incetinire a progresiei Clinica de Nefrologie UMF Gr. T. Popa Iasi Glomerulul = unitatea de filtrare BCR - FIZIOPATOLOGIE BCR std. 3-5 = GLOMERULOSCLEROZA PROGRESIVA + FIBROZA TUBULOINTERSTITIALA Teoria nefronului intact persistenta unei minoritati de nefroni intacti, care lucreaza in conditii de suprasarcina, ceea ce antreneaza fibrozarea progresiva a acestora distrugerea > 50 % din nefroni duce la depasirea capacitatii adaptative FG
BCR - FIZIOPATOLOGIE (II) Mecanismele adaptative ale nefronilor intacti: | fluxului plasmatic intrarenal prin redistribuire la nefronii intacti si dilatatia arteriolei aferente | presiunii intraglomerulare (constrictia arteriolei eferente) hipertrofia nefronilor intacti | coeficientului de filtrare
| functionalitatii nefronilor devine in timp un mecanism maladaptativ leziuni glomerulare ireversibile si autoperpetuate (in absenta procesului patologic declansator !) PROGRESIA BCR - MECANISME FIZIOPATOLOGICE HTA SISTEMICA HIPERFILTRAREA SI HIPERTENSIUNEA INTRAGLOMERULARA PROTEINURIA DEPUNERI INTERSTITIALE DE CaPO 4 HIPERLIPIDEMIA ( LDL- colesterol) INFLAMATIA TUBULO-INTERSTITIALA (acidoza | sintezei de amoniu la niv. tubular) FACTORI DE CRESTERE si de STIMULARE A FIBROGENEZEI (PDGF, IGF)
Sinteza factorilor care determina progresia BCR. Schloendorf, Kidney I nt 2008 Rolul hipoxiei in progresia BCR Fine & Norman, Kidney I nt 2008 Vrem sa vorbim aceiasi limba? Clasificarea BCR - o obligatie... daca vrem sa vorbim aceiasi limba Tabelul 1. Clasificareabolii renalecroniceconformghidului K/DOQI (National KidneyFoundation, AmJKidneyDis 39(Suppl February) 2002 Stadiu Descriere Termeni inruditi RFG(ml/min/1,73m 2 ) 1. Leziunerenala Albuminurie, proteinurie, hematurie >90 cuRFGNsau| 2. Leziunerenalacu Albuminurie, proteinurie, hematurie 60-89 +usoaraaRFG 3. +moderataaRFG* IRC, IRCincipienta 30-59 4. +severaaRFG* IRC, IRCavansata, pre-IRCterminala 15-29 5. Insuficientarenalasevera IRC, uremie, IRCterminala <15sau necesar dedializa Nota: Leziunilerenalesunt definitecaoriceanomalii structuralesaufunctionalerenalealerinichilor, persistind 3luni, cusaufara reducerearatei defiltrareglomerulara(RFG), putinddeterminareducereaRFGLeziunearenalasepoatemanifestaprinunadintre urmatoarele: - Anomalii decelabilelaexamenul patologic - Markeri ai leziunii renale, incluzindanomalii alecompozitiei singelui sauurinii sauanomalii latesteleimagistice Epidemiologia bolii renale cronice 89.1% - Populaie normal 3.3% - Afectare renal cu FG >90mL/min 0.1% - RFG<15mL/min 0.2% - Afectare renal cu FG 15-20mL/min 4.3% - Afectare renal cu FG 30-59mL/min 2.3. - Afectare renal cu FG 90-60mL/min
Incidenta IRCT functie de diagnosticul bolii renale initiale (USRDS, 2006)
Better CKD Management? Factori de susceptibilitate pentru BCR Virsta inaintata Antecedente familiale de BCR Greutate mica la nastere Reducerea masei renale AP de IRA AP de neoplazii Expunerea la anumite substante chimice si factori de mediu Nivel educational/economic redus Factori de initiere a BCR diabet zaharat, HTA, boli autoimune, infectii sistemice, infectii ale tractului urinar, litiaza renala, obstructia tractului urinar, toxicitate medicamentoasa (medicatie nefrotoxica utilizata timp indelungat), factori necunoscuti (de ex. in nefropatia endemica balcanica) Factori de progresie ai BCR Niveluri crescute ale proteinuriei, niveluri crescute ale TA, control glicemic inadecvat, fumat, obezitate, dislipidemie, sex masculin anemia Decesul este mult mai frecvent decit IRC terminala la pacientul cu BCR! Keith DS et al. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 659-663 1.1 19.5 1.3 24.3 19.9 45.7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 2 3 4 Stadiul BCR %
p a c i e n t i
28000 pacienti cu BCR urmariti pentru 66 luni IRCT Deces Dennis, V. W. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:S103-S106 Ratele de mortalitate generala si de evenimente CV majore (datele de la 1,2 milioane pacienti din SUA) Albuminuria, even in the normal range, is associated with death in CKD Solomon SD, et al. Influence of albuminuria on cardiovascular risk in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 2007 Dec 4; 116(23):2687-93. Menon V et al, Long-term outcomes in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease, Kidney I nt 2008
Modelul conceptual al managementului pacientului cu boala cronica de rinichi. (modificat dupa ghidul K/DOQI National Kidney Foundation, Am J Kidney Dis 39 (Suppl February) 2002)
Complicatii IRA suprapusa BCR factor de progresie a BCR Deshidratare Hipotensiune (iatrogenie!) Infectii (sepsis, infectii urinare) Obstructie Medicatie nefrotoxica Medicatie care interfera cu functia renala (AINS, IECA/sartani/diuretice intempestiv) Timp ( luni ) A
G F R
(
m l / m i n
)
Klahr S et al. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 877 - 84 Progresia BCR si tensiunea arteriala Studiul MDRD MAP 92 mmHg MAP 107 mmHg P = 0.01 29% reducere a ratei de progresie pentru TA mica, P = 0.006 TA si timpul pina la IRCT 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time ( years ) B a s e l i n e
G F R
(
m l
/
m i n
)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Studiul MDRD Locatelli F and Del Vecchio L, NDT 1999;14:1360-4 TA-tinta - 3.5 ml / min / an TA medie 92 mmHg TA medie 107 mmHg - 4.1 ml / min / an A Timp 1.24 ani TA si progresia BCR Prima si (cea mai importanta?) masura in incetinirea progresiei BCR: controlul TA! Marile ghiduri internationale: TA optima <130/80 mmHg daca PU < 1g/24h TA optima < 125/75 mmHg daca PU > 1 g/24h Tipul de medicatie antihipertensiva/nefroprotectoare Efect antiproteinuric: IECA Antagonisti ai receptorului AT1 al angiotensinei II (sartani) Antialdosteronice (spironolactona, eplerenona) Dubla blocada (IECA + sartan, IECA + spirono) Verapamil Orice anti-HTA prin reducerea TA Timpul pina la IRCT I ECA vs placebo studiul AIPRI 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Benazepril n = 281 Placebo n = 252 Timp (ani) R F G
b a z a l a
( m l
/
m i n )
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Locatelli F, Del Vecchio L, NDT; 14: 1360 - 4 A time: 3.85 ani - 4.95 ml / min / an - 3.38 ml / min / an 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 proteinuria bazala (g/zi) R R
d e
d u b l a r e
a
C r e a
s a u
d e
I R C T
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 P < 0.001 Jafar TH et al Kidney Int 2001; 60: 1131 - 40 Efectul IECA este dependent de marimea proteinuriei initiale N = 1860 11 trial-uri randomizate Brenner BM et al. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 ( 12 ): 861 - 9 The RENAAL Study Primary Composite End Point Months 0 12 24 36 48 0 10 20 30 40 50
E n d
P o i n t
%
Placebo Losartan Risk reduction 16% P = 0.02 The IDNT Study Time to Doubling of Serum Creatinine, ESRD, or Death Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 ( 12 ): 851 - 60 RR 20% P = 0.02 RR 23% P=0.006 P = NS Months 0 12 24 36 48 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
P r o p o r t i o n
w i t h
p r i m a r y
e n d
p o i n t
Placebo Irbesartan Amlodipine 54 42 30 18 6 0.6 Efectele pe termen lung ale spironolactonei in incetinirea progresiei BCR Bianchi S et al. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 2116-23 * P < 0.001 vs RFG bazala ** p < 0.0001 vs RFG bazala Luni de tratament %
r e d u c e r e
R F G
f a t a
d e
n i v .
b a z a l e
- 2 - 4 - 6 - 8 - 10 - 12 1 3 6 9 12 * * * * * * * Terapie conventionala Terapie conventionala + spironolactona ** Dubla blocada, Studiul ONTARGET, NEJ M 2008 Mann JF et al. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008 Aug 16; 372(9638):547-53.
Renal ONTARGET - Conclusions
In people at high vascular risk, telmisartan's effects on major renal outcomes are similar to ramipril.
Although combination therapy reduces proteinuria to a greater extent than monotherapy, overall it worsens major renal outcomes.
Dyslipidemia and CKD progression Fried LF et al, KI 2001;59:260-269
= 0.19 ALLHAT Rahman et al, AJKD 2008 Delta RFG medie cu 10 or 80 mg of atorvastatin Shepherd et al. CJ ASN 2007;2:1131-1139 Proportion of participants with decline or improvement from baseline eGFR at the end of treatment Shepherd et al. CJ ASN 2007;2:1131-1139 Efectul pentoxifilinei asupra progresiei CKD Lin et al, Am J Kidney Dis 2008 Fouque et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2):CD001892 Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults Metaanalysis of 8 trials, 1524 patients 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Low protein higher protein diet no end-point renal death 13% 19% P a t i e n t s
(
N
)
RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.86, P = 0.0007 To avoid one renal death, 2 to 56 patients need to be treated with a low protein diet during one year Mean Changes in Estimated GFR Time to Dialysis N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2071 - 84 Relation between smoking and prevalent CKD Smoking status Pack years smoking 0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00 14,00 16,00 Never Former Current 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 C K D
p r e v a l e n c e
( % ) A g e
a n d
s e x
a d j .
O R
N = 2194 N = 1737 N = 967 0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00 14,00 0 < 15 15 - 34 > 35 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 C K D
p r e v a l e n c e
( % ) A g e
a n d
s e x
a d j .
O R
N = 2204 N = 899 N = 999 N = 866 Shankar A et al. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164 (3): 263 - 71 Efectul antiproteinuric al paricalcitol-ui oral in BCR Agarwal R et al. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 2023-8 Paricalcitol Placebo P = 0.004 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 P a t i e n t s
w i t h
r e d u c t i o n
i n
d i p s t i c k
p r o t e i u r i a
( % )
29/57 15/61 Viitorul inhibarii progresiei BCR Aliskiren inhibitor direct al sintezei reninei Date experimentale aliskiren mult mai eficient decit IECA in inhibarea formarii AngII Modelatori de metaloproteinaza matriceala (enzima cu rol in fibroza) Cross-link breakers Stabilizatori ai matricei extracelulare Factori de crestere Celule stem (embrionare, medulare)