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Curs Tumori SNC 1
Curs Tumori SNC 1
CAROL DAVILA
BUCURESTI
TUMORILE CEREBRALE
Primare;
Metastatice: raspindite in SNC pe cale
hematogena (ex. san, pulmon) sau
direct (extensie directa de la structurile
adiacente, ex. osul).
Clasificare:
Primare:
- glioame: (glioblastom, astrocitom anaplazic,
oligodendrogliom, ependimom, astrocitom pilocitic
juvenil, gangliogliom)
- limfom primar SNC,
- meduloblastom,
- meningiom,
- craniofaringiom,
- hemangioblastom,
- adenom pituitar,
- schwanom,
- tumora cu celule germinale.
! Neurofibromatoze = sd. familiale cu o crestere crescuta a
cancerelor in general, in special cele cerebrale.
- determina HIC prin modificri cantitative ale
parenchimului, sngelui, LCR ntr-un continator
inextensibil
La prezentare:
Meningite - cefalee, varsaturi mimeaza HIC
Encefalite cefalee, semne focale, crize epileptice
SM deficite focale
AVC la varstnic (daca are debut brusc),
Anevrism gigant, malformatii vasculare clinic si
imagistic
Pt maduva:
Boli degenerative ex. tumora intramedulara cervicala vs
SLA
Siringomielie
Principii de tratament:
Simptomatic (neadresat tumorii): CS, agenti osmotici, proceduri de
suntare, ventriculostomie.
Chirurgical: biopsie stereotaxica, craniectomie.
Radioterapie: iradiere externa, iradiere focusata stereotaxic.
Farmacologic: chimioterapie si imunoterapie.
Trat al crizelor (trat cu AED nu impiedica aparitia primei crize).
Terapia farmacologica:
Raspuns slab la chimio (BHE si heterogenitatea celulelor
tumorale)
Oligodendrogliomul anaplazic pare a fi chimio sensibil.
Glioame: asociere de radioterapie cu nitrosuree.
Limfomul cerebral primar raspunde doar la chimioterapie.
Glioame de grad inalt:
Cele mai intalnite tumori cerebrale primare
Adulti si varstnici
Cel mai agresiv din acest grup: glioblastom multiform.
Astrocitoamele anaplazice se disting de glioblastoame prin
absenta necrozei.
Pot apare oriunde in SNC, au o crestere rapida sunt rezistente
la tratament.
Au o mare invazivitate, nu sunt curabile chirurgical (recurenta).
10% pacienti cu glioblastom supravietuiesc > 2 ani, mai mult pt
cei cu astrocitom anaplazic (3 ani), desi in final si acesta
degenereaza in glioblastom multiform.
Glioblastom multiform (GM) si astrocitom anaplazic (AA)
- 1/5 din tumori; debut 30-40 ani AA; peste 40 (50-60) GM;
localizare cortex, trunchi cerebral, cerebel, mduva spinrii
- raport M/F = 2/1; ocazional pot complica sindroame genetice
(neurofibromatoza)
- se pot extinde -> la nivelul meningelui (-> proteinorahie
crescuta -100mg, pleiocitoza moderata in LCR 10-100/min) sau
catre peretele ventricular
-> la nivel spinal => focare radiculare, gliomatoza
meningeala
Tumorile cerebrale rar metastazeaza, ele se extind! Cnd totui
metastazeaza o fac doar in SNC, extranevraxial insamantare
doar iatrogena.
CLINIC
Evolutie rapida (sapt. 1-2 luni); simptome de suferinta difuza;
crize epileptice
RMN - efect de masa important => hernieri
- in substana alba, posibila extensie prin corpul calos =>
ambele emisfere; infiltrare masiva (un emisfer, tot creierul) =>
gliomatoza cerebrala => tulb.mentale, crize epil., edem papilar
CT scan of glioblastoma multiforme arising from splenium (1)
CT scan of
glioblastoma
multiforme arising
from splenium (2)
MRI (T2-weighted) of an anaplastic astrocytoma
Brainstem glioma (11)
CT scan of ganglioglioma
There was no response to contrast. A tumor cyst and calcification are evident.
Glioame de grad scazut (benigne):
Apar in special la tineri,
Evolutie mai lenta: istoric de 10 ani,
Uneori se pot transforma malign.
Oligodendrogliomul:
Gliom cu grd scazut, similar astrocitom
Cel. asemnatoare oligodendrocitelor, frecvente arii de astrocitom mixate
cu cel de oligodendrogliom, frecvent sunt prezente calcificarile
Au o tendinta crescuta la hemoragii, in cadrul subtipurilor de glioame.
Astrocitomul:
Cel. astrocitice bine diferentiate, prezentare frecventa cu crize (localizare
corticala)
CT : hipodens/ RMN hipointens in T1, de obicei nu capteaza sc,
Chirurgia posibila in localizarile de suprafata, nu la nivelul cortexului
dominant.
o varianta: rezectie nu foarte extensiva si radioterapie.
2 cazuri speciale de glioame adevarat benigne: astrocitom pilocitic juvenil
si gangliogliomul.
ASTROCITOMUL
EPENDIMOM
in ventricul / esutul cerebral adiacent
frecvent in ventriculul IV la copil => semne de suferina de
fosa posterioara (ataxie), sindrom vestibular, vrsturi
clinic ~ gliomul
localizarea periventricular trebuie difereniata de limfomul
primar !
poate debuta ca sindrom de coada de cal
CT
(noncontrast-
enhanced)
showing left
frontal
oligodendrogli
oma
CT of left frontal
oligodendroglio
ma showing
calcification and
minimal mass
effect.
MRI of cerebellar ependymoma
(A) Horizontal view shows the enhancing tumor (red arrows), here with surrounding
edema (yellow arrows). (B) Sagittal view with the tumor (red arrows) and the occluded
fourth ventricle (green arrow).
Glioame benigne:
Ganglioglioamele:
Caracteristici :
1. craniene si durale
- sn, prostata, mielom multiplu (MM), melanom malign
(metastaze cu caracter hemoragic)
- asimptomatice / nu; localizare la baza craniului => semne de
nervi cranieni IX, X, XI sau sindrom de hemibaza de craniu
Garcin (toi nervii cranieni homolateral)
2. cerebrale
- plmn, sn, MM, tract gastro-intestinal, rinichi, vezica biliara,
ficat, tiroida, testicul, ovar (frecvent), prostata, esofag (rar)
- clinic => HIC cu evoluie rapida; semne focale discrete;
edem vasogen mare; pot mima demente; ataxie, crize
epileptice
TRATAMENT unica intervenie chirurgicala
- chimioterapie
- excizia tumorii si a metastazelor
- doua apropiate => excizie
- mulitple chimioterapie paleativa
MRI of patient with
small cell lung cancer
metastatic to the
parietal dura
Axial T1-weighted CE
MRI section near the
vertex. The enhancing
right parietal mass elicits
vasogenic edema into
the brain, displacing it.
The mass is flattened
against the inner table of
the calvarium. This
behavior is typical for a
dural-based mass. The
calvarium is normal here,
but there is a dural tail
(red arrow) associated
with the lesion. Although
a dural tail was once
thought to be specific for
meningioma, it is now
known to occur with any
lesion that involves the
dura.
MRI showing large brain metastasis
Gadolinium-enhanced MR scan showing a large brain metastasis with considerable
surrounding edema, and two smaller nearly lesions.
MRI showing
multiple small
brain metastases
Gadolinium-
enhanced MR
scan showing
multiple small
brain metastases
from melanoma.
CARCINOMATOZA MENINGEE