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Bowlby was interested in understanding the separation anxiety and distress that children
experience when separated from their primary caregivers. Some of the earliest behavioral
theories suggested that attachment was simply a learned behavior. These theories proposed that
attachment was merely tQhe result of the feeding relationship between the child and the
caregiver. Because the caregiver feeds the child and provides nourishment, the child becomes
attached.
What Bowlby observed is that even feedings did not diminish the anxiety experienced by
children when they were separated from their primary caregivers.2 Instead, he found that
attachment was characterized by clear behavioral and motivation patterns. When children are
frightened, they will seek proximity from their primary caregiver in order to receive both
comfort and care.
Sigmund Freud (1927-1961) a menţionat in cartea „ Viitorul unei iluzii” că “(cu cât)
ştim mai puţine despre trecut şi prezent, cu atât mai nesigură va fi judecata noastră
despre
viitor”.
Thomas Jefferson a spus că “istoria, prin preţuirea oamenilor trecutului, ii va ajuta pe
aceştia în experienţa lor despre alte timpuri şi civilizaţii.” Ideea acestor citate este că
există un
model în istorie, care interpretat corect, se poate dovedi crucial în înţelegerea şi
controlarea
prezentului şi a viitorului. Utilitatea studiului istoriei psihologiei este pentru cei ce ştiu
istoria
psihologiei că ar putea de asemenea să înţeleagă mai bine tendinţele şi dezvoltările
actuale,
precum şi eventualele direcţii din viitor.
Plato’s psychology is nativistic but leaves ample room for developmental influences. He explicitly
endorses a multistage theory of cognitive development. In Laws, for example, the Athenian stranger
asserts that virtue and vice are known to the young only as pleasure and pain and that, since children
instinctively love what is pleasurable and hate what is painful, the principal task of the educator is to
make sure that true virtue becomes the object of love. Moreover, there are critical periods of
development when the lessons of virtue are most effectively conveyed by music, since virtue
fundamentally is a harmonious relationship between body and mind. This aim is furthered by close
contact between parent and infant. by the rhythmic rocking of the young. The same theme is sounded in
The Republic, in which the young are depicted as being out of harmony: Reason and passion have yet to
establish the unique accord that constitutes virtue. Music and dance and other gymnastics must be
employed because the very young mind is not yet able to assimilate rational principles directly. Thus,
early education uses metaphor, not literal lesson. Nonetheless, the success of such education finally
depends on the “quality of the wax.” and only under rare circumstances will the children of a lower class
qualify for the life of a Guardian, that is, one chosen to be trained to protect the city-state and devote
himself to its security. If harmony is the goal, the sources of dissonance must be removed. As some of
these are genetic accidents of nature, they must be “exposed” (Le.. to the elements). In any case,
eugenic breeding can reduce such mistakes to a minimum.
NATIVÍSM s. n. 1. denumire dată acelor sisteme filozofice care atribuie ideilor și principiilor de activitate
umană un caracter înnăscut.
Aristotle taught that people acquire virtues (i.e., good habits) through practice and that a set of concrete
virtues could lead a person toward his natural excellence and happiness.
René Descartes is often credited with being the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” This title is justified due
both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his
development and promotion of the new, mechanistic sciences. His fundamental break with Scholastic
philosophy was twofold. First, Descartes thought that the Scholastics’ method was prone to doubt given
their reliance on sensation as the source for all knowledge. Second, he wanted to replace their final
causal model of scientific explanation with the more modern, mechanistic model.
John Locke (1632-1704) a fost un filozof ale cărui idei au fost precursori
timpurii multor concepte psihologice importante. John Locke a introdus
conceptul de tabula rasa, care este convingerea că mintea este o „ardezie
goală” la naștere și suntem formați și dezvoltați din propriile noastre
experiențe cu mediul înconjurător. El a fost un credincios devotat în latura
„hrănitoare” a dezbaterii „natură versus nutreț” din cauza credinței sale că
toate comportamentele, înclinațiile și modelele de gândire au fost învățate,
mai degrabă decât inerente. Aceasta a fost una dintre cele mai timpurii idei
care este folosită la baza comportamentismului. Locke credea că experiența
care a avut loc în primii ani ai copilăriei a fost cea mai importantă și cea
mai influentă pentru o persoană. El a subliniat importanța recompenselor și a
pedepselor în învățarea socială. Locke a introdus și conceptul teoriei
contractului social.
Natural selection occurs because animals can have different traits from one another within the same
species. The animals that have traits that are most advantageous for a particular environment are more
successful and more likely to reproduce. They pass their beneficial traits on to their offspring who
continue to be successful and pass the traits along to their offspring. Gradually the species will evolve so
that the beneficial traits occur in all of the organisms. The finches that Darwin saw at Galapagos had
different kinds of beaks. The beaks were more advantageous for the food on the particular island they
were on and over generations the finches with the 'better' beaks got more food and had more offspring
until the birds with the less advantageous beaks faded away in the population.
Darwin worked on his theories for 20 years and collaborated with a man named Alfred Wallace who had
independently reached many of the same conclusions. In 1859 Darwin published his major work "On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection." This work was considered revolutionary at the time
because it defined humans as simply another animal who evolved from less complex organisms.
Darwin's theories have been developed over time and are still widely used in many areas of science and
beyond.
G. Stanley Hall (1844 - 1924) este cunoscut ca Părintele Adolescenței.
Lucrarea sa a influențat temele adolescenței în psihologie, cultura populară
și educație.
Behavorism
Școala de gândire care subliniază nevoia psihologiei de a fi o știință
obiectivă. Cu alte cuvinte, psihologia ar trebui să fie o știință bazată pe
evenimente observabile (și doar observabile), nu pe mintea inconștientă sau
conștientă. Această perspectivă a fost sugerată și propagată pentru prima
dată de John Watson în 1913, care dorea ca psihologia să studieze doar
comportamente observabile și să se îndepărteze complet de studiul minții
conștiente. Motivul principal al lui Watson a fost că numai evenimentele
observabile sunt verificabile și, astfel, sunt singurele evenimente care pot
fi dovedite false. Acesta este un concept extrem de important pentru știință;
fără ea, cum poți afla vreodată ce este adevărat, fals, real sau fals.
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) a fost un psiholog rus cel mai cunoscut pentru
teoriile sale socioculturale asupra cogniției. Vygotsky a dezvoltat Teoria
Dezvoltării Sociale care a propus că mediul social este integral pentru
dezvoltarea cunoașterii superioare și că învățarea a precedat dezvoltarea.
Influențele sociale și culturale sunt extrem de influente asupra dezvoltării
cognitive a individului și sunt esențiale în formarea și dezvoltarea
acesteia.
The nature-nurture debate continues to stir controversy in the social and behavioral sciences.
How much of human behavior and development can be attributed to biology and how much to
the environment? Can either be said to “determine” human development? And what are the
implications of each view for society? In this important study, a noted developmental
psychologist contributes to this debate by confronting the difficult issue of “doctrines” of human
development and the consequences for society of deriving political programs and public policy
from them.
Beginning with the premise that scientific ideas are not neutral but can be used for either good or
evil, Richard Lerner considers the recent history of one such idea, biological determinism, which
at times has had the backing of respected scientists, intellectuals, and political leaders. During
this century, biological determinism has been coupled with political philosophies that hold that
some people are inherently better than others. This has meant that certain groups of people—
Jews, Blacks, Native Americans, women—have been stigmatized because of supposedly innate,
even “biological,” differences, with sometimes disastrous consequences. The most notorious
instance was Nazi Germany, where “racial science,” given legitimacy by the scientific
community, became a cornerstone of the Nazi “Final Solution.”
Meanwhile, theories of biological determinism continue to find adherents within the scientific
community. Konrad Lorenz, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1973, was a critical figure in the
development of the most recent manifestation of biological determinism—sociobiology. Lerner
examines the work of Lorenz and current sociobiologists and the implications of their claims for
modern society. He fears that biological determinism may again be co-opted to serve the political
agenda of today’s reactionary politicians. In fact, Lerner notes, sociobiologists have had to face
the fact that organizations such as the fascist National Front party in Britain and its counterparts
in France and the United States have selectively seized upon sociobiology to fuel their notions of
genetically superior and inferior races
Metode de cercetare
Cercetare experimentală
Cercetare corelațională
Metoda corelațională explorează relația dintre două sau mai multe evenimente
prin strângerea de informații despre aceste variabile fără intervenția
cercetătorului. Avantajul utilizării unui design corelațional este că
estimează puterea unei relații între variabilele din mediul natural. Cu toate
acestea, limitarea este că poate indica doar că există o relație între
variabile; nu poate stabili care l-a provocat pe celălalt.
Studiu de caz
Proiecte de cercetare
Indiferent dacă studiile utilizează metodologia experimentală, corelațională
sau de studiu de caz, ele pot utiliza proiecte de cercetare sau cadre logice
pentru a face comparații cheie în cadrul studiilor de cercetare. Acestea
includ proiectări longitudinale, transversale, secvențiale și microgenetice.
Design longitudinal
Proiectare transversală
Design secvential
Proiectare microgenetică