Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1. Conectarea la server
2. Crearea utilizatorilor. Privilegiile utilizatorilor
3. Crearea bazelor de date si a tabelelor
4. Tipuri de campuri
5. Inserarea de inregistrari
6. Actualizarea inregistrarilor
7. Extragerea inregistrarilor cu SELECT
8. Join-uri intre tabele
9. Stergerea inregistrarilor si a tabelelor
10.Crearea indecsilor
11. Modificarea tabelelor
Acest ultim prompt insemna ca MySQL mai asteapta sa fie introdus ceva
(asteapta ';').
Alta caracteristica de notat este ca declaratiile SQL (Structured Query
Language - un limbaj de interogare a bazelor de date) nu sunt case
sensitive
Daca vreti sa nu mai executati o comanda pe care ati scris-o partial, o
puteti anula cu '\c':
mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> \c
mysql>
Ce insemna prompt-urile
mysql> Gata pentru o noua comanda.
-> Asteapta urmatoarea linie dintr-o comanda. multi-linie.
'> Astepta continuarea unui sir de caractere care incepe cu '.
1|Page
"> Astepta continuarea unui sir de caractere care incepe cu ".
Este important de stiut ce inseamna prompt-urile '> and "> , deoarece
daca din greseala introduceti un sir neterminat, orice altceva ce veti tasta
(chiar si quit) nu va fi luat in seama.
Pentru a va conecta la server, de obicei sunteti nevoiti sa dati numele de
utilizator si parola:
shell> mysql -h host -u user -p
Enter password: ********
2|Page
In functie de cum ati instalat si configurat MySQL, ati putea fi lasat sa va
conectezi la server fara nume de utilizator sau parola:
shell> mysql
Dupa ce va-ti conectat cu succes la server va puteti deconecta cu
comanda QUIT sau apasand CTRL+D
mysql> QUIT
2. CREAREA UTILIZATORILOR
Una dinte cele mai bune caracteristici ale MySQL este ca suporta un sistem
de privilegii (dreptul de a face o anumita actiune asupra unui obiect)
pentru utilizatori foarte sofisticati. Cand veti crea un utilizator, ii veti da
acces la un set de privilegii pentru a specifica ce anume poate sa faca si ce
nu poate sa faca un utilizator. Un utilizator ar trebui sa aiba cel mai mic
nivel de privilegii necesar pentru a-si indeplini sarcina.
Crearea drepturilor pentru utilizatori se face cu comanda GRANT, iar
retragerea drepturilor cu REVOKE
Pentru a crea un administrator:
mysql> grant all
-> on *
-> to fred identified by ‘mnb123’
-> with grant option;
Vom crea o baza de date angajati pe care o vom folosi si in alte ocazii:
Pe Windows:
create database angajati;
3|Page
Sa vedem cate baze de date sunt in sistem:
show databases;
+----------------+
| Database |
+----------------+
| angajati |
| mysql |
| test |
+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
DESCHIDEREA UNEI BAZE DE DATE SE POATE FACE CU UNA DIN
METODELE:
Cu comanda USE:
mysql>USE angajati;
4|Page
camp ID). 'primary key' specifica ca acel camp va fi indexat (fiecare
valoare va fi unicat).
4. TIPURI DE CAMPURI
Cele trei tipuri de baza pentru campuri sunt: numeric, data si timp si
sir de caractere(string). Cand alegeti un anumit tip sau subtip, puteti
specifica si lungimea maxima admisa (M, maxim 255).
Tipurile de date numerice
Pentru numerele in virgula flotanta (float), puteti specifica cu D numarul
de cifre dupa puctul zecimal. Pentru numerele intregi puteti sa specifici
daca vor fi doar pozitive cu 'unsigned'.
Tipuri de date intregi
Tip Interval (Bytes) Descriere
TINYINT[(M)] -127..128 1 Foarte mic integers
or 0..255
SMALLINT[(M)] -32768..32767 2 Intregi mici
or 0..65535
MEDIUMINT[(M)] -8388608.. 3 Marime medie
8388607
or 0..16777215
INT[(M)] -231..231-1 4 Intregi normali
or 0..232-1
INTEGER[(M)] Sinonim cu INT
BIGINT[(M)] -263..263-1 8 Intregi mari
or 0..264-1
REAL[(M,D)] la fel
5|Page
TIME -838:59:59 Un time(HH:MM:SS).
838:59:59
DATETIME 1000-01-01 Data si timp(YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SS).
00:00:00
9999-12-31
23:59:59
TIMESTAMP 1970-01-01 Un timestamp, folosit in tranzactii.
[(M)] 00:00:00
YEAR[(2|4)] 70–69 Un an in format cu 2 sau 4 cifre You can
specify 2 or 4 digit format.
1901–2155
TIMESTAMP-uri
Type Specified Display
TIMESTAMP YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
TIMESTAMP(14) YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
TIMESTAMP(12) YYMMDDHHMMSS
TIMESTAMP(10) YYMMDDHHMM
TIMESTAMP(8) YYYYMMDD
TIMESTAMP(6) YYMMDD
TIMESTAMP(4) YYMM
TIMESTAMP(2) YY
Exemplu:
create table _tabela1 (
id int auto_increment primary key,
answer enum (‘da’, ‘nu’) default ‘nu’);
Tipul de camp NULL
Pentru a face o valoare dintr-un camp NULL, nu includeti acel camp in
declaratia INSERT. Campurile au ca valoare implicita NULL daca nu
specifici 'NOT NULL'. Pentru compararea valorilor cu NULL se folosesc 'IS
NULL' sau 'IS NOT NULL'.
Descrierea tablelelor
Permite afisarea detaliilor despre campurile tabelei.
7|Page
Comanda SQL, INSERT inseareaza informatii in tabele.
INSERT into nume_tabela (camp1, camp2....)
values (val1, val2...);
Exemplu:
mysql> INSERT INTO angajati_data
-> (f_name, l_name, title, age, yos, salary, perks, email)
-> values
-> ("Manish", "Sharma", "CEO", 28, 4, 200000,
-> 50000, "manish@bignet.com");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| John | Hagan |
| John | MacFarland |
+--------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Comparatiile MySQL sunt case insensitive ceea ca inseamna ca "john",
"John" sau "JoHn" ar merge in exemplul de mai sus.
Operatori de comparatie
Operator Nume Exemplu
= eqalitate customerid = 3
> mai mare amount>60.00
+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| John | Hagan |
| John | MacFarland |
| Joseph | Irvine |
+--------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
+----------+
| l_name |
+----------+
| Sharma |
| Anchor |
| Sakamuro |
| Simon |
| Sehgal |
| Simlai |
| Ali |
+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Alte exemple:
SELECT f_name, l_name, title from
-> angajati_data where title
-> IN ('Web Designer', 'System Administrator');
10 | P a g e
+---------+--------+----------------------+
| f_name | l_name | title |
+---------+--------+----------------------+
| Anamika | Pandit | Web Designer |
| Mary | Anchor | Web Designer |
| Roger | Lewis | System Administrator |
| Danny | Gibson | System Administrator |
+---------+--------+----------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
+---------+------------+------+
| f_name | l_name | age |
+---------+------------+------+
| John | Hagan | 32 |
| Ganesh | Pillai | 32 |
| John | MacFarland | 34 |
| Alok | Nanda | 32 |
| Hassan | Rajabi | 33 |
| Arthur | Hoopla | 32 |
| Kim | Hunter | 32 |
| Roger | Lewis | 35 |
| Danny | Gibson | 34 |
| Mike | Harper | 36 |
| Shahida | Ali | 32 |
| Peter | Champion | 36 |
+---------+------------+------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
+---------+------------+--------+
| f_name | l_name | salary |
+---------+------------+--------+
| Manish | Sharma | 200000 |
| Mary | Anchor | 85000 |
| Fred | Kruger | 75000 |
| John | MacFarland | 80000 |
| Edward | Sakamuro | 75000 |
11 | P a g e
| Alok | Nanda | 70000 |
| Paul | Simon | 85000 |
| Arthur | Hoopla | 75000 |
| Hal | Simlai | 70000 |
| Joseph | Irvine | 72000 |
| Shahida | Ali | 70000 |
+---------+------------+--------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Sortarea datelor
Inregistrarile extrase anterior au fost afisate in rodinea in care erau
stocate in tabela. Pentru a le sorta folosim clauza ORDER BY a comenzii
SELECT.
SELECT l_name, f_name from
angajati_data ORDER BY l_name;
+------------+---------+
| l_name | f_name |
+------------+---------+
| Ali | Shahida |
| Anchor | Mary |
| Champion | Peter |
| Gibson | Danny |
| Hagan | John |
| Harper | Mike |
| Hoopla | Arthur |
| Hunter | Kim |
| Irvine | Joseph |
| Kruger | Fred |
| Lewis | Roger |
| MacFarland | John |
| Nanda | Alok |
| Pandit | Anamika |
| Pillai | Ganesh |
| Rajabi | Hassan |
| Sakamuro | Edward |
| Sehgal | Monica |
| Sharma | Manish |
| Simlai | Hal |
| Simon | Paul |
+------------+---------+
21 rows in set (0.00 sec)
sau (ordine descrerscatoare):
SELECT f_name from angajati_data
ORDER by f_name DESC;
Limitarea numarului de inregistrari extrase
12 | P a g e
SELECT f_name, l_name from
angajati_data LIMIT 5;
+---------+--------+
| f_name | l_name |
+---------+--------+
| Manish | Sharma |
| John | Hagan |
| Ganesh | Pillai |
| Anamika | Pandit |
| Mary | Anchor |
+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
Similar, putem lista cei mai tineri doi angajati:
SELECT f_name, l_name, age from
angajati_data ORDER BY age
LIMIT 2;
+--------+----------+------+
| f_name | l_name | age |
+--------+----------+------+
| Edward | Sakamuro | 25 |
| Mary | Anchor | 26 |
+--------+----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
+--------+------------+
| f_name | l_name |
+--------+------------+
| John | MacFarland |
| Edward | Sakamuro |
| Alok | Nanda |
+--------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Comanda de mai sus extrage 3 angajati incepand de la inregistrarea 6.
Folosirea clauzei DISTINCT permite listarea doar a valorilor distincte din
baza de date pentru fiecare camp in parte.
Functii agregat
13 | P a g e
MIN(): Valoare minima
MAX(): Valoare maxima
SUM(): Suma valorilor
AVG(): Media aritmetica
COUNT(): Numarul inregistrarilor extrase
+-------------+
| MIN(salary) |
+-------------+
| 70000 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
+-------------+
| MAX(salary) |
+-------------+
| 200000 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
+-------------+
| SUM(salary) |
+-------------+
| 1997000 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 21 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Denumirea campurilor in SELECT MySQL permite sa denumesti
campurile extrase cu termeni mai descriptivi pentru datele extrase.
SELECT avg(salary) AS 'Salariu mediu' from angajati_data;
+----------------+
| Salariu mediu |
+----------------+
| 95095.2381 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
14 | P a g e
Clauza GROUP BY permite gruparea informatiilor similare. Deci, pentru
a lista toate functiile unice din tabela:
select title from angajati_data GROUP BY title;
+----------------------------+
| title |
+----------------------------+
| CEO |
| Customer Service Manager |
| Finance Manager |
| Marketing Executive |
| Multimedia Programmer |
| Programmer |
| Senior Marketing Executive |
| Senior Programmer |
| Senior Web Designer |
| System Administrator |
| Web Designer |
+----------------------------+
11 rows in set (0.01 sec)
Clauza HAVING permite specificare unei conditii pentru gruparea
inregistrarilor
select title, AVG(salary)
from angajati_data
GROUP BY title
HAVING AVG(salary) > 100000;
+----------------------------+-------------+
| title | AVG(salary) |
+----------------------------+-------------+
| CEO | 200000.0000 |
| Finance Manager | 120000.0000 |
| Senior Marketing Executive | 120000.0000 |
| Senior Programmer | 115000.0000 |
| Senior Web Designer | 110000.0000 |
+----------------------------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
+-----------------+-----------------+
| Name | Spouse Name |
+-----------------+-----------------+
| Manish Sharma | Anamika Sharma |
| John Hagan | Jane Donner |
| Ganesh Pillai | Sandhya Pillai |
| Anamika Sharma | Manish Sharma |
| John MacFarland | Mary Shelly |
| Alok Nanda | Manika Nanda |
| Paul Simon | Muriel Lovelace |
| Arthur Hoopla | Rina Brighton |
| Kim Hunter | Matt Shikari |
| Danny Gibson | Betty Cudly |
| Mike Harper | Stella Stevens |
| Monica Sehgal | Edgar Alan |
| Peter Champion | Ruby Richer |
+-----------------+-----------------+
13 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Produs cartezian,
Full Join, Cross join
Toate combinatiile tuturor liniilor din tabela. Se specifica prin virgula
si fara clauza WHERE.
Inner join
Poate fi specificat prin virgula intre numele tabelelor sau prin folosirea
WHERE sau cu cuvintele cheie INNER JOIN.
Equi-join
Foloseste o conditie cu '=' pentru a face corespondente intre
inregistrari.
16 | P a g e
Left join
Incearca sa gasesca corespondente intre tabele si cand nu gaseste,
umple inregistrarile fara pereche cu NULL.
Exemplu:
delete from customers where customerid=5;
Stergerea tabelelor
DROP TABLE angajati_data;
create table mytable( id_col int unsigned not null, another_col char(200)
not null, index dual_col_index(id_col, another_col) );
De exemplu:
17 | P a g e
index index_on_text (text_column(200))
);
Sintaxa Descriere
ADD [COLUMN] column_description Adauga o coloana
[FIRST | AFTER column ]
ADD [COLUMN] (column_description, Adauga o descriere de coloana
ADD INDEX [index] (column,...) Adauga un index
ADD PRIMARY KEY (column,...) Transforma campul in PK
Sintaxe ALTER:
(Redenumire tabela:)
ALTER TABLE nume_vechi RENAME nume_nou
(Modificare camp:)
ALTER TABLE my_table add COLUMN my_column text not null
(Stergere camp):
18 | P a g e
ALTER TABLE nume_tabela DROP column nume_camp
Indecsi:
ALTER TABLE my_table ADD INDEX index_name (column_name1,
column_name2, ...)
ALTER TABLE my_table ADD UNIQUE index_name(column_name)
ALTER TABLE my_table ADD PRIMARY key(my_column)
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP index index_name
ALTER TABLE table_name test10 DROP primary key
Siruri de caractere
Numere
NULL
Numele folosite
Variabile definite de utilizator
Comentarii
Cuvinte rezervate
Functii pentru compararea de siruri
Functii matematice
Functii pentru siruri de caractere
Functii pentru date si timp
Functii diverse
Sintaxa completa a celor mai folosite comenzi
19 | P a g e
STRUCTURA LIMBAJULUI FOLOSIT
Siruri de caractere
Un sir de caractere (string) este o secventa de caractere aflata intre
apostrofuri sau ghilimele ('un sir' sau "un sir"). Intr-un sir de caractere,
unele secvente au un inteles special. Aceste secvente incep cu '\'.
MySQL recunoste urmatoarele secvente de escape:
\0
0 (NULL)
\'
Apostrof
\"
Ghilimele.
\b , \\
Backslash
\n
Linie noua
\r
Carriage return
\t
Tab.
\z
Control-Z (sfarsit de fisier)
\%
Procent `%'
\_
Undersore `_'
sau cu:
select @t1:=(@t2:=1)+@t3:=4,@t1,@t2,@t3;
+----------------------+------+------+------+
| @t1:=(@t2:=1)+@t3:=4 | @t1 | @t2 | @t3 |
+----------------------+------+------+------+
| 5 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
+----------------------+------+------+------+
Comentarii
MySQL suporta cometariile #pana la sfarsit de linie, --pana la sfarsit de
linie si /*linii multiple*/.
mysql> select 1+1; # Comentariu pana la sfarsitul linie
mysql> select 1+1; -- Comentariu pana la sfarsitul liniei
mysql> select 1 /* comentariu in-line */ + 1;
mysql> select 1+
/*
comentariu
multi-linii
*/
1;
21 | P a g e
Cuvinte rezervate
22 | P a g e
rlike row rows second
select set show shutdown
sql_big_tabl
smallint soname sql_big_selects
es
sql_low_priority_upda sql_log_upda sql_select_limi
sql_log_off
tes te t
sql_big_resu
sql_small_result sql_warnings straight_join
lt
starting status string table
tables temporary terminated text
then time timestamp tinyblob
tinytext tinyint trailing to
type use using unique
unlock unsigned update usage
values varchar variables varying
varbinary with write when
where year year_month zerofill
FUNCTII
REGEXP
Face o cautare folosind o expresie string si o expresie regulara. Returneaza
1 (a gasit) sau 0(n-a gasit).
STRCMP
STRCMP(expr1,expr2)
Returneaza 0 daca sirurile sunt egale, -1 daca primul sir e mai mic si 1
daca sirul 2 e mai mic ca sirul 1.
IFNULL
23 | P a g e
IFNULL(expr1,expr2)
Daca expr1 nu e NULL, returneaza expr1, altfel ret. expr2.
mysql> select ifnull(1/0, ‘exp 1 is null’);
+--------------------------------+
| ifnull(1/0, ‘exp 1 is null’) |
+--------------------------------+
| exp 1 is null |
+--------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
IF
IF(expr1,expr2,expr3)
mysql> select if(name like ‘jay%’, ‘Yes’, ‘No’) as ‘Jay Names’ -> from
guestbook;
Functii matematice
|truncate(8.53,0)|truncate(8.43,0)|truncate(8.534,2)|
| 8 | 8 | 8.53 |
|least(2,7,9,1)|
| 1 |
| ascii(‘\n’)|
| 10 |
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ORD(str)
CONV(N,from_base,to_base)
BIN(N) (converteste N in baza 2)
OCT(N) (converteste N in baza 8)
HEX(N) (converteste N in baza 16)
CHAR(N1,N2,...) (sirul de caractere format din reprezentarile ASCII ale
argumentelor intregi)
CONCAT(str1,str2,...) (concateneaza doua siruri de cacactere)
LENGTH (lungimea unui sir)
LOCATE(substr,str [,pos]) (cauta pozitia unui subsir intr-un sir)
|example1|example2|
| 3 | 15 |
| mid(‘mysqlfunctions’,6,8)|
| function |
SUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count)
| substring_index(‘mysqlfunctions’, ‘fu’, 1) |
| mysql |
LTRIM
RTRIM
TRIM
TRIM([[BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING] [remstr] FROM] str)
REPLACE(str,from_str,to_str)
SOUNDEX(str) (sirul in format SOUNDEX)
SPACE(N) (un spatiu de N pozitii)
REPEAT(str,count) (repeta str de 'count' ori)
REVERSE (inverseaza un sir)
INSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)
+ +
|insert(‘mysqlfunctions’, 6,2,’FU’)|
+ +
|mysqlFUnctions |
+ +
26 | P a g e
1 row in set (0.44 sec)
FIELD(str,str1,str2,str3,...) (pozitia str in cadrul argumentelor)
LCASE (lowercase)
UCASE (uppercase)
LOAD_FILE (continutul unui fiser ca sir
+ +
| dayofweek(‘2001-01-01’)|
| 2 |
1 row in set (0.33 sec)
WEEKDAY
DAYOFMONTH
DAYOFYEAR
MONTHNAME
QUARTER (semestrul din care face parte data)
WEEK(date [, first]) (first=0-saptamana incepe duminica, first=1-
saptamana incepe luni)
YEAR
YEARWEEK (anul si saptamana in format YYYYWW)
HOUR
MINUTE
SECOND
PERIOD_ADD(P,N) (adauga N luni la perioda P)
PERIOD_DIFF(P1,P2)
DATE_ADD
DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr type)
TO_DAYS
FROM_DAYS
DATE_FORMAT
27 | P a g e
%e Numarul zilei lunii(0..31)
%m Numarul lunii(01..12)
%c Numarul lunii(1..12)
%b Numele lunii(Jan..Dec)
%j Numarul zilei in an(001..366)
%H Ora (00..23)
%k Ora (0..23)
%h Ora (01..12)
%I Ora (01..12)
%l Ora (1..12)
%i Minutele(00..59)
%r Timpul, 12-ore (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
%T Timpul, 24-ore (hh:mm:ss)
%S Secundele(00..59)
%s Secundele (00..59)
%p AM sau PM
%w Ziua saptamanii (0=Sunday..6=Saturday)
%U Saptamana (0..53)
%u Saptamana (0..53)
%V Saptamana (1..53)
%v Saptamana (1..53)
%X Anul pentru saptamana
%x Anul pentru saptamana
%% Caracterul %
Exemplu:
TIME_FORMAT
CURDATE
CURTIME
NOW (data si ora curenta YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)
INSERT
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
VALUES (expression,...),(...),...
sau INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
SELECT ...
sau INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name
SET col_name=expression, col_name=expression, ...
ALTER TABLE
ALTER [IGNORE] TABLE tbl_name alter_spec [, alter_spec ...]
alter_specification:
ADD [COLUMN] create_definition [FIRST | AFTER column_name ]
sau ADD [COLUMN] (create_definition, create_definition,...)
sau ADD INDEX [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
sau ADD PRIMARY KEY (index_col_name,...)
sau ADD UNIQUE [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
sau ADD FULLTEXT [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
sau ADD [CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY index_name (index_col_name,...)
[reference_definition]
sau ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT}
sau CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name create_definition
sau MODIFY [COLUMN] create_definition
sau DROP [COLUMN] col_name
sau DROP PRIMARY KEY
sau DROP INDEX index_name
sau DISABLE KEYS
sau ENABLE KEYS
sau RENAME [TO] new_tbl_name
sau ORDER BY col
sau table_options
UPDATE
UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] tbl_name
SET col_name1=expr1, [col_name2=expr2, ...]
[WHERE where_definition]
[LIMIT #]
DELETE
DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY | QUICK] FROM table_name
[WHERE where_definition]
[ORDER BY ...]
[LIMIT rows]
sau
DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY | QUICK] table_name[.*] [table_name[.*] ...] FROM
table-references [WHERE where_definition]
CREATE INDEX
CREATE [UNIQUE|FULLTEXT] INDEX index_name ON tbl_name (col_name[(length)],... )
CREATE TABLE
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name [(create_definition,...)]
[table_options] [select_statement]
create_definition:
col_name type [NOT NULL | NULL] [DEFAULT default_value] [AUTO_INCREMENT]
[PRIMARY KEY] [reference_definition]
sau PRIMARY KEY (index_col_name,...)
sau KEY [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
sau INDEX [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
sau UNIQUE [INDEX] [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
sau FULLTEXT [INDEX] [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
sau [CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY index_name (index_col_name,...)
[reference_definition]
sau CHECK (expr)
type:
TINYINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau SMALLINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau MEDIUMINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau INT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau INTEGER[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau BIGINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau REAL[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau DOUBLE[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau FLOAT[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau DECIMAL(length,decimals) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau NUMERIC(length,decimals) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
sau CHAR(length) [BINARY]
sau VARCHAR(length) [BINARY]
sau DATE
sau TIME
sau TIMESTAMP
sau DATETIME
sau TINYBLOB
sau BLOB
sau MEDIUMBLOB
sau LONGBLOB
sau TINYTEXT
sau TEXT
30 | P a g e
sau MEDIUMTEXT
sau LONGTEXT
sau ENUM(value1,value2,value3,...)
sau SET(value1,value2,value3,...)
index_col_name:
col_name [(length)]
reference_definition:
REFERENCES tbl_name [(index_col_name,...)]
[MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL]
[ON DELETE reference_option]
[ON UPDATE reference_option]
reference_option:
RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT
table_options:
TYPE = {BDB | HEAP | ISAM | InnoDB | MERGE | MYISAM }
sau AUTO_INCREMENT = #
sau AVG_ROW_LENGTH = #
sau CHECKSUM = {0 | 1}
sau COMMENT = "string"
sau MAX_ROWS = #
sau MIN_ROWS = #
sau PACK_KEYS = {0 | 1}
sau PASSWORD = "string"
sau DELAY_KEY_WRITE = {0 | 1}
sau ROW_FORMAT= { default | dynamic | fixed | compressed }
sau RAID_TYPE= {1 | STRIPED | RAID0 } RAID_CHUNKS=# RAID_CHUNKSIZE=#
sau UNION = (table_name,[table_name...])
sau DATA DIRECTORY="directsauy"
sau INDEX DIRECTORY="directsauy"
select_statement:
[IGNORE | REPLACE] SELECT ... (Some legal select statement)
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name
DROP DATABASE
DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] db_name
DROP INDEX
DROP INDEX index_name ON tbl_name
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] tbl_name [, tbl_name,...] [RESTRICT | CASCADE]
RENAME TABLE
RENAME TABLE tbl_name TO new_table_name[, tbl_name2 TO new_table_name2,...]
JOIN
table_reference, table_reference
table_reference [CROSS] JOIN table_reference
table_reference INNER JOIN table_reference
table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_reference
table_reference LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference ON conditional_expr
table_reference LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference USING (column_list)
table_reference NATURAL LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference
{ oj table_reference LEFT OUTER JOIN table_reference ON conditional_expr
31 | P a g e