Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MMWR, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; NEJM, New England Journal of Medicine
1. MMWR, June 5, 1981;30(21);1-3, 2. amfAR, Thirty Years of HIV/AIDS: Snapshots of an Epidemic
3. Gottleib MS, et al. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1425–31, 4. Masur H, et al. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1431–8,
5. Siegal F, et al. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1439–44
Sindrom de imunodepresie caracterizat prin multiple
infectii oportuniste
In 1982 sunt recunoscute si alte cai de
transmitere …
Freddie …
1997
HIV Home Study Module
2 specii de virus pot provoca infectia la om HIV-1 si HIV-2
HIV Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
Africa de Vest
Originea HIV
• Similaritate intre virusul HIV si virusurile simiene SIV
transcrierea
Replicarea HIV (4)
7. ASAMBLAREA proteinelor virale cu ARN genomic viral virioni
imaturi clivarea precursorilor gag-pol de catre proteaza
virala particule virale mature
8. INMUGURIREA din membrana celulei gazda a particulelor virale
si infectarea altor celule
1. Apetrei C, Necula A, Hol-Hansen C, et al; HIV-1 diversity in Romania; AIDS: September 1998; Volume 12- Issue 9; p1079-1085
2. Guimaraes ML, Vicente AC, Otsuki K, et al; Close phylogenetic relationship between Angolan and Romanian HIV-1 subtype F1
isolates; Retrovirology; 2009 Apr 22;6:39. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-39
3. Mbisa et al. AIDS Res Human Retrovir, 2012
4 Hersh et al. Lancet 1991; WHO Report Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1991
Particularitati ale epidemiei HIV in Romania (2)
Thomson and Najera, JID, 2007; Stanojevic et al. AIDS Rev 2011; www.cnlas.ro
Distributia in functie de varsta si sex in Romania
2014
Distributia in functie de varsta Distributia in functie de varsta si
si sex la pacientii aflati in viata sex la momentul diagnosticului
Source: Compartment for Monitoring and Evaluation of HIV/AIDS in Romania - INBI “Prof. Matei Balş”
Distributia in functie de varsta si sex la
momentul diagnosticului (cumulativ 1992-2015)
Source: Compartment for Monitoring and Evaluation of HIV/AIDS in Romania - INBI “Prof. Matei Balş”
Dinamica epidemiei HIV in Romania
447 511
448 522 401
15
3 8 112
4 61 100 135
40 45 91 97
14
IDU, injection drug users; MSM, men who have sex with men CNLAS Romania 1st December 2015 http://www.cnlas.ro/images/doc/01122015_rom.pdf
Tendinte in modul de transmitere a infectiei HIV in Romania
(2007 - 2015)
600
heterosexual
500
400
300
IDUs
200
100
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
MTCT MSM IDUs heterosexual unknown
Source: Compartment for Monitoring and Evaluation of HIV/AIDS Infection in Romania INBI “Matei Balş”, 2015
Droguri legale “ etnobotanice “ utilizate in Romania
Numar de utilizatori de droguri injectabile din numarul total
de cazuri noi diagnosticate cu infectie HIV in spitalul
“Victor Babes” in perioada 2007-2015
400
351
350 312
279 293
300
250
250
200 175
156 142
150 117 119 118 117
106 99
100
50 18
0 4 4
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Newly HIV-infected patients HIV-infected IDUs
Data source: Department of Statistics “Victor Babes” Clinical Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest
Cai de transmitere a infectiei HIV
• Transmitere ocupationala
Activarea imună este favorizată şi de translocarea unor produşi bacterieni (LPS) ca urmare a
scăderii masive de limfocite CD4 şi a pierderii integrităţii la nivelul barierei mucoasei
intestinale. Astfel se produce stimularea sintezei de citokine proinflamatorii de tip IL1, IL6,
TNF alfa, care favorizează fenomenele inflamatorii
Diagnosticul de laborator in infectia HIV
Metode indirecte
A B C
Categorii imunologice Infectie acuta Infectie HIV SIDA
(nr cel CD4 /mmc) HIV simptomatica
Infectie HIV
asimptomatica
PGL
1: CD4 >500 (>25%) fara A1 B1 C1
imunodepresie
2: CD4 200-500 (15-25%) A2 B2 C2
imunodepresie moderata
3: CD4 <200 (<15%) A3 B3 C3
imunodepresie severa
Istoria naturala HIV (la pacientii netratati)
Contact infectant HIV
2-3 sapt
Seroconversie
2- 4 sapt
• candidoza oro-faringiana
• leucoplakia paroasa a limbii
• herpes zoster
• neuropatie periferica
• anemie, leucopenie, trombocitopenie
• cardiomiopatie, nefropatie HIV, LIP
• febra, diaree, G, transpiratii
Leziuni la nivelul cavitatii bucale (1) candidoza
orala
Leziuni la nivelul cavitatii bucale (3)
www.unaids.org
Cascada de ingrijiri in Romania
31 Decembrie 2015
14000 13766
12096
(98,3%)
14000 87,7%) 10551
(87,2%)
12000
10000
6014
5386
8000 (57%)
(51%)
6000
4000
2000
0
ESTIMAT PACIENŢI AFLAŢI PACIENŢI ÎN PACIENŢI CU CD4 > 500 VL <50 copii/ml
UNAIDS 2014 ÎN VIAŢĂ (in EVIDENŢĂ TARV (in baza cel/mmc din din pacientii
baza nationala ACTIVĂ (in baza nationala de pacientii aflati in aflati in TARV
de date) nationala de date) TARV
date)**
Sursa: Compartimentul pentru Monitorizarea şi Evaluarea Infecţiei HIV/SIDA în România – INBI “Prof.Dr.M.Balş”
Clase de antiretrovirale ( ARV)
CCR5
antagonist
Fusion
inhibitor
RT Inhibitors
Integrase
inhibitors
Protease
Inhibitors
3. IP inhibitori de proteaza
CCR5
antagonist
Fusion
inhibitor
RT Inhibitors
Integrase
inhibitors
Protease
Inhibitors
4. Inhibitori de integraza
Raltegravir – Isentress - 2007
Elvitegravir – Vitekta - 2012
Dolutegravir – Tivicay - 2013
COFORMULARI
Triumeq - DTG + ABC + 3TC
CCR5
antagonist
Fusion
inhibitor
RT Inhibitors
Integrase
inhibitors
Protease
Inhibitors
5. Inhibitori de fuziune: enfuvirtide
CCR5
antagonist
Fusion
inhibitor
RT Inhibitors
Integrase
inhibitors
Protease
Inhibitors
Evolutia strategiilor terapeutice in infectia HIV
Cand se initiaza terapia ARV?
8
ART <350/mmc
6
2 ART imediat
0 60
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
Mo
INSIGHT START Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2015; Lundgren J, et al. IAS 2015
ART si evolutia CD4 si ARN-HIV
98% < 200c/mL
INSIGHT START Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2015; Lundgren J, et al. IAS 2015
Este pacientul pregatit pentru inceperea ARV ?
Pacient depresie
droguri
alcoolism
tulburari cognitive
comorbiditati
Suport social
Efavirenz (EFV)
Nevirapine (NVP)
Etravirine (ETV)
Rilpivirine (RPV)
NRTI
PI
Abacavir (ABC)
Emtricitabine (FTC) 2 NRTI + 1 PI Atazanavir/r (ATV)
Lamivudine (3TC) Darunavir/r (DRV)
Tenofovir (TDF)
TAF
INSTI
Raltegravir (RGV)
Elvitegravir (EVG)
Dolutegravir (DGV)
Regimuri ARV recomandate la pacientii naivi
Ghidul EACS vs 8.1 din 2016
DHHS Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-
Infected Adults and Adolescents – update 07.2016)
Regimuri recomandate la pacientii naivi
Alege 1 ARV din coloana A A B Observatii
si coloana B
Recomandate
IP TDF/FTC
DRV/r (Darunavir/Ritonavir TAF/FTC
INSTI
RAL (Raltegravir – Isentress) TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC
DTG (Dolutegravir) + ABC/3TC daca HLAB*5701 negativ
TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC
EVG/COBICISTAT+ TDF/FTC STRIBILD
TAF/FTC GENVOYA
Alternative INNRT - EFV (Stocrin) TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC ATRIPLA
- RPV ( Rilpivirina) TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC COMPLERA (la cei cu
ARN-HIV < 100.000
IP/r copii/ml)
ATV/r sau ATV/c (COBI) TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC
DRV/r sau DRV/c ABC/3TC, TAF/FTC Comb cu Cobi doar la cei
cu Cl cr > 70 ml/min
Cu ce incepem?
Regimuri recomandate, preferate
Numarul mai mic de tablete pe zi- creste
aderenta la ARV
1995 2006
Regimuri cu INNRT (EFV, NVP, ETR)
Avantaje Dezavantaje
• usor de administrat • bariera genetica de
rezistenta joasa, intr-o
• T1/2 lung treapta
• rezistenta incrucisata intre
EFV si NVP
• RA severe: rash - sd.
Stevens Johnson,
hepatotoxicitate (NVP)
• tulburari neuro-psihice :
cefalee, ameteli, insomnia,
depresie (EFV)
• transmiterea rezistentei
mai frecventa decat pt IP
Regimuri cu IP
Avantaje Dezavantaje
• rezistenta “in mai multe • complicatii metabolice
trepte” bariera genetica (dislipidemie)
inalta • efecte gastro-intestinale (diaree,
• inhibarea replicarii virale se greturi, varsaturi)
produce la nivelul RT si a • multiple interactiuni
proteazei medicamentoase
(metabolizare la nivel hepatic,
citocrom P450)
• numar mai mare de tablete
Bariera genetica de rezistenta
Mutatii
necesare
pentru
aparitia
rezistentei
IP INNRT
Activitate pastrata pierduta
antivirala
Regimuri cu INSTI
Avantaje Dezavantaje
• reducere foarte rapida a • bariera genetica de rezistenta
viremiei HIV scazuta pt RAL
• lipsa interactiunilor • Bariera genetica de
medicamentoase rezistenta mai inalta pentru
• Tolerabilitate buna DTG
• Administrare simpla 1 sau 2x/zi
Reactii adverse la terapia antiretrovirala
Reactii adverse la ARV
Reactii adverse Manifestare clinica Medicament
(>5%)
piele eruptii majoritatea (ABC, NVP, EFV, ETR)
tract G-i greata, diaree IP (LPV/r, DRV/r, ATV/r) DTG, EVG/r
hepatice hepatita toxica NVP, EFV, RPV, ATV/r, DRV/r, MVC
icter ATV/r
metabolice demineralizare TDF
dislipidemie EFV, LPV/r, ATV/r, DRV/r, EVG/c
ginecomastie EFV
lipodistrofie LPV/r, AZT
SNC depresie, cefalee, ameteli EFV, RPV, EVG/c, RAL, ATV/r,
tulburari de somn EFV, EVG/c, DTG
renale tubulopatie proximala, sd TDF
Fanconi
nefrolitiaza ATV/r
crestere creatinina EVG/c, DTG
muschi crestere CPK, miopatie, RAL
rabdomioliza
Lipodistrofia HIV
Lipoatrofie
Lipoatrofie la nivelul mb inferioare
si a regiunii fesiere
Lipodistrofia HIV
Lipohipertrofie
Courtesy of D.Cooper
Efect asupra metabolismului lipidic
• Efavirenz
• Darunavir/r, Atazanavir/r
• Rilpivirine
Risc mai mare de aparitie a IMA daca exista o expunere prelungita la abacavir,
lopinavir/r. Abacavir sa fie utilizat cu precautie la persoane cu risc CV crescut (studiu
D:A:D Study)
Lennox J, et al. Lancet 2009; Daar ES, et al. Ann Intern Med 2011;Martinez et al.,
HIV Med 2014; Tebas et al., Clin Infect Dis 2014; Molina JM, et al. Lancet 2008;
Ortiz R, et al. AIDS 2008, Westring Worm S et al., JID 2010, Monforte Ad et al. AIDS 2013
Consideratii privind alegerea schemei terapeutice
Rezistenta
virala/bariera
genetica
HLA-B*5701 ARN-HIV
>100,000
Cost Aderenta
Interactiuni
ARV Reactii
medicam adverse
Comorbiditati Sarcina
Conditii
legate de
alimentatie
Both sides of the picture…
Monitorizare Negare
Tratament ARV Aderenta scazuta
Aderenta buna la ARV