Q97 Spillways

Evacuateur de crue

SPILLWAYS
Descarcatori de ape mari
General Reporter
Richard Donnelly, CANADA
TEME:
Theme 1 – Adding Discharge Capacity to Existing Spillways.
Cresterea capacitatii de evacuare a descarcatorilor existenti
Theme 2 – Gate Reliability and Impacts.
Fiabilitate si risc
Theme 3 – Types of Spillways: Gated or Un-gated.
Descarcatori liberi sau descarcatori echipati cu stavile
Theme 4 – Uncertainties in Flood Estimation and Impacts on Design
Incertitudini in evaluarea hidrologica – impactul asupra proiectarii

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 1

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Evacuateur de crue

45 RAPOARTE TRIMISE

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 2

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Evacuateur de crue

Probleme discutate la tema 1

Impactul cresterii
debitelor de calcul
Cresterea capacitatii
de evacuare

Calcul si modele
fizice

La prima subtema de remarcat ca in unele tari schimbarile climatice sunt luate

in serios. In Norvegia prin noile reglementari debitele de calcul au crescut cu
30%. Au fost afectate 69% dintre cele 411 mari baraje. [R19].

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 3

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Evacuateur de crue

Q. 97 – R. 12 CASE STUDY:
NEW SPILLWAY AT EDENSFORSEN HYDROPOWER PLANT
SWEDEN
Cresterea capacitatii prin
demolarea evacuatorului
de plutitori si construirea
unei deschideri
suplimentare echipata cu
stavila segment (17 x 6.2)
17m wide and 6.2 m high.
Un nou canal rapid
betonat cu bazin disipator
Cresterea lamei
deversanta prin reducerea
garzii fata de cota
superioara a nucleului

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 4

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Evacuateur de crue

Q. 97 – R. 12 CASE STUDY:
NEW SPILLWAY AT EDENSFORSEN HYDROPOWER PLANT
SWEDEN

SYSTEM innovative redundant..

completely independent of the
ordinary hoist system.
Sunt doi cilindrii mici Ø200/100,
p[ozitionati de fiecare latura a
stavilei. Cursa asigura o ridicare
de 0.75 m a stavilei.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 5

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Q. 97 – R. 23
CASE STUDY: TRÄNGSLET DAM, SWEDEN
Robert M. BOES & col
SWITZERLAND

BARAJ DE ANROCAMENTE DE 120 M.

Debitul de calcul a crescut de la 1350 m3/s la 1975 3/s
1. Existing gates
2. New flap gate
3. New ogee weir
4. New side channel
5. New low-level outlet
6. New intermediate-level
outlet
7. Existing spillway
8. New stepped chute

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 6

Q97 Spillways
Evacuateur de crue

Probleme discutate la tema 2

Cedarea stavilelor

Fiabilitate si risc

Descarcatori echipati cu
stavile

La prima subtema patru trateaza protectia impotriva plutitorilor si unul efectul

conditiilor de climat foarte rece asupra integritatii stavilelor.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 7

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Evacuateur de crue

Tema 2
subtema Cedarea stavilelor
Contributia raportorului general

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 8

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Q. 97 – R. 8
INFRINGEMENT ON THEWORKING CAPACITY OF CULVERT CONSTRUCTIONS
CAUSED BY GATE FAILURES
Evgeniy N. BELLENDIR, Vladimir B.SHTILMAN
RUSSIA

Dezvoltarea unei proceduri de evaluare a

probabilitatii de cedare pe baza arborelui
evenimentelor

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 9

Q97 Spillways
Evacuateur de crue

EVALUATING AND IMPROVING THE SAFETY OF GATED SPILLWAYS

Stefan IONESCU
Preambul
Mulţimea stăvilarelor din România: din 246 baraje cu H= 5 - 168 m, 96 au
evacuatori prevăzuţi cu stavile, iar 58 au şi organe de evacuare cu vane.
Numărul total al stavilelor şi vanelor în exploatare este de peste 900.
Starea tehnică a EHEM: vechime mare în exploatare, foarte puţine RK sau
reabilitări.
Amplasarea: un mare număr de baraje – stăvilar sunt amplasate în zone dens
populate.

Distribuţia probabilistă a debitelor capabile

Probabilitatea de indisponibilitate p a unei stavile la un moment oarecare t (la o
încercare de manevră) ;
p=d/(d+T)
Unde: d = durata indisponibilităţii de orice tip;
T = timpul (durata) de funcţionare fără defecţiuni.

p este o variabilă aleatoare cu media p0

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015

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Evacuateur de crue

SAFETY OF GATED DAMS EQUIPED WITH RADIAL GATES

The state of the gated spillway

One defines the state (n,r) of a gated dam as being the situation when the dam
has n identical overflowing bays equipped with identical radial gates out of witch
r are non available. The actual discharge capacity of the spillway in the state
(n,r) is:

Q A(n,r) =(n-r) mbc 2g h3/2 +r msbc 2g hs3/2

where:
m is the discharge coefficient through spillway;
bc is the spillway front of one bay;
ms is the discharge coefficient for the sharp edge of the gate.
ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015
Q97 Spillways
Evacuateur de crue

SAFETY OF GATED DAMS EQUIPED WITH RADIAL GATES

Case study

The Isalnita dam

provides the local
head for the water
supply intake of a
large thermo
powerplant.

The gated dam has

a maximum height
of 18 m and a crest
length of 129 m.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015

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Evacuateur de crue

CASE STUDY

The gated dam structure is divided into 6 flood - passing bays.

The bays are equipped with radial gates of 16 x 5 m2 (bays 1,3 and 5) and
with combined radial and flap gates of 16 x (3.8 + 1.2) m2 (bays 2,4 and 6).

The design discharge is 1200 m3/s, corresponding to a probability of

exceedance P=0,0001.
There are n+1 = 7 states (n.r) for the spillway in the interval r=0 to r=6.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015

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CASE STUDY - The results of the numerical analyses

100 In abscissa there is probability

of non availability p0 of the
gates and in the ordinate the
Pf / Pf0

ratio between the failure

10
probability of the gated dam Pf
and the probability of failure of
an equivalent free flow spillway
1 Pf,0.
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1
p0

•- for p0 = 0.01,
A that is the
B1 usual case,
B2the probability of failure of the gated
dam is 5 times larger than the one corresponding to a dam provided with free
flow spillway.

•- for p0 = 0.1 (very affected gates, a rare state where on the avaerage there
is one failed maneouvre at 10 atempts) the probability of failure of the gated
dam is more than 40 times larger than the one corresponding to a dam
provided with free flow spillway;

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015

Q97 Spillways
Evacuateur de crue

PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING THE NON AVAILABILITY PROBABILITY OF GATES

FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis).
.
C = N xF xG x S
where:
N is an index expressing the extent to which the component failure can be detected in
advance;
F is an index expressing the frequency of incidents;
G is an index expressing component weighting in the failure mechanism;
S is an index evaluating the actual state of the component detected during the field
technical inspection performed by an authorized expert.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015

Q97 Spillways
Evacuateur de crue

PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING THE NON AVAILABILITY PROBABILITY OF GATES

The gate sate revealed by the technical inspections is the main criterion that
defines finally the probability of non availability. The conversion between the
equipment condition and the S index is proposed

Starea EHEM Punctaj Definirea stării la inspecţie

Foarte bună 1 Nu se constată defecţiuni

Bună 2 Defecţiuni minore şi locale; nu conduc la indisponibilitate de

manevră a EHEM
Satisfăcătoare 3 Defecţiuni care nu conduc la indisponibilitate de manevră a
(acceptabilă) EHEM, cu condiţia realizării unor intervenţii (reparaţii, înlocuiri
elemente defecte)
Nesatisfăcătoare 4 Defecţiuni la elemente a căror cedare conduce la
(necesare indisponibilitetea EHEM; intervenţii adecvate
corecţii)
Proastă 5 Defecţiuni grave, necorectabile prin mentenanţă; continuarea
exploatării numai după RK, reabilitare sau restricţii severe pentru
nivelul apei în lac

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015

Q97 Spillways
Evacuateur de crue

PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING THE NON AVAILABILITY PROBABILITY OF GATES

The major contribution of proper maintenance of the gates can be notice on the
basis of the following case.

The technical inspection of the

Doicesti dam gates revealed a
criticality index C of 170 meaning a
non-satisfactory condition in terms of
safety.
The actual state of the gates
evaluated by the authorized expert
was characterized by S=4.

A program of rehabilitation was implemented and the new technical inspection has
improved the S index as S=2. The criticality was reduced to C = 85 meaning a good
level of safety. A periodic repairing was also implemented on the basis of annual
technical inspections output.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015

Q97 Spillways
Evacuateur de crue

Q. 97 – R. 10
OHNODAM’S OPERATION RESULTS FOR REDUSING INNUNDATION DAMAGE IN
EXCESS INFLOW SITUATION
Josuke KASHIWAI & col
Japan

Regulamentul de exploatare bazat p[e experienta viiturilor tranzitate.

Obiectiv: debit evacuat minim in aval cu respectarea conditiilor de siguranta.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 18

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Q. 97 – R. 10

Viitura 2013

Viitura 2004

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 19

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Q. 97 – R. 27 INCIDENTS AT GATED SPILLWAYS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Louis C HATTINGH, Chris OOSTHUIZEN, Andre MOSTERT
South Africa
Hardap Dam in Namibia
Baraj de anrocamente cu masca asfaltica H=35.9 m Deasarcator de beton cu 4 campuri
echipate cu stavile segment (11.1 m x 11.6 m ). Viitura extrema in febroarie 2006. A cazut
alimentarea cu energie electrica. Nu s-a produs cedarea pentru ca s-a utilizat un generator
portabil.

1 – Q; 3 – nivel; 4- afluent; 5- defluent; 6-nivelul in

lac; 7 – perioada fara alimentare

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 20

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Evacuateur de crue

Q. 97 – R. 27 INCIDENTS AT GATED SPILLWAYS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Bospoort Dam in South Africa

Baraj de greutate suprainaltat. S-au adaugat 12

deschideri echipate cu stavile segment si s-a
asigurat stabilitatea prin cabluri pretensionate.

Un incident din 2004 (INTRERUPEREA

ALIMENTARII CU ENERGIE, barajistul era
cantonat la un alt baraj la 30 km aval iar
alimentarea de rezerva era cu grup mobil) a
determinat revenirea la descarcator liber de tip
labirint pentru a reduce lama si a creste NNR.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 21

Q97 Spillways
Evacuateur de crue

Probleme discutate la tema 3

Descarcatori liberi sau descarcatori echipati cu stavile

Modelare fizica
Comparatie cu sau fara
stavile
Tipuri inovative

De ce un numar asa de redus de rapoarte ?

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 22

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Evacuateur de crue

Q. 97 – R. 3
CONCEPTION ET DIMENSIONNEMENT DE L'ÉVACUATEUR DE CRUE DU
BARRAGE DAR KHROFA
Khalid EL GHOMARI Taoufiq Marzouki ZEROUALI, NOVEC Abdellah ZAKARIA MAROC

Un baraj de pamant cu nucleu de argila H=73,5 m.

Descarcatorul este pe malul drept;

Descarcator liber cu lungimea de 50 m.
Capacitaea de descarcare de 970 m3/s
la o viitura 1:10.000 de 3730 m3/s.
Modelul fizic a pus in evidenta necesitatea
unui prag aditional de 2 m la 25 m aval de
p[ragul deversor pentru a reduce prin
saltul format inaltimea de curgere (prin
aerare) pe canalul rapid.
ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 23
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Evacuateur de crue

Q. 97 – R. 3
MAROC

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Q. 97 – R. 5
CONCEPTION ET ÉTUDE SUR MODÈLE HYDRAULIQUE DE L'ÉVACUATEUR DE
CRUE EN MARCHES D'ESCALIER DU BARRAGE TAMALOUT
Abdellah ZAKARIA &col.
MAROC
Un baraj in curs de executie din RCC de 60,5 m inaltime

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 25

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Evacuateur de crue

Q. 97 – R. 5
MAROC

Descaractorul a fost verificat prin modelare fizica,

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 26

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Q. 97 – R. 42
ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE DES MODÉLISATIONS NUMÉRIQUE ET PHYSIQUE DE
DIFFÉRENTS OUVRAGES D’ÉVACUATION DES CRUES
Pierre-Etienne LOISEL ARTELIA &col.
FRANCE
Barajul Cammazes (France, Tarn) – un baraj arcuit de 70 m inaltime si 200 m lungime
la coronament.
Modelare fizica pe un model 1:35 si modelare matematica cu softul OpenFOAM.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 27

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Q. 97 – R. 42
FRANCE
Rezultatele sunt comparabile. Modelul matematic este foarte sensibil la coeficientul de
aerare.
Model fizic

Model matematic

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 28

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Q. 97 – R16

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GATED AND UNGATED SPILLWAY AT THE

DABBSJÖ DAM IN SWEDEN
Leif LIA, Anne Marit RUUD, Kiflom BELETE Researcher,
NORWAY

Barajul Dabbsjö are 45 m inaltime si

582m lungime la coronament. Este
un baraj de anrocamente cu nucleu
de morena. Volumul lacului este de
337 million m3.T Descarcatorul este
de tip canal frontal echipat cu 2
stavile plane de 8 x 5.25 m
Barajul este inclus in Risk category of
class 1 care trebuie sa evacueze
viitura 1:10,000, adica 730 mc/s.
Capacitatea existenta era de 350
mc/s .

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Q. 97 – R16
NORWAY

Pentru a se asigura capacitatea de descarcare s-a propus executia unui

descarcator suplimentar, liber, pe versantul drept al barajului. Noul descarcator a
fost studiat pe model hidraulic la scara 1:30.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 30

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Q. 97 – R36
INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR WATER STORAGE OPTIMIZATION
Sylvain CHEVALIER, Evangelos RABIAS
GREECE
Eficienta si stabilitatea descarcatoarelor de tip labirint Raygates LDT au fost
testate pe modele cu inaltimea de 130 mm and 200 mm. Testarile demonstreaza
ca solutia este viabila.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 31

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Q. 97 – R45
RETOUR D’EXPÉRIENCE SUR LA CONCEPTION ET LA CONSTRUCTION
D’ÉVACUATEURS DE CRUE LABYRINTHE DE TYPE PKW SUR UN GRAND PARC
D'OUVRAGES : CAS SPÉCIFIQUES ET POURSUITE DES ACTIONS DE
RECHERCHE
Frederic LAUGIER, France Julien VERMEULEN
FRANCE

In ultimii 10 ani EDF a realizat 10

descarcatoare labirint tip PKW (piano key
weirs) cu lame intre 1 si 1,5 m. Debitul specific
atinge 10 m3/s/ml pentru lama de 1m si
depaseste 20 m3/s/ml pentru lama de 2 m..
Rezultatele bune obtinute de EDF au facut ca
solutia PKW sa fie in curs de aplicare in India,
Scotland, South Africa, Australia etc.
Caracteristic este faptul ca fundul si peretii laterali sunt partial inclinati ceea ce
imbunatateste stabilitatea structurii si reduce baza. Se pot aplica cu usurinta pentru
baraje de beton chiar cu creasta ingusta.
Raportul este un veritabil prospect – manual pentru cei ce doresc promovarea
solutiei.

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 32

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Q. 97 – R45
FRANCE

Vedere in plan si sectiuni pentru primele 9

descarcatoare PKV realizate de EDF

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 33

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Evacuateur de crue

Q. 97 – R45
FRANCE

Exemple: BARRAGE DE GOULOURS

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 34

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Evacuateur de crue

Q. 97 – R45
FRANCE

Exemple:
St Marc Gloriettes

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 35

Q97 Spillways
Evacuateur de crue

Probleme discutate la tema 4

Incertitudini in estimarea viiturilor si efecte asupra proiectarii

Determinist sau probabilist

Includerea riscului.
Abordar stochastice

Efectul schimbarilor
climatice

Studii hidrologice comparative !

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 36

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Q. 97 – R9
PECULIARITIES OF THE APPLICATION OF THE PMF DETERMINATION
METHODOLOGY TO THE SELECTION OF SPILLWAY STRUCTURE TYPES AND
PARAMETERS FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DAM PROJECTS IN
DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES
A. E. ASARIN &col.
RUSSIA

Debitul maxim
evaluat pe
baza
observatiilor
hidrologice
este mai mic
decat PMF.

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Q. 97 – R24
EXTREME FLOOD ASSESSMENT IN SWISS ALPINE ENVIRONMENT
Fränz ZEIMETZ , Ramona RECEANU Anton J. SCHLEISS Javier GARCÍA
HERNÁNDEZ SWITZERLAND

O trecere in revista a metodelor utilizate in evaluarea debitelor de viitura.

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Q. 97 – R30
FLOODS, HYDROLOGICAL SAFETY OF DAMS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
L. BERGA, L. BERGA, Jr.
SPAIN
Schimbarile climatice au ca potentiale efecte modificarea viiturilor din bazin, cresterea inaltimii
valurilor – garda- cresterea incarcarilor termice, alunecari ale versantilor lacului etc. Impactul
major asupra sigurantei il are cresterea debitelor si volumelor viiturilor.

Modificarea viiturii cu asigurarea de

1:100 estimata de studiile din diverse
tyari pentru finalul secolului 21.
Estimarile sunt controversate.
Exista o tendinta de reducere acolo
unde viiturile provin din topirea
zapezilor si de reducere acolo unde
viiturile sunt induse de precipitatiile
lichide.
Viiturile cu geneza diferita trebuie
tratate separat !

ICOLD 25th Congress 25ème congrès de la CIGB 17 – 19 June 2015 39