Curs 9

5.6.2. ALEGEREA PARAMETRILOR STATISTICI AI ERORILOR ALEATOARE

In practic, n urma unui !primnt, s "#$in " in%"rma$i & msurar
primar, c"nstituit &in 'a("ri & msurar, "#$inut cu a)ut"ru( un"r mi)("ac &
msurar asupra "#ictu(ui supus in'sti*rii. Mu($ima &at("r numric c"nstitui
#a+a & in%"rma$i asupra p"pu(a$ii rspcti'.
C"nsi&r,n& " 'aria#i( a(at"ar X, principa(ii paramtrii statistici '"r %i -
5.6.2.1 Parametri de tendin
1) Media irului de date s n"ta+ cu M[x]; m, ; x .
Pntru 'aria#i(( a(at"ar c"ntinu, cu %unc$ia &nsitat & pr"#a#i(itat
%.!/ ar !prsia -

+

= ; f(x)dx M[x]
.5.05/
Pntru 'aria#i(( a(at"ar &iscrt p"at %i &at & r(a$ii( -

=
=
= =
n
1 i
i i
n
1 i
i i
f x
n
n x
x
, .5.06/
un&
n
n
f
i
i
= rpr+int %rc'n$a r(ati' 1i n
i
numru( & 'a("ri *a( cu x
i
&in 1iru(
& n &trminri.
2) Mediana irului de date .M
e
/ mpart aria cuprins su# cur#a &nsit$ii
& pr"#a#i(itat n &"u supra%$ *a(.
Pntru " 'aria#i( a(at"ar c"ntinu st &at & r(a$ia-
( ) ( ) 0,5 X M P M X P
e e
= =
sau
( ) ( )

= =
e
M
e
M
0,5 dx x f dx x f
.5.02/
Pntru " 'aria#i( a(at"ar &iscrt, 'a a'a %"rma -
( )
( )
( )
( )
0,5 p p
e
M p
i
x p
n
x p
e
M p
i i
= =

.5.00/
3) Modul (Moda) s n"ta+ cu M
o
1i st *a( cu 'a("ara 'aria#i(i X
a',n& %rc'n$a a#s"(ut & apari$i ca mai mar. M"&u( s *s1t (a punctu( &
ma!im a#s"(ut a( rpr+ntrii *ra%ic a &nsit$ii & pr"#a#i(itat 1i n &rptu(
punctu(ui & in%(!iun a( rpr+ntrii *ra%ic a %unc$ii & rparti$i.
Pntru " r(a$i m"&rat asimtric, s p"at %"("si r(a$ia mpiric -
[ ] [ ] ( )
e o
M x M 3 x M M =
.5.09/
Pntru " rparti$i simtric -
75
[ ]
o e
M M x M = =
.5.93/
4/ M"mntu( ncntrat & "r&inu( 5s6 n"tat cu m
s
[x]
a/ Pntru " 'aria#i( a(at"ar c"ntinu -
[ ] ( )

+

= dx x f x x m
s
s .5.97/
#/ Pntru " 'aria#i( a(at"ar &iscrt -
[ ]

=
=
n
1 i
i
s
i s
p x x m
. .5.92/
5) Momentul centrat de ordinul s n"tat cu
[ ] x
s

8ac 'aria#i(a a(at"ar st c"ntinu -

[ ] ( ) ( )

+

= dx x f M x x
s
s .5.99/
8ac 'aria#i(a a(at"ar st &iscrt
[ ] ( )

=
=
n
1 i
i
s
i s
p M x x
.5.94/
Intr m"mnt( ncntrat 1i cntrat & &i'rs "r&in !ist r(a$ii &
*nu( -
4
1 2
2
1 3 1 4 4
3
1 2 1 3 3
2
1 2 2
1
3m m 6m m 4m m
2m m 3m m
m m
0
+ =
+ =
=
=
.5.95/
Pntru " sri statistic &at c"n$in,n& n 'a("ri &iscrt x
i
,

m"mntu(
ncntrat 1i m"mntu( cntrat & "r&inu( 5s6 'a %i &at rspcti' 1i & r(a$ii( & mai
)"s -

=
=
n
1 i
s
i s
x
n
1
m
.5.96/
( ) ( )

= =
= =
n
1 i
n
1 i
2
i i
s
i s
x x f x x
n
1

.5.92/
5.6.2.2 Parametri de mprtiere
1) Diperia .D[x]) st m"mntu( cntrat & "r&inu( &"i -
[x]
2
Pntru 'aria#i(a a(at"ar c"ntinu -
[ ] ( ) ( )

+

= = dx x f M x x D
2 2
.5.90/
Pntru 'aria#i(a a(at"ar &iscrt
[ ] ( )

=
= =
n
1 i
i
2
i
2
p M x x D
.5.99/
76
!"aterea medie ptratic (a"aterea tandard) s &%in1t ca %iin&
r&cina ptrat a &isprsii sau m"mntu(ui cntrat & "r&inu( &"i -
[ ] x D =
.5.733/
2) #oe$icientul de %ariaie () st rap"rtu( !primat n pr"cnt a a#atrii
stan&ar& (a m&i -
[ ] x M

=
.5.737/
3) #oe$icientul de aimetrie (!
1
) st rap"rtu( &intr &i%rn$a &intr m&ia
aritmtic 1i m"& (a a#atra stan&ar&. :"("sin& r(a$ia .5.09/ "#$inm -
[ ] [ ] ( )

M x M 3

M x M
!
e o
1

=

= .5.732/
f ( x )
x
> 0
= 0
< 0
1
1
1
&i'.5.1( A(ura cur#i &nsitat & pr"#a#i(itat pntru &i%rit 'a("ri a( c"%icintu(ui & asimtri.
Pntru " sri statistic &at, putm scri -
( )
3
i
3
3
1
s n
x x

= =
.5.739/
)) #oe$icientul de "oltire ("
2
) st &at & r(a$ia -
( )

=
=

=
n
1 i
4
4
4
4
i
2

s n
x x
" .5.734/
Msura #"(tirii st &at & coe$icientul de e*ce -
3
2 2
=
8up 'a("ri(
p car ( p"at (ua c"%icintu( & !cs .p"+iti', n*ati' sau nu(/ s
p"t tra* c"nc(u+ii asupra a(urii cur#i rpr+ntat a &nsit$ii & rparti$i
.%i*.5.70/. 8ac
0 >
, atunci cur#a st mu(t a(un*it 1i c"%icintu( &
!cs s +ic (pt"curtic, &ac
0 <
cur#a st ap(ati+at 1i c"%icintu( &
!cs st p(at"curtic, iar &ac !#0, atunci cur#a ar " a(ur
c"rspun+t"ar uni &istri#u$ii n"rma(.
5) !mplitudinea ($) st &i%rn$a &intr 'a("ara ma!im 1i 'a("ara
minim &intr;un 1ir & &trminri -
77
min m%x
x x $ =
. .5.735/
5.6.2.3 +ruparea datelor tatitice primare
<a("ri( msurat a( uni mrimi stu&iat a(ctuisc " mu($im &+"r&"nat.
8ac 'a("ri( "#$inut n urma msurrii s "r&"na+ n sns crsct"r, a&ic
,
n i 3 2 1
x x x x x
s "#$in un1ir car s num1t sri statistic sau 'aria$i"na(. 8ac x
i
&x
'
c,n& i(',
atunci x
1
c"rspun& 'a("rii c(i mai mici, iar x
n
'a("rii c(i mai mari &in 1ir. Pntru
un numr mar & 'a("ri, sria statistic s *rupa+ n intr'a( sau *rup, &
"#ici c=i&istant, pntru a puta %i u1"r c"mpara#i(, numit inter%ale de 'rupare.
Mrima intr'a(("r & *rupar s a(* pntru a satis%ac c( pu$in &"u c"n&i$ii -
s s p"at trata t"at 'a("ri( &intr;" *rup ca 1i cum ( ar %i *a( cu
'a("ara mi)("ci a intr'a(u(ui rspcti', %r a s %ac " r"ar pra
mar>
pntru $ 1i simp(itat, intr'a(u( s s ra(i++ p c,t p"si#i( mai mar.
C"n&i$ii( antri"ar s n&p(insc &ac s a(* ast%( intr'a(( nc,t
numru( ("r t"ta( s %i cuprins ntr 5 1i 93.
Lun*ima intr'a(u(ui & *rupar s %ac n #a+a r(a$ii Stur*s -
,
)
x x
*o+n 3,322 1
$
d
min m%x

=
+
=
.5.736/
un& - n st '"(umu( & s(c$i .sau '"(umu( 1anti"nu(ui/ 1i ? numru( & c(as.
S mai p"at %"("si, n ac(a1i sc"p 1i r(a$ia apr"!imati'
. 1 n *o+ )
2
+ =
.5.732/
C,n& !ist p"si#i(itata a*("mrrii un"r 'a("ri, st ncsar ca &at(
ast%( *rupat nc,t 'a("ri( pntru car s c"nstat a*("mrri s ca&, p c,t
p"si#i(, n mi)("cu( intr'a(("r. Acasta &uc (a 'itara r"ri("r snsi#i( pr"'nit
&in prsupunra c, 'a("ara mi)("ci a intr'a(u(ui st rpr+ntant pntru
'a("ri( *rupi.
S rc"man& ca numru( & *rup s %i )#13,20 sau )#*o+n pntru un
numr t"ta( & &trminri n- 250 1i )#10,13 pntru n(250.
8ac numru( & 'a("ri &in 1ir n(25, atunci nu s rc"man& %"rmara &
c(as.
C( pu$in &in punct & '&r c"n"mic, s pun pr"#(ma sta#i(irii
numru(ui minim & &trminri .'"(umu( 1anti"nu(ui/ ncsar pntru ca msurara
s c"n&uc (a r+u(tat c"nc(u&nt.
<"(umu( 1anti"nu(ui st %unc$i & prci+ia cu car s &"r1t
&trminara 'a("rii mrimii msurat 1i & ni'(u( & ncr&r.
8trminara '"(umu(ui 1anti"nu(ui s p"at %ac %"("sin& r(a$ia -
78
,
x %

. n
2
p

.5.730/
un& - .
p
st 'aria#i(a Stu&nt, st incrtitu&ina & msurar 1i x % r"ara
& i&nti%icat.
79