l"ri. :uui. dintre S11lx 11·11;1!
ii t '11rlml'ii • din 1uale 111:1oi\'1•lc tb [usL c11rcdal, iu """'
l, 'i npin Hoi,ni " "'· Etc au 1, 1au1i\ 1·P(lt1s i1, i
n11aur i arolo unde Jilt s-:111 fonnaL
picmou tua·i. Uc OIJiCl' i sinL 1lifc rN1\ h11e in U ii
pnr:1• lcle: 11 fi ic SIIJ.X'rioarii, cu p,1111:i
fo,11'1•· indinati\, c tinsi', mnlt p(\ 1•p1•
n,ul ul in cla u• na Pilruia s-a format; o Ci ic
infoa·iona i, t·n J>:tuti1, foa r to rcd LL ii, cc se 11ic·ri
lo trepl,at au cilll]?i(•; i o fi:;ie
in1l•J'lll('di01':'i, l'l1il ll ;,..ii- l";\ li\t illw, forruMii d in
p,,tua·n , ub\il·,,, ill nw,· predominit
fr-:1gu1cutele d<- rodi m,u·untc i col\n 1·0 :isl\1
l'l•zullatc ale dt•1.agn\gi'trii.
Gl>1ci 111·ilo do, ·ah' gn, vcaz,i, vc cdc tk
h·m,n, de huw:i i de n1lr ])l'OJ)l'ill•Zi,-ii., C'l·l1•
d, • t1•1·:,1, s e llr z1·ulU, orin rcll'a ea·ea. r11111\ii
(Gr. f'oS('ll. \' . Gi1rl)ac,•,1. 1 06 .l ). g-1.u·isurile
nc:, ,
,I,•
hi in:11\ii 1111 t li.> la nil·clul nr
•
steia,
<lim,l ailor a,p..,d d,· co11aic largii..
Glad;111•ilp do front h ucl11n 1l 1· d e;wul1
,111) rrunt,•;t <·uc,t<!lor ,au ,uh nl.,rupturih• ,It·
roci L't\z istt nt(• l:l, l·1•u:duue {cou hnHen
1 l(•,
;.(l't•sii) Clllll $r i111ilnl',(' ill Po,li-ul So1IIC$:111.
in l ")otli.ul J\lohluvl·i, iu I >e:1111i·i l, 1 T
ir11,l,•f'i
lil'i i chiat· in (':u1l,l\ i,. \ ,t c.•tc,i s iul, in
,-,•a
1uai mart\ JJ.H'lc pl·rig 'hu:i;)1·t•, c·o n t in u ta111i•
11'i<• 111a rc ,Ju hlocu,·i , :iu iu .Jlrcz..,r,t oc,·oh1
\ ie le util. lu m:11·.. m:1sua·fi I l'\'bnit• t·uuRi•lc
n,Lo en l:t(;iR11ri •lt· ,ul iflu , i1111c,
3.6. Relicful glal"ia r !ii periglaciar
3.6.1. G lac i:t\ia i reliel'ul glacinr
l' l'lt• mai 1'1-chi 1d a l:11'i ,k, p a·,· rdidul
ul:1• ci;w: <Iin C:wp:1(,i 1111. 1·ou,emu,1tc iII
l11c1·:u·ill'
;.(t'Olui:icc <le It, s l'11·it11l S<'tulnlui 11·,•c·ul , ciu,1
, ri.i iii<', !)tom11·il cnu.i1·,·, mo1·1t•1t"lt· ,i . I ra
(•h·:} c•t·au iu, oc:1h• t·a .sing1n-t ll" do/ezi •1
1
.iu
Cl'l'Cettil'il" s:,lu d in C\ 11·pa \ ii ) lt·1•id
h11111'i,
£mm. tJ., )farlo1111c (1S(HI, 111()(;, l !l071
a i h, obia·.5ht va i\0 1·, ch i\ iud pl'imclt• circUl'i
aplic·<tL nw LutllL morfulugil'il, ('( II ISi1h •1·i111I t il'
<-lll"ik :;:i Yiiilc ghtcian• ta eek• ntai
couelu•
ch •rli e , 1r Uu h \ ll h i 1wnl ru g-hl•\arii d · odi
nio:u1\. P olos iuil u•s" accc·a;d mctod.i, prin
t·t•l't:(I•a r il e d ill a kl Ul!t-iil'f', unna lu ""
lllc r
ML a11;tlitic 1i cartat la sc11n'I m:1rc '·
('onformatht g"nemla 1 Ga1·pa ilur i frng
lllt>ntarcn lor in mnsiYe bine indiYidunlizale
:111 fi\cut, ca gla<:ia\ilb din pleis tocc u aibt, sr,
1111 <·nn101t>r in;;:nlar (fig . 3.35). Ea a fosl
mai 1>uteruic.\ 1n C'ar1i11, i i Ncriiliuuali, nndc
1·clief1tl a- t in g u 2 400- 2 .:;oo ro nll itauli1w.
<kcil in (\U'jla[ii Ori<:utali, u udc a aCcol ,i
bL m1mai culmilc cu ill:1ltimi de pe,te1 900 m
(auuo\ii llodawi , ) Cam 111w·c ul11i i c, rnma u ).
.FO l'lll('IC gla<:iu1·c tlio [unt,ii Apus..ni, COll
srwnato iu litnntnra mnin•ehc•, au <:a111clet·c
;;htl·iu ui Ya,lc.
Ci.rcurih• i ,·i\il.- ghl('i,u,•, cdc 11,ai l'l"Jll'<'·
1.,•utatiY0 l'orlll() ale l'd id nlui t:lac,hw, iut r u
<ltt c, aria\ic in pd;ajul gl'ogt11fic :ii Ullln(ilor
i1111I\i. Po:11-t"c acles,·n, cil·cttrilu sin L as oc h1L<,
1·u i11\111.s,·l,.; supmfl'\" tic uh·cl,trc ale cona-
11l., uh1i ,c·ulpl ur:1I ]fol'1lstu iu mu n\ii T,t.1·c 11,
1:ude:1u11 s,i ll•zer, Cii111l s oulptal c la lll31'l!i uca
at stora i constiluiml ceca co 'En1111. ch< Ma rt
unuc :1 consiilcrat 11relicl 11I 1lc tip Hot11$
t·11". ..lltrori, ghc\arii au afcclat 111:n'l ori i de•
t•ruzi1111c i11ul \,i, l,ra u, ftlrJ111ud11•i int1·-1111 is
tt-111 <le crcsto (,.c1rnt111'i'') i Yirful'i pl1·H111i
,h1 l.L·, , lc, p:u-\il.c de *.,; ,ulinci (11rcli<-ful de
tip Fi1i;-itr:1f'). A<pt-<:tul si'ilb:ttical 1111111\llur
J:etl' zai. J>aring i Ji':",1g :ira (• tl' rc1•wc-
1.(\nl:-.1 i, in
H'(-'Si :, (•U .,;,
_ li c 11,•z a i 1),1'1\'olt11r1•:1 rclit 1! 11l ui ulacinr.
l 111\l\arc,1 l'cli1•ful11i de l:t ;,fi1'i)it ul
I)li1icr1111l11i i iuct•pu I111 1· u:tlc rua r11l11i, p rec um i
1·i1c ir ca cli111ei ma tl c1cn 11in.1l
iu,talarc:l ziipczilu1·
111•t'l'lll ' i a.pnri\i:i g hc \,u·llor, nstld' Pi'i
is lcumI ,t,• mu(h•ln re 11111,·iufl,u, ial
din plio•
.-ou clc 1ie .-dr 1mli marl in:11\ hu i ale (' a.1·p:t t
ilo1·
,1 ru t t l'l,'Jlla t intocuit cu si,ti,nwlc <ll' muclcla
rc• gh\doHiYal :-:i lach\l'.
l ' ruccsc h• cri11nival11 a u fo r. 11ri111elt : caa •
:111 i111·cp111 m111lda1·1•n l'dil'fului pn•i:laeiar di11
l' :i,r p:t \,i. 8-a II [o a· m,iL ni o d uiv,bti1, pc
margilll-:t llpl'afr(,•lol' IIJJel'ionrc <11• 11i,·cht1·c
glncioni\·nlt•. Ac ;lc•n au co1LStit11il locul'ilo dt•
ol'igi LW cliu C'Hl'C gllotrwii nu iuvadat
,·rt.i1e
flt1,·i:1tilc. [u func(il' de 111orfologi:1 de ,lc t:I·
rilu 11<- sinte1.:1 al,• Jul l'h. Kaimlucr (19:?9) i
!-;• .Pa wto wsk i ( L9 o(i ), s•: 1,co a\ Ln r:t t c,t ,•n illtll':t,
fenomeuului glaci,u· in Carpati. Q dapa
mrna :1, incepnl , i n 19,,,1,1·11HI rcl i1•f ul gla ci:u ·
l P. Lebmwm. 1881, I005 ; B. l nki-}'. 169'1: G. I. Mur•
gocl, J808 ; L•'. Schorori lk, t890: V. l'opovic l• lf uteg
1899.
liu a ll pm fo(clo r de inoclttarc, -an J}Ul uL
fu1·111,ill<l aloturi i 111ici ghctari do pln.tou,
care, 1l im utan glw\a.rii d ci rc . Acu111u
h1, n•:L zapc1.ilor i nevcnrilor s-, prodij
c11
1
Cb. l'\ic1lle:scu, Hl57 o., b , 1900, H>Go3, t06!1, {!)71:
' SIivia l>ncu, 1058, 196:l, 1973; E. Ncdcku, 1959, 1962 :
Vnlerla i\licnlevi<"h ,·e1cca, 1061; I. Sfn.,1, 1008, 1003
1978. '

lJfi • cr.e>ca,,\fl,\ RO L\ :11!:1 - GE()CR.\FI.\ fl.lie.\

 .Fi!J. :J,:Jr;. 1 la l·ln rcparUti c-i rt lid uJui
gktdnr diu Hom3.nia. -1, Arie cu rdld
gla<:ia.r: !!. n.ril1 C'Br-_patk ,'i.
prcd it lr rc p,e ·" r >l<u- \ ii <Lr 11onl, es- ., i ;
ucl-cst ,
n,l i\pos t i i fa(it de \lirl'c(."i ,g-e 11em l ;1 ,
Yintu
lui, 1,1. 1 uo i iosoltqi:1 N'l\ ma,i n·du ii
. uhwtu·ilor, ra,po-rt al'ii. l:1, umeri i glaciari ca.re
rnroziun<:.i g lac i-a1·;, (()xh:Ha(ia) ,b prc lu
, c r:1.t i11te ns vaik . •1ccsklt au fost, Jtu·gite,
d i p: Hi , n l l11·o fil h1i ns1'L'r., r1l in fon11a Lk,,U",
iat· rlc,- a l1111g11\ l- a lv r g nrilor a u :1i1il r ut l'l·c,pte
i (ll 'ltg-u ri . llfo(lpl:, re:i inle rfluviilor :I , a n1
t·.
Jo e. da ;t;o1·ita pruce!-it•lor c rio nh·aJe,g-cliva\
fa,
r•·oLlurincl cl,•r;raclan •:1 iutc11 . a, v crs,b n-\ i
lor
.-;tioc,u i, nmi a les iu ,uas ivelc rnuuto-a c
akar
t Ui · f c din roci ge]ivc (gra,nitt!, g-
ranocUoritc,
,, :1lca 1·c, iMt ur i cr ist _i.li Jl(., ck.} i :• <:u lmi
lo1· iualtll, trnu formiu llu-lc iu t:re t·c-3SC\l\•it e *i
piscut·i eme tc cu aspect ru i1lifor m. I' rocesd
c Jormn. (-lu11il e ctlim nl ,at· e $:,Q n.soc-ia .z:,l celot
-crioni vaJc au nN\IL uu rol rloosebit. in cli llc-
11,rc;Hm, ti illlens IU.i,te ral d ch·iUc , t musport, 1,t
tfo gl1e\si·i i prelucraL de ace l ,1., ca rc , fost
cle pus sub r01·1L1a 1norcneloi-. J)i u.trn a cest ;,.,
eel<! fr o n,fa\c si11t mai nmncroasc i ma i
rc
prezcnla tiYe. Eh, siut. alc.,;1t11itc· tli ul,r-u u
m, at eria l oterogcu (blocnri nmri i miili, pio-
,, 1 ·i ul'i, nfaiJJUl'i g-ro s icl'c i un _proceu t rn,i us
11", a rg ili't). Cl-rn,du l cle rn hHc·• ,, bloc 1trilot llovc
,k to u n tmn porL de I: lll id l dis ta u\ .ii-.
.Aeyiunca. t<1rc.1,-1\ ilor st,bgl ac i,,ri estc a1es
tati\ 1,c alocw·i de cle1ioz it<, s t rn,t.ifir,ttc, clis
JJ so la C:t pitt u l uu r circm·i sau viti glaciare,
fuucl une,.111· acopcr,tc cu depozito motl\Llic
e.
l>c 1urt:;ura. c.lezvo l t:\ l'iig ho{at·ilor, cil·uuirle i
viii!() glaci :irr: s-au lii,rgit : LJ·ep ta , a ju u:;incl cto
ohice i l" 1/q i111i <ln 60 U- S OO m. Adiucimea
ii iusot,esc, h1sa s{;, $e ini rc vad ii dl. gllet,ar ii
:in p u- tnt :t tingo grosimi r1-1:1.ximo rl<• 100 m,
sa.u Ill 1w ele t ar.uri tbi:l.r 200 n, (Gh. Nicu
le:scu S:i col a,l,. 1 J.HliO}. JJesigur , g1·os il.11t•a1 glwt a, 4
rilor a variat <le I:\ loc la. kw, i11 fu m,( i1t d u
1Jere 1',l.t-lari-Wt ilo tal v
gul11i .
O L'i cit de i11t n it it Ios l, eroziuu a glaci:ua,,
ei, nu a rc u i "' te:u·ga. tol nl i 1 11·r-l uti n1h•ni
une!<J l,ri\:;;'lttui lllol'fos t rnct uralo alo r('I i<:•
ful ui preglat:iar. Fa pt ul e tc e,·idcu\ ia t
du asi1ncL.i-ia. unor <:il'cul'i i dH g-htc -ia•·
subsec• Yente, in sptcial in 1'('g'iuuiJe in ca,1•..
(..'J'h:it;t liue (umu- \ii '-1-' •rCu,
Padug, J:luccgi), da-r cbia r i in ca-:rnl
u nor forma im1i cl'ish1 li 1w cu incllnari clcsLnl
de mn,ri (mun ii P ,g:mi , Iazer). Canicten tl
cO'nscc v.-,u t,, obsc'cvout, cli,1, sec,·cut a-1 cir
r.;nr ilor e,1·e bin wareat tlo
cuuiigm·at,h, clu ,i,nsa1ulilu i ch: c·c,i cl p, ,111,1ii
nuut, t rcliofttlui. I nk rcah \;iil(• ,1., nwi llllro
(a-m fibolitc, cuar itL', g11aiso otc.) '-' i11scl'i11
in r el i ef p rin brine i praguJ'i; pt eclotu..iua •
rea istmi lor c l'i,$b1:Hne, tlar uu,1,j ales a ruci•
!or 1(1,'enit,iC<!, (l1.1termiJ111, a bu nd c n(a. g robot
i
*urilo r (m1mtii Hc ter.a.t, Paring, Faga11) ),
T ol; ei i ,c atriJ,uic rotuujirea uneori foaite
flccentuata a blocm·iloi· din more uele te rm i
Hale, p recu m i as pcctu l plat pe care-1 ,ue
su pra l'ata un or dopozit& sit;uat e la periferia
Yailor gla.cia.rc.
ia r cnlcarclc cu,n p lica morfologi,1, ,l e 1l c t al
i11 a c it-curi.lo r , prill for mc[(' carstiM i c.las o
c.a.rsticc.
Dupa. c1ispa ri\, ia, gho(,a.t·ilor , rcl ioful olibc
rnt cle g beat) a, l uceput sa. fie atacat de uoi
R £ L l E FU L • 137
proces_c (le u1oilel_iuc· ; l)un i, p r te tii11 fo r
Di_u ;i:nq ,m·e: c1l•01· , hma t ipuri n•zultii.
u wl c nu n orc :1, fa s t, d1 t111s;; :;a n !111,, ·opata asociatu d e1rm11·i h1 ubl,n d:i1v :lilor 1U, a
su b CU\-erl11r i tk m a t er ial ch:11-·!i ir . Cn to >ct c r i, 1:ndc rd iehll 1 >r c g h1r·!nr " fo t p u-!t roit
rt.t·eslct- , n:H <:fu.1 1u Hjo1· a f o t '.-.ttfi< i 11t modl ficnt* i uncle a lJra ptlu· ilc !-{t 1, n lio"l·. '-\
<10 c u-;tu
i) i \• cun.--" r \·r: L j)tmtr u 1; c imr mnC' iu p <'i rilC' y jrf tn ilc ph 1:11tli lr.: (' \ ) h f L·li l pt b ;tj u ln i
nn 1 J11v1· <. t l t·O l\h L1 1 <.1 ---r;.d of :,i '. Lu ri :. I kli
" '' J ul g eogn lf1c al O, aJJ),ti \ ilo1·.
l orfohMJia •· liri ulni 9laciar . Circur ile i npm r,,.
vill e ghtc , ia rc sint fornwlo celo ma.i
V:d' lt- gl.1c ia.1·0 sc in1i!11:.13C' i u prr-l u
ngirta
cvi<.lcu l c i o,,,i ('n1-nt Le1·L-;ticc :1lc r< li ch'mnilor : i sc in1pu n ln n n f pri11 dimL•U..
e:fu..lui g! ac.iar dill
(',upi rl ii R om,\ u< ' t i. C, l ·c tu·ilr :-;iilt t un:-
w1n- s iun i. El o s iut eo nsi:ciut4l u nor t·lh •\:tri pn•

11Mt• i n 1·o po1Lllllic pr i n t.c·rmcnii J>Oill,Ll, !'i t ernic tl'Zlllt,t \ i din 111t i l' i ', ' l; l • " l lll'iinl,' , 1 ·
1k eirc*1 i a11 l ung inii rl c :1- 5 k,n : h,· i,r ;1loc·ui-i
riHdll1 -i1 giiur i , aro£,pe, 8<'' )ai,f , hit tnaJJC, d e Ci-S l.;m f':1 in 1nuntU Il\'teza.t •i F :1, ;trn" .
r<'Hn
nuJ"ii y,ivcne cu ditu innti vl'l(l co rc•-ipun1Jrloare 1 4

:-u t ".:.c'i1w<u1.,:r\ . in c M•,ul iu e:a VUUe µ:tat i:u· :,;n n •n1arl:[1,, 1 ) t'ill ulur•in i cii pr
rr Int m;i i l'\htu - fil in furm:1, l k 1: U ' >, J;in c C Oll l Ul':ltl ' fl,, unnl
gi l . sau t ll i: u (1011,, uivd r 11c n,m .-r i i,,;l a r.ia ri. tn
Cout'oTIU;z, \h\, po i\i.1' i tlhm •n :<ilm ile eircu J>ro f il lrll\A"it u J i11al , Y:iil p1ez1·i11n n tpl·u, r i
l'ilory :, ria zii iu fu m :t ie ,k rclit<Jtt l p re , k ,::h r i d e 1 x1nl c'l, 1111rm i ,l1• na lu rit lit l)l<•g"it :1 i stl'nc
L•·I conrl\i iile loc,r lc 11•! acu nmla re ,. zap hu1 1.Uir. Ca p tu 1 in f erior ,11, tti111r g l:u
zilor · hlirc·
i ll pk h t nc' n. Sc di8ll ng, :l.$tfo1, t iJ•cm·i! cs[(} uu111·· a t, rtu C':11 <> nmi nmltc Ol'i ,k pr a;:rn ri
c * morenc t'e1u li t" hiJlL' con ern, ir·. hl ah i1u a
r;ilnpl , Ji pusc in 1.nod frec-vC'nt } >(' l ll fll'gi ll d ini do l. 500 - 1 :.irio 111. An a' i1:L· rn porl nr i-
t>
i 10 1 · aJ t iJu ctr icc 1liu r.rc , v l il i n wr

ui ,
,lnt
U[Jnt
o (fifcir.l;r 3.36).
lor d eAKp
u, iec
·clo -rP!orin ii c:u·< ' CRte
t:nl :;, i nrbt it"
i• t
sculp
cle n.br(lp h tr i s t•mi ci n·n l r ,· i , cl • r u mhil T,otu t1 •011 t c de Uludl'l arc r, rcl iof uh1 i r:11, ·,p, ;" Li:·
n
ji t , in c·:u·c :J. 1·em areil) . 11u1"\o ri 1 una :1..n n rait.::t (• . iu t \ l 1!' )}1t ii l(ll'itlion:kli , :.:h c till'ii;
<lonfl. Yl)
t r(' p, t , n,I) \, r:bil :.-t r. .-\ce, t lip $t <' fo ar i uv ad a L o b tw i.\ J.<U'l r ,l i n, a il(' c,- ol u:i to
lc
d isp i n tli1 in 1ua;;ivele T;1,rcu, \Tod a 1n l, ,1 apar(tuincl (•om plux ul u i s n 1l11t tlf :t l Jl lu ;:;e,.,
a.
ring\ B 11-1:,\. ·i, :Ro , ln n j T>f! ver:m nl ii ill gcncr ,1 l , v i il e g l a c i, w o a n " d r •zvo lra.rc
s1Hlcii, ni
mai mare ve v e r n1.-1\ ii 11vr rlici a i n m
.Li'1\ g fira nlui i l ozN·ului. .H'oa1•t,P ndt1 C' ,
c l< 1'int :-:u .:-r, end tc 1lea!•-:Upra vt 'dlor
gl ac iarc
ivelor , ca t11·nrn1·0 " co n<1i ( iil u1· t
OJ)Oclima t icc fyao rahil;, in limp cc pe cr,i
:1,<lind i evLJh rn t e . U(lici, s np u i inw
Cir uril comp!e:,rn (con juga t e sa\1 lo,b \ Lr ) h,\ 1, e 1, nu s-au p nt n t for,m \ cl,!d- l dtr.v,,
1,un in evidcut,a u11 gr,ul umi ,wam.at, k circurl (mun\ii l' a1·iog *i R, o l nn). U u , <:11.
nodd , nre g l::i,ni a:rtl. i su in til11t\. c 01L J)l't ufi.den. S l)eci nJ
11 p rczii 1 lii JJ un\,ii J?ii,g-:1rn.*, umle
111 m,is" ·,,te ,le pest.e 2 aoo m i nlll t,il11() (1-:Cta .thrnplul n<Jrilic nu ,1, p N•m i,; h e (a r ilor r,,ii, s.,
zi, t., P ;11,·in g, 1";;g-;'tm ). C,1 m•ru:irc, sint mai .Icz,Tolt c in luughnc, JlB ciul,l cr.sa u \ ii 11.dici,
hwp;i i m :ii ;11i1l<'i, ,i iu 11.U eontur restonat mnlt wai ,l(i111o li i 111·el unP.;i,, m, f w o d z:.t
(1·i l' Ct1r ilP13ll(:Ul":1 d ill ltE>tezat, Ga, u·i iji Ilo 3 , ci rcuri comp1c.x<: (conjugate) ; J, t:omp1e:xe de d r cur
i.
w.,
lliu P' p•in{ otc.). •

Fitr, a.30 . T i p url d e ci rcur1glaci:u-c. J, S lmplt.: ; 2,

aluugil c;.
fo rma rc,,. unor glll'\,ui rl,. Y,tl <.le• G-S km urilo. ,. J.dosea, pe [1111d11l o irc 1trilo1 · i c ll ia ,1· in
1l1oghoc. cn p rin
su l tr ep t.elo l' 1mLi joa e, s c, lis t.iugc lc pr c s i n .i
F o rmclo aim plt,, clemr.nti re, i in ge u eral ,1u s ubsa p,n u asocinte iu :i.,·a,l ell p1\.1guxi.
m ic.rorcli d ul Ile cro ziune ,gl uihtr •, s i nt J·ep re
zc uta tc, in l)t im ul dnd, p1-Ln t rc1it o g lal'i :.uc , 1,11
z iiYo: r , earu cuu,Litnio c,u, ct rlc lac1u·ilor
cta j,tto 111 ci ccur i i ln hwg ul 1Llc1c
i,:lai,ian' (BUCUl"(\, i z,,1wag,L in l\ll lll ii {l ch ' ·
, z a t ; D il ea , Poctr..gu, Cap ra, U llun tu l\luntii
FUgtitu., ; l '\o ii\o i i f'Hc c u iii M uu t+i i I>H •
ring; L:,la iji Buhaescu In Nnntii l uiluei
etc.). '1:rep l ole tl 1;1·01,in nr glacinl'il si ut e
pa,rat c ile 11nntc r cp11zi (pmgnri) cu
tnii,lvimi de Ji\ cilcva zeci <le UJot r i vtna la
200m, fiiclllil raconlul inti-o cirouiilo s11s1
)cnc1aet
i ul nmu·ilo vailor gla-1:i,H·c sm1 Ta e◊rch LI

1 3S • G l•:OGRAH t,, ROMAN!l•:t - GtOCHAFIA FIZICA

 ' .f._T- • ,.( '
·' ,, ,._ -r-.
.. t ··'f ,
....... - .,
-f
..

..
_ }. I'>'
. ....... .-•,;, ..if'·· I'.
• ·
.

,,,_...
.....,,., . '.'l!.·."
£ ,-°'.: 1'
·"}
>.

· - 1.-{:r..'. '•?'
.... ...-=-'1· ·.
'
"
4,.,_..,...._,_
fln, a.37. C:Udorc,l ,g.lndnr.i n Rutut<'.l (!l,l un tll Rctcz;nl) ( row \", Sc1 u-.u)

i n Y ile glacirm.1 i vailc fluvialilc ac t1:1lt•.

O"n c ori, 1m1g m ·ilo i 1-rep t el e gladare coiuci!I
·1 11 fon nnt iu ni tl e roc i dtttc, aviml u11rar nctcr
lito logic -str uctu1-:il. R t'l'!Jct,ii g lne ia r i
(,,ror·J1es 111011I ounee ")sr inUlucsc frecn •n t
11c tJ'C]l t <'I"
gfacinre, uar ""d nl<'> in 1,ort("unca :pr ag tu·i
lor, i sc prw.iut,.. -« mfoi [ll'oc mirwn e lcfuit n
cl e gbeatii, lipsilr il sol sau cu un sol 111,
\irc (fig. ;J.37).
Pc cnlm ile de,sp"h-(ito a1·c ,tlc cil'cnri lo r i
v i10·1 gla ci:tt·c s -nu identil'icat pc alocuri ci
de traru;flucn il,glac,iara, ca iu ru un t,ii
J'ariug
(i,ntr c 1•aile Urd elo i Muntinu),F ag:-u·n (la
o lJir ia l>ojarnei), "Hm , g i (in n, 1•i:iilt: lilla
c ti i '.f'ig n e. t i) i Il oclna (h izYoar J., J \ n i e
ului). Ile as e111 11<>a, u ucor i RUp ra fot<·lc sh l,
iuclinalc cliu YCCill iU, i (c-a. t ito r v:1 circuri l l :i i:
tr c il,z i, 1u·we tl<.> lefuil"c· i :par ,, Ji fost crmI c• .
, le a c( int ll '(t, uuor JJJid g:hc\uri cit• 11lntu11 tan•
, hliJJJeJ1ta u g lie(mi i tl o cil'c i Llc vafo (B111111.
de llfarlonu c, l l-l2 l ; Gh . .Nicu l<"sc u, 1 07 1 ).
l<'orm, Jlc d e, w ttlll uln r e illt, mprc1,1•11tat,,
de, mnrent•. Alorent•le fr ont(tk ( tel'luio;ile
sn11
s tadi !\.lc) , lie rdc mai umJte ori rlis lrusH de,
ero½imlt'.i) ])O s tgfar itu·>a au 111e n1 ,i1mt t Jlc
a lo r-u r i prezeul-inu for111c tipico, i11 mu.ni u

Rl!:.L.J E P lf L e 1::u
llut't· i (, ,te- falonutci), lkl(:z;H (Y,\l,::t
l>ic1rd,•), Gock 1m (,·:Ufo 80:u·bcl . Olanu
lui,. 1a5iei). F:1!?'l1a, (v:iilc C':1pra,
Buda,
Htt1de:1, Zirua " tr .), Iczcr (r:tlt':t Groapclor,
l t•z•,rl ete .. nude '" l't.'CIUlO:L Lo cu llJ!llrinta.
fonua :m·uita a ,-alului ck acumulnro
(rig. 3.:lx). .\Ioreuclo l«tN·"I<.' i etc coufineu\a
int 111:<i rare. fie· peutn, cit mutle cliu c•lc au
l'oA ti ist ruse tic, croziu11c,i postiilnci!u\i. fie
lk'llt ru <fi au Cost aco1icritc de gt'Obo uri
i <IP tl<·po?.ito clc pant,,. Exi li\ insa locuri
1111111' p1,•zc11\a lor ,•sit- oviclcuta. Unr cit':,eori,
micrurdicful v,,;1.,r c- tt- c.-011,t it nit din va l u ri
m un•11ic<• clispu,c IJaotic, rrprczeotincl o aso
c•it·n: ,le· mon:u-, tadi:,Ir i de fund, marciud
l'l.'JW, , I · n,LJ1\gcr :\11 ll,• lopire clcfinilivi\ a
hc\arilor. I>iu tt1,ti• t•rap:i u:llc:izi• i
tql m11crc., unor blo<:uri croticc marl pe ft111-
dnl ,,iilot· (iu Jkll'7.'\i). l' ot, c,;lc indicii. 1U0-
1111•ntul in care cn,zium-a po,tglacia11't iuccpo
&1 <·Upl'ind ii lN'clllll clili\'rat de gh...(ari i
,::·, ,Ii,tru;:-j wict'Otclicful f-.lacia r.
i u :ifam for1,u:lur i::la r ia rc lipicc, in
toalc
tua hl'lc <.":ltjl.1ti<:l' s-au re<,lllJo;;c•ut *i formo
mi1d••· Aslkl, It\ inultimi du ,l 50- 1 SJO m
s-a i,1,•ntifi<:at u u g,·u :ipm1c ,le cirouri.
,lap, ·rnl lot c"1101I, l:1ri:itnro de nmn.'li
200- 300 Ill, lllai 11\1' clo 400 - :iOO m, i
:ibseu\a 111m·,•1wlm ate,til origiilC'a !or i::h1cio-
11i v;1lr.. .Elo iut dcctul unor «cumul:1ri de
zllpadii :i uc,·euri situate :111roxiu 1tiv la
flff.:t.:Ja. )lottnd"" d..- fie , k.1 Su:u-bd {)luu\ir C'ioc:lranu).
.lf 1, Mort nn froutnta iu(trio:trit: 1'1,. mort11-a Crontala
sUJK'riO!lrl: v . ,uor('nc st.ailia1c Uin faz::i 1.h· txtint\ic a
gh l:arulW.
, cn iulo in int,ergla d, tr, tk roocupat't'a noiloi
i tin •lul r.:ip zilor lll·rr ue, inc.·a1r.1bil" tlo a Ci
gl'nc111t glJ,•\.ll'i proprin-zi:i (Oh.S iculcscu,
196,;a).
)[ai putiu rnprezeu1at in l 'a1·pn\,ii Hum,\•
tll>::ti. relic!ul fludo-glat•iar 1•stc JllLil in CYi-
1le11\il, prin l{'l Rc lhlYiO-gluc iM"o Sall glacio·
flm-iah, i mufileatl'c tcrmiwlc la Mp,llul
unor ulucuri,, lar cu camc-tcr lricl local.
.\rcalnl io;ular al glacia\ici, amploa,•p(l, t't!tll1-
'" a acestcia i locaJiz,ire-.1 rdicfului gla<:iar
dc')>'lltc d e nia1g· i11e!I, rc.gi1111li 1nn11l,oa c
re • 1>rezint:1 principalelc impetlitnentc pcnlru
ckZYOltan.-a. hu•:;:i ,\ rcli cfltlui f1t1,·io-g laciar .
_\ n fo,t, totu i. <N111mlate i formc fh1,·io
gl:1ciar i11 11111n\ii l'aring, lktczat, Cinclrel
i } "fig:,l'cl .
Fa,: elc• !1lat ia n• iliu C,up:t!i. .l a cumrci-,s('
,lin Iil1't·aIIIra, 1,mjorit,:,t m c,m,ot, 1to r ilor plo•
cleaza Jl"lltru csi.,tcn(,\ a dou:i faze iu C':.t•
pa\ii i\h-ri,lio11ali (Enun. lie ;\fartounc, 100T;
'£11. :Kr:.utner 19:W: \' al1•f;o. ;\licalc,•id 1-
Ydt,-a, 10.::;o, 1961; Gh. Siculescu i <.-olab.,
IDGO: Oh. )/ it uk s.·u. l!lG:i :1) Si\LL t-bh1J' l,r c i
in )luu\ii 1:ouuci (J,. Sawkki, 101 :
J. Sircu, Uli ). A<:t·,1e c uucluzii sc s prij in rr.
P<' :\tgllllll'Ull- morfolu .'i<:c dirl'<!tl', tliu zoua
muntom;a, i ll" nrgumcutc, indil'('Cte, de
:,Ila natnr:1. tlin n·giuuilt• 111•:if.-d:tll' tlc g la,
<"iatic .
iutn·:1rgn,u,•ntcl,·mo1·f ulugicc tlit·t•ctc
ami11- t i111 foptul ...-:,, morcm·l,· t<-nuinale ,.-
di>puu 11ll tloua ui,·d•··, 1 1:1.j ul i11I;: r io1·, rep
ruzen tintl prim:t faui, cu ext,•u,.iunt' 111:n: im:i.
<-Ste itu:il In J 300- 1 :,o m in f""rpntii )Cc;ri
tliouali i la 1 100- 1 3,iO m ln )111u\ii Jloclnei ;
YCChim,-a. muri.'ndor est,• 1,n,, in c·dden\:i,
do till 1·•,lic f mai lei',;, U':tJ?1110Ul<l tlo
Cl'O• ziunea ton•n(iala :1.cltmlii. Ek1jol superior
•• ilc. m*omi, hi pesto J 600 111 *i cslo alci'i
ntit tlintr•o Mtct-esiuoo <lo v:tluri morcnico
1uai 1 111\ ia :.tnc:iitc de crozinnt•. Elnjarea
lllOI llclOI' i gm.tlul <lifel'it ,le "llcl'al'C ll,
,tcpozilclur ma1-ch...-,izi> doua. fuzc uistinck,
iu cc:\ 1li11 un n , rcwa1c· luun-S(l ee l pu
\,in nei st.ulii de n:t r.1 c-rc care :111 fo t
eoufir
malo io nlti ma, vreJ.nu cl,c 1 1tl<ltrolc pol in icc
ale vegefapd din Jllcii;toL'{'Ulll Sll)lCrior
(M. C:ircin11mm, 19110).111sprijinul acc,;tt•i
tc>r.P au fost i11'·00:1. tc C'lrc u rilc u
pcnila1'c cu mutt deas1111rn 'ailor 111.tri,
jll°('(;UJII i c:tr.ic lt•rul lolmt al unor ciJ'C11r i
compkxo, pro,·n
l"tc ue ilL talan-a remp9n1r., a crozit11tii to
forme •le c:1trc firn in JJCl'it>tut, gluchu•ll,
urm,'it.oarc. n., a,cwonca, preren\a ulucuJui t-
arc l)rllztleazii- hmd ul tn11relui cite e-01r1plcx
l -10 • GCOGR!\l'IA RO J.\);IEI - Gt;;OC!l,\F!,\ FIZIC.\
 :tl 11ncu1·ei d, il nctez,it, ca i cel e dou5,
riu
clul'i cl e umcl'i glad a ri, co rcspun zl nd cu
ruorc
lanelo
i'ifg frontf!Je edPvaz
,1 t 1 p lclin il,ile
[t j1l <.:apt'a,
fnvo:u·eai Ar, p 5cl din
xis1·ea1( i
ilo u,
ii 1 r,,y,., gl :1 c inrn (GIL 'Nic11lcst 11 i co la h . ,
960).
l n1rc :tl'gumontcle indii-<•Ctc -a miu im
dc•
pozitole 11lcist oco n c care pal'(losesc p
n,t11I
Gt'Otei Mar i din P tem l alotni ci ( Huct>g i )
,
.A.ic, i : u fo,t depi$tat11 dona eruste clc co o c
m iomwc, fol•m,itc prohabil iu dou:i, fo:-c _g
la
c;ia r o, $Opa ,rntc clc tm 01:17.ont de aluvnu u cu
1u.1Lu r i do Ursu&s 11elac·11s, a cn tn1tl:1t c i ULl'-
re
iut-c,\'-'l:tchr (Va le l'i,i Mica.Je 1 c h -Y cl cea ., Hl59,
196Lf De asemonca, profilul din a,p1·op ic1·cn
loc, d i,tr t,ii Vncl (D ep1·c. in n , P ii,gl'\m ,i) pllllO
in ovidc11t.:1 <lo uib or izun t uri clc p iet l'i Ul'i
g"t'Osicr c dC JlUSC a.lei }n _t i mpu l :1. clm1il, ! .nz
o btto c.:a f ii n, \ d P n:i.tul'ii, pcl'ig laci-n r a-, f.o m i, 1l'
g lach ro <, le c:i.trc . r m r1lo nl cmru: r o b 1r!!
fr a <>meut-:i,u d opoi 1te le m m·cn,co d ill
llfu11\ u F :i.garn.,, separa te de 11n orizonL
clo h tt r11g· i los ca re ioclic, o <lc p uncrc iul,r -o
fazii. clima ticil, i n, h rgl ni>w ii. ( V . :0.UJJa ilcsc n i
coln b.,
J.9 :i 0).
Annli zd c <le polc n efo . mtto In
,liforil,o
punctc tli u \a rii,ai.t p e r llli.$ cl1ifru·e:\
cvolntici
,,v ·--n·cta t' ie i •i c li mei iu !)liocc11 'fL c
u n t,e r mw (E mil I 'op, .L9 3!i , 1 95 ± ; l\L (
lll rc iumni·u, l !l80 ) i11 c,nc so n•marc,, clon :i,
1·aci r i clilua
, f ice l na jo r e 1 ecllivrtilentc.
;ti clo ua pcrionde
glac io,rc,.
Da r 1i1·cciza rcn. vi rs te i c;r:lor don, l'a zc
g,faciaro il1 im p i uii, s ufic it:lllt ,Hficultat,i. N: i
cil.icr i morcnele fron tnlc termmale Jl \L so lcag:,,
dfrcct en con, t r i de <le jeq .io s,,u cu temsc
n twi:1lc c:t In .A1Jii mt in T at rn. Com1, Iexcl"
, l o fo rn, u i clepoz ile n ,u, io-g la c ia re d i n Car
pa i-1 mil.l izola ,1'<! la irt:'i (,il u i 1mwi, iu iutcrio
rnl. r,onci Ulllll to as <•, clepa,rto de rcgiunilc
joa.sc de d eal w·i i clc cll u p ie, undo1 i 1·0 blerun,
, JM1tr ii a r p l'Ozentn, mai mult:i, cert i Ln,linc.
Cele m" i muJl.c ce rcett ,l' i p r csu1,>u n ca. i ll
C'ar p:1 j i glaciatfa maxinia,
corespunzatoa,ro
,c(aj ttlu i int e rior clc m ore ne, cste do v1i -
st u.
Tiss, clr i 1Ju n p11Lut fi clocu mcntn.t,i'l. va li n o
d cp il i nh-ehtl zii,pezilo r porcnc. f11 t hn p ul
glac ini,ioi ,m i ximi,, Um-i ta zti1Jezilol' percne so
aOn fa ci.rc.'1. 1 7i'i0-l xoo 111 in Ca t'i} :l.t,ii
)\foridion<,J,Ji (a :t en m ,1t<- tr, i n,ILi tn cl ine,1
rnuneroaselor circ11ri gl tcioni,;•rtlu) i 11,
cit·c11 .
l ii00- 1 /5ii0 m 111 i\.fn n\ ii Hod nei. .l.J1 (:t':t
<le-a douai P,t ,zi glaci,u-fl,, <• 1; se gaso,t nth i us :
l: 1, c ir ett 2 05 0 111 l n C,11·p:1,(,ii, 1 (e rid io n: , li i
,hi c ir c,, l 825 lu n r u n ii l{od uci.
Ill
Rcoan·l, -s :i emis i ipoteY.,t uur i sinr;ure
glnci,n ( ii {G-l'. Po$<'a, 19Sl) i anun10 i11
wiin n, cind nivelul l l:i"1,l'ii °NCb'1'( rt, :1,j11 u
,la -J.ao m i in,tc nRi1:;Li c:i. g lac i,11ir.i ,t l'ost
in 111, m·i'l. •· crceze. :lCL1111,l ul r r lie f g la1cin1· .
A li n i a m e n Lrle de umcl'i din llu1gul Ya il o,·
g lnciar<J <li n llfa s ivul F :1,ga11,s*int intc111 r c
<;;t tt 1'1ria r t f 1·c t:1·age 1·ii vcr sau t11lui ,l ll'in
'1P7.a
gr cgtwi, im eiUaL n1::d su tlc limha gbr
(a• i·ttl ui, lt lleori i a, c irr.m·ilor, (nu ra
rc,lnri nlc nnci vrd si,11J11t, 1,(c d B gllc (n1· :rnLc r
iol', tn fazn riss). ! nt rncit eircur ilc snspon<l:1(1'
,le pe a ceca s i Ta!() rn m e-or,lca
z:I, 11.rnuute cu ubil's i:,, li mb. ii glaciacrn cs
Le clc p1:cs n1 i ns ct, circs (,p' a
au fo nc t,ion at i n ncela i Ump i 1n1 ln fa?.1•
d ifct ite. J n }Jlus, uncle circ uri sus
pcnd,i,Lo
:,,n i vi:i.i gla i<,.J,r c i ncipicuLe cn.r<> so l ntil
ncse en val a 111·i nc ip ,1.li1 la u ivel ul uurnrilo r,
1lovc cliJ\ tl o c is tont il, concomitenti'i.. Delim i
· t,a.ma m a i urnltor -r,i1.0, rw,teri:tlizatc in mo
reno sn,u iu ptnze r]() pietr i uri <li u dc1 11·csiu
ll ilc submou tn.nc, cste pusi1 1ic· scamn
diJ'c
re H elo ,r l e rPgim din ti111p ul a naglaciarnlui,
mnxim11l11i g laci:w i cat aJ(lnc·:i1m l11i.
3.6.2. Relicful pcr iglac ia r
l u ti.mpul 1ierionclelo r glac i,u·,·, ,l iJ'cc(ia
genera.Ji> a Yin tuln i era (Liu S< Ctorn.l Yei;Lic ,
O ce a.nul A t la nt ic fi ind , ca i n.sUi.zi, s nr, >1,
pr ec,t,i:
r i n ci pvin,
a l i\ti aJu
p reoip il:a.fiilo
i estc r i li n Ei do
confirm:Lt n ro1ircc10U1J
p n. Di
na ren ci1·cw·il or po Tel'san- t ii or ien t.at i s1>ro
l ogic, ia r c a <le n ilo na clo Vil'l\t il, wii11n t u
ca re s -a1· clistingc ti·ci sta cl ii clcj a.a rg
nmc:rn
tatc 1mlcofitgoeogra.fic. 1n or i e oaz,
C,w11atii
nu a_n p lt l l\t fi :icfcctn t,i de g h e\ ,al'i i n fa z elc
p t <lri ss icne, mai pu in inte nse ', ,Jcoal'<'Cc
c o us ide r ilm eii. iu primn pM·te n, plc istoco
nnlui ei nu ,o 1·cili<·aser i1 S\1.fic ie n t p c ut1,· 11 n
1
I. !Hrt•u (l!J78) , d i nu o..r argum,:alc ct.rt e, prlS'H•
p unc cu luntii RO<Joci au fost i.l!ect:ltl I de gl chtl hl
mindel, :ir e nr navut o e:-ctl ndere uwi rcdui;:i decit cc:o
1·JssJa11ii, rl•11rezcntolii de e tajo l inf('l'lur de mort'nc,
nor cl-est , est i s rt,c,l- s t , n·c s-nn for ma1,
d ato r itr. , z ,pez il ot nb u rnl ei, to a,: unmb. t.c 1i1:
p:intele a<liLpos t.it c. in -pct ioa clclc J•Cci d i u
plcistoccn , 111o clela rea Hu via,Ji'l, r, fost mult
I'im i ta-,l a (en n.rc,tl i <luralii. ,i uunlit) sau
chi:w anihil:ictil. comvkt, inlocuitii fiin<l e n
motlc la re::t. p t ri gla c i.:u ii care i1 ltfo<>t{1t te n
to 1·mI Ro m:1nioi, i ncl usiv vl:1t.fo\'l1Ja con
1.,nonta,Jn, in mome nl'elc <le r eg rcs iune a, J\
Iu.rii Ncgi·(.•
CP.rce,t , 1r ilo <lill uIt.imuI s fe r t de V/lac 11un
ill cvi(lentfi, m1momi:tRC fo 1·mc <le r e lief
i
R E L J E l•' U L • 141
 lt·n,,turi pl'riglaciurc- plcist ocene,
generate
•le pl'OCc (' CHl'U ;1-•Htzi purticipil. Ill mic,'\.
1_11,i un'i la mocl ela _r, e, 1-elie(u Ini, excc1>\:iC
litc·mcl pm ces t•lc c1·10111v nlC1 cliu p,ut ca,
cea
umi inalc,1 a C.1rp:1.tilor, ,,.,titzi ru ar<>ul
limi
ta-t, i ,e\ ittno ezo11h •1·:i1•,
Dc•:i in lil<:ratm,·, int, wc•u (io ua lc uude
h-ucL1tri 1>c righ.1ci,nc :<Il'ibnit o pt•1·iond,lor
iinz (P. l:olct, 1900, J H7G) i min,lel (Aru,
I'ouen,, l!JTO :1.), fo:1.1-t,, p rohabil c,l c·elc mai
nmll,• cfatN1 .ii u in r i . cinll, confrn·m p ro
l'ilor 1111.'lniuu•, ••lim:\tul rt••·•· a pcrrnL insta
111.,re1 a hr \1\rilor pt' , c ul m il, ; 1•.a rp1\ Iice [ a
j!f•llt l'.1.t ntllll(:1'03S(• s1.t11(•l11ri }ll'l igJaCiiH't' pt.•
II suprnfa\.', inti11s:1, <oll ,IPOS('bit·p ill COLUplt>
"(1•k· ck Ju, ,sul'i i sn!nri fus il1• 11in ('lmph1
t:umt'rnf1, Ucihrot::ca l':I din ;1h ,, rt•p;iuni. n.-1e(1,
1w11t I'll :w,•ns1ii pl'rlrnulil, cu aUt m<1i mull
lit w,111ife,t,w0, rcgi11U,'lh1 :\ fa N o ril o r cli ma-
1,ici. T cr it ul'i11I Ile la e u•1·io r ul Ca r pa \ ilo t· se
alJ:\ sul) iuJlucuta clim:ilu lui contiue11lal,
1·r -,c i usc.1t, i:11· C(!' din intcrion1l l'11rp,, ilor,
iuclu iv Dcprcsiuncn Tm11s il v,1.uiei, s11h i
n• Hucnt:i unui climat 1,e,• i uncrcl. fu cl11111e•
11inl rxlraC-Ul'p,1I ic, vi11t11·1•ill' 1 i1tLcrui,·,', :tc (,io
n i u d in <·uncli(.ii de nsciicinu.. (t·u cliJ-1•c!ie ,·vi
ilt•nt 1lir,ij lt ii. dr l:m\ul c"1·p 1iti c), au f:n·or iza t
:icumnl:tl'C:J dc•pozil<'lor dt> loe <s di11 J)uhro•
,zra., <lin s111l ul J\Io!tlovci i d.iu p:11·1 a de est
a ( 'i mpiri Jfom:l ne, prccu111 i fo r m :ll' l':l thrne-
1,, r dill e;;tul i tliu n •stul :IC<!Slcia. 111
:lCdtC
rt!,:iuuJ ;, 111t in il,•a, tep:t , clo vci1il, , de clc-
1111•.nt. fluri,tic,· ta .1,tcmi•ia p. i Epht1lra
<(l., Jl l'('C ll l U i lk clern,•nl,C 1\iu nl,,tice
rn.
l'upilla n.,,¥eo,u,11 !:i nlteh.•. c-m·r- iJttlic•';i 1..,im 4

})l'lll llt giinz :;,i 1niu tld 1 nn Kint 1 1<•t:,1t1ri 1111•,lii a uualt• sul) U"l . An:iliJ.a g-m
.-.uficil•nh uulomrlrie:I. fi h•xtul'l\1'1. :1, cJc111zil1'1111· ,1, r:iUl,
don•zi <·iu•c t-li i, 1wrn1hUi ;)l lih il ir l.!'a unr,r ca d", J::01nitni:i s('- anni tu 1'C'g-iu1w:,, de l ra ni i io
t·:tc•
t<-ris1ici morfog,•aelicc pc,riglilriare. p ul111 llint,n :u·iilc , forma n•, :1 Jll'tbfurilo1· 11rin
pc-riu:1111 wiir111, *i mn,i 1\le, pentnL nlt inia p m c , ,· or icrg i1:e. i arb lu,•,,urilor tipice
parte : :1<'rsteia, t>xi,t,1 ,uficieute date n•fc- (I. lchi111, l!J l ). 1 11 rrgi unilo j uns,• clin p:wLe:t
11·t,o:i1·u l_a d cpoz itu *' st, ueturi ,1.. ,-,._,( :\ tarii, ,ub influ..uta dimntului 111::iJ
,pr1·iglcaia re, 111110d , veg 1·h1l ,ia era l't'Jll'••Zl•llln t:1 ch\ o
I:,, fm·uw • pror,•sr, ln fo1•1ua il unilc ,·co-eta.le, r·i:tf ii '1c tnndril, i sik otn udd .
la exi,tenta i aeti\'il::ttca oinului. P; h:i.7a C;i. urm:11'() :i ,, l t11r a r1rii 111gbq ului i llczghe•
:Wl'l<t om, ,• i n<:, '.lr<:ii. reeo ns t,iLtlirr a. tulni, iu 1lc1• 1ozitr le ijUJ>r l'fit•,ia l1• m1 fo s t s
coucli r i z.1te mun l'O:.se , trnrtau·i1 wriglaci:w,• cl<'
\ iilor coot fogt'nPticc din ,..-iu·m
(fig . 3.39). ti 1,1t1 11ca el o r, le ingbc i iuvoul\,iiltw in
1•.ompl t)•
Ln, Rfil*' itlll 11lc•islocon\llui, Lcrii.Ol'illl
J:oru:inid c sit11:> in clomeniul permafroslult1i
, 1• m t il11Jl)t:\ I cJumina t clc o cli xele clc• l11c,,,;m·i
J{ou1ftrui, i s t:rnctur iilosol' lur fosih• <liu( \'<.:impi:1
p,>li igc,11;1,lr . ?!
lihiH-
(lisrontin1m rn1i.
r,s•e t·u l t'111p
1 cm l111'i
med ii anual<- in ju ,. d e is• loccn, clnd tulloriul Rnrnr'mid c. g,i,;cn intr uu f lhn:tt
O"t: . ('a i ast. z,, atc ul cnrp(,Uc juca utl rol 1•1·ce 1;1 l"lntJ ,inlul !it' Minr,c mnri ,u pl'nh.:ft Joi r un r•
gim Je inJrhtl prrmacrnl (perm;afrMl). fapl donJH In
importa nt in ,l plasnrra masr lor tle 1wr i d«"po,. 111 r prl11 gcllrr.irll', 01mu•d11ni. ,tn1duri
.sp<',rifice f'Cl .
' T1nn'-•nul prrigfaciar, Jn lrodui J., lnce p11l 11I sccoluh1i
Ill nlnl n itidk:l pnxllionAI :tr(' lul cu prOCf'.St sptetfice
t•ll m.atu lui Je la p0rlfc1•i;1 c alo l.c:lor g lne.itm .!uctuale, n rosl
l;ir,?lt ulltrlur :tpllcat ,1 ultor regitrni cu ('OnditU cH
rrmtit•c;- iimlh1rt', uncorl pln:1 lu diSl31lftd\"2 000-3O(X) km
•h• mnr(1lu1•n i!11l'!ttrlh,r vc-$11lce (SiJ>crfr1), pP. mtisurn
hfcn
tirlti.rii suprMcLclor cu 1,ermalrost.
F:1rft n nc Hf:i ull lme.lc piirerl - ca rt- :teord:i tcrm eno•
ll1i (Jl'.I peri1tl:,d.ar u nrnl midi Jrnp01•lnntil 1 107.i l(!J I
punc lC..:enlul pc rundillHc cllmalicc cJc dtlfii}ur3rc a
proce3clor (lcm pcrnluri mcc.m anun lc O'C) - , eonsid1.rdm
eA npllcnrc!) no\ 1111111, prin •'t'l1[vnlt nl,a_. rcl(iuull()r re.ntlnsc
"' lns.ulnrr de l>t c-nlmilc CnrpatlJc,r co ;1Jlltnn'lui de- J)tstt
:J WlO-: '.!( U 111: :1fl11lc n,tn1.l tn l')l in1, 1.onA lcmptr:,t:l.
r ,c forfal.1. hlla,;ln1 1>t-nlru :1tCJ;le J'' fJlu ni t r mc nul de
1,111,t "i.111 c-t;tJ trfoni\·:11, dncmnlrul pnn :K"t>.i\U: prlm:i•
()nlclc prort•.c;r ,ll'mollelor nctunl/'i a rrllcrulut cu n<', iUn e
1
dhfrmllnu,i f);f'1.0nh·r,l) CII UIIIJllbnrf dhni 1111otU Ltli1dt
t"ct1,iunilc tiph.' pc"i I. ·htrJ- In Ullltt'7:i eu mn:1 c;:u1 rlajt:.I
rrncc,1.lor n u,•iuh•.
'\;01(nul'.- •le Pl"1 JJ; ci:1r o paSlrtilll IJllln.ai 11c:ulru plc
1!',cn, - l >mgomit1·:,c,u, J!l.i!t: p. <.:ote!,
1 !)(j0, 1 90 , Anfl Co1w;1,, 1(/iO :)). J ll d,·poz i
lelc C<lilll c n1 a m :tU fus l, • Jllll:U31C ,k m n
j:tmcntc nk stmtificatid ini\ial<>, rare au fCJ
t p US<l J.l'' s1•nrua. f'en nnwnrl,,I' ,le• criot111·
IJ:1tic.
Nuutii Jlo brogci, aJ,,,, t,ui\ i lli11 gru n il,c i
forrna\ittni palrozoice, :,11 fo, t snpu i nnor
proccRc in l·c nso lie iroliv \ic, cure flll rlns la
a•peelul mini!orm al relirf ului i la fnrn1are,
<:oa ut'ilor i tit p auc•lo r, Lu grnbnli uri. !n
cncral. rl'licful cJc ,iici n t•1·0J1111 1 ll1 a1m111bl11
cr::oc:1'!AFl A F l7.IC,\
]Jrin criopctlimc uta \ic.
tu <lo rncniuJ carpMi c, i11d 111.i n<l i rc•giu nilc
<1,, dcaluri m<1i lllnlt<•, rlimatul era mai n\ce,
i1u•cg ir,;tn t varittil ii :H rcnt unto 1)0 ·vN·ti·
<:ala, clcn.'nincl diu cc in cc mai asp r u pe
cul mi. tntro cirr: L 300 si 0110 m alt.it udill() so
, lesfii nrnu pa1lurile in r,11'1' prcclomiJIAU ]Jinn],
molidul i broclnl , la rare ,c :1111\
ngnu-:1mcia tii de :tlun i de aid e. MnJ s us
tlc oire n. 000 m sc i11ti n1k . tun1ti-u, 111i1it
l:t nlt it11(lini 111• J 00 - ::? 000 ILL 11,•asupra
nc·e t,m,, c1ll-
111ilP l tlU D f o a Sl' ••11H1 :tCOpP!'itc cu 71ipezi
 A1[S)
·□
I
7'
ll

··
J[?! .-. 01
Ill I
11{:.'
B,,g
IQ

·---
' '
i .,-
N
,1 ,(" ,.

r .,,,.

50 100km

F Jn, !l.:J9. l'nltll\ih• ruorrug,·nt'l ict·111righ1cl hro \\ llr m J('l ll J diu l1 fm1:iul n, • Don11."n Ju l 1,it·1•Jgl:u; lnl nl JJl·m1,,fro.,luJ11l regio11:1
eon ti uc nta l dl eonti nuu : A, /Ugiunta t:xlt<tcatµu(ltit, l puW 111(/utnltl tlimotului conUncnlal-$i/i rlou; 1. ru 111ruJa.J'rO"
dl'gtadtl priu t,aiuUr:a morl'odim:alit:l normnl:l; :, <'U pl"rmt)rro'°I dl'gra do.t prln :icumu1arcnIle :il uvhml : J, c-u rwrmafr , n•
, lrgrn tla, prin trtt1to;g r t:1-l uuemnro,r,;,, (.ltnjde er J()pt•dimcntotl •<' TI, ll ry t rm m pcrfg/(,cta ra l11fl u t.n(atil tlt firtul<l/ih
ulmQt{alc
, s ubr1·gjum:11 Of'p rt s i u nU 1ro.nsl1, on cu un t o1 lmportonl :ll in'\ t1"S.iu nilor 1, rmic-c 111 c-Tolull
•• l lcii. en pef!Jtllsol dt(Jrudul: s.
knnmcurloc t>tri lad:ue.;G, ubrtglunta vt•:l.icii,,-upm;:l lnfluc·ntdot c1J111a tu l11i din, C!il t-.l din 5Ud•\0 ,1. II, Domui iuJ pl•r
F,t:,ci::u·P t pa ll c (N uJnt) : 7, cln jul c:ricipl:u rnli t'l un nl d<'1,ngr1•ij1rillot l1ll t' US<' ; ,,•, cln j nl t..rm lu nii lrrmlc c- , n u :al , oli f111sl1
1,tlnr : ,?, 1Jq m •iluu1 cu rcgllu de pcrma fr o!ol f' Onll nuu . Jll 1 Zou .i d t lrnnt.i\it- lnttl! dom(·t'llul p tr m, fr-ost uh,l dh.conlinuu
domcniul 11m113fr tuh!\ carp:tllr: u. Htlil f s;b.C'inr j I,, JX"P<' dt loght\ (in cliv<') S-i p r n c- de Bhc·at:1: r, <'lioturh:i\iJ-: ,1,
linl.11
1firm :1 'IJ.nl ]\'c·J,;n • Ill wl1r m ( ln ti m1;u l " u1xim <I n •grc, hmi} ; t, litn ill\ dJnlJ'<• d ol nr nlile. l)Crlg l rl 11n• ; f, ll JUiln
rnnf'I ll
lnmt.i\k .

p t•1·m11,h1•1Jl<', i:11· 111.>!i · iilr·1·d, lor c•r:\u

o upn.11' i·ilc 1·d icful11i i J>C margi11e:, Rll(ll'nfc•\•·101· ,I
olr• g lwt:.r i. uetczirc :i, clus hl, forrnnrc:i, ni c l<H' ck nil'a
(,i,•
D t'Jll' P,qill lPl a Tl':1,Usil I'llni r,i' tl:\I' rn:,i afos c irc u r ilo r· g la cioo i,·n lc, circm·ilor ;:1:wiaJ·
tlc·prl' iunilt! illt romontane con lit niau regiuni Yers:i.11\ii abrupti, ucnco])cri\i tk zilpntl:
('ll i.un•1·siu ni 1 ll ni Cll rcm:1·1cobilr , dill C. ll Zfl :LU fo s t p u t cr n ic :.J'Nila t i (ll· pl'OCC$C ll1•
g,• ti
d L1·01 -a penm>froMul :11' P:b, local, un \''1.ii c . Cic luril c (liul'llc• i St•zouicr,' <le ingbc1
camct<•r
contiuuu, ,-olul llcl'l'll intl s1\ c !ll•Zg hc \ clezgho nn procl u., J'is u r·,n ·ca i clcg t'lt <lnre',i
1'
niei in t irnpul svzon ul ni •• l•I. roo ilor, cu prccadt.U'C ,, c,•lor diYc (1,.'mllit<
1:n dumcninl rpalic, modt'la1-ea rd ic grauotlioritc, i h tri crista li nc, rnk :,,rc), c
l'ra
fu l,i i a, ln11Jt·1\cat difel'it() :is1 1cc tc, lu 11' peri
ll,, 111c io ctn ja r NI pmceselor morfogenl·Ucc ;;lacia n' . ARlfd, proce.,elc <·r i rmiYalc au
:1ctio• ren 11m1i rrlief ruinifo1•1n . i tl••.,-aj1u·1•f\ un u
itnen mnterinl deh'ilio (gelifrnett-), en, i
l{eh•za,t, J:':ir. l lll( etc. Cea ma l marr part<
lJ,!l1\r n 1uu llii (•fica<'il!tt(' 1n T<'giu11i ll' eek din nccstro a inimt in compnncu\a moreuclo
mni innlte. Za1i. 1la :wumulnta. in <ll' nh•elfi,. glacinre . -Pc p nn1elci :,,ffM 1• .s11h11iiP- l11l
1,111, w

HELIEFU 1.. o 1,1

 zilol' pe1·mn,11e11te1 111 1·1:gim 11<- tundr.i,
1ualc
rfah1l tlctritic alc:\tuia <:tn"Nturi iotiose clc
aYttt
gt'ol1ut i ·u ri ( .,milri ,le pictt't'"). mtPrior.
iuvc•L·sin
rnlatil 1·u 1,-,·fuirea clit0:1tului nmi Mind, iu
it1l1: la1:iar (inter:-t:\tlial), grohoti 1111ll' nu
ru t Ii":llc ,le pi\dun• S.1.lt, in UU('le rcgiuui,
teL iu l?t·b.-:z..tl, l,,•u·iug, Vl aJ·:.H t:tr., au fost
axcun n tl f' gruhoti uri ru:i.i rtui.
Tot <><• unn:1ro a pmte,dur c·rionivale Jllci
tuceuc s-: foru1:1t i cea 111ai m:u·c parte a
ckpozilelor ,,ludal<· (c1n·erll!r:t di' altcrurc)
<le pc su IJl'3fc\ele 111• ni,-el:.rc ap,11 liuinu co1u
pkxul11i S<'Ul 1Jllt1':'.!I 13or-.l.scu, .t i <'11111 c
i,•man:5 in nu111(ii Tarcu. nodt.-nnu, Jtzcr.
I It, a 1•1ucnen,, in p:i.r\ih• iue11le se 1•on,1:1tii
•·ft•c:td crio11lana\iei, loc:tlizale ulai ales iu
jnml u1:irtorilo1· ,J,, Cn)ziunr t>:111' umuiuii
,npmfaj:\ 1le nin•l:u-e 801 1,cu. 1far i in
unita\i nm11toa•e cu :)ltit11din1: 111. i mi<:l
(l 'alimau, lf, a ·ghib\ <•II-.).
_\soci<-n>a :1cc to1· pruct•,., p.-rii:l:iciare i u
1··,g iul\ih1 l'lll'Jl:t.1ic" i nalt.e }Wl'llliH, f'OllSitle-
1.ll°<-;l unui "taj binc dcfiuil - ctajnl crio-
1,J:1,u;1li;:,i Rnn a1 dezngre',.::\rilor pr1·iglacini •
iu1cn.se . t:11-e •<' t•'lrc t:"t in lHomeulelc de·
111axim:l. inh•n itale a coborit piua, sprc
l 000 Ill.
I.a altitudi11i Ul:li tuici Ile 1 000- l 00 w,
pil\:1 p•c· (i00 m, ve r J.n\ii n,u fosl
prelucmti
mai :1le tie procc ell' solifinxin11e, conRti•
I n ind u II aI <loile:i, CM j morfogcnetic. Acest<'
proe<•sc au fost cm1zate, de nscmcm".\, de
alt 1·11an\a inghe\nlni i dczgh tului i s-au
,tc•tj.'IJi1u •l in coo1li\H pcoilice Lu n<lre!, dar
:m fust fan,ti7 'lt<' malt i de coustiLnt,iU,
gc•ologicit a rcliefului; <le1)lnll.'\t\11 .mo \L,;o.
lnhti t><' sub tratnl ingbcj:1t (pergcli.<ol) chiar
ill caznl pn.n lor 011 inclinari mici a pulu t lk\
u:i•t<'re unui miCl'Orc li er valurit s:10 wrn-;;at.
Pe· fondnl general al proceselor de gclifrac tie c.:\
I'<' af cct u c u vertu r ilo dcluvialc, solifluxiu
nro (l :\'\'Ill pC alOCtlri Ull rol domin.'\nt lo
11111d Ja rn,i, r Ni uCulni.P e vcrsan i, ro n g,•ne•
mt mici (•xc-a ·a\ii sub forrua, lo pllnic,
Yi.i 11,, olifln innc en profit cn1ZAt, Yiii i
mru- to1·i <le eroziww ,•ni - de dcraziuue (I.
)l:ic, l!I, ) - , lcraS<' tlr solinnxiune et<'.
Pei·ioade le crl 1uai fayo11,biJ11 tic form.'.\rc a
:icc tui rrlif'f pcriglaciar au fosl ccfo de
u·:1nzitie
Int re dima ul glacit\l' i intcrghlcinr (iutcr
st;ldial), dnd cichu·it.. de inghc •dl.'zgbc\ au
act-inn:,t co rnni multr.cficacitatcn.;mprn ilcpo·
D<'p1-c,i11ui11• iutmmuntam• ( la rnm w·,•-;.
C:iorgl'u, Cine, Bil'l';t, J£a11:g i a h cl (•) au
ttn l'egint 1nol'fogc•ndlc, a.park . Ak i
uile trrmire :111 a.,ignr:1t, i1tt'()11tr,t,1hil, 1111
1>er1ua fros t cout i unu. El ,i f11st ,loYc, lil cit,
1>rei<cu\a pl'll<'lor clc fi,,1tr-.t(it'. :) st1111·l1trilur
110Iigo11nlc iu tlcpozitclc ,up1:rfici.llc(Y. ;\lih,li·
h,.'Scu, l\ _\fot'!l-l'iu, J!l-17 ; 1'. Ioral'io, 1u:rna,. h:
P. l'ulet, 19GO; J. TciY,i0 i , 196."i ; ;\_L
C;"u·•
CiUIL1/\l'll, t.l. Pall lll' e\1 , .19 7:, i J.k hi1u,
197:i,
I97X) i a eriol11rba\ iilor clatoratr gh<'Iii II••
Sllgrcga\ic.
Tntrt' domcniul <:arpat i,·, l':IJ>Wlt•riz:il Jll'ill
cta,jart•a pro<:e.,t•lur morf4,gc•netict• rncnl,iu
n:,te, I lltmw11iul c.'\h'flC!ll'l ttic I r bnic ,,,
fi ••xi,t.11 u rcginuc ti,. tr.1n1.i\ ie <':Irr t·Upriu,lro
1>0:\lelt• umn\ilor, pre Dq 11•P:1i11,11, ,, •
i,11\• sih:111id i i11ci1ig,·.t (":1rp.1\ii ( i
Ill' aloc·uri i Suhcnrpfl\ii), la ,,xtPl'illl',
Osdl:iliil,· climatic,. din 1>lt·L,t0<·cn. ('II
u u:)n \ru·ilc ,.., pcNi\•o i11 fu11tlie 11,·
11111iditat,·
!tall 11-.ciicimw, sint ogliullilc ti,•foz,•ll' gl 1·i:u c,
lu ca,lml caror:\ :\U exi!tt:U <radii 1·11 dim:i
rece i inh•rstn ,li i ,· u cli,m , mai cnlclii,, i 11,·
fa1.el intergfaciat'I'. J,lc au conlli\ion,1t 1k pl:1-
!tarca pP vc •t,ic.11,, iul,r-1rn CU$ sau int r-,, h ul
:> el:lj<'lor mo1·fogcnetic,, i :i asocia\iilor
vcgctal,•. Data in nn le faze rct:i, ("aq ttii
au foRt :wopcri\i de 1,iipw.i J)Cl'l\l fi lte ll t ll i,
,.
obil"'lia Y:lilor nu cxismr gbetari (In rus i
wiirm} ln pcl'io:ul rlo rn,luo ( i11te r glii ci n.t·<· i
inten.tadinle), gh<'\arii i zapezile per<'lll' :111
,li p:l.ruL ro 11111l cl , hw clajul crioplao:1\i<'i
iji·a rcstrins nreatul in mod ob la n\i,ol
!ilniti udu-sc, ca i iu prezent, la n1hnile celc
mai lonltc. L>roccsck c·r io niva lo :t11 !trnbil i11
intcnsilatt.' i au acfionat ritmir in f1w1·1ir d1•
sczo:i,nl'. Cclc•Ial tc e t,i jo m Mfogenet ico -
an
dcph1&'\l sprc inal\imi confonn ooilot· con di\ii
c,liurn,Lic•c, sist c11111I 1l t1 e1·01.i11m, flo,·i,)I
rectjtigind tercn. CoucomitcnL vcget:1\i:1 st•
coustitui:. 111 nui h: nc i,i \ ii. Astfc>I, tundm a
2itelor dctu,-io!C', adic:'i perio:idelc dt>
insla lnro snu tlr lli parilio treptat:i- :l
perm:, frosiului.
 migml sprc <'UL.mill' cc-le 1u:1i inalle. c,'ip:1t1u1I u n
:1real di continuu, insular, in 111,'l.:!i,·,•lt· innlte,
:1s1•man;itoare paj Hlor :1lpiU() I sn ba l pine ,le ast:.lzi,
i:i,r JJ<idurea n l't'CllCt"ril IN'\: uul pier,lut in
ii1n1>ul fazelor i;lnci:irn. ( 'ti, , inperioadcle
interglaciBrc, 1·lim.'\111l JJOSt wiirminu a
cvolunL spro cti111al u l act11a l p r i n nuani:iri
ce au atn,s dnp.'i de motlific:,ri in
comp0ucu\n, i loris tic:, :, nsocia\iilo r vcgc ta l ,
;1jungi.Julu-:-.e fa. etajclu bioclimnticc de asla:ei,
in fa n c \.ie U() f:H-.1-or ii L1led iu l ui grogrnfic
actual.

lH • CEOGRAflA ROMA:O.IE:I - Gl':OGRAFIA FIZICA