ZONELE DE PROTECIE A PARATRSNETELOR CU DISPOZITIVE DE AMORSARE PROTECTION ZONES AT LIGHTNING RODS WITH AUXILIAR DISCHARGE DEVICES

Universitatea POLITEHNICA Timioara, Romnia 300223 Timioara, Bd.Vasile Prvan Nr.2, E-mail: viorel@et.utt.ro

Viorel TITIHZAN

Mariana TITIHZAN

Rezumat: In lucrare se analizeaz comparativ zonele de protecie pentru paratrsnetele pivot clasice i pentru paratrsnetele pivot speciale echipate cu dispozitive de amorsare PDA. Calculele au fost efectuate prin mai multe metode: prin metoda sferelor fictive care delimiteaz zonele protejate - i respectiv prin liniarizarea zonei de protecie considernd dou conuri care se intersecteaz la 2/3 h. Keywords: Paratrsnet special cu dispozitiv auxiliar de amorsare PDA, zon de protecie.

Abstract: This paper comparative analyses protection zones at the classical lightning rods and at the special lightning rods equipped with auxiliar discharge devices ADD. The calculus have effectuated by many methods: the fictive spheres methode which delimitated the protection zones and respective by the liniarization protection zone considering two cones which are crossing at 2/3h. Keywords: Special lightning rod with auxiliary discharge device ADD, protection zone.

1. Introducere Protecia mpotriva loviturilor directe de trsnet se poate asigura prin paratrsnete clasice, sau prin paratrsnete speciale. Dintre paratrsnetele speciale se pot enumera: paratrsnete echipate cu pastile radioactive, paratrsnete echipate cu cristale piezoelectrice i paratrsnete echipate cu dispozitive de amorsare PDA. Paratrsnetul echipat cu un dispozitiv auxiliar de amorsare PDA conine un ecran metalic toroidal amplasat n apropierea vrfului paratrsnetului, izolat fa de vrful paratrsnetului, ecran metalic care se poate ncrca electrostatic la cca.69 kV n prezena unui nor de furtun. Tensiunea indus electrostatic n ecranul toroidal este utilizat la amorsarea unei descrcri electrice locale ntre electrozii auxiliari de amorsare cu care este prevzut ecranul metalic toroidal i vrful principal al paratrsnetului, vrf legat la pmnt. Curenii de aer ascendeni contribuie la formarea unei zone puternic ionizate n vrful paratrsnetului echipat cu acest dispozitiv auxiliar de amorsare PDA. In cazul n care apare un lider descendent al descrcrii sub form de trsnet de la un nor de furtun spre pmnt - n zona n care se gsete i un paratrsnet special PDA ionizarea puternic din zona vrfului acestui paratrsnet PDA asigur apariia unei descrcri ascendente lider ascendent de la paratrsnet spre norul de furtun. Liderul descendent i liderul ascendent se ntlnesc pe traseul cel mai scurt, iar descrcarea sub forma de trsnet este preluat de paratrsnetul PDA cu un timp de anticipare a descrcrii care se poate evidenia, rezultnd un timp de formare a descrcrii mai scurt dect la paratrsnetul clasic. Firmele specializate n construcia acestor tipuri de paratrsnete PDA indic ca i mrimi caracteristice de catalog [1]: timpul de anticipare a descrcrii ta = 25 50 s, lungimea liderului ascendent La = 25 50 m - n funcie de particularitile constructive ale paratrsnetelor PDA.

1. Introduction The protection against the direct lightning strikes may be assures by classical lightning rods, or by special lightning rods. Between special lightning rods may be enumerated: the lightning rods with radioactive sources equipped, the lightning rods with piezoelectric ceramics equipped, the lightning rods with auxiliar discharge devices equipped (ADD). The lightning rod with an auxiliar discharge devices equipped (ADD) contains a metallic thoroidal shield mounted near the main peak of the lightning rod, and insulated opposite lightning rods peak, metallic shield which may be electrostatic charged at 69 kV in the presence storm cloud. The electrostatic induced voltage in the thoroidal shield is useful at the local electrical starting discharge between auxiliar discharge electrodes with which is equipped thoroidal metallic shield and main peak of the lightning rod, peak at the earth connected. The ascendant air currents contribute at the form of a powerful ionizated zone in the peak of the lightning rod equipped with this auxiliar discharge device ADD equipped. In the case when appear a descendant lightning discharge leader from cloud to earth in the zone where is a special lightning rod ADD the powerful ionization in the peak zone of this lightning rod ADD assure appearance of a ascendant discharge ascendant leader from lightning rod to strom cloud. The descendant leader and the ascendant leader are encounter on the shortest tract, and the lightning discharge is taking over of the ADD lightning rod, with a discharge anticipated time, which may be evidence, following a discharge forming time shorter than at a classical lightning rod. The specialized concerns, in manufacture of these special lightning rods types ADD indicate like technical data [1]: anticipation discharge time ta = 25 50 s, the length of ascendant leader La = 25 50 m - function of the constructive particularities of ADD lightning rods. The

588

The 6 International Power Systems Conference

th

Apariia liderului ascendent cu lungimea La din vrful paratrsnetului PDA spre norul de furtun generator de trsnet este echivalent cu o cretere a nlimii paratrsnetului de la valoarea h la valoarea h + La, cu o mrire a probabilitii de descrcare sub form de trsnet n acest tip de paratrsnet PDA - i respectiv i cu o mrire a zonei de protecie a acestui tip de paratrsnet, care devine mai eficient dect un paratrsnet clasic. 2. Calculul zonei de protecie a paratrsnetului prin metoda sferelor fictive Metoda sferelor fictive stabilete limita ntinderii zonei de protecie cu ajutorul unor sfere imaginare tangente la suprafaa pmntului i care trec prin vrful paratrsnetului de nlime h. Raza Rsfer [m] a sferei fictive de protecie, n centrul creia se consider c este prezent liderul descendent al trsnetului de la norul de furtun spre paratrsnet sau spre pmnt, se calculeaz probabilistic n funcie de un nivel de protecie standardizat, fiind definite 4 nivele de protecie cu grade diferite n funcie de 4 valori nominalizate ale curentului de trsnet IT [kA] (Tab.1). In literatura tehnic de specialitate se recomand calculul razei sferei fictive R [m] n funcie de amplitudinea curentului de trsnet IT [kA], cu relaii de tipul:
0 R = 10 I T ,66 0 R = 6 ,7 I T ,80

appearance of the ascendant leader with the length La, from the peak of the ADD lightning rod to the strom cloud is equivalent with a heigh lightning rod increase from the value h at the value h + La, with a probability increse of the lightning discharge in this type of ADD lightning rod and respective and with an increase of the protection zone, which become more efficient than at a classical lightning rod. 2. Protection zone lightning rod calculus by fictive spheres method Fictive spheres method the extend limit of the protection zone establish with the assistance of the imaginary spheres at the earth surface tangent and that pass through the lightning rod peak with height h. The radius Rsphere [m] of the fictive protection sphere, in which center is considerate the presence of the descendent lightning leader from the storm cloud to the lightning rod or to earth, is probabilistic calculated function of the standardized protection level, being defined 4 protection levels with different grades function of 4 lightning current nominalizated values IT [kA] (Tab.1). In special technical literature is recommended the calculus of the fictive sphere radius R [m] function of lightning current amplitude IT [kA], with relations:
0 R = 10 I T.66

(1) (2)

(1) (2)

R = 6.7 I

0.80 T

Nr. crt. 1 2 3 4

Tab.1. Clasificarea nivelelor de protecie la trsnet [2]. Tab.1. Lightning protection levels classification [2]. Nivelul de protecie IT Protection level [kA] Nivelul I ntrit Level I fortified 2,8 Nivelul II mediu Level II medium 5,2 Nivelul III normal Level III normal 9,5 Nivelul IV sczut Level IV reduced 14,7

Rsfer [m] 20 30 45 60

Limita maxim a zonei protejate ro, pentru un paratrsnet clasic de nlime h, n situaia n care obiectul protejat este mic - la limit ( hx = 0 ):

Maximum limit of the protection zone ro, for a classical lightning rod whith h height, in situation in which the protection object is small at limit (hx = 0 ):

r o = ( 2 R h )h

(3)

r o = ( 2 R h )h r x = r o r ox = ( 2 R h )h ( 2 R hx )hx

(3)

Raza zonei protejate rx pentru un obiect protejat hx (hx precizat), se micoreaz fa de ro cu distana rox (Fig.1):

The protection radius zone rx for one protection object hx (hx precised), is reduced of ro with the distance rox (Fig.1): (4)

r x = r o r ox = ( 2 R h )h ( 2 R hx )hx

(4)

Fig.1. Zona protejat a paratrsnetului vertical clasic h metoda sferelor fictive. Fig.1. Protection zone of classical vertical lightning rod h fictive spheres method.

Fig.2. Paratrsnet special PDA cu lider ascendent La oblic metoda sferelor fictive. Fig.2. Special lightning rod ADD with ascendant leader La oblique - fictive spheres method.

Zona protejat roPDA = rAC a unui paratrsnet special PDA, n care hx = 0 este mai mare dect a unui paratrsnet

Protection zone roPDA = rAC at a special case hx = 0 lightning rod ADD, in which hx = 0 is greater than of a

03-04.11.2003, Timioara, Romania

589

clasic prin faptul c intervine i liderul ascendent La (Fig.2). In triunghiul ABC n care AB = La + R, BC = R h i respectiv AC = rAC rezult:
r AC = ( 2 R h )h + ( 2 R + La )La

classical lightning rod because that intervene and ascendant leader La (Fig.2). In the triangle ABC in which AB = La + R, BC = R h and respective AC = rAC result:
r AC = ( 2 R h )h + ( 2 R + La )La

(5)

(5)

Raza zonei protejate rxPDAsf pentru obiectul de nlime hx se obine din diferena:
r xPDAsf Relaia (6) reprezint o prim metod de calcul, care se poate compara cu relaiile de calcul prin liniarizarea zonei de protecie a paratrsnetelor [3][8].
3. Calculul zonei de protecie prin liniarizarea zonei experimentale Determinrile experimentale n Laboratoare de nalt Tensiune - cu generatoare de impuls alimentnd modele reduse la scar de paratrsnete au condus la ncadrarea limitei zonei protejate printr-o relaie de tipul: h hx (7) r x = 1.6 h h + hx Zona de protecie liniarizat este delimitat prin dou conuri care se intersecteaz la cota 2/3 h:- un con care are vrful n punctul din vrful paratsnetului h i are raza bazei egal cu 0,75 h; - un al doilea con cu vrful la cota h-0,2h = 0,8 h i cu raza bazei de 1,5 h. In cazul unui paratrsnet special PDA (Fig.3), nlimea echivalent a acestuia devine h+La, iar raza rx pentru zona protejat corespunztoare unui obiect protejat de nlime hx se calculeaz cu relaiile (8) sau (9). In cazul n care hx < 2/3 ( h + La ), raza zonei protejate rezult: hx 30 (8) ] r x = 1,5 ( h + La ) [ 1 0,8( h + La ) ( h + La )

The protection radius rxPDAsf for the protection object hx is obtain by difference:
( 2 R hx )hx (6) The relationship (6) represents a first calculus method, which can be compare with calculus relations by protection zone lightning rod liniarization [3][8].
3. Protection zone lightning rod calculus by liniarization of the experimental zone Experimental determinations in High Voltage Laboratories with pulse generators supplying decreased at scale models have conducted at the frame of the protection zone by the relation: h hx (7). r x = 1.6 h h + hx Liniarization protection zone is delimited by two cones which are intersected quota 2/3 h, one cone which has the peak in the point of the peak of the lightning rod and the radius base equal with 0.75 h; - the second with the peak at quota h-0.2h = 0.8 h radius base at 1.5 h. In the case of one special lightning rod ADD (Fig.3), the equivalent height becomes h+La, and the radius rx for the protection zone corresponding for a protection object of hx height is obtain with relations (8) or (9). In the case in which hx < 2/3 ( h + La ), the protection radius zone results: hx 30 (8) ] r x = 1.5 ( h + La ) [ 1 0.8( h + La ) ( h + La )

= r AC r ox = ( 2 R h )h + ( 2 R + La )La

In cazul n care hx > 2/3 ( h + La ), raza zonei protejate rezult: hx 30 (9) ] r x = 0 ,75 ( h + La ) [ 1 ( h + La ) ( h + La )

In the case in which hx > 2/3 ( h + La ), the protection radius zone results: 30 hx ] (9) r x = 0.75( h + La ) [ 1 ( h + La ) ( h + La )

Fig.3. Paratrsnet special PDA cu lider ascendent La vertical metoda liniarizat. Fig.3. Special lightning rod ADD with ascendant leader La vertical liniarization methode.

4.Aplicaii numerice In Tabelul 2 au fost sintetizate zonele protejate pentru un paratrsnet vertical cu nlimea h = 20 m i respectiv pentru un paratrsnet special PDA cu h = 20 m i cu un lider ascendent specificat La = 25 m prin mai multe metode de calcul: sfere fictive de raz R = 20 m i R = 50 m, respectiv prin liniarizarea zonelor de protecie att pentru

4. Numerical applications In the Table 2 have syntetized the protection zones for a vertical lightning rod with the height h = 20 m and respective for a special lightning rod ADD with h = 20 m and with ascendant leader specified La = 25 m by many calculus methods: - fictive spheres by radius R = 20 m and R = 50 m, respective by liniarization protection zones

590

The 6 International Power Systems Conference

th

paratrsnetul clasic ( La = 0 ), ct i pentru paratrsnetul special PDA ( La = 25 m ), avnd n vedere obiecte protejate cu nlimile hx = 10 m, 5 m i 2 m.

by classic lightning rod ( La = 0 ), and for special lightning rod ADD ( La = 25 m ), having in wiev protection objects with heights hx = 10 m, 5 m and 2 m.

Nr. crt. 1 2 3

Tabelul 2. Razele zonelor protejate rx = f ( hx ) [m], pentru La = 0 i La = 25 m. Table 2. Protection zones radius rx = f ( hx ) [m], for La = 0 and La = 25 m. Conuri Sfere fictive La = 0 La =25m Sfere fictive hx Fictive sph. P.clasic P. PDA Fictive sph. P.clasic [m] R =20 m R =50m R =20 m R =50m La = 0 10 2,68 10,00 27,68 38,73 11,25 5 6,77 18,20 31,77 46,94 20,62 2 11,28 26,00 36,28 54,74 26,25

liniarizate P. PDA La = 25m 39,80 52,05 58,12

In Tabelul 3 au fost sintetizate zonele protejate pentru un paratrsnet vertical cu nlimea h = 20 m i respectiv pentru un paratrsnet special PDA cu h = 20 m i cu un lider ascendent specificat La = 50 m prin mai multe metode de calcul: sfere fictive de raz R = 20 m i R = 50 m, respectiv prin liniarizarea zonelor de protecie att pentru paratrsnetul clasic (La = 0 ), ct i pentru paratrsnetul special PDA ( La = 50 m ), avnd n vedere obiecte protejate cu nlimile hx = 10 m, 5 m i 2 m.

In the Table 3 have syntetized the protection zones for a vertical lightning rod with the height h = 20m and respective for a special lightning rod ADD with h = 20 m and with ascendant leader specified La = 50 m by many calculus methods: - fictive spheres by radius R = 20 m and R = 50 m, respective by liniarization protection zones for classic lightning rod ( La = 0 ), and for special lightning rod ADD ( La = 50 m ), having in wiev protection objects with heights hx = 10 m, 5 m and 2 m.

Nr. crt. 1 2 3

Tabelul 3. Razele zonelor protejate rx = f ( hx ) [m], pentru La = 0 i La = 50 m. Table 3. Protection zones radius rx = f ( hx ) [m], for La = 0 and La = 50 m. Conuri Sfere fictive La = 0 La =50m Sfere fictive hx Fictive sph. P.clasic P. PDA Fictive sph. P.clasic [m] R =20 m R =50m R =20 m R =50m La = 0 10 2,68 10,00 52,68 65,40 11,25 5 6,77 18,20 56,77 73,60 20,62 2 11,28 26,00 61,28 81,40 26,25

liniarizate P. PDA La = 50m 56,46 62,60 66,28

Cele mai mari zone protejate au rezultat pentru paratrsnetul special PDA cu un lider ascendent de La = 50 m, calculat prin metoda sferelor fictive cu raza R = 50 m. Aceleai zone protejate calculate prin liniarizarea zonelor de protecie (metoda conurilor liniarizate) se ncadreaz ntre zonele protejate pentru razele sferelor fictive R = 20 m i R = 50 m (n Tab.3), dar sunt relativ uor mai mari dect zonele protejate pentru sfera fictiv cu raza R = 50 m (Tab.2).
5. Concluzii In mod cert paratrsnetele speciale asigur o zon de protecie mrit n comparaie cu paratrsnetele clasice, dar prin faptul c raza sferelor fictive implic metode probabilistice de calcul este prudent s se considere o anumit rezerv n aprecierea maxim a zonei de protecie rezultat din calcule comparndu-le cu zonele protejate asigurate de paratrsnetele clasice Bibliografie (References)

The greatest protection zones have resulted for special lightning rod ADD with an ascendant leader by La = 50 m, calculated by fictive spheres method with the radius R = 50 m. The same protection zones calculated by liniarization protection zones (liniarizate cones method) is framed between protection zones for the radius fictive spheres R = 20 m and R = 50 m (in Tab.3), but are relative greater than protection zones for fictive sphere with radius R = 50 m (Tab.2).
5. Conclusions In certain mode the special lightning rods assure a greater protection zone in comparison with classical lightning rods, but because the fictive spheres radius probabilistic calculus methods involves - is prudent to considerate a particular reserve in maximum appreciation of the protection zone from calculus resulted by comparison with protection zones by classical lightning rods assured.

1. Catalog Indelec, France S.C ProEnerg Oradea, Romania Paratrsnet cu dispozitiv de amorsare PDA Prevectron 2, NF C 17102/1995, http://www.proenerg.ro. 2. Normativ privind Protecia contruciilor civile mpotriva trsnetului I 20-2000, al Ministerului Lucrrilor Publice i Amenajrii Teritoriului din Romnia Nr. 48 / N / 30.06.2000. 3. Titihzan V.: Electrodes with auxilar discarge device with applcations for lightning rod, Scientific Bulletin of the Politehnica University of Timioara, Romania Transactions on Power Engineering, 2001, Tom 46 (60), fasc.1582-7194, pag. 415-418, PSC 2001. 4. Negru V.: Tehnica tensiunilor nalte supratensiuni atmosferice, Universitatea Politehnica Timioara, 1982. 5. Drgan G.: Tehnica tensiunilor nalte TTI, vol.I Editura Tehnic, Bucureti, 1996. 6. Cristescu D., Olah R.: Supratensiuni i izolaia reelelor electrice, EDP, Bucureti, 1983. 7. Gu M., Gavrila N., Istrate M., Asaftei C.: TTI Supratensiuni n sistemele electroenergetice, Universitatea Tehnic Iai, 1996. 8. Titihzan V. Impactul reelelor electrice asupra mediului i aspecte CEM (Impact of electrical networks on the environment and EMC), Editura AGIR, Bucureti, 2000.