Tema nr.

7
5HSUH]HQWDUHDLXWLOL]DUHDFXQRWLQ HORUSULQUHJXOLGHSURGXF LH

&RQFHSWXOGHUHJXO

GHSURGXF LHLGHVLVWHPED]DWSHUHJXOLGHSURGXF LH

Regulile de produc LH H[SULP  DVRFLHUL HPSLULFH vQWUH GHVFULHULOH GH VWDUH DOH
problemei i ac iunile de ntreprins n cazul n care problema se afl ntr-o anumit stare.
Regulile de produc ie servesc la reprezentarea cunotin elor de natur procedural , sub
forma unor construc ii modulare de tipul:
pattern de date

sau

Dac condi ie Atunci

sau

premiz

prelucr ri

sau
ac iuni
sau

concluzie

Nu orice construc ie condi ional reprezint o regul de produc ie, ci numai acele
construc ii definite n mod modular. Regulile formeaz un ansamblu pe care nu exist
definit nici o rela ie de ordine. Acest ansamblu de reguli poart numele de baz de
reguli. Tratarea (executarea) activit ilor condi ionate de premize este independent de
modul de nc rcare (organizare) a bazei de reguli.
Sistemele de inteligen artificial bazate pe reguli sunt sisteme software
constituite din:
RED] GHUHJXOL;
un ansamblu de fapte (contextul sau memoria de lucru), ce con ine descrierea
problemei de rezolvat. O fapt este de obicei reprezentat sub form de triplete:
< obiect, atribut, valoare >
sau perechi:
< atribut, valoare >;
un interpretor de reguli (mecanismul de ra ionament pe reguli sau mecanismul de
inl n uire a regulilor).
&LFOXOGHED]

GHIXQF LRQDUHDXQXLLQWHUSUHWRUGHUHJXOL

Rezolvarea unei probleme cu ajutorul unui sistem bazat pe reguli presupune

UHDOL]DUHD XQRU SUHOXFU UL FH VXQW GHVFULVH vQ FDGUXO GLIHULWHORU UHJXOL GLQ FDGUXO ED]HL GH

reguli a sistemului.
6HFYHQ DGHSUHOXFU ULSUDFWLFGHUHJXOLGHSURGXF LHDSOLFDWHvQYHGHUHDUH]ROY ULL
XQHLSUREOHPHSRDUW QXPHOHGHOLQLHGHUD LRQDPHQW

2UGLQHD GH HIHFWXDUH D  SUHOXFU ULORU HVWH HVHQ LDO  L HVWH VWDELOLW  OD PRPHQWXO
H[HFX LHL GH F WUH LQWHUSUHWRUXO GH UHJXOL QO Q XLUHD SUHOXFU ULORU UHDOL]DW  GH F WUH
LQWHUSUHWRUSRDWHILFRQVLGHUDW GUHSWRvQO Q XLUHDUHJXOLORUFHGHVFULXDFHOHSUHOXFU UL
QO

Q XLUHD UHJXOLORU GH SURGXF LH UHSUH]LQW  IXQF LD GH ED]  D XQXL LQWHUSUHWRU

GH UHJXOL D F UHL UHDOL]DUH SUHVXSXQH HIHFWXDUHD XQHL VHFYHQ H GH RSHUD LL FXQRVFXW  VXE

numele de FLFOXGHED]
forma:

GHIXQF LRQDUHDLQWHUSUHWRUXOXL

ntr-RVWUXFWXU

UHSHWLWLY GH

3URFHGXUDQODQ XLUH5HJXOL
ZKLOHQRWFRQGL LHGHWHUPLQDUHGR

begin
UHVWULF LRQDUH

filtrare
RUGRQDUHLVDXVHOHFWDUH

activare
end

5HVWULF LRQDUHDUHJXOLORUGHSURGXF LH
5HSUH]LQW  SURFHVXO GH GHWHUPLQDUH D XQXL DQVDPEOX GH UHJXOL FH SUH]LQW  vQ

FDGUXO FLFOXOXL FXUHQW GH SUHOXFUDUH D UHJXOLORU R LPSRUWDQ

 GHRVHELW  $FHDVW  RSHUD LH

DUH GUHSW VFRS UHGXFHUHD QXP UXOXL GH UHJXOL SH FDUH LQWHUSUHWRUXO YD GHVI XUD vQ
FRQWLQXDUH RSHUD LLOH GH vQO Q XLUH 1X vQWRWGHDXQD HVWH SRVLELO FD vQ UDSRUW GH FRQWH[WXO
FXUHQW DO SUHOXFU ULORU V  VH IDF  GLVWLQF LD vQWUH UHJXOLOH LPSRUWDQWH L FHOH
SUH]LQW  UHOHYDQ

care nu

 5H]XOWDWXO DFHVWHL HWDSH GH SUHOXFUDUH D UHJXOLORU SRDUW  QXPHOH GH

ansamblul regulilor de analizat.

)LOWUDUHDUHJXOLORUGHSURGXF LH
5HSUH]LQW  SURFHVXO GH GHWHUPLQDUH D DQVDPEOXOXL GH UHJXOL GH DQDOL]DW D F URU

SUHPL]  HVWH VDWLVI FXW  GH FRQWH[WXO FXUHQW GH OXFUX $FHVWH UHJXOL IRUPHD]  PXO LPHD

regulilor aplicabile,

FXQRVFXW  L VXE QXPHOH GH PXO LPH GH UHJXOL  vQ FRQIOLFW

IDSWXOF HOHvLGLVSXW

, dat fiind
DQVDGHDILDSOLFDWHvQFDGUXOLWHUD LHLFXUHQWH)LOWUDUHDUHgulilor

HVWH FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW  RSHUD LH GH SUHOXFUDUH D UHJXOLORU GH SURGXF LH FDUH VROLFLW 
WRWRGDW LFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHUHVXUVHGHFDOFXO
$F LXQLOHGHVFULVHvQFDGUXOXQHLUHJXOLGHSURGXF LHQXSRWILUHDOL]DWHGHFkWGDF 
GHVFULHUHD FXUHQW  D SUREOHPHL VDWLVIDFH FRQGL LRQDUHD IRUPXODW  SHQWUX DFHOH DF LXQL  2
UHJXO  GH SURGXF LH QX SRDWH IL GHFL DSOLFDW  GHFkW GDF  SUHPL]D UHJXOLL HVWH HYDOXDW 
DGHY UDWvQUDSRUWGHFRQWH[WXOGHOXFUX
(YDOXDUHD SUHPL]HL XQHL UHJXOL GH SURGXF LH VH UHDOL]HD]
FRUHVSRQGHQ

prin punerea n

 D DFHVWHL SUHPL]H FX FRQWH[WXO GH OXFUX RSHUD LH FXQRVFXW  L VXE QXPHOH

de YHULILFDUHDFRQFRUGDQ HLSUHPL] -context.

6 SUHVXSXQHPGHH[HPSOXF GHVFULHUHDFXUHQW DSUREOHPHLHVWHGHIRUPD

CONTEXT = { (Crec,0.01), (RataRPDM`

3UHVXSXQHP GH DVHPHQHD F  vQ FDGUXO DQVDPEOXOXL GH UHJXOL GH DQDOL]DW VH DIO  R UHJXO 

de forma:
5'DF &UHF!L5DWDRPDM$WXQFL6WDUHHF

EXQ

&RQWH[WXOVDILVIDFHSUHPL]DUHJXOLLGHFL5YDILLQFOXV vQPXO LPHDGHU

eguli aplicabile.

6  SUHVXSXQHP DFXP XQ DOW H[HPSOX L DQXPH FHO DO XQHL UHJXOL FX SUHPL]  FH FRQ LQH

variabile. n acest exemplu contextul este de forma:

&217(;7

^LRQ YkUVW  SHWUH YkUVW  YDVLOH YkUVW LRQ RFXSD LH

economist),(petreRFXSD LHQXYDVLOHRFXSD LHQX`

QED]DGHUHJXOLH[LVW RUHJXO GHIRUPD
5 'DF  9DU YkUVW  9DU L 9DU RFXSD LH QX L 9DU

[18, 65] Atunci

(Var1, ajutorsocial).
([LVW  PDL PXOWH LQVWDQ LHUL SRVLELOH DOH YDULDELOHORU FDUH  DVLJXU  FRQFRUGDQ D vQWUH
SUHPL]DUHJXOLLLFRQWH[WXOGHOXFUXGHFLH[LVW PDLPXOWHPRGXULGHDSOLFDUHDUHJXOLLL

anume:
Var1=petre, Var2=36;
Var1=vasile, Var2=50.
9HULILFDUHD FRQFRUGDQ HL SUHPL] -context impune deci trecerea n mod repetat prin
context SHQWUX ILHFDUH  FRQGL LH GLQ SUHPL]D ILHF UHL UHJXOL GLQ DQVDPEOXO GH UHJXOL GH
DQDOL]DW 6H VSXQH F  DYHP GH-D IDFH FX R FRQFRUGDQ  0-0 PXO L OD PXO L FH
UHFODP  XQ YROXP VHPQLILFDWLY GH SUHOXFU UL 3HQWUX vPEXQ W

LUHD SHUIRUPDQ HORU

interpretoarHORUGHUHJXOLDXIRVWGHILQLWHRVHULHGHVROX LLSUHFXP
DPHOLRUDUHDDOJRULWPLORUGHYHULILFDUHDFRQFRUGDQ HL
LQGH[DUHDUHJXOLORUGXS FRQGL LL
UHOD[DUHD FHULQ HL GH FRQFRUGDQ  VWULFW  SUHPL] -FRQWH[W L DSOLFDUHD XQRU
PHWRGHGHFRQFRUGDQ

DSUR[LPDWLY 

2UGRQDUHDLVDXVHOHFWDUHDUHJXOLORUGHSURGXF LH
5HJXOLOH GH SURGXF LH VXQW RUGRQDWH vQ YHGHUHD DSOLF ULL VDX HYHQWXDO VHOHFW ULL

SHQWUX DSOLFDUH Q FDGUXO XQXL FLFOX GH IXQF LRQDUH D LQWHUSUHWRUXOXL QXP UXO UHJXOLORU

aplicate n mod efectiv eVWH UHGXV FKLDU GDF

 QXP UXO UHJXOLORU DSOLFDELOH HVWH PDUH 'H

DFHHD UHJXOLOH DSOLFDELOH VH DIO  vQ FRQIOLFW vQ VHQVXO F  vL GLVSXW  GUHSWXO GH DSOLFDUH
5H]ROYDUHD FRQIOLFWXOXL VH ED]HD]  SH R DQXPLW  VWUDWHJLH GH RUGRQDUH D UHJXOLORU

Ordonarea reguOLORUVHSRDWHUHDOL]DGXS PDLPXOWHFULWHULLSUHFXP

QXP UXOFRQGL LLORUGLQSUHPL] 
QXP UXOHOHPHQWHORUYDULDELOHORUQHFXQRVFXWHGLQSUHPL]
prioritatea regulilor;
costul regulilor;
RUGLQHDGHvQF UFDUHDUHJXOLORUvQED] 

Activarea regulilor de SURGXF

LH

5HSUH]LQW  SURFHVXO GH UHDOL]DUH D DF LXQLORU GHVFULVH vQ SDUWHD GH FRQFOX]LH 0DL
SRDUW  QXPHOH L GH DSOLFDUHD UHJXOLORU 0DMRULWDWHD DF LXQLORU GHWHUPLQ  VFKLPEDUHD
FRQWH[WXOXL GH OXFUX vQVHQVXO DG XJ ULL VDX HOLPLQ ULL XQRU HOHPHQWH DOH D

cestuia. Unele

GLQWUH DF LXQL YL]HD]  vQ PRG GLUHFW DF LXQLOH  LQWHUSUHWRUXOXL FD] vQ FDUH UHJXOLOH SRDUW 

numele de metareguli.
0RGHOHGHvQO

Q XLUHDUHJXOLORU

0RGXOGHIXQF LRQDUHDO XQXLLQWHUSUHWRUGH UHJXOLHVWHGHVFULVvQPRG JHQHULFGH

procHGXUDQO

Q XLUH5HJXOLSUH]HQWDW DQWHULRU([LVW vQV PDULYDULD LLGHLPSOHPHQWDUH

vQ VFRSXO DGDSW ULL IXQF LRQ ULL LQWHUSUHWRUXOXL OD FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH SUREOHPHL FH WUHEXLH
UH]ROYDW 
Q UDSRUW GH PRGXO vQ FDUH VXQW RUJDQL]DWH L UHDOL]DWH RSHUD LLO

regulilor se pot identifica mai multe PRGHOH GH vQO

respectiv:
-vQO Q XLUHDvQDLQWHGLULMDW SULQGDWH
-vQO Q XLUHDvQDSRLGLULMDW SULQVFRS
-vQO Q XLUHDELGLUHF LRQDO 

e de prelucrare a

Q XLUH D UHJXOLORU GH SURGXF LH

0RGHOHOH GH ED]  VXQW vQO Q XLUHD vQDLQWH L FHD vQDSRL QO Q XLUHD ELGLUHF LRQDO 
UHSUH]LQW  XQ PRGHO KLEULG GH SUHOXFUDUH D UHJXOLORU SH ED]D FRPELQ ULL FHORU GRX 
PRGHOHGHED]
QO

Q XLUHDvQDLQWHDUHJXOLORUGHSURGXF LH
3ULQ DFHVW PRGHO GH vQO Q XLUH D UHJXOLORU VH XUP UHWH H[SDQGDUHD OD PD[LP D

LQIRUPD LLORU GLVSRQLELOH Q FDGUXO ILHF UXL FLFOX GH vQO Q XLUH D UHJXOLORU VXQW UHDOL]DWH
GH UHJXO  WRDWH DF LXQLOH SRVLELO GH HIHFWXDW LQGHSHQGHQW GH HYHQWXDOXO VFRSXO GH

prelucrare, formulat la descrierea problemei.

3URFHVXOGHSUHOXFUDUHDUHJXOLORUHVWHGHVFULVSULQXUP WRDUHDSURFHGXU 
3URFHGXUDQO

Q XLUHQDLQWH

ZKLOHQRWFRQGL LHGHWHUPLQDUHGR

begin
filtrare
RUGRQDUHLVDXVHOHFWDUH

activare
end
$FHDVW VWUXFWXU DFLFOXOXLGHED] PDLHVWHFXQRVFXW LVXEQXPHOHGHFLFOXGHED]
IXQF LRQDUH FX UHVWULF LRQDUH QXO

GH

 /D UkQGXO HL RSHUD LD GH VHOHFWDUH HVWH GH FHOH PDL

PXOWHRULDEVHQW 
&RQGL LD GH WHUPLQDUH HVWH IRUPXODW  vQ WHUPHQLL DWLQJHULL VFRSXOXL GH SUHOXFUDUH
IRUPXODWVDXGDF QXH[LVW XQDVWIHOGHVFRSIRUPXODWH[SOLFLWHSXL] ULLSRVLELOLW

LORUGH

prelucrare prin reguli.

(SXL]DUHDDFHVWRUSRVLELOLW

LVHSRDWHHYLGHQ LDSULQ

-saturarea contextului de lucru;

-EORFDUHDIXQF LRQ ULLLQWHUSUHWRUXOXL
)LJXUD  SUH]LQW  SURFHVXO GH vQO Q XLUH vQDLQWH D UHJXOLORU GH SURGXF LH GLQ ILJXUD 
vQFRQGL LLOHvQFDUH

-RUGRQDUHD UHJXOLORU HVWH UHDOL]DW  vQ UDSRUW GH RUGLQHD GH vQF UFDUH D DFHVWRUD vQ
baza de reguli;
-QXVHUHDOL]HD] VHOHFWDUH
-WHUPLQDUHD SUHOXFU ULL HVWH HYLGHQ LDW  SULQ EORFDUHD IXQF LRQ ULL R GDW  DSOLFDW 
R UHJXO  HVWH PDUFDW  SHQWUX D QX PDL IL DSOLFDW  XOWHULRU vQ DFHVW IHO vQWU-XQ QXP U ILQLW
GHFLFOXULVHYDSURGXFHEORFDUHDIXQF LRQ ULLLQWHUSUHWRUXOXLQHPDLH[LVWkQGUHJXOLFDUHV 
SRDW ILDSOLFDWHvQFDGUXOLWHUD LHLFXUHQWH

QO Q XLUHD vQDLQWH D UHJXOLORU GH SURGXF LH HVWH XWLOL]DW  vQ VSHFLDO vQ FDGUXO
DSOLFD LLORUGHPRQLWRUL]DUHLGHSURLHFWDUHFRQILJXUDUHDSOLFD LLSHQWUXFDUHJHQHUDUHDGH
FkWPDLPXOW LQIRUPD LHGLQFHDGLVSRQLELO HVWHRFHULQ
QO

HVHQ LDO DSUHOXFU ULORU

Q XLUHDvQDSRLDUHJXOLORUGHSURGXF LH
0RGHOXO GH vQO Q XLUH vQDSRL  D UHJXOLORU LPSXQH IRUPXODUHD H[SOLFLW  D XQXL VFRS

GH SUHOXFUDUH D F UXL UH]ROYDUH HVWH XUP ULW  SULQ WRDWH RSHUD LLOH SH FDUH OH HIHFWXHD] 

iQWHUSUHWRUXO

Q SURFHVXO SUHOXFU ULL R UHJXO  HVWH DQDOL]DW  vQFHSkQG FX SDUWHD GH

FRQFOX]LH SHQWUX D VH VWDELOL  GDF  DUH OHJ WXU  GLUHFW  FX VFRSXO GH SUHOXFUDUH 'DF 
UHJXODSUH]LQW DF LXQLGHVHWDUHDVFRSXOXLVHWUHFHODDQDOL]DSUHPL]HLSHQWUXY
FRQFRUGDQ HLSUHPL]

erificarea

-FRQWH[WLHYHQWXDODDSOLFDUHDUHJXOLL

(YDOXDUHD SUHPL]HL HVWH IRU DW  vQ VHQVXO F  DWXQFL FkQG  QX HVWH SRVLELO  R
HYDOXDUH GLUHFW  D DFHVWHLD  VH FRQVLGHU  ILHFDUH HOHPHQW QHFXQRVFXW GLQ SUHPL]  GUHSW

nou scop de preluFUDUHSHQWUXFDUHVHGHFODQHD]

XQQRXSURFHVGHvQO Q XLUHDUHJXOLORU

$FHDVW  UHIRUPXODUH D VFRSXULORU FRQVWLWXLH HOHPHQWXO HVHQ LDO vQ SURFHVXO GH vQO Q XLUH D
UHJXOLORUGHSURGXF LH
&RQGL LD GH WHUPLQDUH VH H[SULP  SULQ UH]ROYDUHD VFRSXOXL WHUPLQ

area cu succes)

LUHVSHFWLYEORFDUHDIXQF LRQ ULLLQWHUSUHWRUXOXLWHUPLQDUHFXHHF

)RFDOL]DUHDSUHOXFU ULORUvQUH]ROYDUHDXQXLDQXPLWVFRSIDFHFDvQO Q XLUHDvQDSRL
V ILHPDLHILFLHQW GHFkWvQO Q XLUHDvQDLQWHvQVHQVXOXQXLODQ PDLVFXUWDOSUHOXFU ULORU
&RPSOH[LWDWHD SURFHVXOXL GH FRQWURO D vQO Q XLULL UHJXOLORU GH SURGXF LH HVWH vQV  PDL

mare.
3URFHGXUD GH vQO Q XLUH vQDSRL  D UHJXOLORU GH SURGXF LH UHVSHFW  PRGHOXO JHQHUDO
SUH]HQWDWSULQSURFHGXUDQO Q XLUH5HJXOL

Prezentarea procesuluL GH vQO Q XLUH vQDSRL D UHJXOLORU GH SURGXF LH VH SRDWH
realiza cu ajutorul unui DUERUH GH vQO Q XLUH D UHJXOLORU arbore AND/OR n care
U G FLQD UHSUH]LQW  VFRSXO GH SUHOXFUDUH LQL LDO LDU VXFFHVLXQHD GH UHIRUPXO UL D DFHVWXL

scop n scopuri curente estH

UHIOHFWDW  SULQ GHVFRPSXQHUL DOH QRGXULORU VFRS vQ

VXEVFRSXUL UHVSHFWLY HOHPHQWHOH vQ UDSRUW GH FDUH VH UHDOL]HD]  HYDOXDUHD SUHPL]HL

regulilor de rezolvare a acestor scopuri.