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Rezolvarea ecuatiilor exponentiale

Ecuatiile exponentiale sunt ecuatiile care contin necunoscuta x ca exponent al unor puteri de
baza fixa.

Cateva tipuri de ecuatii:

1. Ecuatii de tipul a f ( x ) = a  unde a > 0, a  1, iar f(x) este o functie de gradul I sau II ,

Rezolvare: a f ( x ) = a   f(x)=  .

Exemple:
i) 2 3 x  2 = 2,
ii)5 2 x 6 = 25,
2
iii) 3 x  3 x  2 = 9.

Rezolvare:
1  1
i) 2 3 x  2 = 2  3x + 2 = 1  3x = -1  x = -  S =   .
3  3
2 x 6 2 x 6 2
ii) 5 = 25  5 = 5  - 2x + 6 = 2  2x = 4  x = 2 S = {2}.
2 2
iii) 3 x = 9  3 x  3 x  2 = 3 2  x 2 +3x - 2 = 2  x 2 +3x - 4= 0,  = 9 + 16 = 25,
3 x  2

35
x 1,2 =  x 1 = - 4, x 2 = 1  S = {- 4, 1}.
2

2. Ecuatii de tipul a f ( x ) =b unde a>0, a  1, b>0 iar f(x) este o functie de gradul I
(Observatie: Cazul 2 este o generalizare a cazului 1)

Rezolvare: a f ( x ) =b  f(x)= log a b.

Exemple:
i) 2 x  3 = 5,
ii) 3 2 x  3 = 6.

Rezolvare:
5 5
i) 2 x  3 = 5  x + 3 = log 2 5  x = log 2 5 - 3  x = log 2 5 - log 2 2 3  x = log 2 3
 x = log 2
2 8
 5
 S = log 2 
 8
6
ii) 3 2 x  3 = 6  2x + 3 = log 3 6  2x = log 3 6 - 3  2x = log 3 6 - log 3 3 3  2x = log 3 
33
2 1 2 2 2  2
 2x = log 3 x= log 3  x = log 3  x = log 3  S = log 3 .
9 2 9 9 3  3 

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3. Ecuatii de tipul a f ( x ) = a g ( x ) , unde a > 0, a  1, iar f(x) si g(x) sunt functii de gradul I sau II .

Rezolvare: se rezolva ecuatia f(x) = g(x).

Exemple:
i) 2 3 x  2 = 2  x 6 ,
2
ii) 5 x  2 x 1 = 5  x  5 ,
2 2
ii)3 x  2 x 7 = 3 x  5

Rezolvare:
i) 2 3 x  2 = 2  x 6  3x + 2 = - x - 6  4x = - 8  x = - 2  S = { - 2}.
2
ii) 5 x  2 x 1 = 5  x11  x 2 + 2x + 1 = - x + 11  x 2 + 3x – 10= 0,  = 9 + 40 = 49,
 3 7
x 1,2 =  x 1 = -5, x 2 = 2 Deci S = {- 5, 2}.
2
2 2
iii) 3 x  2 x 7 = 3 x  5  x 2 + 2x + 7 = x 2 + 5  2x = - 2  x = - 1  S = { - 1}.

4. Ecuatii de tipul a f ( x ) =b g ( x ) , unde a > 0, a  1, b > 0, b  1, iar f(x) si g(x) sunt functii de gradul I
sau II.

Rezolvare: a f ( x ) =b g ( x )  log a a f ( x ) = log a b g ( x )  f(x) = g(x)log a b si se rezolva aceasta ultima

ecuatie algebrica.

Exemple:
i) 3 2 x 1 = 2 x ,
ii) 5 x 6 = 3 x 1

Rezolvare:
1
i) 3 2 x 1 = 2 x  2x +1= log 3 2 x  2x = xlog 3 2 - 1  x(2 - log 3 2)= - 1  x = 
( 2  log 3 2 )
 
1 1 
 1 
 x=  x=-  S =  
(log 3 9  log 3 2 )
log 3
9  log 3 9 
2  2 

ii) 5 x 6 = 3 x 1  x + 6 = log 5 3 x 1  x + 6 = (x – 1) log 5 3  x(1 - log 5 3)= - 6 - log 5 3 

 
6 6 6
 ( 6  log 5 3 )  (log 5 5  log 5 3 )  log 5 ( 5  3 ) 
  log 5 ( 5  3 ) 
x= x= x= S = 
( 1  log 5 3 ) (log 5 5  log 5 3 ) 5  5 
log 5 log 5
3  3 

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5. Alt tip de ecuatii exponentiale care se pot reduce la cazul 1 sau cazul 2

Exemple:
i) 5 x 1 + 5 x  2 = 150,
ii) 3 x - 2·3 x  2 +3 x  3 =30,
iii)2 x 1 - 3·2 x  2 + 5·2 x  3 = 6.

Rezolvare:
i) 5 x 1 + 5 x  2 = 150  5 x 1 + 5·5 x 1 = 150  5 x 1 (1 + 5)= 150  6·5 x 1 = 150  5 x 1 =25 
 5 x 1 =5 2  x + 1 = 2  x = 1 S = { 1},
ii) 3 x - 2·3 x  2 +3 x  3 =30  3 x - 2·3 2 ·3 x + 3·3 x =30  3 x (1- 18 + 27) = 30 
 10·3 x = 30  3 x = 3  x = 1 S = { 1},
iii)2 x 1 - 3·2 x  2 + 5·2 x  3 = 6  2 x 1 - 3·2·2 x 1 + 5·2 2 ·2 x 1 = 6  2 x 1 (1 – 6 + 20)= 6  15·2 x 1 =6 
2 2 2 2 2
 2 x 1 =  x + 1 = log 2  x = log 2 - 1  x = log 2 - log 2 2  x = log 2 
5 5 5 5 10
1  1
 x = log 2  S = log 2 
5  5

6. Ecuatii exponentiale care se pot aduce sub forma unei ecuatii de gradul II

Exemple:
i) 4 x - 3·2 x - 4 = 0,
ii) 3 x - 3 1 x - 2 = 0.

Rezolvare:
i) 4 x - 3·2 x - 4 = 0  (2 2 ) x - 3·2 x - 4 = 0  (2 x ) 2 - 3·2 x - 4 = 0
35
Notam 2 x = u . Conditie de rezolvare u > 0 u 2 - 3u - 4 = 0,  = 9 + 16 = 25, u 1,2 = ,
2
u 1 = -1< 0 si u 2 = 4 > 0 singura solutie a ecuatiei este u 2 . u 2 = 4  2 x = 4  x = 2  S = {2}.
3
ii) 3 x - 3 1 x - 2 = 0  3 x - x - 2 = 0  (3 x ) 2 - 3 - 2·3 x = 0  (3 x ) 2 - 2·3 x - 3= 0.
3
24
Notam 3 x = u. Conditie de rezolvare u > 0 u 2 - 2u - 3 = 0,  = 4 + 12 = 16, u 1, 2 = ,
2
u 1 = -1 < 0 si u 2 = 3  singura solutie a ecuatiei este u 2 . u 2 = 3  3 x = 3  x= 1  S = {1}.

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