc la lo.ngue6rar"qua, paris,
1930, pp.214-276.
2 Ess
ai de sCtnatttique, paris, 1924, pp. g41-l4.g.
3 I. M. 'f r o n s l< i, op. cil., p. 95. '"
t17
 l,lv,rlrrf irr Prolglcsivr'i rt,,ttl,,,11r,t'iil,rl grlrrrrlrl,ir,itlo rlnl,tr lnnrtlttl,fi
Suservil,latlxJlr.ittrrrt.r'lrl'itrtlrrtlrriryiin.lirrrbileugro.finicc. rlc tlorrir l,r'lil;;il,rr1i itrtprrt'l'ltttl,tl: l.tt't:t'tt'tt '1" llt t:otttll'rrl' lrr rrlr-
['rlItpuIuI este relal'iv nouir;
i" li*lif" ,",riit,i,,,, rrill'ttgttlttt urr sisl'em verbal dominnt' tlrr Sl,t.lr|1,, irr r:0r,ir Ir, Ir.iVIlrl,I r'orr( rrrrrl,rrl, rir {l(. lit jtlll)(tt:1,(l ll(l()l'f.'ll-
a" S tiOO de arri 1,,,,'si,t,i'iri"i rtiztrl,c ll, tttt lit'tl,,,rit, itt rrt't'tt rrr' pl l\'r'lrl(' l()l lllll l,rt'tlr,r'xl)t lttllll'l).
qp"liii" di.rrc ,-i1":il;:;l:, ,l'ii,',',J,l,li',li ;i'ill'Jl'"1: Ii,'1r11'lllll,ii"
Sr,Po:rl,r'trttttlllill;t Ilr l,,lrl,ri ltrrrlrtlI l'\'itlttltl't', trtl l'r'trrlt('rrr
de timp s-a crcal in {' lil,r,r':rIrr, Jlil lriil.lltl, nuilli.to;t;t(,lr' ( ]|lIlir)t tl t rtttt tt'l.tt lll\ { lll(!
culn silrl itl'irrtr"tt""tt, it'dltara 1i t'igli.rrit ' | )ttl';r
tice modernc,
t,irrrpulrri nu lroirl.r: li I,rrsrr 1,r' l(, ()l)ii{'r'v;rrrr ilt lttttlttl,' Jrt tttttl l\'(' lll lll ittt ltrttl tttt tlllltllll'
;il;;;;";idotogito., aPar:i{,iir tri srt rlrrl',t'r'll'{r rrrr()t' I'rrrlttli rlI t:ltl,t';'1;1'1t r':ttt' tl'll''r'l';t lttlitt:rtt t rlttrltl' I t'1" ttt;tt lllltllf
5;;;-";;t*tu1ii sau a strirsLrtrt,rrlui,
I,lrlc 1i r.tllrl,ir i111,111 1'ot'lttl.ttt'rrt tr';tltlirl,'. lrr lttltlrat tttr rtlrllct'Vii
cvolrrIi:r glirrrl.i I ii rlr' lrr
tendin!,e interne, ca.e mar"hcazili lrr itrrrrlizrrr'
, irt Ptlrlra.rr,irr(,ii tlorrii r:ttt lrtl: rtr:ll(l{r tlrrttrirt rtl r:ttl'trgttt'iilot' r:ort-
la abstract, cle la jtrdctlat'a.glolralri
"- tlrr v i il',r' s irr I' cre'[e, orcqlc rtutrtiirttl cirl,r:goliilol ltlrsl't'itcl'cr'
f^ aur"oll,area .at,'g'r'iti Lirn'rrlui lot'ttt.l.
"o.t."i
cxpr'irttlrl' Caiegoriile absblacLc r:otttrlpl,tt:tlc sc. tltlzvoltd o datd cu
cele mai recont,c. lf ,,if,,i u",rttre viiboIrrl s-a PI'irr rrr i.i -
plirt ltt.ttttr evolulila. progresivir a lirrrltii;;i'rr girrrlirii. (laIegoriile gindirii
i;;;;i;"i.;lc, prirr complirti.i ltt ['ctna tlc prelerll' t,imJra i'cl'-cur.- *-a,, o*piintit ini;iut ltt'irt ttli.i l'r;r"' l"r i"'t1", fapt.care a ldsat
ffi;;i;';;;oi,'*-a*ia.*riv s'''or,cnliat. urme iri formelc suplcLiv() irrl,i l rr i l r' lrr,,rr v r rr l r.l0 cclc mal Ye0h.l.
JillT' .l;'5::l;ii:,i Ji SuplOl,ivisrnul a pirbtrt, sirt,isl';rr,r, r'r,r'rrrIr,lo,',,ttttttti<li"trii numai
i'?t.?i f ?fulii::#il"iliilii\l;: rrotlr:cpl'cle ex-
inirontlit,iilc irt ,,it't: vttrli\lrttlrtt'ttl ,'tit :irit:tr:, ilrr 'l'l'c1rl'trb,
orimaLc rrtt llpirtrittt [l'tltlvtlttl, itt cotttttlttr';rt'l
l.:;:"1';, i; ll'ii; il$:l iLlf {\ll ii r
1nstr,
:*:f, t ? ?.H : 1* "ln In
l
latinii viito.rl sc bazeazii'pc subjo^c- ic consl,iLrrirr sisl,r'tttrr, ll r';rl'r'l rrli'lrlllz;ll. rrr' 1tt't l'r'r'li,lttrttz';'t
i;;;;;;""se te',xtez. mercu. l)g rttiisrrrti 1111 1,otrIirrrrl,rrl rir':rlrtll,tttr'ltzrrttzl't ittt'l'rlrtltttltt
ii.rrot i"ao-european' rnodul voin['ci' l'irnbile indo-europetrc lor lext'c' se constiLrric irr sisl,rrrrrr'] r'rrl,r,11o1ttlr'11t'lrrrrltl,tcltlr, r'v,,lttcttzti
,r"ttii au foa'tc rr'r)r. iII
nfUlL rnifi irtccl,, i;rr rrrrr'lr, ltrip('r'1,(, lrrlrtrrr',' :rl,'lot'1rol.;rrrlttlnlr\
"" lrri Irr:t I
"i.tieti vii Lo,.,l s-&. ex'ut'irrr'' r lo
'rirnele ro lrctt c
IIr lr i i rr do-cu
C;t;il;;;;ie, i I ir
o vrefiIo irrrlrllrrrrll;rl'ii. Aril'tttlltrrll llr;ll)i'( lll tlllliltr:rr ttlltl' t'lrttlll't-
prin' procedec spccifice ficcult'irr' tuilctlr:Lcr.lrrcrrii,,,,,r1,l,,,'1i,r'ut'rrirr,,lrrrl vrrlortutixl,otiltttiltt,trt'
rrrr irrdicc itl
Fiirrd o cabegorre';;"t"pi;'i'lr".-l.irrrprtl .sLtrIipsi di* UrediarO tll t,iPrrl rlrrii lrrlrri, o,.U.(l {r irtl,r,r'r.rrr'rlrtt' lttl,r'o rrirrllrrlttL
.,nei iimt,i. til rril
'ici
o
si trltt'.1. sir,i,tl ,'l,lrl,i'ttllti, ttltt'. ittr:lrrtl. vtrlt't'ilrt ttrt'.rtt-
"i"*i"l"ialr"oiierli
ttTlT;"ttJ.i,1ic 't't{,e i,iui,l,,i 1i 1,,,r,l,,,,,,rr.jrrn,.l,ivrrlili:r. l,rrrrlrrlr Lrrrrl sr'r ryi sl,rrlri
cu calcsoriilc r'rrrritritlr', r'rt,l:'i:l:'t.ll:,::l'b"i:: lrtllscir si.s1,,i,,,,, rlrr opozi(,ii lrirrrtr',': rrrrirrrlrl./rtt;ttttttlltl,, silrgrrltr/
pot pd s t ra o vrcmc mai indcl u t gu Lri t t or I r

lfi;,:ill irrtlir':tl iv/tt,,t, 1,,,1 it lrl'ir', :rr'l tr'/1';t:rt r''

'lrlttral.
r

letid. Dupl A. MeillcL, fapt'ul se cx1rli.i, il;,,'lJ'":.:l:'

^irlLol'ileaull{l caracterizat Cauza prirrriJ,,ilu,..volrr{,iri 1.r.,;gr','rri.v,, lr r,rrl,r,gttriilor gra-
exprim[ un proces qi'acLsta estc
mat icale'sc aflI irr rrct;0sil,iil,r,rr lrrrrlrri rlr, lr I'risPunde intr-Un
acl'iunea verbalS
orintr-o serre {le pn.ti"Jotlilii, astfcl inciL pur53' rnclcl cit mai adcovab rrOccsil,ril,ilor corrrrrrrieilrii. un factor
il;^;;";;;t;p;'i niciodabr iii fo'rno' ci
i-oo.t"nl cstc qi sisletrrtrl g'irrrrrrli'':rl irr ansamblu-,. tipul
"
ti;;;;il; ;"i siab ile, tori bri at' i r' raptu u i
;;,'b"i;;i;; .da
J

sLrircturii morfologicc, carc'o:r l.r' i rrr'u'c, anttmrtd drrecl,re

cil exprirnl ;t;;;;;;i(}, cit ;i cgir t'rrli i rl i rr ['rc con [' i-
"*po.t,,.l
f
a evolu.tiei tau r,i anuntil, iit,rrr. $i irrl'lrrcn['a unor sisteme
nuLur.ilc Ior'. lingvisLicc sLririrrg lirsi ut'rtrc, r'tr Lol, r'rtt'rtrrl,t-'t'ttl gl'otl l)onC-
tr,rit.rit itlst,r,rrtl,ur,ii rrror'lologir,r,. A$r'nrcrrt'rr rrrllrrlrrIr';tot, tttrt;tl-
1 M: C O1 g 1, Lcsysti:nlc rcrbalsCntitirlt.r't: tl l'crl'trrssion rl tr tr'ttt1ts'
jluv c n d rJ e s,
.r,r,rirt ttr gr,rtrruir( t,)ttt t f I. V. V r I Ir'rt, ttrl. rtl., p. '.|05.
"otjt'rr1,',rl'*t'i ,'"'/, I V. lf t'ii lt rl lt l, /r',; t)Jtl,tt:;tltt)tt:i lirtilrtt:;ttrlttr':;,1tt yt';
j;: ,1":",t:,::,:l;,:''f,i':;,,illf;,]lili,li*,i'lli,,',, rrisr,r,irrue ut rirr.
linguisIitltrc gtittrirltlr:", (lt]trt'rllr:rllil, li]rr:1, p 4l 4tl'
,,1')1;';11isrIr:

"'Y
guistiquc-gOn6rale", Paris, 1921, vol' I, p' 111 '
119
118

lera sau i.birzia o cvr,lrr(,ir, :rlr,,.i.t:i cau2e ultirne se aflir irr
rir[r""t u.oi lirrrSi tl;r1,,'' ryi irr lrtlrorIttrile acesteia cu ttcvoilo
de comunioare alt v(,r.1)il,r;r.i1,,r.,'irr.o o folosesc. S-a allil,irl, rrii
influenla slavl asrrpllr lirrrlrii |()rrtine a jrrcat utr rol tltr scitrtti
ln nd.sLrarca ncrrLr.rrlrrir si ,:i srrbsLraiul rotllilrri,i,':,:. ir g|ril,il
lim;i Irr lo
i;;;rf"";rea limbi i bulgirr.,, tr-r-r irr urr:rli I
cuirea. in limbile ufro-f irrir.r,, lr us1'crlrtltt i JrIirr {:rrl,('ll()r'rrl
timUuiui, Ca si sinciebismul t,uzurilot' itt rrtr,'l'' rlirr rri ('ril{'
limtri au' fost' atr.ibuite in[luen!ci linlhilttr itrtlo trttr'ol)trrr(]'
--^
f"1" p"i"eqte forrna 4e evol'!ie a,oaL0go.i i l'r' gr tr trrrtl, i.tt l*
s-ar ndrea CI, in un0le OAzuri, arO IOC O migoulrl itt ctlt'tl, tr
...roriir" la lormcle i'i{,iale. Astfel de la stadiul itt cat'c tttt
;;tJil-;; gramatical se ajunge la faza in care limbi-lc
con'trulesc"un numflr yaria"bil i1e genuri. Ulterior, u'ele.din
oi"'o"t pierde dislinclia grarnaticaltr a gcnului, prisfrlnd doar
sufixemo!ionalc. De asemcrri' s-a v;izuL.t5' p9 planul t,st'.ort?c]
V(rortllrrlrrlrtl cort[,irrcrt,,l,,t,t,',,1',',lil'r'1'r'rr1ilrl,'rrrrrrrnisttlrttHlttrt:1,
s0tnillll,l(1.
lsl,olilr lrlrt'l ilor' 'lrl 'u'otlrit l cr;l'r' ;trrl'lll tril'ot tlr l't'o1rl'rtll't llrr
tlil'ct',,trl,i0t.i, i;tr.lrIr,lrl, lrl'or'r.tl :lI li,lrtr)ilt1r'r, 111 Iltz,tr tlttttltttittit
l,oltt'r irt r't'lt: rttlti rlrlllll,r'llrrrlrt rlr'lrrr 1'lr1l;, irr lrrrrr'[;1' 111r 11lvl!
lilnl)il rr rlr' I tlrttl rrl,tttr'lrlr'll r'1.
lrrl ylrlr|l,r.rtl lrl rlr,zV0ll,;rIir
l'lrr'lill rlg y6r'lritl lt,'' lttit, lt't izt'ttztt ltt lrr lrr{rl trtttll,r' Ittttttll'ttt t.
trt t ttlt'F'ot tt tttt,t lol,,p't,'l! ttllll'.
li0ilS lrtXir:ttl, ltttrrrt,it,lttttl,;tr'l.tltt
Oal,c l)rin irirlili [or.lrrrrli. l,]lc rrrr irr,lrr,,'r'rr,.lrrnlrr l,r'ris;1l,rrri
comltnu irr r:eclt lrt It'ivrrsltr It'itrt,'1,'11o11i1 ,tlsPr'r'L_rt ryi se deoso-
beso rnai atcs sub aspeoLrrl tttot'l',rl,rHir'. lrr[r-adcvIr, ele re-
f lecbii accleaEi aspccLe aln rr,:tlit.iIir ('ir'l'r {'rr
('oIIt,inut nolioxel)
sau cxprim[ lrr^Irazl alllcrr;i tttp'rr'l ttti, iur din punct de
,l.Fi
vcdele'sin[acLic intlrrIlirrr'sc itt 1'r:"1"'z' I ir" irr gcnera]t func'
tii care aDar identi.ic r,,,, rrs,,r,i,'i ,,ii L0rr|r. 'i rr 1,()&[e limbilel.
lnlre as1,ccl,ul lcxical, ccl sirrt'rr.l'i. t .r'l rrrot'.1'oktgic ql pdr-
11

1,ilor clc iorbirc exisIii () st,r'irrsir lr,llrrlrrIrr rrr |rrlrt[,ii rlrl tlcpen-
limbii, categoria aspecLului prccedc catcgorla tllnpulul' In dcnl,r-r.Asl,frl.t,orrLirrrrLrrlscrrr;\rrlicrrlurruttttvlttl,illrlrrrlisptrlO
cursul istoriei limbilor irrdo-curopcne -oPozr!'.a .dc asp.ect trtt irlt:ctt tltl
a trecut pe plan secundar, locul prirrcillal rcvcntttd opozlltet 1r",,1.,,,,,,t,,,,,,i1:i frrrrrr['io rrittlit''l'ir';r (irr lrr;rot'l' tttrttttl'tt tlrl
'oxyrlirrrrrl,), i111' [11rr1r[,.i, sirrl,rrr.l,r'ir ir;r'r'r'tzt'ttzti
temuoral'e. Tobugi unelc linrlri (r'rrsit, lloofir('flca) au revolrlL s,rr"s. S,,
'1i0ir1,,,
rrottsitlIt'lt t::t l)l()( ('rlrrl rlrlIr'r'rr{'rcrii ltlrttl-
la ripozitrii aspecbualc dorrrirrnrttr, lrr sislt'trtttlrltl.ottJtlgfil'll. rlc li,,,,r,l,r ,,',r,,uirrl,rrl'r' lrr.r.lrrr . rl.rl,rr. r'rt
,
'ttsl,il.ttit.tt ft'rrz.i
Dac5.'se !inc seama de evolul.iu r.ott{ittttl.rrlrri 1i .nrtld.ul t,,r,,,1,i ttrttll, rl(] rrrr rrrr,rrrlrrjrr. lrr I'rrz|1il r'r'lc ltttli v{lr'lri, r:ltrtl
orSanizaie a formelor, exerttplt'1c rlrr lrlcsl [t'I tt't'lrttle lrlliolcB(t
irr slri*rlri, ttrt fel rl. lirrrlriltg{}:rllri irrslitrlirrl iTollrrrl,,$rnfluIir()l){}ztlicglrrtrlrrl,itrtrlrl
;"".;;;;;;ind n" o evoluii" ltt t'c.rr'.r'itlirr lirrrbilt' Irt'tl.t'ttrr lnl,r'('! (rttvitrl,r'rtll,rr :l{'l'l'll rlilll'rrr:l'il'ir- ) ttrtIlttt'trItt slttlt: str ltllll
(
;;;il a negatiei. l-ormelc us'.r'Lttltlrr
lr'grrl,' lr, ,r',ziIii luttt- irrt,ilr|(,;1,r, ln lirrrl,i :rtlrrl,r, irrll'rtrt rtl,ttrlttt Ioitllrr _ltrtr;roittt.
,"""" ."^iln|t'nou, cle slnt oigul'ie lr,l lrr,lrrrir,irrlr,r'llr'ltrlr't'rltttlltllo tlrlttstt
l,r,ol,irlril lii irr;rcr,r;l
porale. rlc A. S0rrrrrrcr.lrlll, rlrrr lirrrlilr rrr.rrrrl,ir rtnrlr. (rr,)/lr lltnrlurtt.ttir,
! tlttpii gttttt,t:K1,, ,,1tt1tltl"' ltlttl ',lt tttt'l l"t", /'4 ,,t'ii irs", ,,{t hliatt ryi
..lu'cru LiriaL", irri'il,itrl ttsl,tr,,14ttttt'ir" stttl ,,trtlittt:", dupI cum
Claselo de cuvinte cunosoute sub numcle dc pfrfi ils vor'
qi formal ln decursul unet " cuvjlrL dcLcrmirraI slrtl tlt'tt'r'ttrittrtttl':-
e
funclie
biro s-au diferen!iat funclional
cil le urmlrim ln t'recut'
til;;;i";, specializarea cuvitrt'(rlor' lrrt'r-ola anumitS ele a unOI cate-
nerioa,le foarlo ihdelungate. Cu sintacticd a ivut drept urmnre irl,irs*rt,it
[;-;ii;;,;';rrul lor csl.c"tnai mic, iar ln lirnSile pul,in cvo-
ll.ot,ii mor,Iologir'c st]ccili(1c. lilt'rrr('rrtrrl Jrotiiritor in separarea
luuIo de asLizi $(,lr{lr,ilr'ca vocabularulu i lrt r'lltsc l{|x tt:o-gru-
n;:,;"lii n plt,'gito. do volbilc u losl, l'uttr['irr(l(!.rrt'ld() lor irt frazrl. Carac-
estc abia lu lrrccput. corrstfttririlc acosl,oa ittt rltttl
-oii.ur" ircsc ;;;,l;ii,;, drurirat,icalr-r u r..i r:rrvlrrt,.r Ir(rrltijlocit
in mod f la e urre'luzia'ctr, irr fazelc lui celc rlrui vc|lri,
I tif. r'lisprrrrsrrrilrr rlrrl.tr rl* rrrltjot'il.ltl.lt lrltI'l,ir i;'rrr.r.t,'i,','t,.ltl
-t'll,1l:,.:f
llt Il'ol)lrtlllll:
lAl.Graur,Genulneutrutnrotntinelte,,,Lirnbarolttanl.., s:rst:1,':t (jorl14t','s itll''lllirIiotlill;rl Irrrtlr'illtlor (l':ttt:;' l1]/'8)'
li*
i"l'i ,,"i.itiiutt'g"r'ii r':ilt sr'r('urut'lln:; t:ottttltttr l'ttl'rtt.t' lirrrlril,r"
vol. lII, nr. t, 195/r, PP.33-44' - 2 Lo lrnrgue ii hr sotirttl- 'sttt irrtt'r'
(l'utt I('t[Itt'tlr tqpt ur'
2 S. M I a cl e n o'"i'iiJniriti tt* butgurischen sprache, l3erlin-
chutque, Oslr-r, 1l)lttt, 1t. 7''1
1929, PP. (-5.
.

Leipzig,
721'
120
 din sensul lrri, r,i rlin sintactic[1. Aceeaqi nof irrnr:
I'rrrrc{,iir
poate li exprirnal,ii prirr rlivolso pdr!i de vorbire (de cx. ntr:r.s
qi a merge), dup{ crrrr itcccitsi par'[e de vorbire poal,c tlxpt'ittrrr
obiecte, insuryiri sart itll, i tt tr i (tx. masd.,' frurnuselc, I'rr 11ri).
P5rlile de propozi(,itt irsi rrt'trcilzS forme dc cxplirtrlrl{r l)t{)
prii, astfel incit,-prcdioaLrrI sc sllecializcazl trit vct'1,, sttlrit,,,
tul - ca substantiv, atribuLrrl * ca adjrlrrl,ir" lrrrttr(rlirl Hirtl
pronume, iar circumstan{,ialele-ca advtlrlrtrlr. 'l'r'tlt1r(,lr tttot'lrr
iogizdrii pdr{ilor de vorbire, a scplriirii lor. I'olrrlrlc rlplrirrrl.
nu numai de nivelul goneral al linrbii ryi rrl girrrlilii, r:i si rlrr
tipul structurii morfologice a limbii' Ea esLo lu ttrt rtivrrl t'ctltrs
inlimbilc izolarrt,e, in timp ce tn limbile llexicltarc ca'"0 IIIi\r-
catri irr modul cel mai clar.
Mult dezbdtutd a fost problema cronologiei pdr{,ilor de
vorbire, pus5. adesea in forrna: ce parbe de vorbire s-a creab
mai tntli? Este evident cd, in acest fel, tnsugi modul de a
pune problema este eronat. Nu putea sd. se creeze.o singurd
parte de vorbire, aqa cum nu poate sd apar5. un singur gen
iau un caz. Cdci dacd o parbe a vocabularului s-ar fi specia-
lizat ca parie de yorbire, rcstul ar fi devenit q-i el, prin
opozilie,-tot parte de vorbire. O ascmenea abordare_ a pro-
blemei se explici prin limitarea discu!,iei fic numai la cril,e-
rii lexicale, fie numai la cril,erii morfologice, oonfundindu-se
astfel originea pdrlilor de vorbire cu insirryi oliginea lexicului
sau cu.inceputul marcdrii formale a. unor cuvintc specializate
intr-o anumit[ func[ie.
Mulgi cercetdtori,'intre care qi NI. Br6al, au sus!inut cd
vorbirea a fost inilial alcltuit[ numai din pronume, intruciL
acestea se intilnesc in cele mai multe limbi qi reprezintd o
categorie lingvisticd atit de importantd, incit e greu de con-
cepu*t vreo fa;d a limbii fdr[ existenla lor. Pronumele s-ar fi
creat instinctiv qi ar fi fost la origine un inso{,il,or al gestu-
Iui. Ultcrior, ar fi aplruL opozilia dintre pronunrc Ei rcstul
lexicului3. ln[rrrciL la o anumiL[ pcrioadir PLor'rrrnrcl0 nrr ft
mai putut fi folosil, singttr, ln jurrrl ltri s-atr ct'rlitl, sttltsl,itrt-
1A. A. L c o n t i c v, Boettunnaettt.Le u. ttellott(tttaJl'btLoc puJatttttu(
nau,na n. 10Cr.
t V.'M. J i r mu nsh i,O npupo\c qocnteii Pc'|urLLutt;t'accul)tt'
Naquu, in vol. ,,Bonpocr't reoplrl{ 'lacreii l)o'lll llit l\'tll'l'optlaJIc tlSIrl(olt
paBrrr{rrubrx'r'rrnol", Leningrad, 1965, pp. t 5.
- s.Essai de sCmantiquc,
l'aris, {924, |. llt:1 .
L22
l,ivr., lrrl,icrrl'ivt', r'r'tlrr'. |):r' ri Ir'ill ll()tlllllr(' sc lrl['rrlrrgc irirli
,,trl,,ir,,r'i,r {rtttt(}ltr'ttl.lt llttlt lt( ('i1l lltttttr', r'lttttl itt lottttt:ll'tli tltllll
ttliri ;rrtl,irr Ir'olttlrlr',ll)()l,r'zil {' l.'t'rtlttlttt"lt'r'.or ltl'r'11r1t'tr'
FTtIj]ll,ir.
1rr lt,lrrstr;ri1i,,tr1tlrl lrt trtt it ;llrlttlll rlr' lrr lrt llrllll'll lrrrrlrirjrrhrr.
l)trr.;r li1 ilr{,r,1,,1' lill} itr.r,iil 1111t,( llt,tttll r'tt l;r'tt:l tlt'ttrllt', ittttl
lt Irttil'ltl, ttl'ttttIl
{il,0ltto ltlr. Ilr'til,trlttt, , ttttt 1't0lr:rlrtl .t'"t
i,r,,,r'llir tlt'o r';tl('rI()t tr' lrrt,:tllt lrt tttt rlr' ;';rt(t 'l'' r'rttlrttr''
(]11 lil
N'ltrl(, rrrlri ttttrttrll,rlri ltittl, i,'t't 0l;tIttt lt t:rtr' { illllll(l(ltil
vorlrilii irrr sl,lrl tltlltt(rl(! iilrrr t(rrl)lll- ( irirtlrrtl,icri irrtliotri,
baza
grCci Si scr1i1,i e ,)rrsirlgr.irrr lii 1l11r1rrl,cl1 pt'itttgt'tlillc alO vOr-
6irii d,., fosL riitliici*ilc vcr.brrlrr- l,rr o asernlnltoare
s-a sil,ult lI . Schuchar:tl[,, t,rtt't,;rlit'rrr;t 'ri'ozit,ic rrrcmbrelc unice ale
frazei prirnil,ive au fosI tlo ttltl,trt'ri Vrrt'lrrtlrir. Sc conlunda in
ura*"ti"u tcze prediclal,ivit,ul,0ir, clcrrrcrrl ('srrrrIirrl.al vorb-irii,
cu vcrbul ca oiategorie rn<lrl'ologi,';1- 1't'tt ltozi['ic opusl,s-a
situaL in ant,ichiLalc N'L'l'erc,rl,itts Virlr',,, r:tt itt t'Itttr'll trrclcler-
nd w. wunclt,, carc corrsitlc1.i111 r'ii voIlrir',':r rr Iosl, rrrililrl crlrr-
sLifuitu rlitr ttutrtc.
AccsL punot clc vctlcrc a fOsl, irrrlrr.rr(ir,rrrl rir ,ll| rrl(r ,( {'r'{ t'
b[tOri, cire it sus!,inCau orr al'gltilt(]lrlrrl r':r, irr rtrrrll,,' lirrrlrr,
Iormeie verbale sc crecazii lltl llltz:t lt'tttt'l.t rr.ltrlllitlr" Pt ttr
agluIinarea ]a ele a pronuruolot' l].1's1)rrillr':r.
Penl,ru a in,Lelegc lelul curn s-illl (rl('irl' lrt ttrtr'lr.' Irrt{r- rlrr
,rorbi.O trebuie'sI plrnim de lir ()lrocir irr r';tt'r' ll.r i, trl c rrl,'rrl,rril,
din cuvinbe raclicale, nedeoscbitb lttt'tttit;. |11 llrrzrr lrirtrlrrrlrlri
se opun sub aspect siutacli0 (Irvirtl,rrl r:ltt'r':ttt't'rtl ,1,' strlritrr'1,
si cil care este prcdi.at,. NlultI vr,{rr.{! ,1,,,2i(i:, rlirrl,r'rr .trlt:.it
ttuLub ti exprimatd nurnai pl'irr irrtottttlit' 1i LoIir:ii, ill)or lll'lIl
iompliniri iexicale, in per,i,irrlir lrr .rr.r, r'rrl,.g,r'iiltl g.ama-
iili";; aflau la incepuLu.il. lrr,. S.rrsrrl l.xical-;i funclia
sintacticii 4iferitd a c;lor doi l,trt'rtrrrtti au avut drept con-
*..i"il "t"ru..o, la fieoare tlirr ci, ir.'or c*tcgorii gramati-
cale specifile.
Depcnderrt,a oriqitrar.tj lr girl,qggr'iil,t' !-ll'ittttlrl irraltl fle func{,ia
silrt.iri'1,i,'i ,,',1,,v,',lil.:i 1,r'ill :ti t'r'll '':r, itt tltrtll" lirrrlri,. ori|c'
attvltrl, r'tr lol rlr'Pr.rrrlir,lrl, rlolrirrrltslc r:ltl,r'11ot'l;t l)ol'soll.llolt (lilro
s. ;t.rtl,:1:r l'i llr ,i.itlirr. rt .rtl,'l"rt ir' :t ryi rrrr a
't''''lir':rl'i'rl'i{'ii
I lltti,,tt ,\',-ltttlltrrll lirtrttr, l"'trt l'tttlt'ttt(l;t(ttt thr uLlgttrtt:i'ttcrt
,\7lrr,/r,r,isslrtsclt.,rlt, rrl. I I :r, llrrllr', l1))11, 1r :lill-
' t ll,. U a r. ir c ( 1., !'ltr L,tL,,ilic,t I /'.ssrtt7s, l,olrdra, 1859.
123
vcrbului. Aga o 1i'osl,rizi sit,rrrr(,ia in limbi amerindicnt,, sa-
moode etc,, urrrlrr irrlcscir rrrrrrrr'lrr predicaLiv are qi t.irng,.
ln.trucib l,ormcrrii pl',rpozi(ici sc rr[]i ln leg[turi strirrsr,, r,lrl.ir-
goriile ata;ate la ouvirrl,rrl-srrllicct, (numdr-, gerr, rrncoli pi rrrrz)
slnt transferate prin acor.rl ryi lu ouvintul pt'cclittrrl,, rr;,ri irr,,li,
multd vreme ei continul sii nrr se deosc-bcas,.ii l,,r.rirrrl. lrr
acelagi timp, categoriile spcci l'ice predicatu l rr i, r,rrr.c sc r:orr s l,i.
tuie,treptat,.pe mS.sure ce qcesta igi sprrcirrlizcrrzri r.orr(i,
nul,ul semantic pentru a denunri un l)l,t)(.r's, n rr sirrl. I.r.lrris-
ferate asupra cuvintului-srrbiect.
ln felul acesta se rcalizeazl ,1i tlifercrrIa forrrrrlii rlirrlr,c
cuvintul-subiect, devenit numo, gi cuvintul-prcdicaL, dc-
venib vorb.
D-upl cum obseryt A.A. Potebnea, direcfia principald ln
evolu!ia propozi!iei indo-euro;rene a conitat- in iritdrirea
distincliei dintre nume Ei verb, prin concentrarea la verbe
a predicativitdlii1.
Opozilia nume-verb se gdseql,e, cel pulin in formele ei
incipiente, in toate limbile de pe glob, ea-constituind nini-
mul de structurd, gramaticald, intllnit qi in limbile izolante.
In cursul evolu,tiei lor, chiar in condi[iile reducerii forme]or
flexionare, limbile pdstreazd o oarccarc distinc!ie intre aceste
dou5. clase2.
Cercetdtorii au remarcaf adesea idenlitatca salr asemd-
narea unor afixe la nume qi verbe, ca dovadl a originii Ior
comune . J. Vendryes semnaleaztr yraralelismul fralianb din
arabd intre cele trei cazuri ale rrumelui (subiect
direct - obiect indirbct) qi cele trei moduri ale verbului - obiectla
aspectul imperfectiv (indicativ corrjunctiv
- trebuie raportatd
-condi{,ional).
Existen,ta unor afixe comune nu insd in
-cazurile Ia perioada separdrii primare a numelui qi
toate
verbului; ea se poate datora acordului, fapt carc explicd de
co se lntilneql,c mai frccvent la categoria riunrirului. f!-rcrn-
ple numeroase de acesI fc] rrc ofcrl lirnbi]c tglrrt,irrrrrrl,c (ugr,o-
finice, turco-ttil,are eLc.). ln unele dialectc Iinczc cx isl,ri rrrr
r S. D. Kaf nelson, Ifpoepecc rLabLNa 0 notill.crul.tlu,r
espo-neticmuhu,,,14orecrlrxArragerulrra HayH C C (l I,", rrr. iJ, lgrr0, p. 7i|.
t 4. M e i I I e-t,-,Sur lescaractdresduenrbe,lrr vol.,,l,irrgrrisl,irlrrc
-.
histo^rique. et Iinguistique gdndralc", Paris, 11)21, vol. I, 1r. til,
E. Sa p i r, Language, New York, 1921, p. 120.
lrtri,, trfix,1,, ;,lrrlrrl lrlrrltrr r,trr,,,, ryi v,,r'1,,r. Crlgirrrl ttici
cxcrltplrl ltt:
tttt,tt i. ,,r,1 | r,1
I 1 "
111 1 Itrr ltr ,, prrryl,rr"
tttttti ! r,('i ltlr'r'rtt'l ti" httlttl ,,1)ttfl,t".
tttttti.si,,t'l ttt' trtlr'p1r"' lf l)rt tt ,,tt t'l rr tt'tt"
lllt'll.tst | ,,1'l lll' lllt'l fil'" ltttrt I ,,ttt'ltrtt't"
'[rr
firrrlrrr Lurrrir lr,rrr,,r'rrrrr Ltt" rlt,t'ittt,lrr Ilrrrrtl rvitLi.z ,,t',tt'
solo voast,r'ir", itu' .sr'r,t'l.$t/t,,l,tt irrlrlnl,i" r' lrr Plrrlrrl sl vttt'sittiz
,,voi iubi!i".
Existefga genului la vct'bc str lrottt,tt cxplica ln unele limbi
prin acord, iir in altelc pt'irt ttttt,irrioriL{tlne Bau simultanei'
iatea constituirii genulrri gt'ttttrttl,irrtrl I'rr[,ri de. sopararea for-
mald a celor doud ptirf,i do vttrbit'c.
Opozi!ia nume-verb ser ittl,tlrtrst,rr ltt tlct'ttl''rtrl isl,oriei lim-'
bii"
-pe
mdsura consbituitii tl i vttl'rrr, lot' r'trl,l13rri i grumaticale.
Inmul,tirca rnijlotrceltir dc rl i Irrl'lrrr ['iorrr l'ot'rrrrr lri ttsl'tr t) oonsc-
cinld h translornriirii s[,]'rirrl,rrlii rrror'lolol1ictr. tlc lt tipul
izoiant la cel aglrrfinurrt, gi, tltr ltirri, ltr lcl l'lcxiottttr.
Prin irrsrrrsi colt['irttrl'rrl slirr llx irrttl rrlrsl't'rrr:t' r:nlil'rtt'cn
privitiL in sirro, ilttlttPtrtttltrttl, rl0 olrir.r'1, tlrlJotll,lvrrl str. tlo-
vetieEte a l'i o 1raIl,o rlir voIlri|t: (:rlr(' $ ll rll.sltlirrn.r'r'lrrl,iv l,lrzirr
dilt irtrrnc, oPtlrtitttltt-t+rr sttlr$l'ttttl'ivrrlrri' l't'olrltrltttt gollozol
lui e rnai clurt"t, lrrt,r'rrrrlt, trt'tt lotl ltt trllrtrri tttttt t'otlutll,t).
1., creAreu itrijcr'l,ivrrlrri rrrr I'ol irrrlror,l,rrrrl, rrrr jrrctrt, rtln[,iilo
-rlcl,rrr.rrrirrririi.
sintacLico ulc N4rrlt,ii vt'rtrtro, rlrrl,trrtttittttrou
urrui nurnc s-a rcirlizrrl, lrrirr rrpozi(.itt tttttti ttlt, ttttltttt, rlll)OrIU-
rile dintrc tlcLerlrrirrirl, si rltl,tllrrinrrrrl, r'r.ilrrirrrl rlirr ullllurareA
sensurilor lor qi a Lr-'|icii li'rrr' (l11lrr' ttttri vtr.lri.rrdjotlt'ive slnt'
sub aspecI lexioal, aoclou trttt'tr tltrrivti rrcrrr ijlocit dintr-.un
subsLanIiv, puLind expl'ilrrit rlll rrrrrrriri srrbsIan!a, dar qi o
lnsuqire a ei. Unele din asentcltoil llltIIIo, folosite fr.eqvent
ln aceeaqi funclie, devin cuvint,o el,ulotr ale comqaraliei,.iar
ln faza in care gindirea olrrului aj urrgc sii dtrsprindd insugirea
ca o rrof ittnc aparl,e, clc iryi prtlciztlttzt't st'ttsttl. Aqadarr. ad-
.jrrrr[,iy11l, r,r,cirl,'1rtr lruzn l'rrrir,1,irli sirrl,rrct,it:c
tr rlrrt,tlrtnitrtrrii, re-
irlczirrl,r'i l,ol,orlrri,ii l'rrzttll,irl,trlrrnprrrriLi"rl,ii rlc rt rlrlulrrirrde lnslr-
u.trt)o- ryili rrlrr olrir,,,l,clrtt' Jrc lrttztt rroltllrttt'tt[,itli2.
I ,f . V l tt rl r J' {r s' L,' lungrtl4t:, l'alis, 1924, 1t' 1lr0'
I V. V. I v lr tt o v , I'rutrttllttutt t'l)(t,u.MQrttatqcct;oeo clnloJa pAccnoeo
r,!t,Lt;u t Nlost:ttvlt, 1 1)(i0 , p. l-ril
.

t24 125
 fl,r;i ,,it,,, lrrir'[,i ,1,, r',rll,it'o, rrrJjectivul se distingc prin
tr'Isiit,uri lcx ic;rlc, sirtl,;rrl,irrc ;i rnorfologice. Spre dcoso-
bire do srtbst,itrrl,iv, irici strrtsul lcxical propriu se forrnrlitzit
relaliv Lirzirt. Aryrt ctrttt rrttt itt'it,at, adjectivttl tt ftrttc{,iorrirl,
mult,rt trrclno prisLlirrtlu rsi strrrsrrl nurrtolui tlitt tlitt'tr s-lt tltrs-
prrns.
SinL qi ast.Izi lirnbi cal','rrtt art ajutts sJ-si lt'rrlzt rrrl.ir:' livr'.
Despre limba tasmanianii s-a atirrnab oit t'trrlrt irrsrr;ililc crr
ajuforul compara{ici inLrc dotti ttutttr';l !rtt'r' s'' zi''t';t "( ir
piatra", iar rotund,,,ca luna". lrllr-o Iirttlrli rrrr,lltrrrrzi;rrrii rlirr
lrhipelagul Bismarck numele de ctrlori $tr t't:tllttt 1rt'itt tltrlrtt-
mirije unor obiecte purl,d[oare ale culolilor (tlc trx. lrtlttlt'tt
negru se folose;te subsbantivul ,,corb"). AccsL pt'otlcrltltt clc
exprimare se iritilnegte gi in lazele cele mai vcclii alc urror
limbi mai evoluale.
ln timp ce separarea lexicall a adjectivului este un indice
al evoluliei giridirii, separarea lui-lormali prin afixe sau
'flexiune
lrcndenl,[ de slrucbura rnorfo-
bste in mare mdaur[ de
logic[. ln limbile izolante scpaiarca .corrcepLuall a adjecl,i-
vullui este inso,titl mai ales tlc artr.rrrtil,e Lrhshturi sintactice.
Astfel in iimba chinezl adiccIivrrl sc tlcostlbcqLe <ltl strbsLan-
tiv prin faptul cd poale juca rol rlc lrlcdicaL (avind irrsuryiri
apropiate ile cele ale'verbcl.r) , sc ,,irL. irnJrirrir rtrr ..git(,itr
ba, poate crea verbe prin irnbirrtr'o ()u rrrr0ltl rn0r'l'crrr0 (cx.
do, ,,ittare", dala ,,a cresl,e!'), i1r rtltirrpligiLt'clt ltl'rr itirti
yltloltt't
irr ol. t'ctltt.
de SUperlatiV (eX. man /ne,n,,,fon|10 irrc0l,"), l,irrrlr
plicarea la substantive are I'ol tlisl,r'ilrrrl,iv, irrI lrt vtrr'Ittr
rol inLensivr.
ln u'ele limbi aglutinanLe l)roLios'I rl.s'r'irrrlc'ii adj'cLi-
vului se afl[ abia in faza lui incipicrrLri. S-a obscrt'at;' astfel'
cd ln limbile bantu adjective propriu-zisc sint pulirie, iar irr
multe cazuri exprimarea calit5lii unui obiect sc realizeaz[
prin alte pl'ocodee: printr-ttn substarrt,iv allsLracL (ex' arbo-
rele estc ,idri,nt sav omul r:stc putcre), PIirrl'r-rtrr srrbslanLiv
cu prepozi[,ic (0mul cslc cu putcre), pr,irrtt'tttr t'rtIot'1, iLl,r'i-
b:oLtv (omul, ui.clii -. onnil viu) sau l)ritI ll'alIsl'orIIlitl'()il st)-
1 V. .M. Solntcv, Ilpo6neuu uactttcii l'letvu 0 NrtnQlu:Ho"tc
trsbl'e 0 pa6ontan nu*riu"^ou Kitnan,,,I3onpoct't tlsl,Ilto3llltll'a", nr' 6,
1955, p. 110.
126
mantiotr a urror verbc irle calitil Liir. In lintbilo aglutinante
a cilror islolic poirl,o l'i rrrrrrilil,ii 1tc o lrtrt'ittatlir lrrtri llrtlclurt-
gut,ii sc ollsct'vri I)t'()oosrll rlc cortl,ill1l;i ;11rpltl'itt'rl rt rrrljtlrll,iv.ttltri
iru o 1l;tll,o rlc vot'lrit'rr rllosr'lrilri. ["r'ttottttrrlrrl lr l'osl, llrrrir:riH ltt
lirrrlrilrl rrglp-l'irr i,,rl qii I'rtt'r'1 l rrl,;tt r'. I'r l rrr,l,i, l.ttt'rrii vrttrllrr
nrr cxis{,lr o rlil'r:r'rtt(lr Iot'tttrtlr'r lrrl,r'r'littlrltlttttl,ir', ltrljrrr,l,iv Hi
irrlvcrlr. (luvirrl,r,lc lrolirir,rrrlrtrl,i,'r', lolorrrl,r,t.rt ltt rtttlrltl,trrrl,ivrr
'irr lirnlrrr
1i c;r lrrl.jcr'l,ilc, sirrl, in 1,r',.zr.rrl Irr.[ irrr,. l,] lr.girrl, r,r'r'lrr
ryi ittl sl't'rtcl'ttt'ii ttr';ttr;llrzrrlrillrtr' lrr
lrrrrlrtl. Iltltltt r:tt;tl'ttttlJttt
iatt,t s-a irrt,iilil, l,rrttrlirrl;t t t't'ltt ti rlc lrlrx('rrlIr'( rlrlrr rltljrlrrl,ivttlrl.
PersisbI insii anurrrit,0 lirrril,irr.i sr,rrr;rrrl,ioc irr cc privcryLe lrnbi-
narea ad,iecl,ivclor dert'ivttl,o r,tt rrtttttttit,tl clasc de substantive-
Asbfel oal . ott;ttt,,ittLcligrrtrl," rlct'ivitl, tlr: la akil ',minte", s.e
Doate im6ina cu subst,itttl,ivc itl t,rtt',tl scrrs adrnite apest epi-
ie t (ex. adam attilti,,t)ttI irtt,rrlillr'rrl,"), rlrrt'.tttt poate fi fglosit
figui'at sau rnclal'oI'ic lirrgr"r ot'irrl Ir'l rll rrttlrsl,itttt,iv- Mai'-per-
Siiti fOlOsiroir llnOt' srrl'ixc |{)ltiltil(, 1rr,nlIrr rrrrlrsl,itrrt,iVCle qi
adjr-'c:L ivclc tlcvtl'brt l, i vrl:r
-
$i irt l'irz,,l,l vtlrrlti ltlrr Pt'ol,oi1ltltt t'ttl,P('\llr'1, ''ltttl tttt llr: t:ott$l'i-
t,tri',scsl,r'rrr,l,trlit ci lltxi,irrltt';r, rtrl;,'r'1.t,''il ,11, lotttttt lttt ii o Ittt'l,tr
tl6 V()t,lli'rt rlt'9s1lril,rr. l1(l() r,qt{rl)t,rrtlrl rr rllt rtr.' ()llll Itilr'ttl,
t:l,iItt rlc ltlor.rl lrr it t.t.i.ltn{);lil('ilt.l)luittr';t lrrr llllt',r 1,t't'tlrttrlii
I'0lirl,iv I,irzir,. (]rrvirrlr,lr,r'1; lrttrr'l,tl rlr'lcttttttrrrl ivit trl t'ltlt'lttl
,l,ittt irtsrtsiri rrrt lt,'rlr'rrrtr'lrt'lttt ,1,' :,,tl,tlltrtltvl tlll l l,l'ltllltltl'i,
rrrir:i lrr.irr ll('rirrrr,,. l)rrr Ir|ll{,1, (l(\ r,r,rl,.r'r'rr.ilr]rtll,rr', rrtljl,r,l,i-
vglc s lt1 (t('ltl, 1r1 llrz;r rrrrlrr,lor'{{tlr' r'xl)tlttl{ltt, lrr ttr,rllttiri
l,itttp, ltttlr:ll,lrrr(;r rrt,'ltltl;tlcit Irttl';lr'lltolltll'rr. Sl pitrrr cii prtt'i'
t,rt,lrt s,'t,t,t',iltt lot' lot'tttlrll t' lllill I ilzr,' rlr', ll lot'tttltt't:tt gt'lt-
rlclor.rlrlcotttpltt';tIir';lttlrlr'lil lr'lirrllr'prr'llir/..r llllrilrrt'rlrll.i"rl,ot'i
cx.ist,rtrr[,lr gt,lirl.lrl rlr',.,,rrr1rrr':rl r. l:r rirrl'rl.;rrrl,tv. itt l'itzir voche
a unor'lirnlli 1,,.11;-1;111'olrcttr': rlr' ('r. I,';r'l ttl . v. sclrcdcr (de la
schude), zorncr (cltl lrr Zorrt)'t.
, r D. K eli I e r -M e y ttr, Zu.r(it'rtt:ttlttyliedcs Adjbkt-ius irn Bantu,
,,Afrikanische Studicn", llol'lirr, 11)51-r, p1r' 65 '1It, irr tlad' rusd ln vol'
,|1){;it, p l}15--i}21'
..A,lrprrt,atrcrtoo fl3btt(oslIillltrtl", Mttstlovit,
, I,j. V. S t,v o r I i it lt, l( rt1t,t6.ncxt tttt(tttt'ii I)('L(a 0 lttnpNcliur'
JLJr,Lt;d:t, ilt V0l.,,1]0rr[)o(:lJ t.l)iU\,|\Lt,t,ll,rc(]ri0l'0 c'r'1r01t", MrlStltlVlt, 1(il-15.
3 /f1. I. (l r tt rr i tt , Ilnst lll)u.tltli(LltlcrLt,lLt,( i tttto!)t;(:r:u:t; JLitLLl;(l':l'
,,llottltoct,t JIltt,lr{oilltilltl!,1" tll'. /r,11}55, P1r' 15ir iil ltrlll.
c l. I). l(:r I rr tt ls. tt, llttttrtltut;tt-i 1tuilil'ilntu,cc,Itc ttt:cLtedtt-
ouLun,'{ol. l, Moscrtva-l,cttittgt'rtrl, I949, pp. 262'-26(i.
t27
 :Limba indo-t'ttl'oprttlttti trttrttrt rtl nu cunoql,ca adjective pri-
maro atema[icc; ciist,,i trtt tlttlttt"tr redus de cuvinte cu vo'
,cal5 tematic[ tlrtro 1rol, ii rrrrrloIi interpretate gi ca adjccl'ivtl,
,,u*. ct. copd6 .,carc ltrio", t'r].xd6 ,,care e trastt, $ct. uardfu ,,1tt't''
tend"ent",' Sohtill ,,sLrtrl tttril,ot". Marea majoritalc a lrrl.io|l i-
velor propriu-zisc sirrL frirrrrtrLc cu sufixe, ccoa 0tl (tsl'0 trtt
indiciri clar al apari!,ici lor rt,luLiv Lirzii.
De altfel, limbile indo-curopene vechi -arr rrroyl,rr rr i l, ; r (,i rrI
rr
adiective din limba bazd. Din 320 de adjool'iv0 cttttscilttt;tl,tt
de"A. Ernout gi A. Meillet in di0{,i0n0r'rrl rrl,irrrologi0 lrr-
tin, numai apioximativ 35 au fosI irrlj..l,i'.. irt. irrrl.-
euroneanS. iar^ aproximativ 98 s-au cl'0i\l' llr litl'irrir (r{l
adieitive tlin riitlrlcini indo-eulopcne.
"ln istoria limbilor indo-europene vechi se observi"r lcn-
dinta de separare formald a adjectivului. Un rol important
a iricat aici genul. ln latinl adjectivul e deosebit de sub-
stintiv ournul prin 1aptul cI are gen variabilr. ln uncle limbi
el a dobindit o tlexiunefdeosebitti. lnb5rirea distincliei fald
de subs[antiv e realirdtn qi prirr gradcle de comparalie,
care devin o categorie specificli adjeelivului rii udvcrbulut'
Prin funcIia lui sinlacticrl , ltrtttrtrrtllttl se Ascttttti"tttt't ctt
adjectivul., deoa.e"e qi el exprirrrir o dct,crrrtitrltro tt strbgt,trt-
tiriului, Ei'".trr-" o dbterminare ctrrt'it'trl.i r',:i Plt" isi',.Jt', t':'";
(:'| lir' lolrrl
Zent nu Se Cunoaqte nici O lirrrbh tlo ltrr glolr {'irl'{'|
lipsitI de numeialO, Ceea ce csL. ittt st:rttrt itl rr.t,rrsil,iifii
aJostei categorii conceptualo trr' viit(,it trrrrri rr'ltrtrl,iv. Irr
timp ce deter"minarea cafitativil sc poal,0 oxPI'itttit.tr.vl'trttttt tltrs
tul de indelungitd prin apozi(,iil rrrrrri rrrrttttt, tlol,trt'tltittllt'ttit
numericd trn p|ate fi exprimatd det'iL r:trvitttr: avirtd.tr
'r'irtpLul dc rrttmlr.csLe
sens numb.rul] De aceea, poatc, dcsi t.t,t-Ioe
abstract, el iqi afl{_exp-r.imar.ea ltnp;vtsLtcd' proprle mal rc-
oede declt conceptul caliLdtii.
' Din punctul de vedere al con{,inutului, evolulia numeraltl-
Iui a c6nstat ln desprinderea sa de obiectolc 4eterrninate cu
carc inijial era giniit lmpreun[... Acest [)rtr(lc$ l,nrliuie si^ fi
durat mii de anii. Urrnc aie slhrii ln oaro nunlofirlrrl orir gln-
r Difcrentelc in flt-:xiune sinf cu tottrl ,Jngl ilul,ilc'
r,,Pcntru'a numilra estb nevoie nu nurtrai <l,r obilc{,tr cal'o s(j lr)l
numei'i. fl31 gi tlc c0pc('il,atea de a f at'r' ulrslr:tr'Lio, atuttrri t'ittrl
consideii aceste obicctc, de toal'c celclalt" firsuqiri l)e .( urr'. lu :tll ^Ill
afar{ de numSrul lor, iar acqas[h capacitate t'ste rczultatul uller Ill-
128
dit lmprerrnii cu nrrmcle obicctulrri dc[orminat slnt astdzi
fo;rtte pul,irrc.
Dosigrrr, csl,tt I't.rirr'lrr gr'ott rlr slrccil'ir:;rl, Pc c1r l,v'1111Jyl,ri n ci-
viliza[,ioi {tl)ltr'o rnrnr(l'irlrrl. Sil,rrrr(,irr rlirr lirrrlrilc l,r'ilrrrlo rrrr
csl,o scltttil'irrrrl,ivli , lrrl,r'rr,il,;rici rrr,:rlliirrr lorrr'lc rlr'lrru'l,r,rlo
st,itt'cit Pl'irrrrrrri, iirt'l,t'ilrrrlill trriri lrrr(,irr lvoltt;rl,r'rrrrl'r,r'ri irr
l'lrrcrr[,it ttrrot' colcr,l,ivil,;r[,i rrrrri rlcz.r,oll,irlr'. Ilrrrr rrr,r'r'r,l,ril,oli
iur ornis Pii l'rllcrr cii rrrrrrl.r';rlrrl u;r (rl'r,!rl, i) rlrrl,i rrrr rr;rrrlil,irr
scltitrtlrttlrrirlc lrriir'lrrli rri clr rr lttirl, r) ruur,rllzvoll,lrrrr lrr co.
leotivitir[,ito (]ilr'o rJc ()('ulriur ('u r'r'r,rl,(.r'(,:r vil,r,lorl. l,'iini lt lrr-
cerca paralelisnre sarr r:orrtlil,iorrirli rlrr irrrr'sL 1cl, sc pouIe afir-
ma totusi cI, spre deosclrilc rlrr rrll,c lrir(,i dc vorbire, evolu[ia
numeralului a lost irr ccir lrrri nurrc ul;isrrrir determinatd nu
de cauze lingvistice, ci rlc rrrrccsil,;'i (,ilc vic{,ii sociale. Aceastf,
evolu{ie consbil in crcry[,olri1 l,r'cpl,rrlri rr r:lrrr{il,n(,ii de numerale
si, o datI ctt accast,a, rt r'ottsl,il,rrirrir,r r pr,'r'l'lr'('iorriirji sisteme-
Ior de nrunlirii t,oirto.
Sint linrlli itt triu'c l'ot'ttri rllorrllrrl,rr rur nuln{ri Prirrrolrt r.ltlttd
ttutncralc, iru' pcrrl,t'u t'csl i'ji' l)unr' ,,ulrrll'". Arrrr l rril,rrrr[,iir lrt
11
trnelc l,r'ilrrrri rlr, irrrlilrri rlirr'l';rlrr rlo lor', r'lu(\ rrtrrllri lrrl,r'rrtr
st,trrl irr l''ttt'l,r' ;tt'ltrt i,
.
l)irr rrrlrl,rlltrlt'lrr trrlrttrrtl,r'rlc lr'r'r'r'1,:rl.olt lt'tt'lr, r'il tcl ttttti
silrryllrrsisl,t'ttttlcttutnrtrrl.oiu('r'irllir(r'lu,ttl,ttzrtrlot. lttlt'ttrt
itsotncilcit si:ll,crtt lritutl r'\ till;r l()r'nr ill)r'r'utl,' 1',,tt1,1 11 ,,1111t1" tri
,.rlrtitt, iltt'tlsl,rrl rrtttrt,'tltl,'1,,r',,1,, t',';'rrllr nrr lrr'r'tl tttttllt', Htt
I'olrttcttz:i pc lrltzrt lot r\rrl I'r'l irr lttttlr:r :ttrtltrtltrtttrt lrt'l\rtltt I
tt.i,ttlrt,,') lrt'tr, 'i Itrtrrrrrrrtitttrr, /r Itt'rrtttrr!,'r,,. It, lirrrlrilo
l)irl)uirsc sc rrtttnlit:r itt ;tlt'rrl, rnorl pitlr l;t , ttt, r, lrr rrll.clrr pllrii
i,, ry,tr,', iitt'1,cttl,t'tt tt'rtl, r'li'iil)rrtrrr.,rttttll,". lrr l'ol'rtrir lrli lirrrii,
sisl,cutrrl bitritl sr, irrl,ilrrr'11,r'irr lirrrlri rlirr Arrsl,r'irlia, l)oli-
rrezia qi Atttct'it,rt rlc srrrl.
O datI cu crefLcroir rritttl,il,rr[,ii rlrr tttttrttrlilltt sisLcmul binar
se dovedeEte prea grcoi. 0 rttirlrr t'iispintlilc au avut sistemele
de numiirS.toare create pc b{rza r,lrlctrltrltti cu degetele -
cel quinar si, mai ales, cei dccirrritl. lrr rnull,c lirnbi numeralul
5 esle denumit cu sllbsban(,ivrrl ,,rnirri", 10 ctt ,,tlotri mlinitt,
iar 20 sc spune ,,onr" sau ,,tttiitr i ;i lrir,iolu'rr".
dclungal,o rlozvoll,ili islrit'ir:r' l):rzrl{r l)(r ttxlrrlri.ltl,ir", 1.'. I,l tt g o I sr
ArLt.;- l)iihrin l:, crl . 1 1){i(i, 1r. rr l.
1 \,V. S c lr rrr irl 1,, l)ir' ,\'prurhfturt.ililn untl Spraclutnkreisc der
"lJrde , Ilciclclbcrg, 192(',, 1r. :|71 .
1.29
I r Progresul in UmbI
 lntr-o lirnbir lrolirrrrzirrrrrr rlirr Norra Guinee termenii pentru
numeralo irr<.lici l'orrr'l,rr cllrl l'clrrlcum se numdr5.. Aici t:
tarangeza ,,dcgct,rrl rrcl rrrirr rlc la rnina stingi", 2 : ttale,
hina,d,egeLul urrrril,or"', il . ttdginleta ldna,,deg,eLul rrrij-
lociutt, I*: topcu ,,iIlit,riLor"', l;: tnand'a ,,degctr-rl Iniu'{)",
$: gaben,,inCheicIrrra rrriirrii" cLc.1. In ]ilnbilc cscltitttosc
numeralele au o l,imologic olaril. St,uditrl c()rrl)itlrrliv rtl
limbilor esohimose volbibc irr Asia, Alasoir ryi (it'outtlitrtrltt
a dovedit cd numeralele s-au oroal, in pclioltrlit trrtt'c 1rt'trltrrltt
dezmembrarea Iimbii colnunc. Nurrtttt'itlclrr 1. -1) plovirr r.lrr
la nume ale degetelor rniinii sau do lu pozi{irr lot': 1 -.
atasilt,,degetul gros al rniinii sLingi" 1 5 : tul,iuutt -< tulilt. ,,ni-
n5." ; 20 : iughtalt, provcnib din iult,,om" qi ina(lt),,1,o1,", ,,ln-
treg"z. Etimologii asemdndtoare se inttlnesc in rnulte limbi
de pc glob.
Lirnbile sernitice qi indt-r-eru'ol)elrc au, de la cele mai vechi
alestdri, iistem decimal. Irr liuba conrunli indo-europeand
sistemul de numdrS.toare era foaltc dczvoltat,. Nurneralele
2-'10 au fosl,.cuvinte cu serls cottor'oL, carc, lrltcrior, prin ab-
stracl,izarea sensului qi schimbarca lrrno!ici, atr tlevenit nu-
merale. Sensul lor originar ntr poal,c f i rcconsLil,r.rit,, dcoarcoe
func!ionau ca numerale cu rrrtrll, l,irnp irrairrt,oa tlivttt'siliolrii
lirnbii-baz53. Numeralele I-4 crarr ttd.iecl,ivc valiabilc <lupl
gen;i caz. Ele si-au pisbrat accsL oatit0t,trt'si irr Iirrrbilc irrrlo-
europene vechi. Cele de la oinci Ia zcctr sirrl, [,tttrtc trontittlrltl
lipsiie de flexiune qi tle gen. Nuntcraltlc itrLr,r 1t si 111 .t'ittt
imbindri paratacticc dintre r.r niLa[c 1i tttttttct'alttl ,,zcc,e",
iar zecile sint imbiniri de cuvinl,e de gen Itcttt,t'tt? oillc s-alr
trartsforrnat treptab in cuvirrLe contJ)tlse, niai devrerne in
lirnbile ibalir:e, cellice, gfeaci"r, si rnai lirziu in limbile ger-
milnioc, baltice ,1i slavea. Numeralul ,,suti" era ;i cl subslan-
l,iv cornllus neut,ru, declinal, in sanscritii, avest,icd, vechea
r -r\. l\. l,ctlItl,ittv, o1t.cit.,p. 109.
2 (i. A. ff tr tt tt 5 t: i li tl v , tr'[a ucDt.o])uLt oSputrttrttru:t
'tttr:'r'tt'
,;;:r,,;:j:;;."tiLL./tLoccti\"rL trsr,rI(o3rtilrtttrt", ttt'. rr, 195(i,
'nr,u;c,,,llottpool'l
' 3 I(. I) r u g III a n n, tlltrtgC de. granurtu.irt: crttttpurle dcs lutrgttr:s
indo-europCert.zes, I)aris, 1905, p. 38,2.
4 V. P. M a j i u I i s, trIn1oeoponericr;asr, ilrtrltt"rLQnbttd{1, cuotteua
quc.q,unne'nur,bta, ,,Jlottpoctr rrgr,rlto3iIaIIl{JI", nr. /t, 1956, 1tp. 53-59.
130
slayli, lit,rrani; lrr gr..rr.i ;i lrrl,irri rlrrvirrrr rlrr l,irrJrr.r'irr i.va-
liabil, irr .l,iltp cl srrl,clc isi prrril,r.r'rrz;r l'or,tnrr rlr; irrljr.r.l,ivr..
Nrrrrt.r'ltlrrl | ()O() r..;lr,r, r'r'i;rlrr, .r,r;r, llr|,1, r';rr.r, ,.,,r,ill,ii ,1i,,
Iot'trtclr,lrri rlr,orrr,lril,'irr,lr\r,r,:rr,lrrrrl,r r.rr rlrrr r,lirrrr,lr,1.j;1 111;11
cfrtt';i itr ttrrr,lr.rlrrr r.lr,(rlr.r'r :;l,r .':rrltrr.stirl//,,I O()()" irr(rt rlr,
.sriltrtlt ,,lor'Irr' , irr lrl. Itilrr;,,.rrrrrrrr.r'ori' , l,,lr r\ rr',r//:, r, irrr.rr
rlil, r,rr rrrl.jr,r'l ivrrl,,rrr:rlr.' r'1, ).
lJtt.l. lrrrrlri irrrl,r r,rr.r,1rr,r1r. (r'r'll,rr,r', l;rl rrr;r, lrllrlrrt,zrr) 1riur
l,t'crtzri ulnrc irlr. rrrrrrr lllllr.rrr \ rlr('r;rrrr;rl, r.r;,1r,:rl, r.ir rlirl,ot.irr-
dtr-st: ittllttcrr(,r'i lrll,or' lirrrlri (ur, irrl ilrrrl.lr. lrr lrrrsli, Iirrczi,
ose(i).
Evolu(ia nurncraIclor, irr lirrrlrilc irrrlo-cur,o]rcne se carac-
terizeaz[ prrin Lendirrlit corrlirrrr;r rlr.sr,l)illilr,{r ri lor ca o parte
de vorltire densebit,ii, Plirr I,r'rrrr;lolrrnrlr,lr lol t,reptafl in cu-
vint,e invariabilc; ace sl, l)l'{)( (,s rir, r,r,ir lrz,r'tt,it irr-ril.rnuli di-
Ierit,c itr f irtcarc linrllri. Irr'lirrrlrir lrr;,, r,lr, Iolrrrr.irzri o clasl-r de
cuvinl,c aparLc alrirr in sclolr,lr, \ lll \ l\/. l,)rrrrrrrr,ilrlrlca
nutrtortrlrtlrti trsl,l rrrr lci:rrll.lrl. lrl rrlrllliu l rz;rr.rr lrri ur,rrr;rrrl,icc.
Exis[,onllt lrri cl srrlrsl,rrrl iv rrrrr :rrl.;r.r'l iv rrrr r,,' rlirlor.ir lrrrrr.,
l,itti sirtl s('ttstrltri, r'i l;tlrlrrlrri ,:r rrr,,,,r'r ,l,.r'i\;r n('nri.jlo,,il, rlin
eltt. l)rrsi, t':t r-ri rrrl.i r,r'livrrl, lrlrr'lrorr,;rzrr irr Ir';rz;r lrr rlr.lll
mittitIiv, rl rru cslr,sulrlj rrrllrrr,rrlr,r ir{,()t(lrrlrri. l,lr lrr.lrurlir
ptlirl,rrsri Iir,orrl.r'ilrttil lrr l1r,, r1rrl:r l,l,:l1r, lr lrrr rrr.it*;,l il, rl.
sttlrslirrrl ir'. llrtpor'l ur'rt(' l)irr' ;l r;(, lr\ r,l.riir ; nlr r,l (.()trrl)li
tt0sl,tl tur nuul') ('r utr('ot t rrrrrrrr,lr,itl)iu.('t:t o lr;rr.t.rlir.ttt.c lr
rrrrtuclirIulrri.
O rllrl,ri ( tt ruul'r'irlr,ll r,tllrrlrrz:r jr lll;llrrrr,lr,rlc rtrrrrri'il'ii-
l,ttttl'tt, t'lltl isr lirrgr,l;r' lrlrzrr l;t ilrr rrrrtl rlir loltrl,lr'-
Vrllbirrrl rlr,s1,r'r'rurr{'r'irlr,rrr,irrrr lr'lclil rrurrr:ri l:r cirlrlirtalc,
0clo tllui vtrt'lri rlirtllc r'lr'. l'r, llrz;r,lrlrlrrurlr,lol s iru ct'oal, ull,e-
ritlr sis[,rttttc lcgrrlirltr rlrr rrunr'r'irll olrlirlrlrr, rlrst,r.ibut,ive qi
rrrrrlLiuIi.utivr'.
Categoria pronuntolor a l)r'o\'o( irl, rrrrrrrct'oirse disculii prin-
tre lingviqt,i, rnai ales irr crco{l (:{r ln'ii,rrs{,rr l'clrrl irr care ele s-au
(llea[,. (la part,e de volbilrr sptcililri] l]t'onurrrr'lc sc corrst,it,uie
itt ttt'trta rrttttrrrlui si rr vrrrlrrrlrri. Irr lr, lrrivcslr,r'r'orrologiir r.c-
Iirl,ivrl rr rlivclsclol llrlr,lSrlii 1lc prlorrurrrc, r'rri rrrrri rrrrrl{icrlr'-
lr:l,il,oli sirtl, rlr, llircll clr rrrri vrrr,lri sirrl rlr,rrrorrsl,r'rrl,ivrrlc,
itdttrittrllr'tio (ril iu'gunrr'nl irlil lolrrl irrrpor'Lrrrl. Pc cirlc llau
rrrla{,iilrr slrtrl,itrlc irr girrrlirr,tr si lirrrlrir lrolrrrlirl,iilrrr.h'ibule , ciL
si rrritlclilrlr'll clirrrologir.r,r':rll irrrlir,;i irlrirr.ilitr rrntrr. l)roJtumc
131
rt
'bersonale ditt tIt:trrotrsl,r'trl,ivrr 1i a posesivelol {i1 personale' verbolc rlc loc: rt,ccsla, cu,, ai,ci,, in,coace. f acela, cI, acolo, tnlr-
Foate cd. e urai birr.' si s0 rrlirttt' .ii a existat inifial o catego- ttcol,ot. lnl,r'-lrrlcviir', lrr rrrai rrrrrll,c lirrrlri lrtrrrrrrrrrrilc <lo
rit a" cuvinl,o, o[)rlso ltttlttrrltti 1i vcrbului, cu func('ierLrslrIirrs itt sPtl- l)()r'soiulir I c lcgrrl, rlc irlcr,lr. rlc,,rr1rroir1rr:", irrr.cclcllrll,c l)rrs(xur()
cial deict,i"ir, <liri citr,0 ull,r,r.i0r.,-1rlin opozi!ie., s-ftrr rlc irlrrc;t tlrr ,,rltr1rtu l,c". Si lr'f ii l,rrr':r rtrlvr,r'lrr,lor rlr, lor: r'rr rlcn;orr-
pronumelc dc trtotrs Lt'it.l, i v tt t, p t stl tlelor persortalt:' sLt'itl,ivttl c vizilrilrr irr rrrrrll,r' lrrrrlrr.
t t

I )cspt'irrz,irrrltt sr, I lr';,1,;rl, rlirr ;rrrr'l,rrrrlr,lr, rlrrir'l,icl r.rr o r.lrrrrri

ln legll,ru,ii cu t,r'igirrcir-1,1'orrrrnrelor.s-alr I'.r'tttttlitl, rl.rrii lllritt'1,t, rlt'tttotltl,t'ltl,t\'{ll{, l,l r lrrt ltr.ll, irt,1lr,11! { 1 lrilt 1tttll,6
uuncLe ie vedc.r: ttrr'i i ,','r'' i'lr'rLori strslirr ll-r l)l'{)lrrrlrrt'lt' .:rrl
fost la orgine e uyitiLc deit'Lir.rr (Z.igc.w;r'L.r'), irr ltrrrl,) r'" :rlltl l,r'o1rl,r, lrr lulrr'[,tr,rllrrrtl,rrlruil)clilr{]iu'rlor rlr rlr, l)r'('(.rzrrlir (ll,r
l,irrr(,ci. Asl,lcl irr lirrrlrrlr. rrrurrrllr (rrrrrlrrl llrrrrrrlrr.yr,r lr lrol.rlrrl
considerl'cd ele derivi din ouvirrt,c rlcrrttttt i rr ltl, i vr' ( N c rr rrrviir'
ier). primul puncl, de vedere * 1.s1, oxl)ts rl. l(. lliilrltrr', lrrdiei), ltt'tttttttttrllt: itl'tt I'tlt l,t'rr;tl,lrlrrlpi rlisl,rrrr[,lr,si l'1t'rrrg slrg-
ciale pri n oaro so irrrlicii rl;rr';i olrilcl,rrl ocrrpii, lrr raporI cu
E.'Cutrirar, iI. Ja,,rrn. AccSl,a dirr rr|rrri itlit'ttt;t rrrt, :rllt'():t-ittl,t'.tt
perioadir indcpiirlaLlt a iirrrbii' vo''abttl;tt'ttl ll'lt lot ltt;rl subiectul, o I'ozjtio fronLirl,ti s:rrr lrrl,cralii, daci e vorba de o
iu-"""i"ri" ilin purtieule deicLice, care se oat'act,crizrtrt Plirr fiintd sau un obiecL, dc rrrr lrrcnr vrrzrrl,sau nu. In alte limbi
'*i-bolir,,, [orrcLiu. IJILerior., cind oamcnii au dcost'bil .l'r''lc se spe0ificii dao[ obiectulc lrrczcrrl, srru irllscnt, cunoscut, sau
ot" Ait r,nrr l c i, lc-au expri mal li rrgv ist ic 1lr'irr rrl ijloac.'.si rrr lr.lt'' necunosclrt. Mai importarrl,c sirrl. r;prrcil'ir:iirile distan{,ei,
in care de ascmt nea csLe llerce|l,llltli nloIlYftrea lolleLlcil intrucib ele Iin de trabrrra rlcrrrorrsI,r';rLrvllor'.
(i"to"u1ir, clurat[ etc.)1.. S'e coriSiderii cri eleme.tele deic- ,[rorrnc rrurncloaso ilrr tlcrrrorrsl,r'll,ivr'lr lrr lirrrlrilc alcute rsi
bice nu avcau cara,,Lerisli,'i rrrurlologicc qi IuLeau inrlcplirli esohirlloso. Ast,l'ol itt trsclrirn,rsrr rlirr i\rri;r r;r'irrl,ilrrcgr: fortne
ca:. unl.,)il(roSLit) irli"rl,rrli rlrr r',rr'lrilor"'; i.,;ll ,,;rlcrrl,rr rrl'l:rl, lrr o
func!ii sirrtacLice diferiLc. I)irrt icrrlclc dcictice s-ar l.l Lrutts-
format in pronurne clupl ce arr dohlndil flcxiune, adesea di- oarocitro rf isLarrfi r.lrl vol'lri,.rn'";tn(ttt(t,,ir('i'ril,r irllirl, lrr llrrlr'cj rr-
feritf de cea nolninaliiz. rirttit'; tt,gtt,tt, ,,;trtll (rilr'{, sr irrrlr'p:rr'l,r,irzrr rlr, r,ollril,or"; Irttt,rt
-
too.iu opus[ tr fost suslirrrrlii. dc A- Sorrtmcrfe-lt' 1i dc alli l,iltr1rl;1 .jos, lirrglr lrlr:i"; 7rr/r //i/ ,,ir( r'lit irr Not'rl" ; ttlttttt ,,ttrrcltt
lineviit,i, dare aduc tn sf i'ilirrrtl Lczt'i l-()roxorl)plcrlirr. tl.ivelst' oilr() s(| rtlrt'olrir.rlrr vor'lrilrtr"; ikrtrt.,,ir{'(,lir rlr,prrrl,c riri', ttrtg-
ii"ini, denronsl.ativ,rie c.r,i1L baza ttlt,r,,ttvittl,' ttrt- /erl ,,iltrtrlit itr iltl,r'r'ior', rlrrIrttlc rll t,lrrrtt"; l)tlrnn.tt. ,,itr:rrltt llt
""ao
ii;;*i.-t;sens local. E probabiI c$'cave'r a Jacc ctt trlr'.i stfs"; /(r/lll/rt ,,;tcr'lrt crur()ji(:ul, rllrr' ( irr'r, nu rr) vcrll" ; ittttLtt
llirg rlirt ,'ttt'ittl.r' Ito-
ilf"ait". C"i care srrs1i,, ",'i 1,,'n,r,,t,rtrlc s*Lilzit" ,rilttttIi[ (]ilr'(: Irtt srt vltlt', rlr'Pltt l,r', nt't trttttst ttl,(' 111,1r.:1. I lrrcl(t
tionale se rcfcri la o pclirtutIll I't'lul iv rlorltrla.('ltlllr]- l)r()tltlttl{l tltltttottsl,tltl,ivrl:ttt r'l,irrrollf i1,r'lrr1ri. l'llrr 1r19r'irr rlirr
crrvittl,o cll s{'ns lor':rl (lorrrl rlr,.j o:r, locrrl rlr lrrli ll,r.)slru clriirr
i"-1, .f"rL u-f.o,run.'"ior Lle it('cst fcl li s,'ttsrrl l.r's'r','i;rlizrrl, rlitt 0uvirrl,rr crr srns ruri , on, r','1, (rrrurrl.rr, (:ill.rlr, tttill'o ol,o.).
in"limn ce cei lalLi t'ercetlLori uu itt vt'rlr'l'r' litza ct'ir' lrritl \'('('lI('
u pronrrrnclur'. EsL. rl. .i.'l'ut'ttttttele llu s-q Iixis[ir tlrlci litttlri ctt sirrl,r'rrr'' rlli, l,ilr rrrrrll,ip[c; tlar ma-
".allii jorit,al,ea s-arr IixuL lir sisl,r,rrrr lrirrirrr,srrrr l,r:r'rurrr). Adesea ele
crcab 'rcstt'rtsIrcr-rtzitldu-st scttsul;t
cl inLr-oduL,r, e i irrcIo.'i tlifr:l'ilr',
sisteme de forlne' au ramilica!ii. Ast,fcl irr lirrrlrrr longrr rlirr l'arrrilia bantu existd
consl,il,uirtdu-si
"-
fVi"i mult,i'tlercel,itori atr crrtis ipol'cza (,lrlrsIr., cI elcnentele un sisbern ternar', itt carc rrrr;r rlirr l,r'rr1rl,r: se subimparte in
,f"i,,ii,,,, i,,if i,,t,, rrl,.irtrirrrr t.tt i,'ttsttt'i tlirr. r'ure trci:
*1,t,,',1,,*l,r.ilrs rrll.,.r'i,,r' rl,rllr,,trslt'ulit,'l'.,
','r,rrr'lri Plt'sottitlclrr si ird- A. tihontu lcll ,,itceryt,i Lroi rlc rriri" ( ' urrrlc'sini crr)
R. tihomw lel.o,,l.c,r;sl,i lroi rlr::lcolr) " ( rrrrrlo cryti [u)
I II- .l o tr s {,1t, l)itt llntrvit:liltutg dts sltru.r'lrLir'ltttt lrr:;,lrrtllis.l.iir
Raurttvt:rlttil.tr'trssrr itt ,'rri,r'i'tlJtt
j'r'"r"itil (irttrgt'ir:; ittl'trrltltl'ioltltl rlr:s litt-
r(:f. IL .l crrsr)r, ()/). r'rl., l).'17:1, l,). llcrt vorr is l,r:, /,o
guistes i la llttYtr", 1928. dcs pronortts,in vol. ,,1,'or liorrrittt ,lirkobsott", llirgir, 11)5(i, p. ii6,
' K. l')." Ml'rit'iltskaia, /i ttlrttltt'r:t'rtctt'ttLtttt -tttt'tttt)Lt' n.o.lu,rr:
2 (i.
'Cf. C,ltui U Jl,JtnhUt: l,UJtIbIfr CItClltt-v..,li('lllrtrr'l'l Jl:tl'll(r':tll;tlllllt"' . .l\{ r tt o ;i r; i li, o v, Y t'rlttt.rtrr:tt,r,ttL,r,t: Jttrcctnou,^t,(nur, o
Uentr,,tX
acnu,l4,occh:o"rI .,r,rr,lri;c, ,,[]otrl)o( r,r ,riJr,ll(o3rrurr.ul",.1, 1955, 1ll). 2B'-29.
nr. {, 1966, P'. 15.
133
732
 ri.batea limbi literare * nu sisl,()rrr() rlcict,irro Jrinllru (tu1r\ dc
C.r' tihomu lctitla ',iIrrr:11,i lroi :r"ttIo deparle" vecfucaegiptolrrrri (rllt,o irvtil rrrr sisl,crrt rlcirrl,ic tlttttl,ct'lrttt', t'lt1t[,tt
C.i tihomw.leli4ft' ,,irrx',sl i lroi lt'rolo foarte departe" ige sisl,cirr' lrirutr,) ; irr conl,r'u, lrr lirrrlrilc srrrlrrrrrzrr ryi lrrrrtl,rt Htt
C.i tihomu lctitlu ,,ir'',:1f i 1111i ;lrrolo la orizonl" l1l,llnrlryl,c rlr llrrrrrsl,rrr: rlc S'islorrrc lrirrru'r, ni l,rl'nltr'r', ltr t,ttlr;r
r,g lrr srr,l, ilt lirrtlrilc llol,crll,ol,r'si ltotlilttttttrr, lrrrrrloltritrti risl,trltto
ln multe lirnbi tli. I'*r^ilia bantu treapl. <lis{,irrr(,rri rr
lonrrrlcxc. lrr Agirr,sirilr,rrr lrirrirlttt'r, r'lrittr,ztt, itrt'ttt ()(:lllllllll
sugdratd prin modificiiri l0rrot,i0c (lungirea vtloltloi, ilt:trttttl,, lirrrlirr irrrlorrr,zirtrri. Sirrl,r'ttrr'lrr trttlt'lltlti r,otttPlirrrrll nl lrrl'll
indl!ime). rtcsc itt lirrrlriltr tttttct'itttlilrrc si pitlt'o ttttittl'tct'.
I,,limLa indonezia'ti bisaya, vorbit,ir irr lf iIilrirrtr, tltrttttttt- l{.lilci it t't'ltritl' oxplir,il,irrtl o irlr'r' rr lrli W' Wrrttrll'r
straiivele sint organizate inbr-un sisl,cttt Iittitt','i tt tritt'rt litttritt'tr care, stabili'rl o Jrlrr,rrlr:lli irrl,r'rr cirl,cgori' _rrrrrrriirului ti 9.cq a
qlembru al opozi!ici are Lt'ei brepte deiciicelor,'srrsPiirt'u t'ir ttttllLi'li,'il;rl.rr rlcscmnlrii spa!iale,
l) aproape de vorbiLor 1') deparlc de volbiLor ca qi existerr!,a formclot' ittl,cl'trrctliitre -intre singular- qt
Zi u'oto"ir" de ascult{tor 2') deparbe de ascull'5'lor nlural . Lrddeazl o girrtl irr' t'ttttIt't'l ;i, r'voltt( ia sprc sisteme bi-
5j uitoui,u rle arnindoi 3') departe de amindoi irare Iiind un indi,'irr al absLrirrrl izilii ci. l)rrpii H' Frei, para-
leliSmul s-ar cxplica pr.irr A(,c{:il (.i lrr rrrrrlrr,l,,,'rlzrrri,existen!a
Analiza sistemelor pronrrmelor demonstrative in multe opoziLiilor mrrliiJrlc st' dal.orr'slr, rrr'lrrrlirr(rri glrrrlirii .de a
tamitii de limbi l-a dus-pe I-I. Frei la coDcluzia c[ se poate ;i;;nL la r,unccliLrrl rl* s1,irIi,, *,,', ,'i, rrrjrt' irr rrl'trt'it orici"trei
,o"ri"t* o legdturd intre^st.rctnra sistemului in deictic $\Sra-
dtLei'min,it'i ,',rtt,ircl.c. lil lrrlrr,','t'rt'tttpl., itrl..t'r'Htrtt'l(! ('ilt'c:ll'iI1'U
a"l-a. civilizalie al vorbitorilor r.r.ci limbi sensul mai
c5., 'C5, adeSea, lirnltilc cill,o illl $isl,trtrrc rlcir,l'ir,rr. <r.tttttpltrx{} (lll-
ln tinii mari, cu cit o limbd serveqte o sooietate evo-
nosc si calcgol'ii rrlr tlrrlrltll, l,r'ilrlttl rtrrl rlrrrrll'irrltrll'
il"t5" cu atit sistemul ei deicbic are o sLruoLur5 mai simpld Trebui0 ariit,rrl ci rrrr l,oIi rrr,r'r'rrl,irl,oIii Hirr l, tltr tl('ot'tl (]ll
elt vollritolii Iimbi se ('alac-
if i"".af . si. dimpobrivS, cu rrrrci COncluzii'lc lrri l,'r,rri lrr.iVil{}i'r',, lrr t'1rliil:l('t'lll ttl'lttri,r ttl sin'
i;;i;;Ji'o;inftlo civilizalie rnai i.itpoial.ir sittt d.c tip..ar-
temelor tltritrl,irrrr ('ll ltrrri tttttll rlc rloi tttt'tttlrt'i' Ast'l'cl
ir;i;,;"tit sistemul lor deicLi,, cstc tniti lomplical,(let'- E. l)r.trnltrurttt rrottsirlct'i rrlj irl lirrrlrilrr lritttl,tl sisl'trttlttlItrt'ttltt'l'tt-
nar sau complcx)1. Aul"orul consLalil rrri rtta.lot'rt"l:" l]t"Lil:.i Oa"riut,ir O I'aZrj rrilri rrorrii r |ilr'(l tlt','ttt'gr, rlirr sislt'lttttllrittttl'll.
indo-europene moderne au un sisteln clctoLtc bIlraI" t'rpur LrO,,,rrtt s-it trlii(,itl,a, ili.{{rntoltcit ('itzut'l lllt (:ottl,t'rtzirl I't'zrt l'tttlrltt-
ternar si huaLcrnar glsindrr-sc in itl iornuri ir[lale irr irrii lu-u mbntalir ir lrri li|0i. sirrl lirrrlri Irr|r,, irr |]rrt'sul rrv1rl1l1irri lot"
;;;;1" s'u,"Jirof uf,". li tirnba bazl irrdr-r-crr.o'eanii limLri.
stsLt'rtt
-
lurnar carc. I l-
pL1 ui t'otttlrlr'1.2. sislt'tttt'1" r'xisl.trl. r'tt..It'r'Pltr ttoi'
tl'iltrrlr'('ill'()
unei. societd!i tribale --.a cxisLal utt ",i
Lceastu'sc iltLirilPltr rrr;ri :rl,,s irr sor,ir'lri[.ilc Sc
oirrJ *."-a 'de multitudinea de teme, parc sI provi'd
ocuDd cu vinaLrri' l)t's(:llitlll s:lll t'l't'sltrl'ttil viltrl,t". unde
.di.ttr-,..t sistem mai cornplex, ctl dcbcrmintit'r concrete'
insii Ei impurre lilrrbii('l'('lrt'c{l ttltt'r l'ot'Ille mai deta-
Sistemulternar a persisbat in vechea slav[, in lttsa veche' ""ii'p"t'i"
ii"d ,i. speciiicare. Diferenta l'irfii rl. sisLernele complexe
'si a fost rcl'rrt'rtl, ittccr|indu-se axarca
armeand si celLic,r de f ip arhaic (,onstii iil cal,ucLet'rr I sisl.enlal ic al nollor Ior-
f"i^""-r"f; f.er pc.sdare, in labi.5. si 14rcar:X. Ist,o.ia limbilor r"-iii in sens,tl lor local; excrtrPlclrr ittlrtse din limbile- baq-
iii"lo*r,."c ui:oLir lorrriinla conLi rirrI a rtltlttrrot'i i sis['.trtclor i" iirte c5 rrrccizS.rilc sirit, t,ot, iir sl'rr.rr rlisl,l'(ei, spre deose-
ternarc.
'"'IrJi"rt tl{, tttUlr-
u rrgro-l'irrir,ir r,oruuttlr au c-tislut- oPt lrrrtltr rlt'. () | l)ie ,sprathe, vol. II,1r. {r,5.
ut;ai;; t,r,,,ii,s,rl is['riei are loc si *i.i , si.nr'Iil'i,irt''.. 2.1lrt. (ir., 1t1t. 122 1211 .

;i;;;iiJ aostut tlc olarri se intilneqte pe t.riLt.rritrl A[r'i,ii. rrt{Ijo- l,irrr- 3 IJ. I) tl In lll iI tt lt, .l)a.s I)t:ttr'ttttslrrtti'vin lJunruSprucht:n,ZDMG'
fii. ii" nord apar!i'ind familiei semil'-ltantitice - nr. 100, f asc. 2, { 951, irr tri.rd trtsli 'irr - vol ' ,,Atl ptlttatrcttoo tlsHxo-
0EaHr{e". Moscova, 1963, pp. 31l1- 31/r'
I ll. F r a \, Systimes de c)eictiques, ,,Acl't liirgrrisl'ica"' vol' lV' 4 K. Il. Maitirrsliaia, art.cit.,pp'24-25'
fasc. 3, 1944, P' LL9, P. 725'
135
134
 bire de del,crrrrirrirrilc l,iprrlil,,r' itllrrricc de deictice, itt carc md, goL. ik I milt, v. sl. rtrt t, /,*^'. l lll,rrriol sc ct'ctt{tzii ryi trolrr-
se au in rrcdot'c ilspccl,c plivirrrl olricr.rl,cle qi nu spa!,iul tlirt- lal l,c caz tr ri.
tre cle. Tlr rrvoltt[,irr lrlonttrrrrlot' l)cr']i()n'rl,' sr' t,,',,,,rrc ;ru(,ittt, grrlrittt-
. Cu toateforrnclclor: su;rlrrl,ivo, l)t'otttllll0lo porsorralo sirtl, trtitt
'nbi lriili, clc isi trrr,trl,irr llrr ittrrr,rr r(lr'rlllultrl,;r rlirl,oril,rl trrttrri lot'
decib dernonsh'aLivclc; rtctrtsl,ir o valabil ccl pu[,itt pcttl'l'tr l't'crl'ctt(,c irr vor'lrilc- St'1tortl,t't'tttttttt'r:;t lrrlrl,rrl r:;r tttttll,o ltrtrlrt
persoana a III-a care, itt rtrttIl,tt lirlrlti, a luat ltilst,tlt'tr ltrr ltltzrt rlirr Asirr, ()ct':tttirr lri Atttlt'ilir ctltroltc llt pt'otttttttrtltt lrlt'tirttt:tlc
unui demonstral,iv. tltt ltclsorrrrit I rlorr;r Ioltttr': rtttlr rll ttrr,ltltrr'(irr lttlrr ltln ttttt
Originea pl'onumelor personale tttt csLtl itrci sttlir,icrrl clrrli so ittfclcg rrrr nunriu ( r'r {'ur'(' vot'ltt'rir', tltrt' rlt rrrl,cr'lortttl,ol'rtl
ficatS. Ele nu alcdtuiesc rtn sisLetu LcLttl.tt', tri I'rtt'tttrrrtzii o oltrt ryi al!ii) si rrll,ir rlrr r'.r','/rr,srr'(irr r:ttlrr rlrri irrsr';\tttttir ltrtttlti
zi!ie binar5., explical,I dc corr'lcttil,oli irr rrrotl rlil'rrlil,. Asl'lcl ,,noi care vorl-rirn"). l,'ot'trtclr: rlc irrcltrsiv, irt oare se reuncllc
unii inleleg cd exist,ti aioi oliozil,ia eu - notl eu, da itcclaqi persoana I gi alte pelsotln(), sirrl,, rlrrlrii terrnirtologia Iui Brtin-
'tip cu opozi[,ia aceslu acela, aici acolo; intr-o aslfcl drr dal, forrne complexc. [,iurbikr irrrlo-ortrol)ene, semito-han]i-
interpreiarc prorlurnele - personale sint - inlelese ca delivind
tice qi ugro-firrice nll cunos(1 oJrozi{,irr rlirrl,rc inclusiv qi ex-
nu din dernonsbrative, ci din particulele deictice din care clusiv.
s-au creal, qi deinonstrativul si arivc'rbele dc loc;1 Pronumolo pososivo al)tlr tturi l,ilzirr rlcr'ltl l,rorrurncle
Mai numeroqi sint ccrcctiitorii oarc oplrn l)ersoana a III-a per$onalc (au, in gcner{l? ltlrrttc ttliti t'r'11rrlrrl,r:) 1i, plollrrbil,
primelor doud: persoane. Ea parc sii se fi creat mai [irziu, pe baza lor. lrr multe linrbi 1rt'otttttttt'lr, 1t,'t'srtttilltr ryi
are ebimologie rnai clard, putirrd f i ugor dedr-rsI dilt demonsl,ra- Cele poscsive au o forrnii tt tt itrri, itrr rlilr:r'rrrrlir rlrr
tive (ca in limbile indo-europerrc) satt tlirr substarrtive (in sens reiese din context; alll,rrri tlc vct'lr Ittttrrliorrltrzr,i r:;t
indonezian[, tibetand, samoedii etc.). E. Benveniste2 a pronume personal, iar alii.furi (lc tltt tlttttt,' { ir pt':;t'rilr''
adus in discu!,ie elernente func{,iorralc: protrttntcle de persoana Astfel in limba amerilrdianL lrrlri f{rrilt'irtri tsr: ,,r'tt" rtl l,tr\ttr;'
a III-a are caracter,obiectiv, el frrnctiorrcazii ca rnijloo de formii in posesiv ln sirrtagma se trtl.rt,,tritsit tttt':1"; itr.rtrrlottt' '[rr
inlocuire a unui.nume sau de referirc [a un elemeiil al flazci. ziartra vitinl ,,e1 berrnin[", iar ir,i t,ra.it.tttti .,r':trrrr lrrr", ,'t1i1t
Aga s-ar exp_lica Ei or'iginea sa din dcrttonsbrat,ive sau din srrb- teana veche meh-k: ,,tu sittt(,i", ilr lttr /, ,,t:trilt l,;r",
stlntive. Spre deosebire de el, prorrurncle rlc persoana L;i, coincidenla existI la toal,c lrtlt'soltrtclt'. lrlrrrrl,il';rl,rrir rlr:
intr-o oarecare m5.sur5. qi cel de pcrsoall{r a lI-a, reprezinbii urt forme se lntilnesle qi iu lirnbilrl rrgro Iitrit,r'. Asl,lr'l irr li-
complex de semne,,p1oale", cal'e nu se relelti la o rea'litate nez5. glsim:
anumit[ qi care capdt[ conlinul, rtumai irt vorJrire. servind kriteni ,,tniua Inea" irtl s(r.n.on. ,,trtt vtlt'l)t)str
astfel tocmai ca mijloc de trecere a lirnbii in vorbire' Prin kritesi ,,mina La" ,ert71o.st.,,Lu vOrbosbit(
lnsuqi conlinutul lor', ele par a fi rezultatul unei indelutr'
*saLe munci de abstractizare a qindirii. ln nraglriarri:
ln indo-euro1-reanJ, pronumele persorral era invariabil kalapom ,,p.{ldria rnea'i ryi
tr(lunt ,)eu (il , o) dau"
(a rJrnrrs irsLfcl'irr lrilili), f lcxirrrri'a ltri s-a r,ortsl iLrrib Lir- kalapja ,,pll[ria lui" utlja,,el (il, o) d5."
Z1r, cCca c(r {r.Yl)lirrri rlivcrl{{ltl(.rrlt'dirrl,rc lirrrlrilc itttltt tttt'r,-
p8nt,. ( )p,rzil,ia irrirrrrtrrr rl. rrazttri a fosL ar:r'r:it rlillIl'c ttotrlittit-
Ascttrirtat'cit lorrttitlri tlirrl,r'rr crrlc rlorr;i l,iprrri tlc plottume
tiv qi aiuzaLiv, ttxlrlioabilii prirr neccsit,itt,{)iI sirtLitol,irrii rlc rt 1 l'osl, irrl,cl'plcl;itl,i tlrr ttttii rrrrl'r,tll,il,ot'i rrlt rrrr irrrlirlirr itl l'lrpbtr-
Itri t;ii, lrr irrigittc) tttt ;t rrxisl,irl, rlil'ct'rrtt[,]'i irrl,r'rr rrottsl,t'tltll,ill
distingc prorttttttttlo strbicct de prorrurnclc ol.ritlrl[ ; ptlrt l,t'tl rtrltttitrirlli si,rcir vrrllr;tllr sittt ittl't'rr t'ltpot'l'tll lrl,rilrrrl,iv si_ rrtll
aceasl,a s-a reours la ternc diferite: laL. egtt f rtt,e, slu'. uluhtr.f
1 A. N'l tr i I I rr l, It ltrrtrt,trtt 1tr'rst,ttrtr'! tl lts drtttLrt:tstrutifs, ,,M6-
1Cf. IL Jonscrr, op.cit.,P.179. rrroircs rlc lrt Socil:lri rlrr l,itrgttislirlttr: rlc I'itt'is", vol. XXIll,fasc.2,
2 Art cit., p. il6. l4l ltti.
1r1r.

136 137
 prodicativr. l)oLrivil, ttcr'rtl,rri Putrr:1, tlc vedere, perioadci'lrr
care opozi!itr rttttttrt.vr'r'lr ttrr cltr clar tnalcatrl li corespt-rrrtlc
qi starea dc ncrlisl,irrclirr rlirrl,r'rr lrrrst)nal si posesiv.
Din pronurnolc rlcrrrrrrn;lr';rl,iv s ir (ircaL, diu neocsil,li(,i sirr
tactice, proqunrolo rolir,l,iv. l)rrPl'i pirrerea lui M. lilrirrl rclir
tivul a luat naqbet'o dcsl,rrl rlc {,irziu, deoarcco rrprrlil,irr lrri
presupune o sinbaxi evoluitl,i. Al.a se cxplirtii rlo cr 1l trrl,ll
nim numai ln limbi dezvoll,al,c. Irr lirnbir grcrrcri rlirr prrli
oada homericd qi chiar rrrlri Lilzirt itxri ttrr cst,c ;r'ccizrrl,r'i irlc
gerea pi specializaroo rtttrri l)roIIttIIt{) rlcttr,rnsl,r'li,iv irr lrrrlrli;r
de relativ, desi idoct rlc rela.t,iv esL{i rrrai vcclro ryi prrlc sil Ii
existat inoi lrr pclioada cornuniLirLii indo-euloporr(:2.
O dezvcrlLar'o rnafo iarr in cursul jstoriei Iimbii pronum0lO
nohottrrite, care conLinuii si"r sc cr'cczc qi ln limbile rnoderne,
mai ales pe baza numelor (b. on,, gorm. m&n) olL\nd,. rneil
ongl. nobodA, everybody, rus5. tr,ru6ot1, 7pyeofr. etc.).
In evolulia pronumelor so oJlserlvr-r Lreptata lor speciali-
zare dup5. 'funcgii, delimitar,';r lorr{,iriulului scmantic al
fiecdrei categorii qi orgauizarca lol irr sis[eme.
Din pronume ia naq[ere si articolul, oarc csl,e una dirr cel(i
mai recenbe phr,Li dc vorbire; 0r0at, ptl baza unei oategorii cu
conlinut abstract, articolul aro scns glirmatical qi funcbioneazd
ca un morfem cramatical. Lirnba iritlo-curopcanS. comunl uu
avea articol, efs-a creab in mod irrdcpcrrderri irr ficcare lirnbii,
la date diferite, dar pe baze sirnilulc: ar[ico]ul hotlrit din-
tr-un demonstrativ, iar nehol,f iL rlirr rtttrtrcralul untt. (-a).
Categoria articolului apare tlc Lirrrpuriu in greaca veche:
ln poemele homerice 6,&,r1t isi rlrai pIs{,r'cazii valoarea de
demonstrativ anaforic, dar in tc-xLcle Iil,erare ulterioare qi lrr
inscriplii el e folosil, ca art,iool. Sprc deosebire de greac{,
latina nu qi-a fdurit arl,icol, clersi inoii din perioada arhaice
u.rlu.s, -a are in unele texbc yaloaroa ncdcfinitri alui qu[d,am,
iar ille , ipse tqi piertl sensrrl crnfrttir,r si sc loloscsc lrcntru in-
dicarea gra,lui,,i rlc rlrrl,crttrirta.c. lri Lex[,cLr rlc tir sl'irryitrrl
impcriului nrrnlrrr vlrloarr.a lol dernorrst,r'iLt,ivii e rrrrrll, slii-
bitI qi in rrrrolc sit,rrir{,iiajung eohivalcnl,c or] arli0olrrllrol,ri-
1(lf. It. S w o c 1,, 'l'h,e Ilistor'g of Lottgu,agc,l,ottclra, 19:10, p. 50
ryiA. S a u v a g c o l, Synt.u.zc etm,orphologi.dons lcs lortgurrs fi.nno-
ougricnncs, ,,Rovrro tlos Ct,udes indo-curoprlrlrrrtes", vol. I, 1938,
pp. 281)- 29/r.
2 l\'l . l] r 0l l, Essai de sdmantiquc, ed. Vl, I)rtris, 1924, p. 211.
138
rit. Tlarrsformarca lor l' arl,irr.l sr: r'calizeaz;i ln nerioada de
lormare a lirnbilol rornanicc. lrr :rll,c 1ir1r1ri,,.,,,,,,,r,1,, rlrl rrxcrn-
plrr ttrtglczlr, rlt)rrrolrsl,r'lrl,ivrrl srr l,fiq11;i[1,1.rr1'i ilr rrrl,irrol rrlrin
la irr..P11f1;l lr.r.irtrrl*i rrrr:rlir. Irr rl'ir.lil, s. sl,i. r:ir'lrrl, lirrrlri
irtrl0-attt',Pcn. nr,rl.r'rr.. (rlr: r,r. r'rrsir) rrrr.r, r',rrl,irrrrir rrii l',1,
scltltr:ti rlcntolril,r'lrl,ivrrl lrrnl,r'rr ;r rrxlrlirrrir rlcl,1,1,11,irrrrlor1.
'[rr
,rr,l,r rrr;ri vc,,lri.lorrrrc lrlr, lor', rt,r[v0r.rxrlrr rrPrrr.rro r,lnl)ur.ru
silll lirrrttrr lr:tll,i,,rrlr,l,r', rrrri lrllri crr l,,rlr 1or.iri, ,,,,,.,,, 1,,,,,,,ir,,,,
itlttrtit vrrt'ltitlii. I)irr'l,ir,rrlrlt rlc rrlerl, lll ,,,, ,l,il, ,,,,y1,,,,.,,, lrr
rnrrllo lirrrlli, itrlvrr'lrr'lor.1,r'irrrlrr',,. lJll,rrriol sc l,r,irrrsi'Orinl ln
adverbc divers.l. r:,rrPliiri.i .ir','rrrrrsr,.rr(,iale ale verburui.
Ele indici, prin sLruol,trlir lor., {)l)ooa lrr care s-au creat.
Evolu!ia mijloacelor do I'orrrr;rr.c :r irrlvcrbclor poate fi
urmdriti in istoria Iirnlrilol irrrlo rrrrr.opcrrc. Clte.ia limbi
situate in arii lateralc (irrrlo ir.;rrriirrrrr, lr'i l,il,rr qi greaca) au
p[stra.t adverbc de loc si rlc l,irrrp r];u.r! r'r:pr.czi,it,,i'i,crna purd
a unui substanl,iv ncrrl,r'rr. l,) lr. rr1r;rr.(irr IrJ'irrrrl.i lrr .rrrd fle-
xiunea nolni nalri irrcij rr rr,,r,,,,,,,,,rl,, l rir l,r. Asr,rncrrcrr Lcrrrc frrnc-
fionar,r in frazii trrr tlilcrit,c lolrrli rrrrrllrr:1,ir.r,,. (l;rsilrr rrsl,l'gl lp
v, in.d. {-,ao-ol'_,,pritrriivrrr':r" 1 t,(tnttr ,,irr p;rrlrrr.r," , ttltttl, ,,z,irrr,.,
,,,in_timlttrl zi.loi", ,si'al' ,,riorlc" r;i ,, lrr riixrrc" ; lu'tttritt,,,i.rrr'rrrr",
Lt,d,dn ,,ln_il1l'i"; irr lril,il;i lrtttrrtrtrr. ))lnorn{}rrl,"
1i ,,irrrr:rli;r1,..,
in,,ga.., trp"p ,,2i" 1i ,,in I,irrrprrl zilci", v,'rxrr,rp ,,,,,,,,1,-
tea", _ijvap ,,irr vis" ; lil,. tltr.ltrtr ,,ltclltn" rrl,r," llllljllf itrrt,irrr rtil-
verbelor rnoqt,urr iLrr rl irr l irrr lr;r .r).r u n ii r.t1rr,z iir l,)i , forrnii
caztralii a rrurrrclrri ryi aplrr.(,irr rrnri r'1,oci rrrrr'i l,lrzii. ( lclrr rrrrri
multe sirrL I'osl,c Iocrrl,ivc: skr,- rillr, gr.. ri.vrl, li l,. ttrt.te, lrrl:,.
hunt[;.lat_. ltcri, gt.. Xi).3q, ir.l ., itt, rllu:, skr. lt.tltilL, itv. zlJo.
Procedeul accsl,a ir fosl, l', l,sil, yi rlrrlrii sriP;rr.rrr.lr iirirbilor inio-
europene. Astlel la{,ina 11 l,r.irrrulorlrrrrl, lrr irtlvcrbc forme de
insbrumental (planc, tr,alclc, cr:rte), <lc lrblal,iv (postremo,
perpetuo, paulo), de acuzaLiv (u:tcrt.r.trt, paulum,
facile),
de nominativ (aduersusl prorsusl protirtu.s) c|c.
Grupindu-sc int,r-o olasij uJ)trrl,c, rrrlvcr.lrr,lrr lDi creeazd ul-
l,crirtl ttn sist,errr llroplirr rlrl rlcliviu,o (rrr srr f ixc spociali-
zrrt,rr, clrrrr grisirrr in lrrl,irri pr - (i)ter (turpilrr, ktrti,ter, graui,
ltr),sr, irr lr,'r,i,,:rrlrr rl.zrrrr,rrrlr.r'i r,ii lirn[rii llrt,irrr,., ttt. -trtt:rll,e,
t l,l. Ii r, n v r, rr i s I r, ( )t itittr::; tlr, ltt
f\trtnrrtion d,cs nonts cn indo-
['lrlts, I l.lil5, vo l. | , p. 1)5.
ar[,'\)lttit,n,
139
 O evolu(,io nscrrriirrii l,o:u'rr lrr l'olrrrarca adverbelor a fost
observatl gi ln lirrrbilc rrgt'o.f irricc. $i aici adverbele prirnare,
formate din l,crrr(r rrorrrirurlc rrrr tlcsirtenfa zero, provin rl in
perioada prcflexiorrlrlii, irrr rrrlvcr'bclc creaLe ln cllotrlr is-
torici sinb forrne oazrrirlc irlc srrlrsl,rrrrLivelor sau ale rnorlrn ilor
verbale nepersonalcl. Asl,lcl lrr cstonianX tcin,o,,irsl,rzi"
e un veclli locativ, ItaugcLt,,rlu rlcpirr'[,e" p ablal,iv, riii:tr. ,,1'tttr-
te", ,,mult" e rrn fost ct-rrniLal,iv, iitr in f inczii t,rrttrolt'llttr ,,r'1.
ternativ" con,tine sufixul gcrtrnzial -l.k:k:. In Iirnlrill rr11r'o-
finice sufixul de ablat,iv -tu s-t\ Llanslot'trtitl, ln srr l'ix rlrr rlcri-
Yare adYerbialS.
Dupii cum I)o brrrrir dlepbale remarcl 'l'itrr.li, atlvcllrclc
sinb vechi in lirnbir, in ce priveqte conlinutul lor, dar rroi suLr
aspecl,ul separiirii lor ca o clas[^aparte. In evolu[ia ]ot sc
remarci roiul func{,iei sintactice. lrit,r-adevdr, clacd pornim
de lasensul lexical, functiade det,crrninare avcrbulrii ar Ii
revenit adjccl,ivului. Dar se spccitrlizcazii ca adverbe in pli-
mul rind Lernele nominale. anoi subsLanLivele cu rol de com-
plement circums[,an,Lial . Datbri Lri firrrlt,ir;i, o lorrnri cazrra]d
de acesb fel poate s5. devinl atr[utttlrrtii, sit se r'rpi de flcxiune,
iar complernenl,ul se convclLcsl,c pc plarr nolfologit' in
'adverbz. l)esigur cX. se branslornrii ln advorbc qi urrelc adicc-
l,ive, dar cele urai vechi in forrna lor subsl,artLival,ii3; rrlt'e-
rior adjcciivele devin advcrbc dc tttotl , rlullir ce s-arr lixat
procedee de forrnare Ia adverbcle tlc loc si rlc t,irnp.
Din adverbe au luat naEterc propozil;iilo. Originea lor lc-
centd e dovediti de specializarca lor cit dlcrncrtt,c gramat,icaler,
prin golirea de sens lexical, qi dc I'rrrrct,iir lor sirttaclicir. Itrle
slnt specifice limbilor cu o sinLaxli qvolrral,ii, iar rtlrrnirul
lor es{e in cont,inui. creqtere. ln mtrd frccvcnt, se trarrsfonn[
in prepozi(,ii qi cuvinte flexibile; acest proces e inttlnil atlt
in lirn-bi in,care formarea prepozif iilor esfe Ia inceptrl,, cil,
qi in limbi loarl,e ovolual,c (tr. chei', sart,f, pcndttnt, gorr].
iuiiltrend, cngl . rcgurding cLc.). Prcpozi!il ,, l'iit'i" pt'ovirtc tlitt
1 V rr I {, o r 'l'rr rt I r, 'l'lN: Sl,rrtr:tu,ru.l 'l'ntrlt'rtr'it's ,,I l,rtt .tt,ty',t,
vr.rl. I, (.lcncru[,'l'tttd,cttr:ics, Ilclsinki, 1958, 1r. i4.
' .1. I( rt r y [ 0 lv i c z, ])frir''rt'tiort lcri,ealr (l tllritttit)tt sllttltt rt(lttt',
,, llullt:l,irr rlc la $oci0l.C dc Lirrguist.icltttt tlc l'rtlis", vol. X\XVll,
11)i|6, fits0. 2, 1r. 90.
'3 l{. l} r' tr g lll a n n, ^'lbregd dc grun.ttt,tirr: rt)tttl)(tt't\(i IIt's Itttt!tIt's
itulo-europkrtnr:s, P.aris, 7905, p. 172.
140
adverbul latin foras,,afarii" cr,eal, dc Ia fol,ma de acuzaLiv a
subsLantjv r l.ui * trtr.,,u1i" (rl
rr lr lr: l, lr I I rr i
fi fu r is ).
Irt ittrlo-r,rrr.olrliutil conrunli Ir.c1rozi(,iilo lrrr lor,rrrirrt o clrrgii
apitll,c; irr vrrrlirlr sirrl, lolosilo i1, 1,,rrr.(.ir,Ir,r,1rozi[,rorrrrlr.i ;rrl
vttt'lttt, irr l,irtr;r cc irr ;1r'r':rr':r lrorrr.r,ir.ir l;r, irrl,ilrrr',rrrr lrr,{,D{,-
zif,ii sPrrciirlizlrl,rr, rlltr.loPi,,lr lor.irrr,jr lrrr l lrrrrlir. lrr'lrrl,lrrrr
tltrrf . 1r..prrzi{'ii rr'ri Pi*rl,r'r,irzli rrr,r*rrrlr lrrl'r,r'lrrrr lr, (:;ttsrlttt,
tltrlttt.'; 1tt'r l:t.s.rr1,r'r'llrl,ir.; rrrl irrll.() (,{)ritlr.rrr.(rr,,.lr: ,,r.i.rsr.s"lrl
ll,ont.tnut)t ttttltltrts (lrtttlluot r,l.r'.). Ijr.rrrr. ;rlr, rrrrl,orrorrriri
pozifiilor ilr lirrrbil. y,1'1 11i r;r, r,irrlr,rir: irr lr,sibi.l iLaLca'lor 1tt,c_
ite a fi consLruiLc <.;rr rlorrir srrrr l,r,r,i ,.,,r,i ,.,. 'i
Evolulia lirnbilor indo-cur.oIcn{)) (lil si ,,r';1 a altor limbi,
e caracterizat{ prin acccrrLrr:rr,c;r rrorrl,iirrri a scpardrii ad-
verbelor dc prepLzi!.i i, plirr,,1'1,;rlr.,r.r,:rruunir'ulrriilc prepozi-
!tt st specializarcu lor. l'rrrrr.{i,,rrrl:,.
.'C0njuncfiil0rr:ulcJ)r'{)sul)rur osirrl,rrrrlr,r,olrr;rl,iiirHrrlrr.rrrlglij-
rlt,, se crceaziL si trlc irr I)l.itllul r,Por.ii irrlor.ir,r,. l,l lo rro lolrrrclzi
pe baza-lrt'ttttt.tnte'lor, rlirr',si lr rrll,or' lrrrr'l,r rlr: r'or.lrir.r'. l)cslrlc
procestrl folrniirii ryi slcr.irrliz;rlii l,r.rrr. r'rr v,r.lri lrr.rrlril,ril rrl
refcrilol la sirr l,lr xi .
_,Irt.oa1ti[tllrrl irrrr.sl,rr lll ri ir lrllurl,'1. nrrrrrr. rlc ilrl,rrrjttcl,ii.
Elc sirrt lirnr'l,c vcr,lri irr lirrrlrrr rli lrlrrl, ;rlr,rrl,rrl,r' 1,r.,,'i,,r1,i,,
deni. Irr lirrrlrilo rrrrri Irr[,irr cvolrlrrlc s,,.inlilrrr,rrr: lrr rrrrrrrilr.
martl ryi jottcii rrlr t'ol irrrPorl,irnl, irr r.orrrunr(.1u,(,. lrr lirrrlril,,
InO(lel'll{) ttlt: stt itll;r l;r 1i,'r'ilr,t i;r \,o(,illrullrr,rrlrri, rrvlrrrl rrrrri
ales ttrr lol l[rrcl,ir, .
_ Dit^t ucltt tlxplrrH. lirrlr rri.i "r' 1y11,11,1, lr.lrll. r..lr.lrrzrrr r:;i l,r..l,
tata lorrnarc lr Plir'(,ilor rlrr vor'lrilc lsl,c lr,zull,rrl,rrl rrlrsl,l.ircLi-
zdrii qi spceializrir,ii scnsului r,rrvirrlr,lor., :rl rlczvoll,iirii
func!,iilor_sintacIicc, J)r.(]ollrfr si irl rronsl,il,rririi cal,egoriiloi
gramaticale marcate prin jndici I'olrrrrrli. liile.renfie]ea lor
lexicald este cea mai vecho; rlil'rrrcrr(,ir,r,r,a frrnobionald in-
gepg o datI cu fraza bitncrrrbri, irr,,rlilclcrrl,icrca'lor morfo-
logicI sc producc rnrrll, rrrri l,ilz,irr.
In toato Iirrrbilc, cvolrrLiir pr'i r,(,ilor. rlrr 1,1r1'lyi1,,' lio cilrilof,ori-
zcaziilllirrclcfll,clcrrrlorrl,irrrrirrrrrrrrrirr'ulrrilorsi pl.irrrrtlirrcirca
spttoializiilii lrlr I'rtrrcl,iorrlrlc; or,rlirrcir srrr.r:r'sirrrrii csl,r: aoe cu
de la prir(,i rIc vorlrir,c (ill ulr rlorr{,irrrr[, scrrrirrr[,irt rrrlri concrct
cIL.c pirr'{ i rlc vorbit,. crr rrrr .t.rrr{,irrr.rl, tlirr 00 ilr cc rnai absbract,
nol,ionirl ryi irpoi lr:la!,iorral.
141
 bvolul,ia corrIirrul,rrirri .sl. rlt'pcttionti cle evoiufia prti-
gresivd a gindilii, tlc l'rtt'tt,rrtt'trr clrltaciti!ii de a stabili cr-rrr-
ceptul dc-'objctrl,, ittsttsitltr, ltct,ittne. Dar acestc {;tltttrtrlrl,tr
ntis-ar fi crisbalizitt, irr prir'{i rlc vorbirc dcose}riLc, tlitcit tttt
ai fi intervcniL noctrsit,ii(,ilr: sirrl,a<tt,icrc, cal'e olr irttptts, trvrtt
telor func{,ii speciirl izirLc. Srrb aspeoLul confirtrrt,rr lrr i cx isl ;r
diferen!e Clare"inlre siLrra(,iir rrlgSl,or claStr lrlxitrg-gt'rttrt;rl,ir:rtlrr
tn limbile evoluate si irr rrtllo ilapoiato, ilt trtt'rt (r(r
numdrul pdr{ilor de vorbiro si spct'ializlrt'cit Iol l'rrtrr'Iiorrr.r l;i.
'l'l\'(:sl(l
Gradul de dilereri !icrc I'orrnalti a 1ri r'l,ilot' tlc vttt'lr it't' str
realizeazd in slrinsii tlependcn!i dc t,iprrlsllrrct,rrnrl rrl lirlrbii.
Ele slnt cel mai pulin dilercntiaLe in lirrrbiJc izola.rrle ;i
cel mai net deoschite in limbile llexionare. L)ar irr loal,o Li-
purile de limbi se manifestii [endiri!a continuir a separdrii
lor cu mijloace speclfice ficcirlci limbi.
Gradul diferenl;ierii lorrnalc rttr afocteazit treapta de sepa-
rare a conl,inutuiui. AcesL lapl, c dovedit ';i prin isto-ria
limbilor in- care sbructura tlrarlidL ioalil s inLcticir s-a l,ransfor-
mat in structurii analiticl . l)ispali{,itr flexiunii gi roducerea
unor categorii grarnaticalc al'(l (lit ul'nlaro o apropiere for-
mald intre pdrlile de vorbirtl t.ru t.rtlrtl,ittttl, rro!iortal , dar ele
rdmin distincl,e conceyrl,ual si lrrrroI iorrirl.
Am urmdlit lrlril aculrr r,v,,l tr I iit r'rr Ltlgtiriilor morlologice.
,Din descriere a iezultat ci, tl,' I'iccitlt r[;rLri, Llalrsforrnarea urrei
categorii lexicale in categolic rrrorl'ologicii rlsl,o inso!ib5 de o
orEa-nizare a materialului. ln l'clul ucosl,a se consLituie trep-
tai microsistemele crtnoscutc slll) lttrlltclo dc paradigrne. Cate-
goriile gramaticale mai vcchi (gr:rrrrl, numerul' aspectul)
iu forme de exprimarc ln rntri lllttrc IIII"ISuTI dependente de
sensul lexical al temelor; ar:clca rnai noi (cazul, timpul) iqi
creeazd forme in funotic dc rtoilc trltrsificriri. ln l'azele nai
vechi ale lirnbii, sislcrrr11l rrroll'ol9gitr, 1rq1 r'itl ,'goriittrlrirtttttltr-
rOaSe Ei lOrlrc clc cxprirrrur,e vAriit[,c, ttri\ l'oiu'l,tr rrottt'lit'ltl .
Imbogd!ir.ett corrt,irruii a vocabul.ar,ulrri, irrrrrrrlliIcir IirPoIl,rr.
rilOr sintacl,icc irnprr.rr urcirlologiCi cl sisl,t'trrirl,izlrl c lrrit i l:rl i,'
nal5., ceca ce sc rnanilcsl[ prin conliltttlr t,orrdirr!i u sirrrplili-
cdrii forrnclor. Accsb fapt poal,o l'i ilrrsl|rrl, Irirr istot'tit
sistemului rnorlologitt indo-europtlurt.
r42
Gramatica comparirl,ii a ajrrns de mrrlt la concluzia c5.
morfologia lirnhii bltzl ttra fottrLtr trrttrtPlirrllil q1 grcoaie' cu
catogorii gratnal,it:irltt tttrtt'tritl,tr rrrrrll'iJrlrr, rrtt trtttll,tt rnrtrfctrto
sirrotrilrrr ryi rrlt,olo Irolistrtrtrtrtl,ilrr. Ar,r'sl, sisl,rrtn sIrrlits, rlosprtt
citlr) lorrrrir,[,iilrr rlrsl rtl rltr rrrttrrlrlirrttl,rr rlitt vcrlir:li r1i grrrtrr:tt
Irolrrrir':j rrrr rlrrrr o itn;t1,gtttt, ttttrolttPlrrl,ii , rt tt rlovlrlil, Irrl,irr
sl,lrlril. l'll sc tllz;t;.1t'tr11;r itr Lrt:tl'rl lirrrlrill itttlo t,ttrolrottt',
ttrrrtilcsl,irrl l,r'trlirrIrr rlr' l()t'nrilt't' it ttttttl lttttl't'ttt Itttttl.,
'I'crrrlirrl,lr sIl'rl srrrrPlrlilittrr csll rrtt tlt'rtrlr'l)ll'r! (!virlrlrrl,ii 1n
corrjtt{itrrr. l)c|:isittrl l;tzlt rrrrlrlr'l,ivir;tttttlrri, ilrrltt-rlttropean&
gi-a creaL trrr riisl,rrrrr ycl'lrirl irr ir;u'r: licc:rrc l,rrrrii cra_ indep-eq-
dentd, in serrsul ci"t rlc lir o tiitl;trrittit cxist,ltu mai multe posibi-
litd!,i de formarc a unoi Lcrrtc ciu'ttr'l,r'r'isl,icc unei anumite cate-
gorii; nici urta dirr lotrtrr tttt l)r'i'r.rrl)rttr.rr..rlxisLcnla'[
celeilalte
sau nu se ltul,ca I'cuottslil'rri 1'r' lr;tz:t ,'i. rr ltctlitsLi perioadfl
existS. teme aspcct,ttitlc, lrrrt,lltlr'. il{ ll\'(' rri tnt'rlii, rlxistil for-
ma{,i.i tcrnat,ictt 1i itl,tltttlrl,ilr', rl('}itlrlrr{r' 1rt'ttttttt'tr si trtltrllndare-
Ca qi irr vcrlicli ryi itt gt'r'ltr,ir ltrttttlt tlit, rlr' lrt o ttittl.'1111i llirllicinll
se puLcatr I'rlt'ttta stt I'tl rlrr l'ot'tttl t lt'lrtt lr'-
Sifrtplil'ictrr,rtir siSt,crrrttltti t',,r'ltrrl tttrlo (,rtt'{rl){'ltn lr tr llitrtrL
in rnai tttult,r: rliIrtrr[,ii: lttt l,rltl tt'tlttrt,'tttrtll(. rlrrr loIrrrit(,iilo
suplcbivc; lt lost, rrlitrrirrlrl, I ilrrrl llrrltr:;tl;tli'trritl rr', I ilrrl rlrrli
cai t,errrrrl,ic r';t1rr ii irt l,r, rtl 1rr't'rttril,lr r, \'l'llltll'lrtltt lttrllltttrlltrl'ir,
Clar irr cprrr:lr islot'iclt rl,,r'rrrcrri ,'l ttr'1rt',rtltltrl 1v'1,,r'rrl Ir'ttrcilrttl
in crlrr,iirg;lrrrr il .lrlrlil'lr t'r'r'lr"lrr ll()1, rllt ivttl'r', ' tt Iloxittltc l'tt
grr Ii.tl,ir.
ln lirrrllilrl irrtlo r,ut'o1,,'ttc t r', lti ritr r'otttt ltlrrt,' Pt'oPrirt zitt
O iil sIlrsUl Iir r;r,r'orrll{,il,rriI ttrr liit;lIttt 1,r'lrltztt tttttli
Cttrlirrgltr'c,
rriditjili, ia1 rlivrrr.sr,l|} l,crlr, rlolrirtrlrrsr: 1r,11;i l rrri st'tttttrtl,itrtt
si fornale. ln lalirrii sist,r'rrrrrl vr,r.lrirl I'r.:r rrrrri rigirl rlctriI lrr
greacd. Construitir ptl ctlltr rlrtttit {'lrttrr lrtrrtlittrrclrt,&lc aspec-
]Cuale qi perl'ocl,rrrrr - ('()lr.illHirltrr latind-se. ca-
- irifecturrr
racterizeazil prin intrt-rducel'oil trtttti sisl,cttr temporal. sime-
tric qi clar. I)ar verbrrl llt,irr tttiti pr'i slrlrrzri rtrmdqile ale
stadiulrriarhaic,careavoiulsrir iil r'lirrrirrrrlc irr I,ol, crrlsll istO-
riei salo. Ast,fcl atl.it:trl,ivrrl Vtrt'lr;tl itr '1rr ' irri{,irrl l,rrtrrli ilt-
depcrttlcrrt,ii (t'l'. l,irtt f i.it'lru ), r: I t'rrPl,itl, rrlr|oPilr.l, tlo t'ottttl
pei'foclrrlui;l'it['i'i tlrr rrrrtll'iPlrrlrr I'oIlrrir(iilrlc lrcr'l'rlr'l'tlui (u;4ul
I l\{ e i I Ir l, ,[. Vl rl rl r yo s, 'l'rait,'. da gro.nl)tlolrc cottl
parce des Ia.n.gucs cl.asii.tlllts,ltaris, 1.1.)i):t, 1t. 77i} .
143
egi, linquof liqu,i, diri, amof antaui), se
t:ttttttf cu:i.rr,i,, dicof
rdspindeEte pcrfccl,rrl sigrrrirl,i<; ryi, mai aleS, perfectul in -2.
Pierd treptat tcrcn ccurjrrgrlr'ilc a III-a si a II-a, carc con[i-
neau multe velbc nclcy4ulirl,c sau delective,'qi ciry[igri l,rlr.olr
conjugarea I, fornrahi llr cca rrrai mare parte dill vclbc rlc-
nominative regulate, si r:orrjrrgarca a IV-a, orglrnizrrl,ii rlrrpri
rnodelul ei.
Tendinlra de reg-rrlarizaro a conjugirrii corrl,irrrri qi lrr
limbile romanice. In limba ronrCnii rijrrrin llorrii conjrrgiiri
productive, a IV-a qi I-a, accasta dil rrlrnii I'iirrrl rrrai pro-
ductiyl ln cpoca nrodcrnil.
O evolu!ie similall se observ[ qi in dccJinurc. llormcle
flcxionare cele mai vec,hi pS.streazI alternarrta consonanticH
ln tefnd, rrimXqilri din perioada in care nrr ic cous[ituiserl
desirrenle (aqa-numita declipare heteroclitl de tip Iat. 1[.
fenrur G. ferninis, gr. N. In*p, G. {paloq, skr. N. yakyt, G.
yakneilt, hit. N: watarl G. wctenai); se constiluie ulterior mai
multo tipuri dc decliniri, irr frrrrctie de aspectul forrnal al
temei; categoriile gramaticale se cxprimau cu ajutorul al-
ternan[ei si a] desincn.telor. Simplil'icarca decliniriis-a fi.cut
prin eliminarea formelor dc dual, reducerea numirului de
declindri, sincretismul cazurilor. Ilr limba latind se unificd
formele flexiunii consonanticc qi vocalice la declinarea a
III-a, are loc o apropiere reciproctr intre llexiunea nominald
si pronominal5. Declindrile neproducLivc, a V-a qi IV-a, se
disloc5, substantivele rcspcclivc l,rccfurd lu declinlrile pu-
ternice, I-a qi a II.a. Se elirrrind Lrept,at; subsl,antivele cu
flexiune neregulatd.
Tendinla reducerii numirrului de paradigrne nominale
gi verbale se manifestd Ei ln alte fanrilii de limbi.
Sistemele morfologice se lntlrcsc conlinuu prin elimina-
rea forma{,iilor neregulate. No(,iunca de element nelegulat
e relativ{, variilrd lrr func{,ie de ccca cc rcprczinl,I norma
lntr-o ctapi drrtir a is{,orici limbii. Cccu rir irrt,t'-o anumil,ii
cpocl al)aro oa rrorrni'i, ln clrocile ulrrtll,oat'o sc t,t'trrrs-forrnr'i ,
prirr oprizil,irl crr rrot'rrra cxistent[, in lornte arrortrrrlc. ln frtzrr
ceil rnai vochc a sis;bcnului morlologio irrdo-curttpcitrr, tlo-
minant,c crau lorrnele supletive. Ulterior, procetlcul prin<,ilrul
t Al. O r a u r, Eoolulia roijugarif tn ront.d,niita,,,Sl,utlii qi ccrcc-
tirri lirrgvisLico", vol. XIII, f asc. 2, pp. 153-160.
r44
de marcare a ftrnc[,iilol gramaticale dovine alterqanla.con.
sonantic[ [i vocalici, iar formele de t,iprrl ferol tuli dsvin
noyrrodurrl,ivc; irr crrlsttl isl,olici linrllilor irt<lo-ttrtroponb, olq-
l,igri t,rrrorr rrrot'l'curclc ttIixttltr, ittl fttt'rlt(r.lc t:tt ttll,orttt\rrl,11 so
piirill'citzi'i ln ttturriil't'crltts ltt rtttviltl,o rlirr lirrrrlrrl ;rl'irrtliprrl.
lrr lirrrlrrr ctrlllrrzii (ilrt)1, rlitt vct'lttrlrr lrtri tttt [onl, ilrlotlttit,o trtt
f<llrrrc lr,llrtlttlt'. 1,, ,,,''st,l isloli,'i lilrrlrilor itttlo trttt'o;rtttltt
rrorlct'nc rtt Irrl,ttl, ttPrrt't'tr sPot'tttlitt trt,i I'ot'tttri ttrrt'lrgttlttl,o
(trx. r'rrrrr. r.ott, lrtiirtt 'nl,. ltuttrt) ttlttt l'ttl'ttttt srllllrrl'ivrr
(lr'. vtti.sf u.l.lntnl it'tr.i), r'rrt'(t l'{lpr'r!zirrl,ii trcr:irlrrrrl,rl. Nllrtttirul
forrnttlor t'ttgttlttl,tr t:r'r'sl,tt ltt ttrotl trlrsolrrl, ryi nllativ ln tob
cursul isLorici.
DupI considera!,iile lcfot'i l,ottt'r ll rltrzvoltarea categoriilor
rnorfologicc este ne0csal' ootun sr'i lrrrilrr In discutie transfor.
rnS.rile structr,rrii morfologir:rt lrt ttttt'tlttttlrlrr, modalitdlile 9i
direc!iile ei tle evolu(,irr.
S-a viizul, cii lirrgviql,ii rlr, lrr lrtrr'pttl,trl sccttlttlrri trecut
lirnitau llroblcrna I)r()gt'(rHlrlrri lilrrlrii lrr t; Jrl'rrrtirrri l'olirri.l,gtpg
la inegaiiLut,ea tralit,irl'ivii sirrIr'orrir:ii rt l,iIrrlilol'rlo lirrrbi
(izolari[, aglrrt,irritrrl,, l'lrrx iorrtrt'), lrrro(,il,rr rLr rrorrrirlorrt(,ii
a$UIJIa ctlnsccitrlr'lril'Pt'0tltt$tt tltr l,t'ttrrtrt't,tt tlrt ltl tttt l,ip ltr0r'-
fologi,'lit lrllrrl. llll,rrriior', trct'r:ct,iit'iltr s tttt trottt:trtll'l'ttl' tlHlll)l'll
anaiizci crtrttpttt'ttl,ivo tt ttt,l'tttrl'trrii sittl,trl,ir:o ryi rrrrrrlil'ir:o tt
linrbilor irrrltt-ctrt'opcttc t,ttt:lri ryi lttorlcrrro. lltrztr[,i lll]t'olll)(!
exclrrsiv Ptr tttitl'trl:itt Lr 1rl'ivil'irtrt'o lrr l'lrrx irrtrctt tttttttitrttltl'
lilrgvirsl,ii]arr ir.i rrrrs' lir rlisl,rrrrfri tll t:ll'lvtt tllr''r'ttii, lt1 r:otrrrlltzii
dirc<;t, o1,itst,. Asl,l'rrl lrr rrrijloorrl srrr,olttltri rlorrrirrii.;rlirlr-
rea 0ir [,t'Arrsl'ttrtttttt'rir til,t'trcl,ttt'i i I'lrr.x ittttttt'tt o1i11l,11l,ir:lr lrr
structuni arurlil,icii rruu.r:lr(rirzii rlrrcrrrlr,rr{,rr rurrri lirrrlli. lrr
forrna cea rnai Pr,0{rrrrrr l,ii rrccrrnt,ii irlrlr: csl,c rrx prrHfi lrr lrrr:rii-
rile lui Schleiihcr. AcIivit,irt,t:rt tttrogl'tttttrtl,iciL.r avca sd
schimbe perspectivele ccroohilii, iur lir lflrqi[ul. secolu]ui
Jespersen'aiunse la concluzii tlottl,l'itttr nt:tllora ale lui Schlei-
Din "r,urictrrl slrr rlc vlrlr,t't', nlt'tttrlttr& analiticd a
"n"i'.
limbilor mo<lerno cste strIcriottt'ri, strlt l,ottl'tr ttsltotltcle, stru-c-
turj i sintcl,ice a lirrrbilor irlrrsi0r,; lolilrrrlr. rrrr rlrrv(}rril, nrai ab-
SLraCtc ryirnai sis[,ttrnrrt,irrrr, glrrrrrrrl,ir:rr lrr ttrrsttrttllltr rt rlrlvtlnit
m&i olirrii ryi rrrlti tts,rot'rltr irrvi(rrl,.
Avanta,jtrlo st,t'rttrl,ttrii lrrrirlit,ico tttr losl, tlvirltllr(,illtc r1-i llo
al!i lingviqt,i dc lrr slilriil'rrl.slrtroltrltti. I'rrrtrtrl,. Anl,[cl M.I]16ul
consideiia tiir l,rootrrcrl rlri ln sinIol,iun lu alrulitisnr oorospundo
745
10
 necesite[,ii dc t:]ari l,l.rLo si l,rrrrrlin(,oi vot'bitorilor de a roaliza
inlelegelea'dint,rc r,i lrr r'[or,l,ur,i t'it, mai reduser. Ba a sim-
plificab sisLr,rnrrl, 1'r.irr inlir lrrlirr.r,rr lormelor sinorrimc. rr,,r.-
miIind o .xIf i11,r,,'tr Irecisii Hi .liIliciLI a celor. rlrui r.orrrl,li-
cate raporlru,i sirrlirt.l ir.e .
Lingvi,ltii din sccolul rrus[,r.rr oar,L] a. rcluat, a.rrrgl,ii rrr'.
blemd sint preoc'pa[,i ilr rrrrri r*icrr nriisrrrii rrc ir rr'irrr,irtirr
avantajele si dczavantajolo rutrri Lill rlc sl,r.rrr.l,rrlrr srrrr rrl
celuilalt; atenlia l_or se indr.aPtli rnai rrrrrll, sIr'. rrri lrri.rrl.u
cauzelor carc duc la trarrslolniarea Liprr lrr i rrrirrfologic.
Referiri la accirsLi"r problorn[ sc intiLrcst.r irr rurr.lt,c sludii
ale lui A. Nleillct. Dirr e,le sc desprinde concluzia ctr. din
punotul sdu de vetlere, trecerea la itructura analiticd sb da-
lore;te unor factori complecsi,,,xtralingvistici gi lingvis-
tici. Intr-unul din studiil-e salc, lingvistuti francez'rorr*id"r"
cd trebuie sd vedem in accasll't.arilforrnare in primul rind
o problemd de mentalitate, inlrrrclt prin disparilia flexiunii
nominale se creeazd in limbilo rnodclrre posibilitatea pre-
zentirii no!iunii'in sine, in afara oricillci dctermindri. El
sus{,inea cd.in linrbile indo-errrot)olro vr:chi, cu flexiune bo-
ga1,d, nonrinaLivrrl lu el'a o l'orrrui arrl,,rrorrri,r,i un t.az lntre
celelalte. cazuri, iar cuvirrl,ul avcrl rrrr cor.i\r:Lcr. concret, pur-
tlnd obligatoriu malca gerrrrlrr i, rrurrrilrrlrri qi cazului. Dar
la aceasta s-a rdspurrs cI, pc rlrr o pirr.l,c,pi in lirnbilc arlali,
tice, in cadrul vorbirii, cuvin l,rrlc silr L intol,deauna deler-
rlinalg (cu alticol, prel'ozil.io rrlr'.) ;i, 1rc de alth parte, cd
qi in limbile vcchi rrominirtivrrl av0l, iirLrc alte func!,ii, gi
pe aceea de a denruni notirrnca?.
Tot Nteillet a suslinut cit lrr srrbstantiv formele analitice
s-au oreat in condiLiilo in t;irru rlcsilcnlele polisemantice
nu mai pul,earr satisface singrrrc cerin{ele conrirnicdrii: Slnt
qi cazuli in carc (ca lir gradelt'rlt'cornpitra(,io alc adjectivelor
sau Ia fornrelrl vurbalrt corrrprrsc) corrsl,rrrc(,iilt, irrrrilil,icc tlrr
apirrrt, d in rrc.ttsit,al,cir rrnoi lot'rnrr liri mlr i Ilitst,irro 1i nrai
exprosivc, iur'[r'ttrrvolr(a folosiri i a gralnal,itralizirl, asrrrrrrrnca
irnbini'ili, irrt,rotlucintlrr-lc in sistcnr:1.
t ltssai. tk: s(.ttLarr.liclu.e , 1t1t. 12-24.
_ . :4.M c I l,.l e L, vol. ,,t,inguist,iquo
Lr: caractire concretd,u nrct, irr
historirlue_ct,. lingrris{,iqrre gdn6rale", vol. II, I,aris, 11):16, 1rii.9--i3.
3 L' tvo lution d,es
fornts granrntaticales, ib idcttr, vol. I, 1rp.'l3F-, 136.
146
Pcrrtru A.Nlull,irrel, l,r'(rcclur rlc ltr s[r'rtr:l,uru girrl,cl,icll tt
lirrrlrii lirIiirrr lu r,cir lrrrrlil,ir:i rr lirrrlrilot' t'tlttitttir:o rctlcr:l,ri
nrrrrcsilrrl,clr lr.or'11:rrriziilii lirrrlrii irr lorrrliIiilrr lrr r:rl't', Httlr
Plrtsirrrrcrr rtrrrcnil,ir{,ilol rlrr r'()r}ruriclrt'r', lrrrrr'[,iilr'lirrrlrii lrrr
tlcvlrtil, rrrrri nlrlr{'r'():riit\ lri tttiri r'otrrlrllrr'1.
l'rr lrtr'lT ltrt rlilrr:rtlir lr('r'jl1l,l ;,tolrllttlr lrr ltltrt'tttt'tt lltrltt r'l
l,rrl,ii rr f ui V.'l'rrrrli, ,\'trrtr'lttrrrl 'l't'tttlr'rr,'i,':: rtl'lttrrlirrrt;1t's. Att
Lot'rtl lr ltrlrl, irr r,olrliitlt:trt(rr'l,r'rrrlrrr(,r'll rlc lvolrrItt'ttlc ttiltl.t'
IIIclot tnot'l'ologicl lrr lrtrrl,i lrlrlrr'Irnir(l rnlrt ttttrllot' lrrrrrili.i.
BazaL l)0 llr) tttttl,ct'itrl lolrrlr'lro11;r1,, r'l tt ;ti'rrl, rt,ltct'sptlcLivii
mai largd, caro i-a ptrt rrrirl r;:r rrjtttr;1rr l;r corrrlttzii f undarnen-
tato.
Spro deosebire de rnulfi lirrgviryl,i,'l'rrrrli priveqte sintetis-
mul qi analitisnrul nu Irtrllriricir l,r'rrtlrttIr'r'rtt'tr i;i iau reciproc
locul in evolu[,ia ]itrr.lrilor'lllriorrttt'c, r'r lri r';t l,trnrlinte care
coexisti irr yrorrttattcrr(,ri, irr lilrrlri irlrrrr'l irrirrr,l l,trl,ttt'ol tipuli-
lor struct,trt'alc. Sirrl, I'crrrlirrtr' (,1)rti'ir', ('rr ( itttzrt rlilclil,c si a
ct\ror lrontlcr'o rio st'lrilrrltii itt ltrt'sttI islolili lirrrlrri. l)rrpri
plrcrea
-de lrri V.'l'rttrli l,rrrrrlirrltr s;rt'r'ttrrrrlil'it;ltt trsl,c ittrlrttsl\
'irrll rrrlt't'irt',
ccrirr{r,lc oonllrrricllii. rttrttlizit trlrrl'ii rrii r':t
OonsIr'1 irr gl'iutral,it ltlizrttlit ttttot itttlrtrrrili lcxicltlc ;rlritt'trl,rr
4i1 vlglrcsit,if i sPorilt' tlc t'otrrttttit itlt', irr t otrtliIiilc cltlilii
sist,cttnrlui grlrrrrrtl,icttl, srttt rlin <lol'irrIir lx1,l'irrril'ii rrrtti ltltts-
ticc ;i rrrai 1rt'r'r'istt, irr cottrliliill irr ltttl sisl,t:tttrrl cxisl,rrrrl,
1r0atc lrlorItr('r'r'r,lrlrrzii slrtt lrtt itt'(' rrri.jlotr, r'srrl'ilirllrl, tlc tlx-
plesivi'. lrrl,irir',':r Irrrrtlirr{r'i r\l)r'{r itttirlil,isrrr srr tttltltilcsli
prirr t:r'O;l,trlolt tttttttrit'trltri rlrt (rttvin{t'ltttxililtt'rr, Pl'ilt .i trl,l'otltt-
cerea urrci Lopitti fixr:, 1rl'irr srtrrplilillrlllr :ttlot'rlttlrri o rllrl,li
cu reduccrca tttlot' citl,r'gol'ii gllrttrlrlir';rlrr. 'l'rrtrrlirr(ir slrltl sirt-
teti.sm are cu lot,ul lrlt,rr ('itlrz('. l'lit sc rlltl,otrrsl'tr cltritt:t,crului
liniar al vorbirii, liirrrl irr pt'itttttl I'irrrl o t,otrtlirr!L foneticti
;il;;";i in "i aoitca rirrtl t,rrrrrlirrl,ii s.rrtitrrLicir. lri condiliile
unei Lopici fixe, cuvinLelc trtttttlrttstr pol, ;t'i so transforme in
dcrivate, prcpozitiilc si post'1tozi(,iilt: sc rrglrrl,ineazl trans-
fornriurltt-sc irr itl'ixtt, ltrottttrtttrltt lttrt'sottltlc srl itt,arycazii la
t,r'rrxr vellruli si tlrlvirr dttsittcttLc ttl,tr.
l)rrrrlorrrirritcir, irr l'ictritt'c cl,rtlrii isLr-rlicI, it untlia $itu a cc-
lcilall,c Iunrlirrl,c csl,c corrrl i{,iorritLii de numeroqi facl,ori.
Avarrlajclo licr'trt'r-ri t,ip sl,rrrcLul'al nu pot fi apreciate in ab-
I tl l,'u,rrt:(iorLul
l/ ies oI Lun.guage, p. 138.
747
l0*
 stract; stadiul stnrol,rrrii rrrorfologice a unei anumite limbi,
lntr-o etapl dalr'i u isl,orici sirlc, yroatc fi judecat numai in
compara!i0 crr rrlalllr prcccrlrrrrl,ii tlirr istoria acelciaryi lirnbi.
In felul acesta se dovurlc;t,c r:ii prrncl,cle de vederc cxt,r't:rrr isl,c
qi exclusiviste sint glcryit,c. I)ur:ri sinLctisnrul (rlrrp,i rrrrii)
sau analitisrnul (dupir rll,ii) lrlczirrLl rrumai incorrvcnir,rrlc
nu este de inleles de ec o lirrrlli irr tlezvolLarc [,r'occ r.lr' lrr rrrr
tip de structurd la celilalL. f)rrpii curn s-i\ irril,irl,, r:clc rlorr:i
tendin.te coexistente au oauzo difcrit,r:, 11111'1r r1r'[,ioncrrzij irr
permanen!d. Se poate spurlc cir oorrsl,l'rrr:Iiilc rrrrirlil,i,'rr sc
transfounl cll vrcmea in forrne sirrLetioe slrrr t:l'i rrIc lcrrlczirrLi
o fazi in dezvoll,area forrnelor sintetice , dar rrr-r cI lonrrolc
sintetice se [ransforml in analitice; ele sint in]ocuite de
forme analitice, care se creeazJ. lncleu pc baza lcxicului si
care pot cleveni' predominante uLurrr:i r-,incl structura sirrt6-
ticd existenti se dovedeqte insulioierrti pcntru redarea [u-
turor nuanlelor sau prea conrplical,ir ;i grcoaie. Aparilia
formelor analitice, rdspunzirid urrol rrccesitir!i ale comuni-
ctrrii, aduce limbii avantaje lrrin in{,rodrrcol'ca de tlonst,r'ut.r-
lii rnai pulin nuureroaso, cu oalacl,er ruai ruol,ivtrt, dcoi rnai
uqor dc memoral. F5.rI a rte ralia lu punc[ul'dc vederc ex-
tremist al lui Jespersen, nu prrl,orn f ido iroord rrici crr llirre-
rea lui R.A.13udagov1) care srrst,ine cI evcilu{,iir sl)roallalil,isrn
nu reprezint,I prin ea insiisi url l)r()gles, in[,rucil, ea I]u tc-
flectd modificlri in con[,inutrrl lirnbii, it ceeu cc ex])riIIIii,
ci numai in t,ehnica rnijloacolor dc f orntrrlarc a urrci idei,
in rnodul cu,nl se exprinr[. l,irnba ttu csl,e nu[Iai con!irrut,
ea are forne de exprimare a con!,irtrrtului orgarrizate intr-un
anumit grad, iar progre^sul ei sc vitdeste si in pcrfec!ionarea
acestui sistem formal . In at'elu;i tirnp se poate admite qi cI
transformarea tiprrlrri analitic t:orrcrct, legat ncmijlocit de
imbinlrile lexicale din care dcrivir, in stI'uctrrrl agltrl,inan[d
qi flexionarr-t a irtscrrrrtttt, lu faza respectivii, ur l)I'o!{r'r's J)r'n-
tru limbir, <riici a irrclrcgtrt sisLcrtrul, a irrt,rorlrls itr trz ltl'ixttltr
si slrtrtrializat0 - si, itr lltzttl lirrrlrilor'
- morfcnlr) aabst,t'itc[,tr
flexionurc, lo.alizaL trcuttonrie dc rrrat,ct'ial lrt'irr lrrtttrittit
mai multdl'valori irr i:onfirrutul urrui sirrgrrl Ittotl'cttt.
Asa cunr s-il rcnlitr(iilL trtlcsca in ourstrl istolirri lirrgvist,ir'ii,
lir unelc cuzuri sc obscn'I o altel'I)aro dc t:rtttst,r'ttlliisilrlr'-
t Iloe0ttt,ur: t tL,illt;tl () JL,] .t,.tt,
148
tice qi analil,ice irr r:xprimarea ar;elei:rrsi categorii verbale:
inl,r-o firzii lrlltaici :r lirnbii lrrl,irrc l;r conjrrgririlc I ryi :r TI-a vi-
il,rrlrrl s it cxln'itttltl, lrtt'iIt':rsl,ir,, rtr ir.i trlol'rrl vcl'lrrrlui*ltlu,u -l
ltlt.tt.- ,,it I'i"; lrlilr ;rglrrl,irr:rlr,;r lrri lrr l,r,rnir vcrlr;rlrj, sc
ct'rrlrtzii lolrrrr'lrr rlr' l,ilrrrI trttt,rlt,r, rtttttrr,lt,t. lrr Ir'r'iorrrlrr l,irzir' rr
lirrrlrii lttl,ttrt clr: r;irrl, rlttlrr;l,tlrrrlr.rlr,Iotrrrlr(,ti trrrrrltl,icc lrr
Ittt.l,r'rt tt:rtt ttttlll'lr, lrtrrl,rll t{)nrrurill rll ilIuri rlur n:ttllt't't', Ic
itct'tttil,tr llrlr', ttot lolrrr,' :;t11li'l tr'r,: tl. tttrtl('r'!t, Ir. tlttttt.lt't'tti.
ftt its,,r,,,,,,,rrr lrrzuri lrrr lrrl'vrrilr vor'lrr,irc rlc tvolu(,ic ltr
0crttr, itt [,ittt;r r,rr ltl(,tt cotritrllr':r ( ir t'r'Ir'1,;ttlir lt'orttltlr:ttlui rtu
insearnnii qi irlcrrl,il,rrl,c rr corrIirrrrl,rrlrrr 1i cir l'iecare forme
trebuie aprecialii irr carll rr I sislcrrrrr lu i rlirr care face parte;
funcliile nefiind acclcirryi, nu sc lrorrl,r' r.'orbi despre evolulie
in cerc2.
Ctr al,it rnai ptr{,irr st: lrorrlc vor'lri rlrsplrr cvolrr[,iu lrt cerc
a st,r'uclurii jrr itrrsrunlrlu: rll l;r lrrr;rlillirrrrrl corrclr'1, lit sLrttc-
1,ura sintt'l,it,i li tlt, lir ircrrslir lrr irrr;rlrlisrrrul rrlrsllrrll, irl lilrr-
bilor rnotlcl'n{r nu sc 1n'orlrrlr'o ct'oltr{,il irr (:('r'r', (:i ln spi-
I'tt.lii, rt I'orrtri'i it rrcgiil ii rrcgir(ili. Sirrl,r'lisrrrrrl rrr rrrrrrlrlisrrrrrl
tiy;1, rrtri rloi lroli irrl,r'c ( iu'(, irll,r'r'rrr';rz:i rrvolrr(i;r lirrrlrri, ilrr'
subst,i{,rrilcir urror' Iolrrrc rlc r';rl,r'r lrll,r'lr', r'rrrrzrrl,ir rll lr.r'rrr{.r:lt
oornurrit:it'ii, sr:1rt'orltrlr irr srlrrsr'r l l)r'()l{t'csulrri lirrrlrrr.
llvoltr (,iir st lrrll rrt i i rrr.ot'lololjicrr it l irrrlri lol s(' r:{,r l iz,crz;i irr
lihnrrli l'orrt'l,r'irrr,g;rlr'. Irr rlr,r'rrls rlrr r'llrrvrr lrrikrrrii lirrrlrrr irr
do-crrrtilrcltrrij rt l,r't'r'rrl, rlr lrr l'itzrr rtrrroll'ii (r'ccorrsl,ilrrilrilr'i
lrtirr rrrot,orlir lclorrsl,r'rrr'(ici irrl,clrrr), lrrin irglrrl,irrlur', lrr lrrzir
Ilc-riorritt'iisirrl,cl,irir,(rr'oilrl,insl'orlrrrrlrrcr'lcrrrlirrrrrrrr,r'oirscsi
cortrplir:at,c irr it.i rrnrrltlr'zrnt'rtrlrr';ilii irrrlo-r:rrt'opcrrci; irr r:ulr;rrl
istoliei lirubilol irrtl,r crrloutrrc. sirrl,rrl,isrrrrrl ti srrlrsl,it,rril, irr
gradcdifcritrrrli't,orrsllrrr'{iirrrrirlil,ilr',,';rlrrocrrlrir lor,rrllrlcporr-
derent in struol,ura trrror lirrrbi irrdo-clu'oJ)(ilro rnodcrue. Intr-o
perioadir de relaLiv aoccasi inLintlclc, o scrie de limbi qi-au
modificat sl,ructura morlologicri irr prolror{,ii mult mai re-
,duse. Est,c cazul lirnbilor aglrrl,irrirrr{,c rrgro-f inice qi turco-
t,i{,arc. Slahj.l it,rrt,ca morfolotirli lr accsl,or lilrrbi sc explicd
t ll. Nl ii I I rr l' rtil,lrl, rlc (). ,l rr s l) c r s r'. tt, I'ntgn:ss in Lunguugc,
[.,ortrlrrr Ne lv Yolli 1lt1]4, 1r. tl5; cl'. ;i V. 'l' a u I i, 'I'rend of
Sl,rt.t,r:lttra.L (:lL(ni:c t'I l,u.ttlitr,rti4ts, ,,()r'lris", vol. XlI, fasc. 1, p. 6.
, (lI. (i. S. li rr lr lr r:, ( )5 ont,v,u.pilluur lJxeucHtnoo cmqpoeo
,;d.1t.e0lt,du. n.l)u. tt. tl (.v..ilt.nluttcct;oi'.(,
lttt..touutr( cm.poJt Jlau,fia, ,r13onpocrt
nobrr(oarritnrrrr", rrr. 1, J95il, 11. 87.
149
 rnai ales prin faobori sl,rttr:t,ttt'uli, dint,t'e care mai importan{,i
sint doi: lipsa iurpi.r(,irii pe clasc a strbstari{,ivelor fi topica
fix5. de terrn iuant - dct,clrrrirra[1.
In acestc limbi cxisLri o silgulii dcttliltare, iar ri"r<lircirr,it,
lipsitn de irrdicatori tlc olasii, rllvitttl la nomirl:rtiv trtrltlt'ttl
oiganizator al tleclinlrii, curo al'o o sLl'u(1Lurl axiiilir rrlrrrr'i
hiasemettea condiLii nu sc (11'ceilzl ('{rllze ittlclttt: irltt l,t'ittrs'
formirii: morlcrlclc rltnin clal tltllirrrit,aIc, iitr itrtttortiit t'tt-
calicI opreql,c orcarea de variqnLe alrl af ixr:lor. 'l'ol,rtrlrtl,ri,
datoriti-bopicii regresive, s-au dezvoltttt, tttttl[, r:ottsl,r'rrr:(iilrr
participiale, s-iIu creal, pu{,ine })ropozi{,ii sctrrrrttlllro,, lrris-
irindu-se dc socolc aoceaqi sl,rucLr-rrI a lrazci. rI)ezvolLarea
strucl,urii aglrrLinanLe s-a- realizat prin creqterca nurnilrului
'de postpozi!,ii, rezcrva principall a afixelor oazuale, qi-prin
crearea a nurneroase construot,ii analiLice Yerbalc pe baza
parbicip ii lor.
- O evblulie specificd au qi lirubilc izokittt,c, care iqi perfcc-
siruciura existenLl fiirir a-i rnotljfica tipul furrda-
lioneazd
inental. Structura amorld a lirnbilol rlin strd-cstul Asiei,
tle mii de ani.
-structuriieste chincza, se tnctr.!irrc
al c5.ror prototip
AceastS. amorfl nu sc [,rage diltlcL tlirl tipul izolant
primar, ci reprezintd o forrnS. ttvolualir lr arltllilisnrtlltti, cu
r.umetoate cuvinte auxiliarc absLt'aclc, in tlale iorma(,iile
cxLrem dc rar'.
"Rezultl deapar
aglubilrart[c
iici ci un faotor irnpot'LarrL c:rrc cotrdi[,iorteazd
ritmul modific{rilor in sisferttul nrol'l'r.rlogio esLe tlol sLruc-
tural. Aldturi de el act,ioneazri lacLorrrl geJgrrttic. Sc verifici
- Leza c[limbile situabe'in ariilc cenlralc ale globului au evo-
luat rnai repede, in l,imp ce acclea situaLe in ariile laterale
(limbi austialienc, lirnbile paleo-asiaLice) ou strtrcl,urii pri-
iisitrteti.l; ca qi limbile din alijlc izolante (basca, lirnbile
oaucaziene) arl pirstrat, slructtrri oonlplical,c, arhaice. Se rnai
adaugii qi inllucn!a lactorului istoric' nrigri.r.[,iile s.i , lcgat dc
ele, c"ont,aol,ul irrt,r'c lirribi. stt prcsrrpun0 cit li]1rbilc izolftrrLe
din srrcl-esLul Asici qi-arr sirripiificaL sisLcrutrl (aglul,inturt
sau flexionar') din carrzir 0t"r s-arr tlczr.ulLal p0 rrrr t,eritoriu
cu numeroasc llrig|al,ii. Nlui cviderrl,S. tl Lrltrrslol'lllal'ct\ sLruc-
turii'sinl,cLi,,c rr' jirrl bii l,iltcl,anc si n lirrrlril,rt' ntortqrrlc f i
'1 B, 1. l1 rlr,Ol)f OlttrikOV, O rt.1ttt.,r.tttt.rr,.t: tl(:ttt,t)it.tt.ttoott)t.u,
aeertnrnult"antu(.tt,o2o (:tlt l)oJL, ibident' nr' 1 , 19t;:t, 1r1r. 46 56.
150
manciuro-tunsuse ln ttt'ma contacbului cu limbl chinezdr-
Si transforrrriiiilc sbt'tttrlttrii lilnbii irtrlo-trttroPcne l,rclll.ric sii
ii losL rrt.cclr,r,irl,o tlc cxl,irrrlclctr ci prr irrl,irrsc l,cril,oriirlrr lirrrlri'i
st,r'irinii ryi rlrt irrl'lrtottl'r'lc sttlrsl,t'lllrrlrri. 'l'ol'rtrlrrl,ii rr vizilrili
irrogillil,lit,oir Iil,rrrrrlrri rrVolrr(i{.i irr lirrrlrilr'lil,r'trrt'l| I'rr['rr rl{'
.
r,gltt r:ltt,rr lll tttt :i1t'itlt't,. Nlt'tttlt ltlt ili;i 1r;11 lttl,rltlt'ittttltt t tttt
sttl'vttl,ttttt'tt. Slrccirrlill,ii irr lirrrlrrlr' ;tttt''t ltttlit'tttr ;ttt t't'l.t';tl'
t.upitlir l,r,ttrrslirr.rrrrtlr, rr irr.rlrl,or. lrrrrl,i, r.itr.{, rlrr,.r, rrrrrrolr lrr
Ilcrcctlll()tI{l,tlt ttit lr:g1tr I rt t' i lol' ;1r' t t l' I lr'.
t
Am discrrtrtL irir,i rllrr ptc o rilt it' rlc l:rr'lot i t ltlt: 1rol, I'i oorr-
sidera'!i toL a[iLca t:orrtl il ii rt lr' tttorlil il,irIr i sl,r'rrol,urii morfo-
logice. Cauza principalir ir l,l':tttrrlot'ttril'ii ei progresive' se
af]d in creqterea nccesil,r"r{,ilrtt' tlt' t ottttttrit'ilt'o o datd cu dez-
voltarea. civiliza(,ici2- Nttltriti ( irrirrrl s('irrtril tlrr trcest factor
putern stl ne expli,rr'irrt rlc trtt t'\'olrrl,iir 1,r'.1i.r'sivii ir sistemului
rlor[ologic 1l rrrr6r, lirrrlli lrllirl,r, irr rrlrr',rr irrr:rl,ir, ;r,'llgitrsi tlolt-
ditii gecigrafit'o f i traritcl'ct'iztrlr' Ir'irr rt.r'lr':trri llrls:il'rrli. sl'r'ttc-
-turalJ se-r.aliztrrrzli irr gr.rrrlrr rlilr,r.ilr,. ,\r'r,sl. lirlrl, r' rlovCrlil
de inc!]alitirl,cir irt rltrzvollill'(' il tlll{rl lrtrrl,r ir' r'll(lt'lll llrlrrilit'i
iltdo-etrlolrt)ttc, ltirltti!,o srrtttil ilc r;.rr.
' A rcztrll,irt, tlitt t,ttltt o\l)ltlil irr ilrr'lil llrIilol (ril) slll'('
dcoscl,ir',' tlr' \o, ttlrttlttt', ,'rr,ltt(tlr Ilrrl'lt"rt\':r il ltl'll,l'1';1'l
rlg ItlttrillSlirlt' r'lrt i:rlt', tltl('r)t l ctt itriltt'r'll' ( ()ll-
af.e fOl'IIt(t
truro. Itt lt,'rrsl, strr:lrtt ltl lirrrlrii, r,r'illlirll llrrrl'il'irl'i'u rlc
Alrrcr,ir'l'rl ltt r'sl,r' ti''trtttllr,:rl ii. rllrli'll lrlrll,il'l ilr' llll l'r'
flir:l,ir lritL'r,ir '1;rlr'r ir 1rr.r.r,sr'l,r'l-ri 1rrl, r'lrirr. rti lrrir:lttt{l:l
esen!u lottotltt,'ttttlrri Nlollologilt csl'rr lrlr';il'ttil'ri (litt r:ll'tl'lt
microsistcrtrc 1i iLlcsl,t'il lrll sc tlrorlililli itt ltcccltlii rlit'rrr'-
!ie;i in acclali lit'rrr. S-lr lrt'iil,ltl,, rlc t'xtrtttlrltt, t'ii i'l
tirop'"u limba llrrlgit|ir a sirrrlrlil'iIirl' trttrll' sisl,crrrul caztlal
(fa!ri de slava corllt.lrrt-l cill'(l ilv(ril 7,'irzrlri Ia singular,
d la plural ;i 1r' l. dtrlrl - Srrlplal'it it,r'tt 2 I'.t'trttr cazuale la.sin-
gular: qi un' la lrlrr.lrl), tllt. rl ltiisl,r'irl, itt trti\t'tr 1rit.l,c sistem'l
Volbal slav. lirnlrir r,rrsi c ( ()lts(,tvltloltt't' itt r,rl Pt'ivtlll,c f ltl-
r V. 'l'lr rr I i, 'l'rtntl. ol ,\'lrtrr'ltr.rrrl (|
i:r,I l,a.tt.1it.t'rt 1lt:s,,,( )rbis"
lr.rt rt
vol. XII, fastr. 1, 1l)till, 1r. l:l
r ,,'fhe l,cttrlt:tltly Lort'ltt'rls lrtss ol (11)ll(ll'{)l(l grirnrrrui t,iclrl cat,cgories
atrd sirrtlrlif ir,:tlirrlt rtf Itlr,l'l'lr'll.H) is ill llt'll.l':r I sl trrtt'jlt' itt I ltrr l:tttgttuges
of tnor,r lriglrly civiliTr'rl p''')l'l"s'( , ilti'ltttr, 1' , 39.
151
 ..

l.rl^
r,xiunea noniinald (are 6 cazuri la singular ryi 6 pazuri la plu-
:'
rrogresul I n sinfaxi \
r&l;, dar a introdus multo inqvafii.ln conjugarer'. \
S; pog.te spune cd. singurolo tcndinfe comune tuturor ltm- \
bilor it.,t de abst"ractizaro a cohlinutului categoriilor
""6t.u
evolu[ia necontortitd a gindirii - Ei de sistc-
- reflectlnd
; matizare a lor, ca'manifostalc a realizdrii esentci accstut
nivel al limbii, nd.scut, cum s-a ardtat, din neccsitu[ca do
orsanizare a miterialului lexical utilizat cu fu'ctii divcrse.
'
3-" v5.zut, de:asemenea, c5. evolu!ia progresivd-u rrrorfo-
logiei, mai ales ln ceea cq priveqte ritmul 9i forrnclc 9g tlo-
este condilionita de'ma! mul.!i factori' 'l'i'lnd
"l?"ttl".,
.' ,qeamq7 de aceste luciuri, vom tnlelege de .ce progrcsul ln
morfolosie poate fi demonstrat rnai ales prin compararea a
aoue faie din istoria aceleiaqi 1imbi. Cdci nu e posibil ca 1n Evoluli-a sintaxci
|rczirrtr\ r'rclc aspectc comune cuaceea
I istoria a doud limbi - chiar inrudite - sd se repete'condr- a vocabularului. Expli.*!iu [r'.buic- ciutatd in rapt"t. ce
. liile interne qi externe care, lntr-o formd sau. alta, i$l pun yin,taxa.formcazl, irnprcuirir t:u vocabularut, p""iui-"*."1
. pecetea asrrpta,evoluliei acestui sector lingvistic' !ial5_ a_limbii, lcgatri mai direcL dc formele siirdi"ii. Cu ;i
vocabularul, "vorbirii.
sinLaxa aparr-. de Ia rrrr:rrfrut'rile fiinh
p' un elemenl indispensabil oricirrci t,oinrrnicdri. O.p".ia""ia
' , ,.' Fodo r, 'The Rate of Ling.uistic Change, 50'
drrectd. a raporl,rrrilor si'ba.lir:o dc logit:rt a.e cd. ,r.maie
faptul cd, dincolo dc varioLat,ou rnnl,o'ialrrlui sonor. limbile
prezintri, 1n gcrrc.al, uccltra$i sr,adii in evolutia
lor srnbacbice. Direii dirr prrrrcIrrl rlc vrrdelc il sra*aiicii
"hituiito"
' comparativc-istorico ao'asr,ir trirsirtrrrd
h si^rraxei prezinid
dezavantaje_
- crici ...I)c'rr)itc str s. distirrg[ il
elementele [ransmise dirr ]ir'ba-bazd de celc care au"ili-;i;;
fost rm,
prumutate sau c'eabo irrdepo'derrt ln liocure din limbile tnru-
dite-- din punctul de vcderc al sIudiilor aa lincvisticU-se-
neralS, ca este dc folcls, lrrl,rrrcll, fnc' posibild *comparaiea
unor unitdti identice 1' lirtbi .elcgar,e 'gcnetiq. ln 6erceta-
rea progresului ln sirrl,axd ct-rrr.luziilc t,c'so desprind ne baza
materialului din Iimbile irrdt-r-orrr,ol')c1]o vor pirtea ti asttei
gg."f-ir1ltg .si completate. cu ajuLor,irl dulclor"clin alte
:-- fami.
Iii de limbi. -
,Evolufia progresivd a sinLaxci cx;rrimr\, r:u mijloace spe_
crlrc tlngvtstrc-e, necontenita r:rcrsLcro u g.adrrlui de abstrhc-
t-rzare qr complexrtat,e a glndirii, dcterminatl, la rlndul ei.
de concr'ua dezvoltare a viclii rnat,eriale qi spirituale. a vor-
bitorilor. Fdrd a ajurrge Ia'simplificdri'gi'vulgarizdri,'se
poate spune totugi, cd, ln esenllf nivelul seneral-de'dezvol-.
tq,re a sinbaxei unei limbi (ca qi cel al "vocabrrlarului ei),

153