6.

PERFORMANTELE AUTOMOBILULUI
6.1.Performantele dinamice de trecere
6.1.1 Bilantul de tractiune si caracteristica de tracţiune
6.1.2 Bilantul de putere si caracterisica puterilor
6.1.3. Factorul dinamic si caracteristica dinamică.
6.2. Performanţele de demarare.
6.2.1. Acceleraţia automobilului si caracteristica acceleraţiilor.
6.2.2. Timpul si spatiul de demarare.
6.3 Performantele de franare ale autovehiculelor
6.3.1. Capacitatea de decelerare a automobilului.
6.3.2. Caracteristica timpului si spaţiului de frânare.

6. PERFORMANTELE AUTOMOBILULUI

6.1.Performantele dinamice de trecere

6.1.1 Bilantul de tractiune si caracteristica de tracţiune

Caracteristica de tracţiune sau caracteristica forţei la roată reprezintă curbele de

variaţie ale forţei la roată în funcţie de viteza de deplasare a autovehiculului FR = f(v ) pentru
fiecare treaptă a cutiei de viteze utilizată.

=
Unde :
M este momentul motor;
este raportul transmisiei, cand este cuplata in treapta k de viteza cu raportul iCVk
este randamentul transmisiei;
raza dinamica a rotii

Viteza de deplasare a autovehiculului se calzuleaza cu relatia :

= *
 = * = 8.99
= * = 6.94
= * = 5.36
= * = 4.14
= * = 3.20
= * = 2.60

n[rpm] omega Va I Va II Va Va Va V Va VI Fr1 [N] Fr2 [N] Fr3 [N] Fr4 [N] Fr5 [N] Fr6 [N]
[m/s] [m/s] III IV [m/s] [m/s]
[m/s] [m/s]
800 83.78 3.33 4.31 5.58 7.22 9.35 11.49 6166.02 4763.02 3679.25 2842.08 2195.39 1785.79
900 94.25 3.74 4.85 6.27 8.12 10.51 12.93 6307.72 4872.47 3763.80 2907.39 2245.85 1826.83
1000 104.72 4.16 5.38 6.97 9.02 11.68 14.36 6440.83 4975.29 3843.22 2968.74 2293.24 1865.38
1100 115.19 4.58 5.92 7.67 9.93 12.85 15.80 6565.35 5071.48 3917.53 3026.14 2337.58 1901.44
1200 125.66 4.99 6.46 8.37 10.83 14.02 17.23 6681.29 5161.04 3986.70 3079.58 2378.85 1935.02
1300 136.14 5.41 7.00 9.06 11.73 15.19 18.67 6788.64 5243.96 4050.76 3129.05 2417.07 1966.11
1400 146.61 5.82 7.54 9.76 12.63 16.36 20.11 6887.40 5320.25 4109.69 3174.58 2452.24 1994.71
1500 157.08 6.24 8.08 10.46 13.54 17.52 21.54 6977.57 5389.90 4163.49 3216.14 2484.34 2020.83
1600 167.55 6.66 8.62 11.15 14.44 18.69 22.98 7059.15 5452.92 4212.17 3253.74 2513.39 2044.46
1700 178.02 7.07 9.15 11.85 15.34 19.86 24.42 7132.15 5509.31 4255.73 3287.39 2539.38 2065.60
1800 188.50 7.49 9.69 12.55 16.24 21.03 25.85 7196.56 5559.06 4294.16 3317.08 2562.31 2084.25
1900 198.97 7.90 10.23 13.25 17.15 22.20 27.29 7252.38 5602.18 4327.47 3342.80 2582.19 2100.42
2000 209.44 8.32 10.77 13.94 18.05 23.37 28.72 7299.61 5638.67 4355.65 3364.57 2599.00 2114.10
2100 219.91 8.74 11.31 14.64 18.95 24.53 30.16 7338.25 5668.52 4378.71 3382.39 2612.76 2125.29
2200 230.38 9.15 11.85 15.34 19.85 25.70 31.60 7368.31 5691.74 4396.65 3396.24 2623.47 2134.00
2300 240.86 9.57 12.39 16.03 20.76 26.87 33.03 7389.78 5708.32 4409.46 3406.14 2631.11 2140.21
2400 251.33 9.98 12.92 16.73 21.66 28.04 34.47 7402.66 5718.27 4417.15 3412.07 2635.70 2143.94
2500 261.80 10.40 13.46 17.43 22.56 29.21 35.91 7406.96 5721.59 4419.71 3414.05 2637.23 2145.19
2510 262.85 10.44 13.52 17.50 22.65 29.32 36.05 7406.91 5721.56 4419.68 3414.03 2637.21 2145.18
2600 272.27 10.82 14.00 18.12 23.46 30.38 37.34 7402.66 5718.27 4417.15 3412.07 2635.70 2143.94
2700 282.74 11.23 14.54 18.82 24.37 31.54 38.78 7389.78 5708.32 4409.46 3406.14 2631.11 2140.21
2800 293.22 11.65 15.08 19.52 25.27 32.71 40.21 7368.31 5691.74 4396.65 3396.24 2623.47 2134.00
2900 303.69 12.06 15.62 20.22 26.17 33.88 41.65 7338.25 5668.52 4378.71 3382.39 2612.76 2125.29
3000 314.16 12.48 16.15 20.91 27.07 35.05 43.09 7299.61 5638.67 4355.65 3364.57 2599.00 2114.10
3100 324.63 12.89 16.69 21.61 27.98 36.22 44.52 7252.38 5602.18 4327.47 3342.80 2582.19 2100.42
3200 335.10 13.31 17.23 22.31 28.88 37.38 45.96 7196.56 5559.06 4294.16 3317.08 2562.31 2084.25
3300 345.58 13.73 17.77 23.00 29.78 38.55 47.40 7132.15 5509.31 4255.73 3287.39 2539.38 2065.60

3400 356.05 14.14 18.31 23.70 30.68 39.72 48.83 7059.15 5452.92 4212.17 3253.74 2513.39 2044.46
3500 366.52 14.56 18.85 24.40 31.59 40.89 50.27 6977.57 5389.90 4163.49 3216.14 2484.34 2020.83
3600 376.99 14.97 19.39 25.10 32.49 42.06 51.70 6887.40 5320.25 4109.69 3174.58 2452.24 1994.71
3700 387.46 15.39 19.92 25.79 33.39 43.23 53.14 6788.64 5243.96 4050.76 3129.05 2417.07 1966.11
3800 397.94 15.81 20.46 26.49 34.29 44.39 54.58 6681.29 5161.04 3986.70 3079.58 2378.85 1935.02
3900 408.41 16.22 21.00 27.19 35.20 45.56 56.01 6565.35 5071.48 3917.53 3026.14 2337.58 1901.44
4000 418.88 16.64 21.54 27.88 36.10 46.73 57.45 6440.83 4975.29 3843.22 2968.74 2293.24 1865.38

Caracteristica fortei la roata

8000

7000

6000

5000 Fr1[N]
Fr2[N]
Fr[N]

4000
Fr3[N]
3000 Fr4[N]

2000 Fr5[N]
Fr6[N]
1000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Va[m/s]

Bilantul de tractiune (pentru treapta cu raport unitar)

Rrul + Rp Rrul+Rp+Ra
Rrul [N] [N] [N] Va5 [m/s] Fr5 [N] Ra5 [N] Fr5 – Ra5
494 494 566 9.35 2195 71.8 2124
494 494 585 10.51 2246 90.8 2155
494 494 606 11.68 2293 112.2 2181
494 494 630 12.85 2338 135.7 2202
494 494 656 14.02 2379 161.5 2217
494 494 684 15.19 2417 189.5 2228
494 494 714 16.36 2452 219.8 2232
494 494 746 17.52 2484 252.4 2232
494 494 781 18.69 2513 287.1 2226
494 494 818 19.86 2539 324.1 2215
494 494 857 21.03 2562 363.4 2199
494 494 899 22.20 2582 404.9 2177
494 494 943 23.37 2599 448.6 2150
494 494 989 24.53 2613 494.6 2118
494 494 1037 25.70 2623 542.8 2081
494 494 1087 26.87 2631 593.3 2038
494 494 1140 28.04 2636 646.0 1990
494 494 1195 29.21 2637 701.0 1936
494 494 1201 29.32 2637 706.6 1931
494 494 1252 30.38 2636 758.2 1878
494 494 1312 31.54 2631 817.6 1813
494 494 1373 32.71 2623 879.3 1744
494 494 1437 33.88 2613 943.2 1670
494 494 1503 35.05 2599 1009.4 1590
494 494 1572 36.22 2582 1077.8 1504
494 494 1642 37.38 2562 1148.5 1414
494 494 1715 38.55 2539 1221.4 1318
494 494 1791 39.72 2513 1296.5 1217
494 494 1868 40.89 2484 1373.9 1110
494 494 1948 42.06 2452 1453.5 999
494 494 2029 43.23 2417 1535.4 882
494 494 2114 44.39 2379 1619.5 759
494 494 2200 45.56 2338 1705.9 632
494 494 2288 46.73 2293 1794.5 499

Diagrama fortei excedentare in treapta de priza directa

3000

2500

2000
Rrul,Rrul+Rp+Ra,Fr5,Fr5-Ra5

Rrul[N]
1500
Rrul+Rp+Ra[N]
1000 Fr5[N]
Fr5-Ra5
500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Va[m/s]
 Bilant de tractiune pentru treapta de priza directa
3000

2500

2000
Rrul,Rrul+Rp+Ra,Fr5

1500 Rrul[N]
Rrul+Rp+Ra[N]
1000
Fr5[N]
500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Va[m/s]

6.1.2 Bilantul de putere si caracterisica puterilor

Caracteristica puterilor este reprezentarea grafică a bilanţului de putere funcţie de viteza

autovehiculului pentru toate treptele cutiei de viteze.
Bilanţul de putere al autovehiculului reprezintă echilibrul dinamic dintre puterea la roată PR şi
suma puterilor necesare învingerii rezistenţelor la înaintare dat de relaţia:

=P* = + +

Prul Pr+Pp+Pa
Pe [kW] Pr [kW] Va5 [m/s] kW] Pr+Pp [kW] Pa[kW] [kW]
22.18 20.40 9.35 4.62 20.40 0.67 5.29
25.52 23.48 10.51 5.19 23.48 0.96 6.15
28.96 26.64 11.68 5.77 26.64 1.31 7.08
32.47 29.87 12.85 6.35 29.87 1.74 8.09
36.05 33.16 14.02 6.93 33.16 2.26 9.19
39.68 36.50 15.19 7.50 36.50 2.88 10.38
43.35 39.88 16.36 8.08 39.88 3.60 11.68
47.06 43.29 17.52 8.66 43.29 4.42 13.08
50.78 46.72 18.69 9.23 46.72 5.37 14.60
54.51 50.15 19.86 9.81 50.15 6.44 16.25
 58.24 53.58 21.03 10.39 53.58 7.64 18.03
61.95 57.00 22.20 10.97 57.00 8.99 19.95
65.64 60.39 23.37 11.54 60.39 10.48 22.02
69.28 63.74 24.53 12.12 63.74 12.13 24.25
72.88 67.05 25.70 12.70 67.05 13.95 26.65
76.42 70.30 26.87 13.27 70.30 15.94 29.22
79.88 73.49 28.04 13.85 73.49 18.11 31.96
83.25 76.59 29.21 14.43 76.59 20.47 34.90
83.59 76.90 29.32 14.49 76.90 20.72 35.21
86.53 79.61 30.38 15.01 79.61 23.03 38.04
89.71 82.53 31.54 15.58 82.53 25.79 41.37
92.76 85.34 32.71 16.16 85.34 28.76 44.92
95.68 88.02 33.88 16.74 88.02 31.96 48.69
98.46 90.58 35.05 17.31 90.58 35.38 52.69
101.08 92.99 36.22 17.89 92.99 39.04 56.93
103.54 95.26 37.38 18.47 95.26 42.94 61.40
105.82 97.35 38.55 19.05 97.35 47.09 66.13
107.91 99.28 39.72 19.62 99.28 51.50 71.12
109.80 101.02 40.89 20.20 101.02 56.18 76.38
111.48 102.56 42.06 20.78 102.56 61.13 81.91
112.93 103.90 43.23 21.35 103.90 66.37 87.72
114.15 105.02 44.39 21.93 105.02 71.90 93.83
115.12 105.91 45.56 22.51 105.91 77.73 100.23

115.83 106.57 46.73 23.09 106.57 83.86 106.94

 Bilantul puterii la roata tr de priza directa
120

100
Pr,Pa,Prul,Pr+Pp+Pa

80
Pr[kW]
60
Prul[kW]
40 Pa[kW]
Pr+Pp+Pa[kW]
20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Va5[m/s]

Puterea la roata pentru fiecare treapta a CV

Pr1 [kW] Pr2 [kW] Pr3 [kW] Pr4[kW] Pr5 [kW] Pr6 [kW]
20.52 20.52 20.52 20.52 20.52 20.52
23.61 23.61 23.61 23.61 23.61 23.61
26.79 26.79 26.79 26.79 26.79 26.79
30.04 30.04 30.04 30.04 30.04 30.04
33.35 33.35 33.35 33.35 33.35 33.35
36.71 36.71 36.71 36.71 36.71 36.71
40.11 40.11 40.11 40.11 40.11 40.11
43.54 43.54 43.54 43.54 43.54 43.54
46.98 46.98 46.98 46.98 46.98 46.98
50.43 50.43 50.43 50.43 50.43 50.43
53.88 53.88 53.88 53.88 53.88 53.88
57.32 57.32 57.32 57.32 57.32 57.32
60.73 60.73 60.73 60.73 60.73 60.73
64.10 64.10 64.10 64.10 64.10 64.10
67.43 67.43 67.43 67.43 67.43 67.43
70.70 70.70 70.70 70.70 70.70 70.70
73.90 73.90 73.90 73.90 73.90 73.90
77.03 77.03 77.03 77.03 77.03 77.03
77.33 77.33 77.33 77.33 77.33 77.33
80.06 80.06 80.06 80.06 80.06 80.06
82.99 82.99 82.99 82.99 82.99 82.99
 85.82 85.82 85.82 85.82 85.82 85.82
88.52 88.52 88.52 88.52 88.52 88.52
91.09 91.09 91.09 91.09 91.09 91.09
93.52 93.52 93.52 93.52 93.52 93.52
95.79 95.79 95.79 95.79 95.79 95.79
97.90 97.90 97.90 97.90 97.90 97.90
99.84 99.84 99.84 99.84 99.84 99.84
101.58 101.58 101.58 101.58 101.58 101.58
103.14 103.14 103.14 103.14 103.14 103.14
104.48 104.48 104.48 104.48 104.48 104.48
105.61 105.61 105.61 105.61 105.61 105.61
106.51 106.51 106.51 106.51 106.51 106.51
107.17 107.17 107.17 107.17 107.17 107.17

Puterea la roata
120

100

80 Pr1[kW]
Pr[kW]

Pr2[N]
60
Pr3[kW]

40 Pr4[kW]
Pr5[kW]
20 Pr6[kW]

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Va[m/s]

6.1.3. Factorul dinamic si caracteristica dinamică.

Ra1[N] Ra2[N] Ra3[N] Ra4[N] Ra5[N] Ra6[N]

9.10 15.25 25.56 42.83 71.78 108.48
11.52 19.30 32.35 54.21 90.85 137.30
14.22 23.83 39.93 66.92 112.16 169.51
17.20 28.83 48.32 80.98 135.71 205.10
20.47 34.31 57.50 96.37 161.50 244.09
 24.03 40.27 67.49 113.10 189.54 286.47
27.87 46.70 78.27 131.17 219.83 332.23
31.99 53.61 89.85 150.58 252.35 381.39
36.40 61.00 102.23 171.32 287.12 433.94
41.09 68.86 115.41 193.41 324.13 489.87
46.07 77.20 129.38 216.83 363.39 549.20
51.33 86.02 144.16 241.59 404.88 611.92
56.87 95.31 159.73 267.69 448.62 678.03
62.70 105.08 176.10 295.13 494.61 747.52
68.82 115.33 193.28 323.91 542.84 820.41
75.21 126.05 211.24 354.02 593.31 896.69
81.90 137.25 230.01 385.48 646.02 976.36
88.86 148.92 249.58 418.27 700.98 1059.42
89.57 150.12 251.58 421.62 706.59 1067.91
96.11 161.08 269.95 452.40 758.18 1145.87
103.65 173.70 291.11 487.87 817.62 1235.70
111.47 186.81 313.07 524.68 879.30 1328.93
119.57 200.39 335.84 562.82 943.23 1425.55
127.96 214.45 359.40 602.31 1009.40 1525.56
136.63 228.99 383.75 643.13 1077.82 1628.96
145.59 244.00 408.91 685.29 1148.48 1735.75
154.83 259.48 434.87 728.79 1221.38 1845.93
164.36 275.45 461.62 773.63 1296.52 1959.50
174.17 291.89 489.18 819.81 1373.91 2076.46
184.27 308.81 517.53 867.32 1453.54 2196.81
194.64 326.20 546.68 916.18 1535.42 2320.55
205.31 344.07 576.63 966.37 1619.53 2447.68
216.26 362.42 607.38 1017.90 1705.89 2578.20
227.49 381.24 638.93 1070.77 1794.50 2712.11

Pa1 [kW] Pa2 [kW] Pa3 [kW] Pa4 [kW] Pa5 [kW] Pa6[kW]
0.03 0.07 0.14 0.31 0.67 1.25
0.04 0.09 0.20 0.44 0.96 1.77

0.06 0.13 0.28 0.60 1.31 2.43

0.08 0.17 0.37 0.80 1.74 3.24
 0.10 0.22 0.48 1.04 2.26 4.21
0.13 0.28 0.61 1.33 2.88 5.35
0.16 0.35 0.76 1.66 3.60 6.68
0.20 0.43 0.94 2.04 4.42 8.22
0.24 0.53 1.14 2.47 5.37 9.97
0.29 0.63 1.37 2.97 6.44 11.96
0.34 0.75 1.62 3.52 7.64 14.20
0.41 0.88 1.91 4.14 8.99 16.70
0.47 1.03 2.23 4.83 10.48 19.48
0.55 1.19 2.58 5.59 12.13 22.55
0.63 1.37 2.96 6.43 13.95 25.92
0.72 1.56 3.39 7.35 15.94 29.62
0.82 1.77 3.85 8.35 18.11 33.65
0.92 2.00 4.35 9.44 20.47 38.04
0.94 2.03 4.40 9.55 20.72 38.50
1.04 2.26 4.89 10.62 23.03 42.79
1.16 2.53 5.48 11.89 25.79 47.92
1.30 2.82 6.11 13.26 28.76 53.44
1.44 3.13 6.79 14.73 31.96 59.38
1.60 3.46 7.52 16.31 35.38 65.73
1.76 3.82 8.29 17.99 39.04 72.53
1.94 4.20 9.12 19.79 42.94 79.77
2.13 4.61 10.00 21.70 47.09 87.49
2.32 5.04 10.94 23.74 51.50 95.69
2.54 5.50 11.94 25.89 56.18 104.38
2.76 5.99 12.99 28.18 61.13 113.59
3.00 6.50 14.10 30.59 66.37 123.32
3.25 7.04 15.28 33.14 71.90 133.59
3.51 7.61 16.51 35.83 77.73 144.41
3.79 8.21 17.82 38.65 83.86 155.81

Factorul dinamic:

( )
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
0.237 0.183 0.141 0.108 0.082 0.065
0.242 0.187 0.144 0.110 0.083 0.065

0.247 0.190 0.146 0.112 0.084 0.065

0.252 0.194 0.149 0.113 0.085 0.065
0.256 0.197 0.151 0.115 0.085 0.065
0.260 0.200 0.153 0.116 0.086 0.065
0.264 0.203 0.155 0.117 0.086 0.064
0.267 0.205 0.157 0.118 0.086 0.063
0.270 0.207 0.158 0.119 0.086 0.062
0.273 0.209 0.159 0.119 0.085 0.061
0.275 0.211 0.160 0.119 0.085 0.059
0.277 0.212 0.161 0.119 0.084 0.057
0.279 0.213 0.161 0.119 0.083 0.055
0.280 0.214 0.162 0.119 0.081 0.053
0.281 0.214 0.162 0.118 0.080 0.051
0.281 0.215 0.161 0.117 0.078 0.048
0.282 0.215 0.161 0.116 0.077 0.045
0.281 0.214 0.160 0.115 0.074 0.042
0.281 0.214 0.160 0.115 0.074 0.041
0.281 0.214 0.160 0.114 0.072 0.038
0.280 0.213 0.158 0.112 0.070 0.035
0.279 0.212 0.157 0.110 0.067 0.031
0.278 0.210 0.155 0.108 0.064 0.027
0.276 0.209 0.154 0.106 0.061 0.023
0.274 0.207 0.152 0.104 0.058 0.018
0.271 0.204 0.149 0.101 0.054 0.013
0.268 0.202 0.147 0.098 0.051 0.008
0.265 0.199 0.144 0.095 0.047 0.003
0.262 0.196 0.141 0.092 0.043 -0.002
0.258 0.193 0.138 0.089 0.038 -0.008
0.254 0.189 0.135 0.085 0.034 -0.014
0.249 0.185 0.131 0.081 0.029 -0.020
0.244 0.181 0.127 0.077 0.024 -0.026
0.239 0.177 0.123 0.073 0.019 -0.033
 Caracteristica dinamica a autovehiculului
0.300

0.250

0.200 D1
D2
0.150
D3
D

0.100 D4
0.050 D5
D6
0.000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-0.050
Va[m/s]