Performanele globale ale receptorului:

a. sensibilitate, eficacitate (s detecteze un bit cu ct mai puini fotoni);

b. fidelitate (pentru a pstra n rspuns forma semnalului optic);
c. rspuns rapid sau banda larg (sute de MHz, GHz);
d. zgomot propriu redus;
e. stabilitate a performanelor la variaia condiiilor exterioare , variaii n
timp, etc.;
f. dimensiuni convenabile (compatibile cu miezul fibrei);
g. tensiuni reduse de polarizare;
h. fiabilitate i cost minim.
i. n general, variaiile termice ale caracteristicilor trebuie compensate.

22.07.2014 1
22.07.2014 3
Zgomote n procesul de recepie.

2
1
0
1
0
0
e hc
R R
hc e
d hc dR hcR d
d e d e d
hc dR hcR
e d e
dR R dR R
d d
q
q

q



= =
| |
= + =
|
\ .
| |
+ =
|

\ .
| | | |
+ = =
| |

\ . \ .
Sa se arate ca maximul eficientei cuantice
apare atunci cand:
dR R
d
=
Receiver Types
22.07.2014 17
+Bias
I s
RL
50 O
Amplifier
Output
+Bias
I s
Amplifier
Output
Ct
Rf
+Bias
I s
RL
Amplifier
Output
Equalizer
Ct
Low Impedance

Low Sensitivity
Easily Made
Wide Band
High Impedance

Requires Equalizer for high BW
High Sensitivity
Low Dynamic Range
Careful Equalizer Placement Required
Transimpedance

High Dynamic Range
High Sensitivity
Stability Problems
Difficult to equalize
22.07.2014 18
Circuit de egalizare pentru amplificatorul de tensiune cu impedan mare
Receptor (model); schema echivalenta
22.07.2014 19
The electric current in a photodetector
circuit is composed of a superposition of the
electrical pulses associated with each
photoelectron

The variation of this current is called shot
noise
If the photoelectrons are multiplied by a gain
mechanism then variations in the gain
mechanism give rise to an additional variation in
the current pulses. This variation provides an
additional source of noise, gain noise
Noise in photodetector
Noise in APD
22.07.2014 25
o | =
( )
1
M 1 d o

=
( )
d 1 o
M
22.07.2014 26
Fig.8-9 Generarea zgomotului cuantic

n n
n e
P( n )
n!

=
}
= =
b
T
o
in
b
dt t P
hf hf
T P
n ) (
1
0
q
( ) ( )( )
F M kM 1 k 2 1 M = +
( ) | |
k 0..1 | o = e
Fig.8-10 Factorul de zgomot n excees
n funcie de ctigul mediu al APhD
( )
x
F M M ~ x 0...1 e
( ) ( )
2 2 2
s Q s p
0
i S f df 2qI M F M B o

= = =
}
( )
s p
S f 2qI =
22.07.2014 27
( )
2 2 2 2 2
N Q DB DS p D L
i i i i 2q I I M F( M )B 2qI B = + + = + +
( )
2 2
DB D
i 2qI M F M B =
2
DS L
i 2qI B =
( ) ( ) ( )
p s T
I t I i t i t = + +
2 2
B
T T T
0
L
4k T
i ( t ) S ( f )df B
R
o

=< >= =
}
L
B
T
R
T k
f S
4
) ( =
2
b
T n
L
4k T
F B
R
o =
2 2 2
B
s T p d n
L
4k T
2q( I I )B F B
R
o o o = + = + +
Exemplu numeric
O diod PIN are la 1300nm urmtorii parametrii:
iar curenii de suprafa pot fi considerai neglijabili.
Puterea optic incident (continu) este de 300nW iar banda receptorului
este de 20MHz.Se cer curenii efectivi de zgomot.

22.07.2014 28
D L
I 4nA; 0,65; R 1k q O = = =
( )( )( )
( )( )
19 9
7
p 0 0
34 8
0,65 1,6 10 C 1300 10 m
q
I RP P 3 10 W 0,204 A
hc 6,625 10 Js 3 10 m/ s
q

= = = =

( )( )( )
2 19 6 6 18 2
Q p
i 2qI B 2 1,6 10 C 0,204 10 A 20 10 Hz 1,3 10 A

= = =
2
q Q
I i 1,1nA = =
( )( )( )
2 19 9 6 20 2
DB D
i 2qI B 2 1,6 10 C 4 10 A 20 10 Hz 2,56 10 A

= = =
2
d DB
I i 0,16nA = =
( )( )
( )
23
2 6 18 2
B
T
3
L
4 1,38 10 J / K 293K
4k T
i B 20 10 323 10 A
R 10 O

= = =
2
th T
I i 18nA = =
22.07.2014 29
2
p
2
I
Putere medie semnal
RSZ
Putere zgomot o
= =
2 2
in
B
in d n
L
R P ( t )
RSZ
k T
2q( RP I )B 4 F B
R
=
+ +
( )
B
in n
2
L
4k T qB
P RSZ RSZ 1 1 F
R q R B RSZ
(
= + +
(

( )
R q hf q =
Dac predomin zgomotul termic, o
T
>>o
s
se obine
( )
2 2
L in
termic
B n
R R P
RSZ
4k TF B
=
B n
in termic
L
4k TF B 1
P RSZ
R R
=
22.07.2014 30
n cazul cnd predomin zgomotul cuantic o
T
<< o
s
se poate aprecia
limita cuantic a RSZ:
in cuantic
2hfB
P RSZ
q
=
in in
cuantic
RP P
RSZ
2qB 2hfB
q
= =
Limita cuantic i termic
pentru PIN

RSZ n numr de fotoni/bit.
Fie N
p
numrul fotonilor coninui ntr-un bit 1.
( )
1
p in b in
E P T P D

= =
in
p p
P
E N hf
D
= = in p
P N hfD =
p
cuantic p
N hfD
RSZ N
2hfD / 2
q
q = =
B = D / 2
p PIN in APhD in
I MR P R P = =
2
in
APhD
2
in d B L n
( MRP )
RSZ
2qM F( RP I )B 4( k T / R )F B
=
+ +
22.07.2014 31
2
in in in in
APhDcuantic
2
in d
( MRP ) ( RP ) P P
RSZ
2qM F( RP I )B 2qFB 2hfFB f
q
= =
+
in in
PINcuantic APhDcuantic
P P 1
RSZ RSZ
2hfB F 2hfB
q q
= =
PINcuantic
APhDcuantic
RSZ
RSZ
F
=
2
2 2
in
APhDtermic in
B L n
( MRP )
RSZ M P
4( k T / R )F B
=
PINtermic
2
APhDtermic
RSZ 1
RSZ M
=
APhD
RSZ ( M )
0
M
c
=
c
3
B n
opt opt
L in d
k TF
kM ( 1 k )M
qR ( RP I )
+ =
+
B n
3
opt
L in d
4k TF
M
kqR ( RP I ) +
7/22/2014 32
Photon Noise
Also called shot noise or
Quantum noise, described
by poisson statistics
Photoelectron Noise
Randomness of
photodetection process
leads to noise
Gain Noise
eg. gain process in APDs or
EDFAs is noisy
Receiver Circuit noise
Resistors and transistors in
the the electrical amplifier
contribute to circuit noise
22.07.2014 37
Fig. 8-15 Decizie n receptorul digital
( ) ( ) ( )
0 / 1 1/ 0 0 / 1 1/ 0
1
BER p 0 P p 1 P P P
2
= + +
2 2 2
0 s0 T0
o o o = +
2 2 2
1 s1 T1
o o o = + Dac p
0
(I) i p
1
(I) reprezint distribuii Gauss cu variana i respectiv
( )
D D
2
I I
1 1 D
1/ 0 1
1 1 1
I I I I 1 1
P p I dI exp dI erfc
2
2 2 2 to o o

(

= = =
(

} }
( )
D D
2
0 D 0
0 / 1 0
I I 0 0 0
I I I I 1 1
P p I dI exp dI erfc
2
2 2 2 to o o

(

= = =
(

} }
22.07.2014 38
2
z
2
erfcz e d

=
}
( )
D 0 1 D
D
1 0
I I I I 1
BER I erfc erfc
4
2 2 o o
| |

= +
|
|
\ .
D 0 1 D
1 0
I I I I
Q
o o

= =
0 1 1 0
D
0 1
I I
I
o o
o o
+
=
+
1 0
= o o ( )
D 1 0
I I I 2 = +
2
Q
2
1 Q 1
BER erfc e
2
2 Q 2t

| |
= ~
|
\ .
1 0 1 0
1 0
I I I I 1
Q RSZ
2 2 o o o

= ~ =
+
Fig.8-16 BER=f(Q) (8-54)
22.07.2014 39
Puterea minim recepionat
Pentru simplificare, se consider I
0
= 0 (P
0
=0), iar I
1
corespunde valorii P
1
. Pentru o diod
APhD, rezult
rec
1 1
I MRP 2MRP = = ( ) rec
0 1
1
P P P
2
= +
2 2
1 s T
o o o = +
0 T
o o = ( )
2 2
rec
s
2qM FR 2P B o =
( )
2
T B L
4k T / R FB o =



rec
1
2 2
1 0
s T T
I 2MRP
Q
o o
o o o
= =
+
+ +
T
rec
Q
P qFQB
R M
o
| |
= +
|
\ .
Pentru o dioda PIN, M=F=1, o
T
este dominant. Aproximnd, se obine:

T
rec
Q
P
R
o
~