Vol. 29, No.3 /2009 INMATEH - ..ac/a.-c '--.

70
TEHNOLOGIE I ECHIPAMENTE TEHNICE DE OBINERE A ULEIURILOR VEGETALE
/TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNICAL EQUIPMENTS FOR OBTAINING VEGETABLE OILS
Dr.ing. Paul Ggeanu, dr.ing. Anioara Pun, ing. Alexandru Zaica,
ing. Chih Li hua Ioana, tehn. George Bunduchi
- INMA Bucureti -
Abstract: The plant of production of vegetable oils fall
within the Romanian Energy Strategy in the period 2007-
2020 (HG 1069/2007) and implement a new tehnology
developed to optain vegetable oils that can be used as
biofuel using vegetable oil as raw, or by chemical
treatment of its biodiesel (transesterification). The plant
was sized to meet the needs of biofuel for a fleet of
tractors and farm machinery, propellled serving an
average form to promote the concept: ENERGY
INDEPENDENCE ROMANIAN FARMES.
Rezumat: Instalaia de obinere a uleiurilor vegetale se
ncadreaz n Strategia energetica a Romaniei n perioada
2007-2020 (HG 1069/2007) i pune n practic o tehnologie
nou, elaborat n scopul obinerii uleiurilor vegetale ce pot fi
folosite ca biocombustibil prin folosirea ca ulei vegetal crud,
sau ca biodiesel prin tratarea chimic a acestuia
(transesterificare). Instalaia a fost dimensionat s satisfac
necesarul de biocarburant pentru un parc de tractoare i
maini autopropulsate ce deservesc o ferm agricol medie, n
scopul promovrii conceptului de: INDEPENDEN
ENERGETICA FERMIERULUI ROMN.
Fig.1 - Vegetable oil production plant. Overview / Instalaia de obinere uleiuri vegetale
Vedere de ansamblu
The main components of the installation are: how
seed preparation, how extraction oil and how purification
oil.
How to prepare the seed consists of: conveyor
inclined bunker supply, horizontal auger conveyor,
bucket elevator, magnetic separator, rotary separator
and the intermediate bunker.
Principalele componente ale instalaiei sunt: modul
pregtire smn, modul extragere uleiuri i modul de
purificare ulei.
Modulul de pregtire a seminelor const din:
transportor nclinat, buncr de alimentare, transportor
orizontal cu melc, elevator cu cupe, separator magnetic,
separator rotativ i buncr intermediar.
Fig.2 - Transportor nclinat Fig.3 - Elevator cu cupe
Cconveyor inclined Bucket elevator
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Fig.4 - Buncre stocare Fig.5 - Transportor orizontal cu melc
Bunker supply Horizontal auger conveyor
Fig.6 - Separator magnetic Fig.7 - Separator rotativ
Magnetic separator Rotary separator
Oil extraction how consists of: frame, conveyor
chain and feeder nodes, preheater seed oil presses (3
pcs.) Oil collector, pellets collector.
Modulul de extragere a uleiului const din: cadru,
transportor alimentator cu lan si noduri, prenclzitor
semine, prese de ulei (3 buc.), colector ulei, colector pelei.
Fig.8 - Pres de ulei PU 50 Fig.9 - Buncr preincalzire(Vedere interioar)
Oil press PU 50 Bunker preheating (Interior viw)
Fig.10 Colector ulei Fig.11 Transportor cu lan i noduri
Oil collector Conveyor chain and feeder nodes
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Fig.12 - Colector pelei / Pellets collector
How purification oil consists of a battery of 4 vessels
settling-sedimentation and filter plates hprizontally.
Modulul de purificare const dintr-o baterie de 4 vase
de decantare-sedimentare i un filtru cu plci.
Fig. 13 Vase decantare-sedimentare Fig.14 Filtru orizontal cu plci
Vessels settling-sedimentation Filter plates hprizontally
Operation: Seeds are made in bulk or in bags and
stored in the storage bunker. Its power will be tilted by
the carrier screw. For bunker storage of seed mixture is
taken up by a horizontalscrew conveyor is placed in leg
Lift where it is high, passed through a magnetic
separatorwhere metal impurities are separated.
From there, the seeds are placed in free fall where
separate rotary separator coarse impurities and hence
cleaned seeds are stored in a bunker in between.
Coarse product is collected in bags and disposed of as
useless rezidiu.
Seeds stored in the intermediate bunker is taken with
a conveyor chain and components are placed in bunkers
and warm.
The warm bunkers seed through many a cylindrical tube
feeding the press with three seeds. Depending on the
quantity of seed to be processed using one or all of the 3
presses.
Once the seed reached the funnel power of the press are
taken for food segment of the supply room.
Before feeding the media is imperative that it be
heated, in particular extrusion head. In this respect the
press will run empty between 3 and 5 o'clock the
temperature of the working environment.
Press prepares taking into account the type of seed
that process, realizing the specific settings for each type
of seed.
Seed chamber vibrating feeders are taken Food
snails entering the press room.
Pressing takes place gradually. The first segment
takes place breaking the seeds and remove a small part
of oil and the grinding takes place and even grinding
seeds and oil disposal.
A small amount of oil remains in the mass of grist,
quantity can vary between 5-8 %, depending on the type
of seed and adjustments made.
Ground oil is removed pellets (rape, in) or as cakes
Funcionare: Seminele sunt aduse n vrac sau n saci i sunt
stocate n buncrul de stocare. Alimentarea acestuia se va face cu
transportorul elicoidat nclinat. Din buncrul de stocare amestecul de
semine este preluat de un transportor elicoidal orizontal i este
introdus n piciorul elevatorului de unde este ridicat, trecut prin
separatorul magnetic unde sunt separate impurittile metalice.
De aici, seminele prin cdere liber sunt introduse n
separatorul rotativ unde sunt separate impuritile grosiere,
iar de aici semintele curite sunt stocate ntr-un buncr
intermediar. Produsul grosier este colectat n saci i
ndeprtat, ca rezidiu neutilizabil.
Seminele stocate n buncrul intermediar sunt preluate
cu un transportor cu lan i noduri i sunt introduse n
buncrul de prenclzire.
Din buncrul de prenclzire seminele prin intermediul a
cte unui tub cilindric alimenteaz cele trei prese cu semine.
n funcie de cantitatea de semine ce urmeaz a fi prelucrat
se folosete una sau chiar toate cele 3 prese.
Odat seminele ajunse n plnia de alimentare a presei sunt
preluatedesegmentul de alimentare dincamera dealimentare.
nainte de alimentarea presei este obligatoriu ca aceasta
s fie inclzit, n special capul de extrudare. n acest sens
presa va funciona n gol ntre 3 i 5 ore funcie de
temperatura mediului de lucru.
Presa se pregtete inndu-se cont de tipul de semine
ce se prelucreaz, realizndu-se reglajele specifice fiecrui
tip de semine.
Seminele din camera de alimetare sunt preluate de
melcul de alimentare i introduse n camera de presare.
Presarea are loc gradual. n primul segment are loc
spargerea seminelor i eliminarea unei pri mai mici de
ulei, iar n continuare are loc mrunirea i chiar mcinarea
seminelor i eliminarea uleiului.
O mic cantitate de ulei va rmne n masa de rot,
cantitate ce poate varia ntre 5-8%, funcie de tipul de
semine i de reglajele efectuate.
rotul este eliminat sub form de pelei (rapi, in) sau sub form
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(soya, sunflower). Can be obtained only pellets but
providing a rigorous setting.
Taking advantage of pellets is that it is easier to store
and easy to use as fuel.
During use, the media will work with the guards being
mounted side eliminated the danger of spilling oil.
The press, the oil is discharged through a funnel that
collects oil from all segments of the press and is placed
in oil collector.
To not make the wall phospholipids, the oil collector is
equipped with an agitator which is driven by a gear
motor that ensure a rotation frequency of about 20 rpm.
Collectors of oil has a capacity chosen to ensure the
collection of oil extracted in 3 mills for 24 hours. pellets
discharged from the extrusion head of the press are the
collector of pellets, the which is nearly full when it is
empty, the pellets were collected in a specially arranged.
The evacuation of pellets room temperature obtained
from processing of seeds is taken through a flexible
plastic tube with a metal insertion radial-axial fan and
sent to the bunker by preheating the seeds.
The oil collector, through connections provided the
basis for it and with a centrifugal pump will decant oil
vessels settling-sedimentation.They form a battery, a
first overflow supplies on the second and so on before
passing through each vessel is overflow one mesh grill
with the site of the first vessel to fall last from 630 to 160
im. They are designed to retain phospholipids.
Coarse product by the bottoms of ships is evicted
based. The product is decanted from the vessel over the
pump and placed in a horizontal filter plates which are
retained in vessels un separated gross impurities
settling-sedimentation.
The product is filtered if necessary purity is collected
in reservoirs.
Filtered if necessary purity product is collected in
reservoirs.
Otherwise you can pass and a fine filter with vertical
filters. It is pure product stored in tanks for the finished
product, where is taken and used to power tractors and self
propelled machines in the farm equipment they serve.
If and after that the oil filter does not meet the
conditions necessary for fuel use will be subjected to
chemical treatment in special facilities for obtaining a
"biodiesel", but are expensive to enter the facilities of a
small or medium sized farms.
de turte (soia, floarea soarelui). Se pot obine i numai sub
form de pelei dar cu asigurarea unui reglaj riguros.
Avantajul obinerii subformdepelei constnaceeacestemai
simplu de depozitat i mai usor de folosit drept combustibil.
n timpul utilizrii, presa va funciona cu aprtorile laterare
montate fiind eliminat pericolul de mprtiere a uleiului.
Din pres, uleiul este evacuat printr-o plnie ce
colecteaz uleiul din toate segmentele de presare i este
introdus n colectorul de ulei.
Pentru a nu se depune pe perei fosfolipidele, colectorul de ulei
esteprevzut cuunagitator careesteacionat deunmotoreductor ce
asigur o frecven de rotaie de cca 20 rotaii/minut..
Colectorul de ulei are o capacitate aleas astfel nct s
asigure colectarea uleiului extras de 3 prese n timp de 24 ore
peleii evacuai din capul de extrudare al presei cad n colectorul
de pelei, de unde cnd acesta este aproape plin este golit,
peleii fiind colectai ntr-un loc special amenajat.Din camera de
evacuare a peleilor, temperatura obinut n urma procesrii
seminelor este preluat printr-un tub flexibil de plastic cu
inserie metalic de un ventilator radial-axial i trimis la
buncrul de prenclzire a seminelor.
Dincolectorul deulei, prinracordurileprevzutelabazaacestuiai
cu ajutorul unei pompe centrifugale uleiul va fi transvazat n vasele de
decantare-sedimentare. Acestea formeaz o baterie, primul printr-un
preaplin alimenteaza pe cel de-al doilea .a.m.d. nainte de a trece
prin preaplin fiecare vas are cte un grtar cu site ale cror ochiuri
scad de la primul vas spre ultimul, de la 630 la 160 m. Acestea au
rolul de a reine fosfolipidele.
Produsul grosier depus la fundul vaselor este evacuat
pe la baza acestora. Produsul decantat din vase este
preluat de o pomp i introdus n filtrul orizontal cu plci
unde sunt reinute impuritile grosiere neseparate n
vasele de decantare-sedimentare.
Produsul filtrat dac are puritatea necesar este
colectat n rezervoare.
n caz contrar se poate trece i la o filtrare fin cu filtrele
verticale.
De aici produsul pur este stocat n rezervoare pentru
produs finit, de unde este preluat i folosit la alimentarea
tractoarelor i mainilor autopropulsate aflate n dotarea
fermei pe care o deservesc.
n cazul n care i dup aceast filtrare uleiul nu
ndeplinete condiiile necesare folosirii drept combustibil
acesta va fi supus tratrii chimice n instalaii specializate
de obinere a biodieselului , dar care sunt costisitoare
pentru a intra n dotarea unei ferme mici sau mijlocii.
Results obtained from tests
Experiments were performed with rapeseed production in
2009. Were processed approximately 6500 kilograms of
seed, resulting in the necessary data for drawing clear
conclusions on the presentation facility in operation.
After testing the product of all the mills have obtained
results of Table I.
Rezultate obinute la ncercri
Experimentrile s-au efectuat cu semine de rapi din
producia anului 2009. Au fost procesate aproximativ 6500
kg de semine, obinndu-se datele necesare tragerii unor
concluzii clare asupra prezentrii instalaiei n exploatare.
In urma experimentrii cu produs a tuturor preselor s-
au obinut rezultateledin tabelul I
Fig. 13 Ulei decantat. Produs principal Fig.14 Pelei. Produs secundar
Oil decanted. Main product Pelets. Secondary product
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Table 1 - Results / Tabel 1 - Rezultate
Presa I / Press I Presa II / Press II Presa III / Press II
No.
Parametrul
determinat /
Parameters
determined
UM Proba 1 /
Sample I
Proba II /
Sample
II
Proba III
/ Sample
III
Media /
Average
Proba 1 /
Sample I
Proba II /
Sample
II
Proba III
/ Sample
III
Media /
Average
Proba 1
Sample I
Proba II
Sample
II
Proba III
Sample
III
Media
Pe
instalaie
/ Per
plant
1
Masa probei /
Mass of the sample
kg 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 15
2
Timp procesare
prob /
Processing time
sample
s 131 142 136 136,33 126 138 137 133,67 139 132 130 133,67 134,56
3
Productivitate /
Productivity
kg/h 137,4 126,8 132,4 132,2 142,9 130,4 131,4 134,9 129,5 136,36 138,46 134,77 401,87
4
Cantitate ulei
extrasa /
Extracted oil
quantity
kg 1,85 1,99 1,93 1,92 1,62 1,77 1,76 1,72 1,645 1,698 1,719 1,69 5,33
5
Grad extracie /
Grade extraction
% 37 39,8 38,6 38,47 32,4 35,4 35,2 34,33 32,9 33,96 34,38 33,75 35,52
6
Intensitate curent /
Intensity current
A 13,1 13,2 13,2 13,17 13,2 13,3 13,3 13,27 13,3 13,4 13,4 13,37 13,27
7
Tensiune curent /
Voltage current
V 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 380
8 cos - 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78
9
Putere
Power
kw 6,725 6,776 6,776 6,759 6,776 6,827 6,827 6,81 6,828 6,879 6,879 6,86 6,81
10
Consum specific de
energie /
specific energy
consumption
kwh/t 48,94 53,45 51,2 51,2 47,43 52,34 51,96 50,58 52,73 50,45 49,68 50,95 50,91
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75
Conclusion
The presented installation for vegetable oils assures
the necesary biofuel for tractors and auto-propelled
machines that disserve a medium farm of 600-900
hectares.
Using crude vegetable oil as fuel for Diesel engines
has a series of advantages, such as: it is a regenerable
fuel, relatively easy to obtain by the consumer, it has a
cost price lower by 1.2-1.4 than diesel oil, lower polution
(sulphur compound are practicly missing from the waste
gases), bigger exploiting security.
Using crude vegetable oil as fuel on long-run is
recommendation only when the engine run under load,
at a revolution of over 1000 r.p.m. at small revolution, the
oil hasnt a full burn and leaks beside the piston in the
engines oil bath and determines the its polymerization
(the oil has an aspect of gel). To eliminate this
impediment is necessary to use a unit of cogeneration,
the engine running cuntinued under load, at higher
speeds.
This cogeneration unit corects the oils viscidity with
the help of a device that heats the oil controlled until the
temperature of 70
0
C - 80
0
C is reached, when the raw
vegetable oil reaches the parameters of classic fuel.
So it is imposed that the Diesel motor is adapted in order
to operation using crude vegetable oil. In this situation,
the engine starts using classic fuel (Diesel oil) and when
the vegetable oil is heated at the optimum operation
temperature (around 80
0
C) it automatic passes on
vegetable oil.
Engine starting using Diesel oil is imposed by the
much higher inflammability point of vegetable oil (200
230
0
C) than the one of classic fuel (62
0
C).
References
Constantin Banu and others (1998). Handbook of
food engineer, Vol II, Ed Technology, Bucharest,
Paul Ggeanu and collectively, (2007). Documentary
study on a new basis technology for extraction of
vegetable oils in order to obtain fuel type biodiesel, INMA
Bucharest
Concluzii:
Instalaia pentru obinerea uleiurilor vegetale
prezentat, asigur necesarul de biocombustibil necesar
alimentrii tractoarelor i mainilor autopropulsate ce
deservesc o ferm mijlocie de 600...900 ha.
Utilizarea uleiului vegetal crud drept combustibil la motoarele
Diesel, prezint o serie de avantaje, dintre care merit subliniate
cteva: este un combustibil regenerabil; relativ uor de obinut
direct la consumator; pre de cost mai redus de 1,2 ...1,4 ori fa
de motorin; poluare mai redus (compuii sulfului practic
lipsesc din gazele de ardere); siguran mare n exploatare.
Folosirea uleiului vegetal crud ca i combustibil pe
termen lung, se recomand numai cnd motorul
lucreaz n sarcin, respectiv la o turaie de peste 1000
rpm. La ralanti uleiul nu are o ardere complet i se
scurge pe lng pistoane n baia de ulei a motorului i
determin polimerizarea (uleiul capt aspect de gel)
acestuia.Pentru eliminarea acestui impediment este
necesar folosirea unei uniti de cogenerare, motorul s
funcioneze continuu n sarcin, deci la turaii mari.
Aceast unitate de cogenerare corecteaz vscozitatea
uleiului cu ajutorul unui dispozitiv care realizeaz nclzirea
controlat a acestuia pn la temperatura de 70
0
C - 80
0
C,
temperatur la care uleiul crud ajunge la parametrii
combustibilului clasic. Se impune deci, adaptarea
(convertirea) motorului Diesel pentru funcionarea cu ulei
vegetal crud. n aceast situaie, motorul pornete pe
combustibil clasic (motorin) iar n momentul nclzirii
uleiului la temperatura optim de funcionare (circa 80
0
C)
trece automat pe ulei vegetal.
Pornirea motorului pe motorin este impus de punctul
de inflamabilitate al uleiului vegetal mult mai mare (200 -
230
0
C) dect cel al combustibilului clasic (62
0
C).
Bibliografie
Constantin Banu (1998). Manualul inginerului
de industrie alimentar, Vol I, Ed.Tehnic, Bucureti;
Paul Ggeanu i colectiv, (2007). Studiu
documentar privind fundamentarea unei noi tehnologii de
extragere a uleiurilor vegetale n vederea obinerii
combustibilului tip biodiesel, INMA Bucureti