Gramatic i Vocabular (Grammar and Vocabulary)

Gramatic (Grammar)
Sunetele limbii engleze; alfabetul limbii engleze; clasificarea verbului, diateze, aspect, moduri, timpuri
verbale;
Prezentul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
Trecutul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
Prezentul Perfect simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
ai mult ca perfectul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
!iitorul form i utilizare; Exerciii
odul "ondiional i If clause form i utilizare; Exerciii
"oncordana timpurilor form i utilizare; Exerciii
odul Sub#onctiv form i utilizare; Exerciii
odul $mperativ form i utilizare; Exerciii
%iateza pasiv form i utilizare; Exerciii
!erbe modale $ form i utilizare; Exerciii
!erbe modale $$ form i utilizare; Exerciii
$nfinitivul form i utilizare; Exerciii
&ormele 'n $ng utilizare; Exerciii
!erbe care primesc infinitive sau forma 'n $ng; Exerciii
!erbe complexe form i utilizare; Exerciii
!orbirea indirect form i utilizare; Exerciii
Prepoziii, "on#uncii form i utilizare; Exerciii
Substantivul form i utilizare; Exerciii
(rticolul form i utilizare; Exerciii
(d#ectivul form i utilizare; Exerciii
Pronumele form i utilizare; Exerciii
(dverbul form i utilizare; Exerciii
Vocabular (Vocabulary)
T)e car and *n t)e road
Travelling
+olida,s- Sta,ing in a )otel
&ood- (t t)e restaurant
S)opping
+ealt) service
Postal and telep)one service
Bibliografie:
oravec.*campo; (-, &arrugia, (- /imba Englez gramatica de baz, Editura Teora, 0ucureti,
1222
Paidos, "onstantin 3ramatica limbii engleze !erbul, $nstitutul European, $ai, 1224
3leanu.&5rnoag, 3eorgiana; Sac)elarie./ecca, %oina . /imba Englez 'n conversaie, Editura
tiinific i enciclopedic, 0ucureti, 1264
3leanu, 3eorgiana Exerciii de gramatic englez, Timpurile verbale, Editura (lbatros, 0ucureti,
1272
8ranu, ariana /imba englez, Exerciii pentru nivelul superior, Editura "orint, 0ucureti, 1229
inisterul Educaiei i :nvm5ntului, ;niversitatea 0ucureti /imba Englez, Exerciii pentru
admiterea 'n 'nvm5ntul superior, Editura %idactic i Pedagogic, 0ucureti, 1276
isztal, ariusz Test ,our vocabular,, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 122<
isztal, ariusz Test ,our Englis) grammar, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222
T)e =e> $nternational ?ebster@s PocAet 0usiness %ictionar, of t)e Englis) /anguage Trident Press
$nternational, 1227
Pa>lo>sAa, 0arbara; BempinsAi, Cbignie> Teste de limba englez, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222
D
Timar, Eszter /imba englez 'n teste i exerciii, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222
")iriacescu, (driana; urean, /aura; 0arg)iel, !irginia; +ollinger, (lexander "oresponden de
afaceri 'n limbile rom5n i englez, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 122E
3eog)egan, "-3-; 3eog)egan, F-G- Engleza pentru negocieri, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 4HHH
Ioland, arie."laude; ast.3rand, art)a "! 'n limba englez, un pas spre anga#are, Editura Teora,
0ucureti, 4HHH
%a,an, (-; /indsa,, ?-+-; FanaAie>icz, (-; arc)eteau, - Engleza pentru marAeting i publicitate,
Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 4HHH
0anta, (ndrei; Poreanu, Iodica /imba englez pentru tiin i te)nic, Editura =iculescu,
0ucureti, 122E
/aun, &lavia E- 0irotics and Telecommunication Explanator, %ictionar,, Editura %acia, "lu#.=apoca,
1229
nil, %-; Popa, "-; Popa, %-; Popescu, $--; !lad, !-$- ic dicionar poliglot de fizic, te)nic i
matematic, Editura (cora Press, 0ucureti, 122E
"otton, %avid Be,s to management, /ongman, 1229
"otton, %avid; Iobbins, Sue 0usiness "lass, =elson Englis) /anguage Teac)ing, /ondon, 122D
/e %ivenac), Jloi Engleza 'n pres, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222
arc)eteau, ic)el 0erman, Fean.Pierre Savio, ic)el, Engleza comercial 'n <H de lecii, Editura
=iculescu, 0ucureti, 4HH1
I. Sunetele limbii engleze; alfabetul limbii engleze; clasificarea erbului; moduri; diateze; as!ect;
tim!uri erbale
".Sunetele limbii engleze
Vocale
Simbolul fonetic Exemplu Transcrierea fonetic
1- iK sea [siK]
4- i it [it]
D- e ten [ten]
<- L man [mLn]
E- aK part [paKt]
9- o dog [dog]
7- oK s)ort [oKt]
6- u booA [buA]
2- uK moon [muKn]
1H- sun [sn]
11- : first [fKst]
14- a []
#iftongi
1D- ei name [neim]
1<- ou )ome )oum]
1E- ai nine [nain]
19- au no> [nau]
17- oi bo, [boi]
16- i )ere [)i]
12- t)ere [M ]
4H- o door [do]
41- u poor [pu]
$riftongi
<
44- ai fire [fai]
4D- au flo>er [flau]
Semiocale
4<- # ,es [#es]
4E- > >ell [>el]
%onsoane
Sonore
49- b big [big]
47- d da, [dei]
46- v ver, [veri]
42- g garden [gaKdn]
DH- z zero [zirou]
D1- pleasure [ple]
D4- d #am [dLm]
DD- M t)is [Mis]
D<- r red [red]
DE- l lost [lost]
D9- m man, [meni]
D7- n not [not]
D6- t)ing [Ni]
Surde
D2- p pen [pen]
<H- t too [tuK]
<1- f five [faiv]
<4- A caAe [AeiA]
<D- s sa, [sei]
<<- s)e [iK]
<E- t c)ild [taild]
<9- N t)in [Nin]
<7- ) )orse [)oKs]
Vocala [i:] este o vocal lung- Este aproape identic cu i rom5nesc din cuvintele 'n care accentum
aceast vocal 'n mod deosebit, ca de pild 'n exclamaiaK biine! O'n sens de concesieP-
Vocala [i] este o vocal scurt, un sunet intermediar 'ntre i i e din limba rom'n-
Vocala [e] este o vocal scurt i foarte apropiat de e rom5nesc, fiind 'ns ceva mai desc)is- Ea
seamn 'ndeosebi cu e din limba rom5n, c5nd acesta e urmat de r, ca de exemplu 'n cuvintele mere,
pere etc-
Vocala [&] este o vocal scurt i ocup o poziie intermediar 'ntre a i e; [L] nu se poate compara cu
nici un sunet din limba rom5n- Se obine desc)iz5nd gura pentru a i pronun5nd e-
Vocala [a:] e o vocal lung i se formeaz 'n partea din fund a gurii, ceea ce 'i d o rezonan de sunet
profund- Pronun5nd un a rom5nesc prelungit i din fundul gurii vom obine un [aK] englezesc corect-
Vocala [o] este o vocal scurt- Ea nu poate fi comparat cu nici un sunet existent 'n limba rom5n-
Pentru cine cunoate 'ns limba mag)iar, sunetul englez este uor de pronunat, el fiind foarte apropiat
E
de vocala o din aceast limb- [o] este un sunet intermediar 'ntre sunetele a i o i se pronun mult mai
din fundul gurii dec5t o rom5nesc i cu gura mult mai desc)is-
Vocala [o:] este o vocal lung- Ea se deosebete de vocala [o] care este mult mai desc)is spre a.
Pronun5nd un o rom5nesc lung i din fundul gurii vom obine un sunet foarte apropiat de [oK] englezesc-
Vocala [u] este o vocal scurt, foarte apropiat de u rom5nesc- Se pronun cu buzele mai puin
rotun#ite dec5t 'n cazul lui u din limba rom5n-
Vocala [u:] este o vocal lung i seamn foarte mult cu un u rom5nesc prelungit-
Vocala [] e o vocal scurt i seamn foarte mult cu un a rom5nesc scurt- Pentru pronunarea lui []
este necesar s 'ntindem puin buzele lateral i s ponunm un a retrg5nd limba puin 'napoi-
Vocala [:] este o vocal lung, asemntoare lui rom5nesc prelungit- Pentru a o rosti corect trebuie s
inem maxilarele apropiate i buzele 'ntinse lateral- Este absolut necesar ca 'n timpul pronunrii lui [K]
buzele s fie numai uor 'ntredesc)ise-
Vocala [] este o vocal scurt, niciodat accentuat i corespunde vocalei din limba rom5n-
#iftongul [ei] se aseamn cu diftongul rom5nesc din cuvintele mei, tei, lei etc- Elementul al doilea al
diftongului este sunetul [i] scurt englezesc-
#iftongul [ou]- Primul element al acestui diftong este o vocal 'nc ne'nt5lnit, vocala [o]- * obinem
rotun#ind buzele pentru o i pronun5nd - (l doilea element al diftongului este [u], despre care
reamintim c este un sunet scurt-
#iftongul [ai] se apropie foarte mult de diftongul rom5nesc din cuvintele mai, cai, dai etc-, cu
deosebirea c elementul al doilea al difotngului este sunetul [i] scurt englezesc-
#iftongul [au] se apropie de asemenea foarte mult de diftongul rom5nesc din cuvintele dau, sau etc-
Elementul al doilea al diftongului este sunetul [u] scurt englezesc-
#iftongul [oi] se apropie de diftongul rom5nesc oi din cuvintele ca noi, doi, voi etc- Totui primul
element, [o], e mai desc)is dec5t 'n limba rom5n, iar cel de.al doilea element este [i] scurt englezesc-
#iftongii [i] i [u] conin sunete cunoscute- /a pronunarea lor trebuie s avem 'n vedere sunetele
specific englezeti [i] i [u]-
#iftongul [ ] conine o vocal nou, [ ] - (ceast vocal este mai desc)is dec5t [e] i mai 'nc)is
dec5t [L]-
#iftongul [o]- Primul element al acestui diftong este vocala scurt [o] urmat fr efort de [] Oamintim
c avem de.a face cu un o desc)is spre aP- (cest diftong tinde s fie 'nlocuit de vocala lung [oK]-
$riftongul [ai] Pronunai 'ntr.o singur silab acest triftong, in5nd seama de caracterul vocalei
englezeti [i]K fire [fai], tired [taid]-
$riftongul [au] este format din sunete cunoscute- /a pronunarea lui trebuie s inem seama de
caracterul vocalei englezeti [u]-
=u.l pronunai pe [u] din triftongul [au] cu emitere puternic de aer, pentru a nu.l transforma 'n
semivocala [>]- *binei o pronunie corect a acestui triftong dac rostii 'ntr.o singur silab grupul de
sunete rom5neti a-
Semiocala ['] se pronun ca un u foarte scurt, cu puternic emitere de aer printre buze, semn5nd cu
sunetul u pe care 'l adugm 'n pronunare la 'nceputul unor cuvinte ca oal, oaie etc-
Semiocala [(], cea de.a doua semivocal din limba englez, se poate compara cu un i foarte scurt, cu
rezonan consonantic- Ea se 'nt5lnete i 'n limba rom5n 'n cuvinte caK este, ei, iarn, iertare etc-
%onsoana [d] prezint o particularitate fa de limba rom5n, 'n sensul c la articularea ei v5rful limbii
se spri#in pe alveole Ope rdcina dinilorP-
%onsoanele [b]) []) [g]) [z]) [m]) [n] pot fi considerate ca fiind identice cu consoanele corespunztoare
din limba rom5n-
%onsoana [] este aceeai ca i consoana rom5neasc din jar, ajun etc- Ieinei semnul [] pentru
sunetul j rom5nesc; reamintii.v c semnul [#] reprezint o semivocal asemntoare sunetului i din
cuvintele rom5netiK iarn, chiar, iat etc-
%onsoana [d] este corespondenta sonor a consoanei surde [t]- * 'nt5lnim 'n rom5nete 'n cuvinte caK
gimnastic, geam, legi etc- *bservai c 'n limba rom5n aceast consoan poate fi urmat numai de
9
vocale e sau i- Trecerea la oricare din celelalte vocale Oo, a, uP se face cu a#utorul unui i sau e de legtur-
%e exempluK geam, George, giulgiu- :n limba englez, trecerea de la [d] la oricare dintre vocale se face
direct- %e exempluK John [don], George [doKd]- =u pronunai deci cuv5ntul John ca gion- :n limba
englez, sunetul [d] termin cuv5ntul- %e exempluK Geroge [doKd], judge [dd]- =u pronunai
giorgi i giagi-
%onsoana [*] este o consoan sonor Oca b, g, m, z etcP pe care o putem rosti corect pronun5nd un d
Osau zP rom5nesc cu v5rful limbii 'ntre dini- Exerciiul trebuie repetat de foarte multe ori 'n faa oglinzii
pentru a controla poziia limbii-
%onsoana [r] se deosebete fundamental de consoana rom5neasc r, fiind de fapt cu totul alt consoan,
dei e reprezentat de aceeai liter a alfabetului- (stfel, 'n timp ce r rom5nesc este o consoan vibrant,
[r] englezesc se rostete fr vibraie Oca i consoanele s i j, de pildP- Pentru a obine [r] englezesc,
pronunai j cu gura mult desc)is- P5n c5nd v deprindei cu pronunarea fireasc a lui [r], cutai s
rostii un r rom5nesc c5t mai ters i fr ca v5rful limbii s ating cerul gurii-
%onsoana [l] . 'n limba englez exist dou variante ale consoanei [l]- :nainte de vocal, [l] este identic
cu l rom5nesc; de exemplu 'n cuvintele live, lily- :n poziie final sau 'nainte de consoan, [l] este un
sunet voalat- /a rostirea lui, partea posterioar a limbii se ridic spre cerul gurii- :ntr.un cuv5nt ca apple,
[l] este precedat de un foarte scurt- Pronunai deci [Lp'l] i nu [Lpl']-
%onsoana [] este asemntoare cu consoana rom5neasc n din cuvintele 'n care n este urmat de c sau
de gK nc, nghel, singular, unde n devine 'n parte gutural-
%onsoanele [!], [t], [+] sunt consoane surde- Spre deosebire de consoanele corespunztoare din limba
rom5n, ele sunt urmate c5nd nu sunt precedate de alt consoan i sunt 'n silab accentuat de un
uor sunet h- "onsoana [t] se pronun cu v5rful limbii spri#init pe alveole Ope rdcina dinilorP-
%onsoanele [f] i [s] pot fi considerate ca fiind identice cu consoanele corespunztoare din limba
rom5n-
%onsoana [] este aceeai ca i consoana rom5neasc !-
%onsoana [t] este aproape identic cu consoana rom5neasc din cuvinte caK cine, ceas, cel etc-, i se
pronun cu o uoar aspiraie, ca i [A], [p], [t]-
"onsoana englezeasc rm5ne 'ns perfect surd i poate fi urmat direct de orice vocal, fr a necesita
un e sau i de legtur, ca 'n limba rom5nK child [taild]-
%e semenea, consoana [t] final, spre deosebire de consoana corespunztoare din limba rom5n, nu este
urmat de un i asilabic Ocare nu formeaz silabP ca 'n cinci, pleci etc- %e exempluK much [mt]- Este
necesar s dm o deosebit atenie pronunrii acestei consoane c5nd este urmat de alte vocale dec5t i i
e, sau c5nd este 'n poziie final- %eci pronunai [taild] i nu ciaild, [mt] i nu maci-
%onsoana [,] este perec)ea surd a consoanei [M], care se deosebete prin aceea c la pronunarea ei
coardele vocale nu vibreaz- Pentru a pronuna sunetul [N], vom ine v5rful limbii 'ntre dini i vom
articula un t Osau sP rom5nesc, fr efort- "a i 'n cazul lui [M], exerciiile trebuie fcute 'n faa oglinzii-
"onsoanele [M] i [N] sunt reperezentate 'n scriere prin grupul th-
%onsoana [-] se pronun cu aspiraie Oemitere de aerP mai puternic dec5t 'n limba rom5n-
.. $-e /l!-abet
a [ei] n [en]
b [bi:] o [ou]
c [si:] ! [!i:]
d [di:] 0 [+(u:]
e [i:] r [a:]
f [ef] s [es]
g [d1i:] t [ti:]
- [eit] u [(u:]
i [ai] [i:]
( [d1ei] ' [dbl(u:]
7
+ [+ei] 2 [e+s]
l [el] y ['ai]
m [em] z [zed]
3. %lasificarea Verbelor
Q "on#ugarea verbelor engleze se bazeaz pe trei forme principale- (cestea sunt formele de dic4ionar ale
verbelor englezeK
I form a II5a form a III5a form
OtoP >orA >orAed >orAed
OtoP give gave given
Q !erbele engleze se clasific 'n verbe obinuite i s!eciale- "ele obinuite pot fi regulate sau neregulate,
iar cele speciale sunt 'mprite 'n erbe au2iliare i erbe modale-
Verbele obinuite au un sens propriu i pot avea funcia de predicat 'n propoziie-
Verbele s!eciale nu au un sens propriu i a#ut la formarea timpurilor verbale compuse-
a. Verbe regulate
!erbele regulate formeaz past tense i past participle prin adugarea terminaiei "#$- ExK %or&ed;
cleaned; closed
b. Verbe neregulate
!erbele neregulate formeaz past tense i past participle neregulat i aceste forme trebuie 'nvate-
!erbele neregulate se 'mpart 'n D categoriiK
- grupa verbelor care nu suport nici o modificare
cut cut cut
put put put
- grupa verbelor care suport o modificare
bring broug)t broug)t
meet met met
- grupa verbelor care suport dou modificri
do did done
ring rang rung
c. Verbe au2iliare
Sunt formatori temporali, a#ut la formarea timpurilor verbale compuse-
- #6 se folosete la present tense simple i past tense simple . forma interogativ i negativ; Odo, does,
didP
- B7 se folosete la formarea diatezei pasive i a timpurilor verbale continue; Oam, are, is, >as, >ereP
- 8/V7 se folosete la formarea timpurilor verbale perfecte; O)ave, )as, )adP
- S8/99) :I99 se folosesc la formarea timpurilor verbale de viitor;
- S86;9#) :6;9# se folosesc la formarea lui &uture.in.t)e.Past i a modului "ondiional;
- 97$ se folosete la formarea $mperativului pentru persoana $.a sg i pl i persoana a $$$.a sg i pl-
d. Verbe modale
Sunt o clas special de verbe care exprim permisiunea, abilitatea, probabilitatea, obligaia, necesitateaK
(G, $3+T, "(=, "*;/%, ;ST, =EE%, S+*;/%, *;3+T T*, +(!E T*, =EE% T*-
< =ormele Verbale se 'mpart 'n !redicatie pot forma predicatul 'n propoziie i au un subiect . i
ne!redicatie nu pot forma predicatul 'n propoziie Oinfinitiul, !artici!iul, gerund5ulP-
6
< >odul 'nseamn maniera sau modul 'n care aciunea este exprimat de verb- odurile limbii engleze
suntK Indicati, Im!erati, Sub(oncti i %ondi4ional-
< #iateza este forma verbului care indic dac o persoan sau un lucru face aciunea sau o sufer- :n limba
englez sunt 4 diatezeK
- #iateza acti ne indic faptul c o persoan sau un lucru care e i subiectul propoziiei face aciunea-
(ceasta poate fi suferit de o alt persoan sau lucru sau de acceai persoan care o realizeaz Oac'iune
refle(ivP-
ExK +er grandparents brought )er up-
$ )ash myself ever, da,-
- #iateza !asi ne indic faptul c persoana sau lucrul care este subiectul gramatical al propoziiei sufer
aciunea fcut de altcineva Osubiectul logicP-
ExK Englis) is spo&en all over t)e >orld-
+e )as educated in "ambridge-
< /s!ectul indic durata, realizarea complet sau incomplet a unei aciuni- /s!ectul sim!lu . aciunea este
vzut ca un fapt general, obinuit sau particular- /s!ectul continuu exprim o aciune 'n proces, 'n
desfurare la un anumit moment 'n timp-
ExK ?e get up at six ever, morning-
$t is beginning to rain-
< $im!urile erbale ($enses) sunt construcii verbale care exprim diverse relaii temporale- ( nu se
confunda time cu tenseR =oiunea de timp OtimeP este universal i independent de orice limb- Timpurile
verbale OtensesP difer 'n funcie de fiecare limb 'n parte-
Timpurile 'n limba englez indic dac o aciune este realizat 'n prezent, 'n trecut sau 'n viitorK
- Timpuri verbale legate de presentK
?resent $ense Sim!leK T)e teac)er comes in-
?resent $ense %ontinuousK ?)at are >e doingS
?resent ?erfect Sim!leK $ )ave been ill for t>o >eeAs-
?resent ?erfect %ontinuousK ?e )ave been >riting for )im for )alf an )our-
- Timpuri verbale legate de trecutK
?ast $ense Sim!leK ?)en did ,ou come )omeS
?ast $ense %ontinuousK $t >as raining all da, ,esterda,-
?ast ?erfect $ense Sim!leK +e said )e )ad spent t>o mont)s t)ere-
?ast ?erfect $ense %ontinuousK 0, t)at time $ )ad been learning Englis) for five ,ears-
- Timpuri verbale legate de viitorK
=uture $ense Sim!leK ?e s)all meet t)em at seven-
=uture $ense %ontinuousK T)e, >ill be travelling all nig)t-
=uture ?erfect $ense Sim!leK $ s)all )ave done it b, four o@clocA-
=uture ?erfect $ense %ontinuousK 0, t)e first of Fanuar, t)e, >ill )ave been >orAing )ere for t)en ,ears-
II. $87 ?@7S7A$ $7AS7 SI>?97 B $87 ?@7S7A$ $7AS7 %6A$IA;6;S
$87 ?@7S7A$ $7AS7 SI>?97
=orm
&ormai prezentul simplu folosind indicativul- (dugai s sau es pentru persoana a $$$.a singular la
afirmativ-
/firmati
$ T ,ou T >e T ,ou T t)e, >orA
+e T s)e T it >orAs
Aegati
$ T ,ou T >e T ,ou T t)e, do not >orA
2
+e T s)e T it does not >orA
Interogati
#o 5 $ T ,ou T >e T ,ou T t)e, . >orAS
#oes )e T s)e T it >orAS
Aegati5Interogati
#o $ not >orAS #o ,ou not >orAS #oes )e not >orAS Etc-
=orma contras:
%o not U don@t
%oes not U doesn@t
;tilizare
Prezentul simplu se foloseteK
". !entru actiit4i re!etate) obinuite) !ermanente.
?e go to sc)ool ever, morning- OrepetatP
&at)er smo&es too muc)- OobinuitP
Fane )or&s in a big factor,- OpermanentP
.. !entru ac4iuni care sunt aderuri general alabile.
$ce melts in t)e sun-
T)e sun rises in t)e East and sets in t)e ?est-
3. cCnd se orbete des!re orare i !rograme fi2e) cu sens de iitor.
T)e film starts at 1H-DH- O>ill startP
T)e c)ampions)ip starts next Saturda,-
T)e train leaves at 6-HH- O>ill leaveP
D. !entru a introduce un citat; En comentariile s!ortie; En !roerbe) zictori; En !ros!ecte de
medicamente) re4ete i instruc4iuni de folosire a dierselor a!arate.
S)aAespeare saysK V=ot marble, nor t)e gilded monumentsT of princes s)all outlive t)is po>erful
r),me-W OSonnet EEP OcitatP
T)e goal.Aeeper passes to aradona, but +agi intercepts; +agi to /ctu and )e shoots and it@s a goalR
Ocomentarii sportiveP
%espair gives courage to a co>ard- OproverbP
&irst, $ ta&e t)e potatoes and slice t)em- T)en, $ slice t)e tomatoes, fry t)e onionX- OreeteP
Aot
(dverbele de frecven sunt deseori folosite pentru a sublinia repetarea- "ele mai comune adverbe de
frecven suntK usually, al'ays, neer, eer, often, seldom, rarely, sometimes, generally, occasionally-
Pentru a sublinia repetarea unei aciuni se mai poate folosi adverbul eery 'n combinaie cu anumite cuvinte
ce definesc momente 'n timpK eery dayT'ee+Tmont-Tyear etc-
$87 ?@7S7A$ $7AS7 %6A$IA;6;S
=orm
&ormai prezentul continuu cu to be F Ging
/firmati
$ am >orAing
Gou are >orAing
+e T s)e T it is >orAing
?e T ,ou T t)e, are >orAing
Aegati
$ am not >orAing
Gou are not >orAing
+e T s)e T it is not >orAing
?e T ,ou T t)e, are not >orAing
Interogati
/m $ >orAingS
/re ,ou >orAingS
1H
Is )e T s)e T it >orAingS
/re >e T ,ou T t)e, >orAingS
Interogati5Aegati
/m $ not OarenHt IP >orAingS /re ,ou not Oaren@t ,ouP >orAingS Is )e not Oisn@t )eP >orAingS
=orma contras este uzual 'n engleza vorbit-
$ am U $@m
Gou are U ,ou@re
$t isT )e isT s)e is U it@sT )e@sT s)e@s
$t is not U it isn@t sau it@s not
?e are not U >e@re not sau >e aren@t
T)e, are not U t)e,@re not sau t)e, aren@t
;tilizare
Prezentul continuu se foloseteK
". !entru ac4iuni care se !etrec En momentul orbirii.
Bate is at sc)ool- S)e is reading a booA-
Pete is at )ome >it) mum- +e is playing-
4- !entru ac4iuni care se !etrec En !rea(ma momentului orbirii) dar nu nea!rat En momentul
orbirii; cu today) these days) this term) at the moment etc.
0eatrice isn*t studying Englis) t)is ,ear- S)e >ants to concentrate on anot)er foreign language-
3. !entru a e2!rima un aran(ament anume Entr5un iitor a!ro!iat.
?)at are ,ou doing tomorro>S
<- !entru a e2!rima iitorul) En s!ecial cu erbe de micare: to come+ arrive+ go+ leave.
*ur friends are arriving tomorro>-
+e is going to /ondon on &rida,
E- cu al)ays (EnsemnCnd I!rea multJ) !entru a e2!rima iritarea.
Gour c)ildren are al'ays running on m, la>n-
$ can@t stand )im; )e@s al'ays interupting me-
K. !entru a e2!rima o ac4iune tem!orar.
?e usuall, go to >orA b, bus, but toda, >e are going b, cab-
L. !entru ac4iuni En desfurare Entr5o !erioad limitat En !rea(ma momentului orbirii.
Fo)n is loo&ing for a #ob-
M. !entru ac4iuni care indic o sc-imbare sau trecerea de la o stare la alta.
,s ,our Englis) improvingS
T)e traffic is getting >orse and >orse in ToA,o-
T)e c)ildren are gro)ing up ver, fast-
Aot
"u prezentul continuu se folosesc adverbele no' i (ust, dar ele nu sunt menionate c5nd sensul lor este
sub'neles-
/ooA, t)e c)ildren are sleepingR
Verbe care nu se folosesc la tim!ul continuu:
1- verbe de percep'ieK to feel, -ear, notice, see, smell, taste-
"5nd verbele de percepie 'i sc)imb sensul, ele pot fi folosite la timpul continuu-
$o see
( avea o 'nt5lnire fixat, un interviu-
$ am seeing m, dentist on &rida,-
Fane is seeing t)e manager no>-
( face o vizit-
ar, is seeing t)e sig)ts so s)e >ill be a little late-
To see about Oa face aran#amenteP-
*ur form master is seeing about t)e trip to t)e mountains-
To see to Oa aran#a ceva, a verificaP-
T)e mec)anic is #ust seeing to t)e engine of our car-
11
To see somebod, offTupTdo>nToutT Oa conduce pe cinevaP-
Tom is seeing )is grandfat)er off at t)e rail>a, station no>-
( avea )alucinaii-
$@m seeing t)ings-
$o -ear
( primi tiri despre ceva sau cineva-
$@m )earing interesting t)ings about our ne> neig)bour-
( audia O'n cadrul #udectorieiP-
T)e #udge is )earing t)e >itness-
$o feel
( avea o anumit senzaie-
T)e doctor is feeling t)e patient@s arm-
$o smell B to taste
(ciune voluntar
T)e girl is smelling t)e flo>ers in t)e garden no>-
, mot)er is tasting t)e soup as s)e >ants to feed t)e bab,-
4- verbe care e(prim activit'i mentaleK to agree, beliee, distrust, doubt, find, foresee, forget, guess,
imagine, +no', mean, mind, remember, recognize, recollect, regard, su!!ose, t-in+ t-at, trust,
understand-
$o forget
* pierdere gradual a memoriei-
$@m forgetting figures-
$o t-in+
( se g5ndi la ceva O nu se exprim nici o opin ieP-
?)at are ,ou t)inAing aboutS $@m t)inAing about our ne> teac)ers-
$o mind
( avea gri# de cineva Oto looA afterP-
(t t)e moment (nn is minding )er sicA mot)er-
D- verbe care e(prim dorin'aK to desire, intend, 'ant, 'is-.
<- verbe care e(prim atitudini+ sentimente+ stri emo'ionaleK to ab-or, adore, detest, disli+e, dis!lease,
li+e, loe, -ate, !lease, !refer-
E- verbe care e(prim posesiuneaK to belong to, -ae, -old, +ee!, o'e, o'n, !ossess-
9- verbe care e(prim o stare+ o condi'ieK to a!!ear, be, consist of, contain, differ, desere, e0ual,
resemble, seem, suit
7- verbe diverseK to com!are, e2!ect, matter, result from, suffice-
72erci4ii:
?une4i erbele din !arantez la !rezentul sim!lu sau continuu.
1- $ OgoP out to get t)e evening paper- 4- X-- t)is booA ObelongP to ,ouS D- Gou Oal>a,s, beatP me at c)eesR <-
?)at time Ousuall,, get upP ,ouXS E- Ever,bod, OliAeP summer- 9- ?e OgoP to t)e circus t)is evening- 7- $
O)aveP an appointment >it) m, dentist at E o@clocA- 6- Fane OmaAeP all )er clot)es )erself- 2- (ll t)e students
in t)is class OreadP Englis) >ell- 1H- $ OAno>P >)at ,ou OmeanP- 11- T)e parA OlooAP beautiful in spring- 14-
+e,R Gou OdrinAP from m, glassR 1D- $ must go, mot)er O>aitP for me- 1<- T)e train OarriveP at t)e =ort)
Station at 9-DH- 1E- %on@t disturb )er, s)e OfeedP t)e bab,- 19- $ can@t go a>a,; $ OseeP t)e anager at t)e
beginning of next >eeA- 17- %uring t)e >eeA >e generall, Oget upP earl,- 16- $ O)opeP our sc)ool team >ill
>in t)e football matc)- 12- *ur aunt OcomeP to see us t)is afternoon- 4H- $ Onot approveP of ,our be)aviour-
41- ?e OgetP a lot of sno> in t)e mountains in >inter- 44- +e Ofl,P from 0uc)arest to Sibiu tomorro>- 4D-
Fo)n Oforever, boastP of >)at )e )as done- 4<- T)e, O>antP to see ,ou for a minute- 4E- +e O>alAP to )ospital
ever, da,- 49- S)e OmoveP )er booAs into )er ne> booAcase- 47- +e usuall, OspeaAP )is mot)er tongue, but
toda, )e OspeaAP Englis)- 46- Gou OdrinAP coffe or teaS 42- Gou OunderstandP t)e Present Tenses in Englis)S
DH- +e Opla,P t)e piano liAe a professional musician- D1- Gou can@t speaA to ar, no>; s)e OsleepP- D4- $ Onot
)earP >)at ,ou Osa,P- DD- $t@s autumn- T)e leaves OturnP ,ello> and OfallP do>n- D<- $ O>earP a raincoat
because it OrainP- DE- Somet)ing OburnP in t)e oven, $ OseeP t)at smoAe OcomeP out of it- D9- ?e Onot drinAP tea
>it) milA in our countr,- D7- ?e OspendP next >eeA >it) our parents; >e OgoP on a trip >it) t)em- D6- Gou
14
OgoP to to>n t)is afternoonS D2- , friend OcomeP to see us next mont)- <H- +ere OcomeP our long >aited for
teac)erR
%-eia e2erci4iului:
1- am going 4- does t)is booA belong D- are al>a,s beating <- do ,ou usuall, get up E- liAes 9- are going 7-
am )aving 6- maAes 2- read 1H- Ano> mean 11- looAs 14- are drinAing 1D- is >aiting 1<- arrives 1E- is
feeding 19- am seeing 17- get up 16- )ope 12- is coming 4H- do not approve 41- get 44- is fl,ing 4D- is forever
boasting 4<- >ant 4E- >alAs 49- is moving 47- speaAs; is speaAing 46- are ,ou drinAing 42- do ,ou
understand DH- pla,s D1- is sleeping D4- don@t )ear; are sa,ing DD- are turning; are falling D<- am >earing; is
raining DE- is burning OcanP see; is coming D9- do not drinA D7- are spending; are going D6- are ,ou goingS
D2- is coming <H- comes-
III. $87 ?/S$ $7AS7 SI>?97 B $87 ?/S$ $7AS7 %6A$IA;6;S
$87 ?/S$ $7AS7 SI>?97
:n funcie de modalitatea de formare a trecutului i a participiului trecut, verbele engleze se 'mpart 'n
regulate i neregulate Ovezi pagina 11P-
@eguli de ortografieK
1- c5nd infinitivul scurt se termin 'n e mut, se adaug numai d Oto dance " danced; to recite " recitedP-
4- c5nd verbele dintr.o silab se termin 'n consoan Ocu excepia lui c, w sau xP !recedat de o ocal,
consoana final este dublat i se adaug ed Oto drop " dropped; to pat " pattedP-
D- verbele care se termin 'n c, primesc un k 'nainte de sufixul ed Oto panic " panic&ed; to picnic "
picnic&edP-
<- c5nd un verb format din mai multe silabe se termin ntr-o singur consoan precedat de o vocal,
consoana final se dubleaz dac silaba final este accentuat Oto omit " omitted; to occur " occurredP-
ExcepiiK to &idnap " &idnapped; to handicap " handicapped-
E- c5nd infinitivul scurt se termin 'n y precedat de o vocal, -y nu se schimb- $ac y este precedat de
o consoan, se schimb n i i se adaug ed Oto play " played; to try " triedP-
=orm
&ormai afirmativul trecutului simplu al verbelor regulate adug5nd terminaia Bed infinitiului fr to-
Infiniti: $recutul sim!lu regulat:
To >orA >orAed O>orA Y edP
=egativul se formeaz cu did not F infiniti
$nterogativul se formeaz cu did F subiect F infiniti
/firmati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, )or&ed
Aegati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, did not >orA
Interogati
!id $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, >orA S
Se folosete aceeai form pentru toate persoanele-
&orma contras a lui did not este didn"t-
Interogati negatiK did t)e, not Odidn"t t)e,P >orAS
1D
&ormarea afirmativului verbelor neregulate nu urmeaz nici o regul- !erbele neregulate trebuie memorate-
Infiniti $recutul sim!lu neregulat
To go >ent
To speaA spoAe
To bring broug)t
;tilizare
Trecutul simplu se foloseteK
". !entru o ac4iune finalizat En trecut cCnd este men4ionat momentul ac4iunii:
Tom arrived ,esterda,-
"olombus discovered (merica in 1<24-
(dverbele sau expresiile de timp pot fi o marc a trecutului simpluK yesterday, last 'ee+, t'o years ago,
last summer, a mont- ago etc-
.. !entru o ac4iune finalizat sigur En trecut c-iar dac tim!ul nu este men4ionat:
0rutus assassinated Fulius "aesar-
$id ,ou ever see ?inston ")urc)ill in personS
3. !entru o obinuin4 din trecut:
S)e al>a,s )o&e up earl, on sc)ool da,s-
Sara) never ate liver as a c)ild-
D. !entru o nara4iune En trecut:
$ stopped to bu, a ne>spaper and t)en sat do>n on a benc) to read it- T)e ne>s )as Zuite depressing-
So $ got up and too& a >alA and tried to t)inA )app, t)oug)ts-
Aot
Trecutul simplu folosit pentru aciuni obinuite din trecut este adesea 'nsoit de adverbe de frecvenK
sometimes, al'ays, often, usually, rarely, seldom etc-
Aot
Traducerea lui Past Tense Simple 'n limba rom5nK
#$ perfectul simplu% perfectul compus&
?)en )e opened t)e door, )e sa> t)e dog-
"5nd a desc)is ua, vzu c5inele-
'$ imperfect&
T)e little bo, >as ver, tired-
0ieelul era foarte obosit-
($ con)unctiv pre*ent&
+elen said s)e felt lonel, before s)e met )im-
Elena a spus c se simea singur 'nainte s.l fi 'nt5lnit-
+$ condiional pre*ent&
$ >ould read t)at booA if )e gave it to me-
( citi cartea aceea dac el mi.ar da.o-
,$ pre*ent&
$ didn@t Ano> s)e loved music-
=u tiam c.i place muzica-
-$ viitor&
T)e girl said t)at s)e >ould come )ere >)en s)e >as free-
&ata a spus c va veni aici c5nd va fi liber-
$87 ?/S$ $7AS7 %6A$IA;6;S
1<
=orm
&ormai trecutul continuu cu forma de trecut a lui to be F 5ing
/firmati
$ T )e T s)e T it was >orAing
Gou T >e T ,ou T t)e, were >orAing
Aegati
$ T )e T s)e T it was not >orAing
Gou T >e T ,ou T t)e, were not >orAing
Interogati
.as $ T )e T s)e T it >orAingS
.ere Gou T >e T ,ou T t)e, >orAingS
Interogati5negati: .as )e not Owasn"t )eP >orAingS .ere t)e, not Oweren"t t)e,P >orAingS
#e re4inut N
;nele verbe nu pot fi folosite la timpurile continue- Ovezi pagina 16.12P
;tilizare
Trecutul continuu se foloseteK
". !entru ac4iuni trecute cu o anumit durat) dar ale cror limite !recise En tim! nu sunt cunoscute:
$t )as raining and getting colder-
.. !entru ac4iuni trecute care au Ence!ut i au continuat !robabil du! un anumit moment dat:
(t noon t)e sun )as shining-
(t ten o@clocA at nig)t Ferr, )as studying-
>omentul dat !oate fi e2!rimat i de o e2!resie de tim! la trecutul sim!lu:
?)en Tom arrived, t)e sun )as shining-
3. !entru descrieri En trecut:
T)e flo>ers )ere blooming, t)e birds )ere singing and t)e breeze )as blo)ing softl,-
D. !entru a indica o ac4iune care se desfoar ca fundal (bac+gorund) En momentul En care o alt
ac4iune) scurt) mai im!ortant (foreground)) are loc:
?)ile ar, )as crossing ObacAgorundP t)e road ,esterda,, s)e sa) OforegroundP a fl,ing saucer in t)e
sA,-
O. !entru a indica dou sau mai multe ac4iuni care se desfoar simultan) En trecut:
?)ile mot)er )as coo&ing, fat)er )as reading a ne>spaper and t)e c)ildren )ere playing in t)e garden-
9- !entru a indica o ac4iune re!etat) care El irit !e orbitor) se folosete Em!reun cu aderbul
al)ays:
T)e t>o pupils )ere al)ays laughing during m, classes-
Aot:
*bservai diferenaK
Q ?)en t)e bell rang, Sam was having breaAfast- OSam >as in t)e middle of breaAfast >)en t)e bell started
to ringP-
Q ?)en t)e door bell rang, Sam ran to open t)e door- OSam ran to t)e door as soon as t)e door bell rangP-
72erci4ii:
?une4i erbele din !arantez la trecutul sim!lu sau continuu:
1- +e OgoP to sc)ool b, bic,cle last ,ear- 4- , friends O>atc)P television >)en $ p)oned t)em- D- T)e,
OinviteP me to see t)e film >)en $ p)oned t)em- <- 0ob O>riteP t)e letter in ten minutes- E- &at)er OreadP t)e
ne>spaper >)en $ came )ome- 9- ?)ile )e O>riteP t)e letter, )is sister laid t)e table- 7- S)e OasAP me about
m, )olida,s >)en >e met- 6- $ OreadP a travel broc)ure >)en >e met- 2- ?e OseeP a ver, good film
,esterda,- 1H- T)e sun Os)ineP >)en >e arrived- 11- +e OdriveP all t)e >a, to /ondon- 14- $ sa> ar, #ust as
s)e OgetP into t)e classroom- 1D- T)e, OspendP a beautiful )olida, at t)e seaside last ,ear- 1<- S)e OrunP to t)e
door t)e moment s)e )eard t)e bell- 1E- ?)en s)e reac)ed t)e door, t)e bell OringP still- 19- T)e, Ofl,P to
1E
"onstantza last nig)t- 17- ic)ael missed t)e flig)t- T)e plane OtaAe offP >)en )e arrived at t)e airport- 16-
T)e )ouse OburnP >)en >e came out- 12- ar, OtalAP al>a,s about fas)ion and t)is anno,ed )er friends- 4H-
T)e 3rants OliveP in 0raov >)en $ met t)em-
41- &ire at 3rand +otel last nig)t- ?illiam 0arnes OseeP it as )e O>alAP past- 44- +e O>aAeP t)e porter and
t)en Op)oneP t)e fire brigade- 4D- (fter t)at t)e, O>aAeP t)e )otel guests >)o OsleepP in t)eir rooms- 4<-
argaret %avidson >)o Osta,P in a room on t)e first floor, OgetP frig)tened and O#umpP out of a >indo>- 4E-
ar, Stevens, from t)e same room, OgetP badl, burnt >)ile s)e OrunP do>n t)e stairs and ObeP taAen to
)ospital- 49- Soon t)e fire brigade OarriveP- 47- *ne fireman ObreaAP )is leg >)en )e Otr,P to get into t)e
building- =obod, else >as )urt- 46- &inall, t)e, OputP out t)e fire- 42- 3eorge and +arr, Opla,P tennis
,esterda, >)en it started to rain- DH- 3eorge >ent )ome, but +arr, OdecideP to go out in t)e car- D1- +e >as
driving along t)e street >)en )e OseeP argaret, a friend from >orA- D4- ?)ile argaret OlooAP at a s)op
>indo>, +arr, called )er name- DD- argaret OgetP into t)e car and t)e, talAed for a long time- D<- T)e,
Ostill, talAP >)en a policeman arrived and s)o>ed +arr, t)e V=o ParAingW sign- DE- Fust as t)e policeman
O>riteP do>n t)e number of +arr,@s car )e O)earP a scream- D9- +e looAed up and OseeP an old lad, >)o
OcrossP t)e road- D7- ( big dog ObarAP at )er fiercel,- D6- (s t)e policeman OcrossP t)e road to c)ase t)e dog
a>a,, +arr, and argaret OdriveP a>a, in t)e carR
D2- ?)at X ,ou OdoP ,esterda, afternoon >)en $ Op)oneP ,ouS <H- ?)at time X ,ou Op)oneP meS
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- >ent 4- >ere >atc)ing D- invited <- >rote E- >as reading 9- >as >riting 7- asAed 6- >as reading 2- sa>
1H- >as s)ining 11- drove 14- >as getting 1D- spent 1<- ran 1E- >as still ringing 19- fle> 17- ?as taAing off
16- >as burning 12- >as al>a,s talAing 4H- >ere living 41- sa>, >as >alAing 44- >oAe, p)oned 4D- >oAe,
>ere sleeping 4<- >as sta,ing, got, #umped 4E- got, >as running, >as 49- arrived 47- broAe, >as tr,ing 46-
put 42- >ere pla,ing DH- decided D1- sa> D4- >as looAing DD- got D<- >ere still talAing DE- >as >riting,
)eard D9- sa>, >as crossing D7- >as barAing D6- >as crossing, drove D2- >ere ,ou doing, p)oned <H- did
,ou p)one
IV. $87 ?@7S7A$ ?7@=7%$ $7AS7 SI>?97 B $87 ?@7S7A$ ?7@=7%$ $7AS7
%6A$IA;6;S
$87 ?@7S7A$ ?7@=7%$ $7AS7 SI>?97
=orm
&ormai perfectul prezent cu prezentul lui -ae F !artici!iu trecut
Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate are aceeai form ca trecutul simpluK infiniti F 5ed-
Participiul trecut al verbelor neregulate variaz i trebuie memorat-
/firmati
$ T ,ou T >e T ,ou T t)e, have >orAed
+e T s)e T it has >orAed
Aegati
$ T ,ou T >e T ,ou T t)e, have not >orAed
+e T s)e T it has not >orAed
Interogati
/ave $ T ,ou T >e T ,ou T t)e, >orAedS
/as )e T s)e T it >orAedS
Interogati negati: /ave t)e, not Ohaven"t t)e,P >orAedS /as s)e not Ohasn"t t)e,P >orAedS
=orme contrase
$ )ave $@ve; ,ou )ave ,ou@ve; )e )as )e@s; s)e )as s)e@s; )ave not. )aven@t; )as not )asn@t
19
;tilizare
* aciune anterioar momentului prezent poate fi exprimat at5t prin Past Tense c5t i prin Present Perfect
Tense- %ar, 'n timp ce Past Tense prezint o aciune fr nici o referin la momentul prezent, Present Perfect
leag aciunea din trectut cu prezentul- Prezentul perfect simplu se foloseteK
". !entru o ac4iune En trecut) nu ne intereseaz momentul En care a aut loc ci rezultatele ei En
!rezent:
$ have visited an interesting museum- O$ still remember t)e t)ings seen t)ereP
.. !entru o ac4iune care continu En !rezent i) !oate) a continua i En iitor:
an, pupils have learnt in t)is sc)ool- Oin t)e past, some c)ildren learnt )ere, in t)e present ot)ers are
learning and, of course, in t)e future, ot)er pupils >ill learn )ere, tooP
D- !entru a e2!rima o ac4iune com!let Entr5un trecut foarte a!ro!iat de !rezent. Se folosete cu:
just, lately, recently+ of late, latterly, till no), up to no), so far, up to the present, during the last )ee&,
the last fe) days, these t)enty minutes+ etc-
T)e train has just left-
?e have not seen FacA lately-
<- !entru a desemna o ac4iune care se desfoar Entr5o !erioad de tim! incom!let. Se folosete cu:
today, this )ee&, this month, this year, all day, all night, this night, etc-
/ast >eeA >e >rote t)ree letters, but t)is >eeA >e have )ritten onl, one-
%ac this morning, all night, all evening exprim o perioad de timp complet, atunci folosim Past
TenseK
$ have seen a good film t)is morning- O>e are before 14 o@clocA at noonP
$ sa) a good film t)is morning- O>e are in t)e afternoon or in t)e eveningP
E- cu ho) long !entru a e2!rima o ac4iune care se e2tinde !Cn En !rezent:
-o) long have ,ou been illS O,ou are still illP
%ar c5nd este vorba doar de o aciune 'n trecut, avemK
-o) long did ,ou sta, in /ondon last ,earS
-o) long )ad ,ou Ano>n )im >)en )e diedS
9- cu adeerbe de frecen4: ever, never, often, seldom, al)ays, several times:
?e have never visited =e> GprA-
-ave ,ou ever been to t)e =ort) PoleS
7- cu aderbele already i yet
9a interogati !ot a!rea amCndou) lready e2!rim sur!riza c ac4iunea s5a desfurat de(a:
-ave ,ou got up alreadyS
%u yet rem s aflm dac ac4iunea s5a terminat sau nu:
-ave ,ou got up yetS
lready !oate s a!ar En !ro!ozi4ii afirmatie:
T)e student has already translated t)e lesson-
Pn !ro!ozi4ii negatie) yet are sensul de nu nc:
(lbert has not learnt t)e poem yet-
6- cu since i for.
Since arat momentul) !unctul) cCnd Ence!e ac4iunea care se e2tinde !Cn En !rezent. Se traduce En
limba romCn !rin din+ de la+ de cnd:
T)e, have not seen (lice since 1262 T ")ristmas T s)e >ent to /ondon-
.or e2!rim !erioada de tim! care continu !Cn En !rezent. Pn limba romCn se traduce !rin de
atta/timp:
T)ese bo,s have been )ere for )alf an )our-
Q. !entru ac4iuni trecute) fr men4ionarea tim!ului:
-as Peter had lunc)S
"R. En ziare) tiri de teleiziune) !entru a introduce o ac4iune care a fi descris !rin ?ast $ense:
( terrible accident has happened; a car ran into a group of c)ildren and &illed t)ree of t)em-
Aot
Go i be sunt diferite ca sensK
Ton, -as gone to GorA- Oa plecat i e 'nc plecatP
Ton, -as been to GorA- Oa fost 'n vizit 'n GorA i acum s.a 'ntorsP
17
$87 ?@7S7A$ ?7@=7%$ $7AS7 %6A$IA;6;S
=orm
&ormai timpul perfect prezent continuu cu !erfectul !rezent al lui to be F 5ing
/firmati
$ T ,ou T >e T ,ou T t)e, have been >orAing
+e T s)e T it has been >orAing
Aegati
$ T ,ou T >e T ,ou T t)e, have not been >orAing
+e T s)e T it has not been >orAing
Interogati
/ave $ T ,ou T >e T ,ou T t)e, been >orAing
/as +e T s)e T it been >orAing
Interogati negati: /ave $ not Ohaven"t $P been >orAingS /as s)e not Ohasn"t s)eP been >orAingS
=orme contrase: $ )ave $@ve; )e )as )e@s; $ )ave not )aven@t; )e )as not )asn@t
#e re4inutN
;nele verbe nu pot fi folosite la timpurile continue-
$ have &no)n Fim for five ,ears-
S)e has loved ,ou since t)at da,-
;tilizare
Prezentul perfect continuu se foloseteK
1- !entru ac4iuni care au Ence!ut En trecut i continu !Cn En momentul !rezent:
$ have been )aiting for an )our and t)e museum )as still not openedR
.. !une accentul !e durat) !e continuitatea ac4iunii En !rezent:
ar, has been )atering t)e flo>ers for )alf an )our- Os)e is still doing t)e #obP
;rmtoarele verbe se folosesc frecvent la perfectul prezent continuuK e2!ect, learn, -o!e, lie, slee!,
loo+, sit, rain, stand, stay, teac-, study, 'or+, 'aitK
$ have been learning Englis) since $ >as a c)ild-
%om!ara4i urmtoarele !ro!ozi4ii:
$ )ave been drinAing tea since E o@clocA- Oaciune ne'ntreruptP
$ )ave drunA t)ree cups of tea since E o@clocA- Oc5te ceti de ceai numrulP
72erci4ii:
?une4i erbele din !arantez la trecutul sim!lu sau !rezentul !erfect:
1- $ OliveP in t)is cit, all m, life- , parents come O)ere >)en t)e, >ere ver, ,oung- 4- $t OrainP ver, muc)
in t)is region in t)e spring, but it Onot rainP muc) ever since- D- ?e OseeP t)e famous +eroes@ onument
several times so far- T)e last time >e OseeP it >as t>o >eeAs ago- <- r- artin Oteac)P Englis) from t)ree
o@clocA to six o@clocA- +e@s no longer in t)e sc)ool- +e OleaveP )alf an )our ago- E- ?e O)aveP a test almost
ever, da, t)is >eeA- ?e O)aveP t)e first test on onda, morning- 9- T)e >eat)er ObeP terrible ever since last
Sunda,- $t OrainP ever, da, t)is >eeAR 7- T)e plumber ObeP )ere for t)e past t>o >eeAs- +e OrepairP t)e
radiators in all t)e rooms- 6- ?e OlearnP a great deal of Englis) since >e OcomeP to t)is sc)ool- 2- *ur
grandmot)er ObeP >it) us for t)e last t)ree mont)s- S)e OgoP a>a, t)is morning- ot)er O)elpP )er >it) )er
pacAing before s)e left- 1H- $ OreadP man, booAs on cooAing and no> $ can cooA a lot of dis)es- 11- r-
3rant O)aveP a car for ,ears but )e Onever driveP at nig)t- 14- ar, OmaAeP a lot of friends recentl,- 1D- Tom
al>a,s Opla,P in t)e parA in front of )is )ouse >)en )e >as ,oung- 1<- r- Plumb O)aveP a lot of trouble
>it) )is car latel,- +e OrepairP it t>ice so far- 1E- VGou OmeetP (nnSW VGes, >e OmeetP at t)e sc)ool festival
t>o >eeAs ago-W 19- r- 0arton is not )ere- +e OgoP out of to>n for t)e >eeAend- 17- T)is famous >riter
16
O>riteP several novels and last ,ear )e O>riteP a successful pla,- 16- T)e guests O)aveP a good time ever since
t)eir arrival- T)e, OarriveP b, plane t)ree da,s ago- 12- T)e students OstartP t)e exercise at 6 o@clocA- T)e,
Onot finis)P it ,et- 4H- $ OtaAeP a lot of p)otograp)s t)is )olida, but t)e, are not as good as t)ose $ OtaAeP last
)olida,- 41- argaret Obu,P a prett, dress for )er birt)da, part,- S)e Obu,P it at t)e ;nirea department store-
44- , friend ic)ael is in )ospital because )e ObreaAP )is legK )e ObreaAP it t>o >eeAs ago in a car accident-
4D- $@m sorr,, $ OforgetP )is telep)one number- 4<- $ OreadP nearl, all $vasiuc@s novels- /ast >eeA $ OstartP to
read [T)e ?ater@ and $ nearl, Ofinis)P it no>- %uring t)e >inter )olida, $ OreadP [T)e 0irds@- 4E- ;p to no> $
OunderstandP ever, lesson in t)e booA- 49- =o one OfindP 0arbara@s glasses ,et- S)e OloseP t)em during t)e
P),sical Education lesson- 47- ?e OreceiveP )is telegram at six o@clocA ,esterda,- ?e Oalread,, sendP )im a
special deliver, repl,- 46- $ Opa,P t)e telep)one bill at t)e beginning of t)e mont)- 42- 3randfat)er Onever,
fl,P in a plane before- T)is mont) )e Ofl,P t>ice- DH- r- artin is m, Englis) teac)er- +e Oteac)P in our
sc)ool for five ,ears- +e OgraduateP from t)e ;niversit, in 127H-
?une4i erbele din !arantez la trecutul sim!lu) !rezentul !erfect sim!lu sau continuu:
1- Since ic)ael last OvisitP me, )e ObeP to man, places- 4- %an O>aitP for +enr, since eig)t o@clocA- $t@s no>
)alf past eig)t, but +enr, Onot arriveP ,et- D- ?)ere O,ou, beP all t)is morningS $t@s nearl, noon no>- <-
?)ere ObeP Paul t)is morningS $ rang )im up several times before noon- E- $ Onever, readP suc) a good booA
as t)is- 9- r- 0ro>n OtellP ?illiam to go to t)e grocer@s since breaAfast, but )e Onot goP ,et- 7- O,ou, ever,
seeP an, bearsS 6- (s soon as $ OdoP m, )ome>orA $@ll >atc) television and t)en $[ll go to bed- 2- $ OAno>P
Peter for ,ears; as a matter of fact $ OAno>P )im since $ ObeP a little c)ild- 1H- Please excuse t)e disorder in
t)e )ouse- $ OmoveP furniture- 11- +o> long O,ou >atc)P televisionS ?e O>atc)P television since eig)t
o@clocA, but >e OtalAP most of t)e time- 14- $ still Onot mendP t)e dress $ OtearP last >eeA- 1D- $ Op)oneP ,ou
for at least t>o )ours- ?)ere O,ou, bePS 1<- ?e O>atc)P t)e T! programme several times t)is >eeA- 1E-
O,ou, meetP %oris at five o@clocA on onda,S Ges, $ OdoP, but $ Onot meetP )er since- 19- T)e bab, Ocr,P for
at least t>ent, minutes- +e Ocr,P a lot recentl,- 17- ?e Onot receiveP an, letter from )im ,et but >e Oalread,,
getP a p)one call- 16- ?)at O,ou, doP >it) m, )andbagS $t ObeP )ere a moment ago- 12- Fim Ooften, tr,P to
#ump over t)e >all- 4H- r- 0ro>n O>orAP on )is report since )e OcomeP in-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- )ave lived, came 4- rained, )asn@t rained D- )ave seen, sa> <- taug)t, left E- )ave )ad, )ad 9- +as been,
)as rained 7- )as been, )as repaired 6- )ave learnt, came 2- )as been, >ent, )elped 1H- )ave read 11- )as )ad,
)as never driven 14- )as made 1D- pla,ed 1<- )as )ad, )as repaired 1E- )ave ,ou met, met 19- )as gone 17-
)as >ritten, >rote 16- )ave )ad, arrived 12- started, )aven@t finis)ed it ,et 4H- )ave taAen, tooA 41- )as
boug)t, boug)t 44- )as broAen, broAe 4D- )ave forgotten 4<- )ave read, started, )ave finis)ed, read 4E- )ave
understood 49- )as found, lost 47- received, )ave alread, sent 46- paid 42- )as never flo>n, )as flo>n DH-
)as taug)t, graduated
1- visited, )as been 4- )as been >aiting, )as not arrived D- )ave ,ou been <- >as E- )ave never read 9- )as
been telling, )asn@t gone 7- )ave ,ou ever seen 6- )ave done 2- )ave Ano>n, )ave Ano>n, >as 1H- )ave been
moving 11- )ave ,ou been >atc)ing, )ave been >atc)ing, )ave been talAing 14- )aven@t mended, tore 1D-
)ave been p)oning, )ave ,ou been 1<- )ave >atc)ed 1E- did ,ou meet, did, )aven@t met 19- )as been cr,ing,
)as cried 17- )aven@t received, )ave alread, got 16- )ave ,ou done, >as 12- )as often tried 4H- )as been
>orAing, came
V. $87 ?/S$ ?7@=7%$ $7AS7 SI>?97 B $87 ?/S$ ?7@=7%$ $7AS7 %6A$IA;6;S
$87 ?/S$ ?7@=7%$ $7AS7 SI>?97
&ormai mai mult ca perfectul cu -ad F !artici!iul trecut
=orm
/firmati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, had >orAed-
Aegati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, had not >orAed-
12
Interogati
/ad $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, >orAedS
Interogati negati: /ad $ not Ohadn"t $P >orAedS
=orme contrase: $ )ad, ,ou )ad $@d, ,ou@d; )adn not )adn@t
;tilizare
ai mult ca perfectul simplu se foloseteK
". ca ec-ialentul trecut al ?rezentului !erfect B e2!rim o ac4iune care are loc Enaintea unei alte
ac4iuni din trecut:
T)e bo, explained t)at )e had seen somebod, in t)e garden-
?)en fat)er came )ome, %icA had done )is )ome>orA-
*bservai folosirea adverbelor '-en, before, no' t-at, as soon as i after 'n unele propoziii care
conin mai mult ca perfectul-
%icA had done )is )ome>orA before fat)er came )ome-
.. !entru a e2!rima durata !Cn la un anumit moment En trecut:
0y the time t)e rain started, >e had dug t)e >)ole garden-
D- cu just) already) hardly) barely) scarcely i no sooner !entru a arta c o ac4iune s5a terminat c-iar
Enaintea unei alte ac4iuni din trecut:
ar, told us t)at )er brot)er had just left-
$ had hardly1scarcely entered t)e room >)en somebod, AnocAed at t)e door-
<- cu since i for cCnd !unctul de referin4 este En trecut:
$n 126H $ had been a teacher for ten years-
$ Ane> s)e had not seen )im since 2hristmas-
O. !entru a e2!rima o ac4iune iitoare care are loc Enaintea unei alte ac4iuni e2!rimate de =uture5in5
t-e !ast:
$ told m, friend t)at $ >ould lend )im t)e booA after $ had read it-
9- cu erbe ca to e(pect) to hope) to intend) to mean) to thin& !entru a e2!rima o s!eran4) inten4ie) din
trecut care nu s5a Ende!linit:
$ had hoped1 intended1 meant to find ticAets for t)at performance but $ >asn@t able to-
$87 ?/S$ ?7@=7%$ $7AS7 %6A$IA;6;S
&ormai mai mult ca perfectul continuu cu -ad been F 5ing
=orm
/firmati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, had been >orAing-
Aegati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, had not been >orAing-
Interogati
/ad $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, been >orAingS
Interogati negati: /ad $ not Ohadn"t $P been >orAingS
=orme contrase
$ )ad, ,ou )ad $@d )ad, ,ou@d )ad; )ad not )adn@t
4H
#e re4inutN
;nele verbe nu pot fi folosite la timpul continuu- Ovezi pagina 16.12P
;tilizare
ai mult ca perfectul continuu se foloseteK
1- !entru a sublinia continuitatea unei ac4iuni din trecut !Cn la un alt moment din trecut sau doar
!Cn foarte a!roa!e de el:
T)e pupils had been reading t)e lesson for five minutes >)en t)e sc)ool master entered t)e classroom-
72!rimarea unor ac4iuni obinuite sau re!etate En trecut
(ciunile obinuite sau repetate legate de o perioad de timp din trecut se pot exprima folosindK
". trecutul sim!lu:
, fat)er al>a,s got up at da,breaA-
4- used to F infiniti:
, fat)er used to get up at da,breaA-
3. 'ould F infiniti:
, fat)er )ould get up at da,breaA-
D. mai mult ca !erfectul !oate e2!rima o ac4iune din trecut re!etat) care a durat !Cn la un
moment dat:
, fat)er had been getting up at da,breaA until )is accident-
/ten4ieN B Au confunda4i used to 0 infinitiv cu to be used to 0 -ingN
%r- =elson used to )or& late- Oobicei 'n trecutP
%r- =elson is used to )or&ing late- Oobicei 'n prezentP
72erci4ii:
?une4i erbele din !arantez la trecutul sim!lu) mai mult ca !erfectul sim!lu sau continuu:
1- 0, t)e time +elen Oreac)P t)e store, s)e OforgetP >)at s)e >anted to bu,- 4- T)e ground ObeP >et because
it OrainP for five da,s- D- &irst t)e >eat)er ObeP fine- /ater it OstartP to rain- T)en >e OdecideP to go bacA )ome-
<- ic)ael OfeelP rat)er un>ell for a fe> da,s so )e OgoP to see )is doctor- E- 0, t)e end of last ,ear t)e,
Ostud,P Englis) for six ,ears- 9- Gesterda, ar, OtellP )er mot)er about a beautiful dress s)e OseeP a fe>
)ours earlier- 7- ?)en Step)en t)e 3reat OdieP in 1EH<, )e OreignP for <7 ,ears- 6- T)e part, >as a great
success- Tom OfeelP )appier t)an )e Oever, feelP before- 2- 0ill OgoP to t)e police station >it) a purse )e OfindP
on t)e pavement- 1H- ?e O>aitP for more t)an )alf an )our but t)ere >as still no sign of ar,- 11- ?)en $
Op)oneP 3erald, )e Onot finis)P )is )ome>orA ,et- 14- +e O>riteP to sa, t)at )e O#ust, bu,P a car- 1D- (fter
t)e, Opla,P records for an )our t)e, Ogo outP for a >alA- 1<- Sall, >as still singing at noon ,esterda,- S)e
OsingP all morning- 1E- Patricia OdesignP )erself a summer dress ,esterda,- S)e Onever, designP clot)es for
)erself before- 19- $ OseeP (lice ,esterda, afternoon- S)e OtellP me s)e O#ust, comeP bacA from )er )olida,-
17- T)e telep)one OringP again a fe> minutes ago- $t OringP several times during t)e da,- 16- T)e brass bands
Opla,P ever since t)e first people OgetP into t)e parA- 12- 0, t)e time >e OgetP to t)e cinema, t)e film Oalread,,
beginP- 4H- r- ?ood OdriveP a fe> Ailometers before )e OrealizeP t)at one of )is t,res >as flat- 41- (lice >as
reading >)en )er parents OcomeP )ome from >orA- S)e OreadP for t>o )ours- S)e OreadP fift, pages-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- reac)ed, )ad forgotten 4- >as, )ad been raining D- >as, started, decided <- +ad been feeling, >ent E- )ad
been stud,ing 9- told, )ad seen 7- died, )ad reigned 6- felt, )ad ever felt 2- >ent, )ad found 1H- )ad been
>aiting 11- p)oned, )adn@t finis)ed 14- >rote, )ad #ust boug)t 1D- pla,ed, >ent out 1<- )ad been singing 1E-
designed, )ad never designed 19- sa>, told, )ad #ust come 17- rang, )ad rung 16- )ad been pla,ing, got 12-
got, )ad alread, begun 4H- )ad driven, realized 41- came, )ad been reading, )ad read
41
VI. $87 =;$;@I$S
Exist mai multe modaliti de exprimare a aciunilor viitoare- (legerea unei anumite modaliti depinde de
felul aciunii viitoareK planificat, intenionat, ateptat, iminent sau dac face parte dintr.un program-
". $87 SI>?97 =;$;@7
=orm
&ormai viitorul cu s-all T'ill F infiniti fr to
/firmati
$ T >e shall >orA
,ou T )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will >orA
Aegati
$ T >e shall not >orA
,ou T )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will not >orA
Interogati
1hall $ T >e >orAS
.ill ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, >orAS
Interogati negati: 1hall $ not Oshan"t $P >orAS .ill ,ou not Owon"t ,ouP >orAS .ill )e not Owon"t )eP
>orAS
=orme contrase
$ s)all $@ll; ,ou >ill ,ou@ll; )e >ill )e@ll; >e s)all >e@ll
Aot
%eoarece 'n limba vorbit will 'l 'nlocuiete pe shall, tendina actual este de 'nlocuire a lui shall cu will
c)iar i 'n scris-
;tilizare
!iitorul simplu se foloseteK
". !entru a e2!rima o reac4ie sau decizie s!ontan sau ne!lanificat) fcut la momentul orbirii:
ar,, t)e p)one is ringing- *)- $s itS ,*ll ans)er it-
$@m too tired to go out tonig)t- $ t)inA ,*ll stay )ome-
Aot
Pentru deciziile neplanificate, fcute 'n momentul vorbirii, se folosete viitorul simplu- Pentru referirile
ulterioare la aceste decizii se folosete prezentul continuu cu sens de viitor sau forma cu going to 'n locul
viitorului cu will-
4- !entru eenimente !robabile En iitor: !entru a transmite ceea ce orbitorul tie) crede) sper)
presupune) se teme) se ndoiete) se ateapt s) se ntreab dac tie c se a EntCm!la:
(fter t)is rain, summer, $ e(pect t)e )arvest )ill be good-
$ )ope /ucA, Fim )ill )in, $@ve bet 1HH \ on )im-
3. !entru a !rezice eenimente iitoare:
0, t)e ,ear 4HEH >e )ill all be driving electric cars-
D. !entru a te oferi s faci cea:
$ can@t do m, )ome>orA- %on@t >orr,- ,*ll help you-
!entru a acce!ta sau refuza s faci cea:
"an ,ou give me a lift to t)e station tomorro> morningS *f course, ,*ll pic& you up at 6-DH-
44
!entru a !romite c faciT nu faci cea:
,*ll say hello to Bat), for ,ou-
, )on*t tell an,bod, about >)at )appened last nig)t-
!entru a cera cuia s fac cea:
$@m tr,ing to do some >orA- %ill ,ou be 3uiet, pleaseS
Aot
.ill not Osau won"tP se folosete adesea pentru a exprima o intenie negativ foarte clarK
+e )on*t move )is car U +e refuses to move )is car-
Aot
.ill se folosete cu adverbe de probabilitate, cum suntK probably, perhaps, certainlyK
T)e factor, >orAers )ill probably get a pa, increase t)is ,ear-
Aot
1hall se poate folosi pentru sugestii sau oferte la persoana $ singular i plural shall I 23 1hall we 23
?)ere shall , put t)ese boxesS OU >)ere do ,ou suggest $ put t)emSP
Shall )e go no>S
@s!unsuri scurte i interoga4ii dis(unctie
Pentru a forma rspunsuri scurte, lui yes sau no li se poate aduga structura subiect 0 will
?ill it breaA if $ sit on itS Ges, it will-
.. $87 =;$;@7 %6A$IA;6;S
;neori se mai numete i viitorul progresiv-
=orm
&ormai viitorul continuu cu s-all T'ill be F Ging
/firmati
$ T >e shall be >orAing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will be >orAing
Aegati
$ T >e shall not be >orAing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will not be >orAing
Interogati
1hall $ T >e be >orAingS
.ill ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, be >orAingS
Interogati negati: 1hall $ not Oshan"t $P be >orAingS .ill ,ou not Owon"t ,ouP be >orAingS .ill )e not
Owon"t )eP be >orAingS
;tilizare
!iitorul continuu se foloseteK
". !entru a e2!rima ac4iuni En desfurare En iitor) cCnd tim!ul este men4ionat sau dedus:
argaret )ill be )earing )er usual red dress at t)e part, on Saturda, nig)t-
T)is time next >eeA ,*ll be lying on a )ot sunn, beac)- ?)at )ill you be doingS
.. !entru a e2!rima cea care a fost de(a !lnuit sau decis) fr inten4ia orbitorului i fr a se
men4iona un tim! anume:
,*ll be going to t)e ne>sagent@s soon- "an $ get ,ou a ne>spaperS
3. !entru a Entreba !oliticos des!re !lanurile altora. /ceast form sugereaz c dorim s ne
!otriim cu !lanurile celeilalte !ersoane) nu s le sc-imbm:
%ill you be using ,our car t)is eveningS =o, >),S "ould $ borro> itS
4D
3. $87 =;$;@7 ?7@=7%$ SI>?97
=orm
&ormai viitorul perfect cu s-all T 'ill F -ae F !artici!iul trecut
/firmati
$ T >e shall have >orAed
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will have >orAed
Aegati
$ T >e shall not have >orAed
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will not have >orAed
Interogati
1hall $ T >e have >orAedS
.ill ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, have >orAedS
Interogati negati: 1hall $ not Oshan"t $P have >orAedS .ill ,ou not Owon"t ,ouP have >orAedS .ill )e
not Owon"t )eP have >orAedS
;tilizare
!iitorul perfect se foloseteK
". !entru a e2!rima o ac4iune care se a fi !etrecut de(a !Cn la un anumit moment din iitor. 7ste
im!ortant men4ionarea momentului:
$ )ill have retired from >orA by the time $@m 9E-
FacA is running for t)e 6-1H train- +e looAs at )is >atc); it@s no> 6-14- +e t)inAs to )imself, it@s useless
running, t)e train )ill have left by now-
D. $87 =;$;@7 ?7@=7%$ %6A$IA;6;S
=orm
&ormai viitorul perfect continuu cu s-all T 'ill F -ae been F Ging
/firmati
$ T >e shall have been >orAing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will have been >orAing
Aegati
$ T >e shall not have been >orAing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will not have been >orAing
Interogati
1hall $ T >e have been >orAingS
.ill ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, have >orAedS
Interogati negati: 1hall $ not Oshan"t $P have been >orAingS .ill ,ou not Owon"t ,ouP have been
>orAingS .ill )e not Owon"t )eP have been >orAingS
;tilizare
!iitorul perfect continuu se foloseteK
". !entru a e2!rima fa!tul c o ac4iune se a afla Enc En desfurare la un anumit moment En iitor:
T)e, )ill have been building t)at )ouse for 4 ,ears next ")ristmas-
Aot
%iferena dintre timpurile perfect prezent i timpurile viitoare perfecteK
4erfect pre*ent simplu&
r- Y rs- &ox have &no)n eac) ot)er for 7 ,ears-
4<
5iitorul perfect simplu&
r- Y rs- &ox )ill have &no)n eac) ot)er for 6 ,ears next (pril-
GGGGGGGGGGG.. L years
!ast no'
GGGGGGGGGGG.. L years GG M years
!ast no' ne2t /!ril
4re*ent perfect continuu&
r- Y rs- &ox have been living toget)er for 7 ,ears-
5iitorul perfect continuu&
r- Y rs- &ox )ill have been living toget)er for 6 ,ears next (pril-
O. $87 =;$;@75IA5$875?/S$ SI>?97
=orm
&ormai viitorul 'n trecut simplu cu s-ould T 'ould F infinitiul scurt
/firmati
$ T >e should >orA
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, would >orA
Aegati
$ T >e should not >orA
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, would not >orA
Interogati
1hould $ T >e >orAS
.ould ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, >orAS
Interogati negati: 1hould $ not Oshouldn"t $P >orAS .ould ,ou not Owouldn"t ,ouP >orAS
;tilizare
!iitorul 'n trecut se foloseteK
". !entru a e2!rima o ac4iune iitoare zut dintr5un !unct de edere trecut. Se folosete En
!ro!ozi4ii subordonate com!letie directe:
S)e told me t)at s)e )ould go t)ere soon-
K. $87 =;$;@75IA5$875?/S$ %6A$IA;6;S
=orm
&ormai viitorul 'n trecut continuu cu s-ould T 'ould F be F !artici!iul !rezent
/firmati
$ T >e should be >orAing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, would be >orAing
Aegati
$ T >e should not be >orAing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, would not be >orAing
Interogati
1hould $ T >e be >orAingS
.ould ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, be >orAingS
Interogati negati: 1hould $ not Oshouldn"t $P be >orAingS .ould ,ou not Owouldn"t ,ouP be >orAingS
4E
;tilizare
!iitorul 'n trecut continuu se foloseteK
". !entru a e2!rima un iitor continuu dintr5un !unct de edere trecut:
T)e >oman assured us t)at, in less t)an )alf an )our, )er bab, )ould be sleeping-
L. $6 B7 $6 =;$;@7
;tilizare
!iitorul cu to be to se foloseteK
". !entru cea care este destinat s se EntCm!le:
T)e famous tennis pla,er began t)e matc) in >)ic) he )as to brea& )is arm-
.. !entru un !lan sau un aran(ament oficial:
T)e President )as to arrive at 1H o@clocA-
3. !entru oin4a unei !ersoane) alta decCt orbitorul:
T)is bad ne>s is to be given to )im after )is exam-
D. !entru o datorie:
?)at exercises are )e to doS
O. !entru o !osibilitate) !robabilitate:
Prices are to be muc) )ig)er soon-
M. $6 B7 /B6;$ $6 =;$;@7
;tilizare
!iitorul cu to be about to se foloseteK
1- !entru a e2!rima cea care e pe punctul de a se EntCm!la:
*ur guests are about to leave-
$ am about to go to t)e seaside
Q. $6 B7 G6IAG $6 =;$;@7 ($-e Aear =uture)
=orm
Se formeaz cu to be F going to F infiniti
/firmati
$ am T ,ou areT )e, s)e, it isT >e, ,ou, t)e, are going to >orA
Aegati
$ am T ,ou areT )e, s)e, it isT >e, ,ou, t)e, are not going to >orA
Interogati
6m $ T are ,ou T is )e, s)e, it T are >e, ,ou, t)e, going to >orAS
Interogati negati: 6m $ not Oaren"t $P going to >orAS 6re ,ou not Oaren"t ,ouP going to >orAS Is )e not
Oisn"t )eP going to >orAS
;tilizare
&orma cu going to se foloseteK
". !entru a e2!rima inten4ia de a face En iitor cea ce nu a fost aran(at dar !robabil se a EntCm!la:
Fim and Sue are going to move to /iverpool >)en t)e, finis) t)eir training-
Sara) and Fo)n are going to get married next ,ear-
4- !entru a !rezice o EntCm!lare En iitor:
(cest timp se folosete pentru a exprima ceea ce credem c se va 'nt5mpla, 'n special atunci c5nd ceva
din situaia prezent indic un rezultat 'n viitorul imediat- Timpul nu este de obicei menionat-
/ooA )o> fast t)ose cars are moving- T)ere is going to be an accident-
49
T)at little girl isn@t looAing >)ere s)e@s going- S)e is going to )al& into t)at tree-
D- forma cu >asT>ere going to e folosit !entru a e2!rima o inten4ie din trecut care nu s5a realizat:
$ )as going to phone ,ou last nig)t but $ fell asleep in front of t)e T!
, parents )ere going to go to Scotland for t)eir )olida,s but t)e, c)anged t)eir minds and >ent to
$reland instead-
72erci4ii:
?une4i erbele din !arantez la forma corect folosind will sau going to:
1- T)e fire )as gone out- *), ,esR $ OgoP and get some >ood- 4- ?)at are ,ou doing >it) t)at panS $ OgetP
lunc) read,- D- r- %o,le )as #ust arrived- *), good, $ OmeetP )im at t)e lift- <- $ )aven@t boug)t an,
cigarettes because $ Otr,P to give up smoAing- E- $@ve got a )ole in m, trousers- 3ive t)em to me- $ OmendP
t)em for ,ou- 9- /ooA >)at $ boug)t at t)e auction t)is morningR +o> nice, >)ere O,ouT putP itS 7- %id ,ou
post t)at letter for meS $ completel, forgot- $ OdoP it no>- 6- ?)at >ould ,ou liAe to drinAK red or >)ite
>ineS $ O)aveP red, please- 2- $ see ,ou are >earing ,our overalls- XO,ouTfixP ,our carS 1H- +ave ,ou booAed
t)e flig)tS =ot ,et, $ OdoP it tomorro>- 11- $ OgoP s)opping later- Ieall,, $ OcomeP >it) ,ou- 14- ?)at
O,ouTdoP >)en ,ou leave universit,S $ don@t Ano> ,et; per)aps $ OtravelP around Europe for a ,ear- 1D- Gou
looA ex)austed- Sit do>n and $ OmaAeP ,ou a cup of tea- 1<- ?)en O,ouTbu,P a ne> carS T)is one is falling to
pieces- $ can@t afford it no>, $ Oc)angeP it next ,ear >)en $ get a pa, rise- 1E- O,ouTpassP me t)e salt, pleaseS
19- O,ouTparAP m, car for meS 17- $ OmaAeP a cup of coffee, if ,ou >is)- 16- O,ouTdecorateP t)e >)ole )ouse
,ourselfS 12- %o ,ou >ant me to )elp ,ou >it) t)at mat)s exercisesS =o, t)anAs $ OsolveP it m,self- 4H- $
Onot bu,P an, more ne> clot)es until $@ve lost five Ailos-
?une4i erbele din !arantez la iitorul sim!lu sau continuu:
1- T)e >eat)er Oprobabl,, beP fine tomorro> so >e OgoP on a trip to t)e seaside- 4- ?e OlieP on t)e beac) and
Os>imP in t)e >ater bet>een 1H and 14 in t)e morning- D- (t noon >e O)aveP lunc) in a restaurant on t)e
pier- <- T)en >e O>alAP along t)e s)ore and OlooAP at t)e s)ips for a >)ile- E- ?e OeatP ice.creams and
OlistenP to t)e brass band bet>een < and E in t)e afternoon- 9- (bout E o@clocA in t)e afternoon >e OgoP to our
car and OdriveP bacA )ome- 7- $n t)e evening >e OsitP round t)e table in t)e living.room and OtellP #ocAes- 6-
?e OgoP to bed about 1H o@clocA- $@m sure >e O)aveP a good time tomorro>-
?une4i erbele din !arantez la forma corect: !rezent) iitor sau iitor !erfect:
1- 0, t)e time t)e >riter OmeetP )is readers, )e O>riteP 4HH pages of )is novel- 4- $ OgiveP "at), ,our message
before ,ou OseeP )er- D- r- 0ro>n Oteac)P our class until 1H o@clocA- 0, 1H-HE )e OleaveP t)e classroom- <-
?)en fat)er OreturnP from )is trip, >e Oalread,, leaveP on )olida,- E- T)e cooA OprepareP t)e dinner before
t)e guests OarriveP- 9- T)e next time ,ou OmeetP 3eorge, )e ObeP an engineer for t>o mont)s- 7- ?)en ,ou
OgoP into t)e office, t)e post Oalread,, arriveP- 6- T)e, OcloseP t)e s)op b, t)e time ,ou OgetP t)ere- 2- T)e
compan, OdeliverP t)e materials until t)e beginning of t)e a,- T)e, OdeliverP ever,t)ing b, t)e first of
a,- 1H- ?)en ,ou OseeP FacA next mont), )e Oalmost, finis)P )is militar, service-
?une4i erbele din !arantez la !rezent) !rezentul !erfect) iitor sau iitorul !erfect (sim!lu sau
continuu):
1- ?)at O,ou, doP >)en ,ou OgraduatePS 4- 0, next %ecember, +enr, O>orAP in t)is factor, for t>o ,ears
and )e OlearnP a lot of useful t)ings- D- r- 0ro>n Ofl,P to (merica tomorro>- +e OeatP )is lunc) >)ile )e
Ofl,P over t)e ocean- <- rs- 0arton O>aitP in t)e car >)ile )er )usband OgetP t)e petrol- E- =ext >eeA m,
friends OlieP on t)e beac) >)ile $ O>riteP examination papers- $ O>orAP )ard for a >eeA; >)en $ Ofinis)P, $ ObeP
ex)austed- 9- $ Oalread,, )aveP lunc) b, t)e time ,ou OarriveP- 7- $ OgoP to bed as soon as $ Ofinis)P m, >orA-
6- $ O#ust, comeP bacA from sc)ool b, seven o@clocA tomorro>- 2- ?)en $ OliveP in t)is district for a fe>
mont)s, $ OAno>P t)e names of all t)e streets- 1H- T)e doctor OoperateP from eig)t to ten in t)e morning;
don@t let an,one get into t)e operating t)eatre-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
Q1- $@ll go 4- $@m going to get D- $@ll meet <- $@m going to tr, E- $@ll mend 9- are ,ou going to put 7- $@ll do 6-
$@ll )ave 2- are ,ou going to fix 1H- $@ll do 11- $ am going to go, $@ll come 14- are ,ou going to do, $@ll travel
47
1D- $@ll maAe 1<- are ,ou going to bu, 1E- >ill ,ou pass 19- >ill ,ou parA 17- $@ll maAe 16- are ,ou going to
decorate 12- $@ll solve 4H- $@m not going to bu,
Q 1- >ill probabl, be fine, >e@ll go 4- >ill be l,ing, >ill be s>imming D- >ill be )aving <- >ill be >alAing,
>e@ll looA E- ?e@ll be eating, >e@ll be listening to 9- ?e@ll go, >e@ll drive 7- ?e@ll be sitting, >e@ll be telling
6- ?e@ll go, >e@ll )ave
Q 1- meets, >ill )ave >ritten 4- $@ll give, see D- >ill teac), >ill )as left <- returns, >ill alread, )ave left E-
>ill prepare, arrive 9- meet, >ill )ave been 7- go, >ill alread, )ave arrived 6- >ill )ave closed, get 2- >ill
deliver, >ill )ave delivered 1H- See, >ill almost )as finis)ed
Q 1- are ,ou going to do, graduate 4- >ill )ave been >orAing, >ill )ave learnt D- $s fl,ing, >e@ll be eating,
>ill be fl,ing <- >ill be >aiting, gets E- >ill be l,ing, $ am >riting, $@ll >orA, $@ll finis), $@ll be ex)austed 9-
$@ll alread, )ave )ad lunc), arrive 7- $@ll go, finis) 6- $@ll #ust )ave come bacA 2- $@ve lived, $@ll Ano> 1H- >ill
be operating
!$$- $87 %6A#I$I6A/9 >66# /A# $87 I7 896:1;
$87 ?@7S7A$ %6A#I$I6A/9
=orm
&ormai condiionalul prezent cu verbul 'ould T s-ould F infiniti
/firmati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, 'ould . >orA
Aegati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, 'ould not . >orA
Interogati
:ould $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, >orAS
Aegati5Interogati
:ould $ not T 'ouldnHt $ T >orAS :ould ,ou not T 'ouldnHt ,ou T >orAS
=orma contras
$ >ould U $@d T ,ou >ould U ,ou@d
+e >ould not U )e >ouldn@t T t)e, >ould not U t)e, >ouldn@t
S-ould poate fi folosit pentru toate persoanele pentru a exprima 'ndatorirea sau sugestiaK
$ s)ould >orA toda, but $@m too tired- OdatorieP
(lan s)ould >orA )arder to earn more mone,- OsugestieP
$87 ?7@=7%$ %6A#I$I6A/9
=orm
&ormai condiionalul perfect cu 'ould T s-ould F -ae F !artici!iu trecut
/firmati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, 'ould -ae . >orAed
Aegati
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, 'ould not -ae . >orAed
Interogati
:ould $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T >e T ,ou T t)e, -ae . >orAed
46
Aegati5Interogati
:ould $ not -ae O>ouldn@t $ )aveP >orAedS
;tilizare
Timpurile condiionale se folosescK
". la fel ca iitorul sim!lu (future5in5t-e5!ast) cCnd erbul !rinci!al este la trecut:
$ thin& )e )ill come- $ thought )e )ould come-
.. !entru a face referiri la ac4iuni obinuite din trecut:
?)en >e lived in (frica >e )ould often spend our >eeAends in t)e bus)-
?)en Elena >as a bab, s)e )ould cry all nig)t long-
D- En !ro!ozi4ii subordonate du!: advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand,
determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, re<uest, suggest, be anxious, be determined
T)e doctor decided Ot)atP t)e patient should )ave )is appendix out-
r- ?alAer is an(ious Ot)atP )er son should get t)e #ob-
<- cu it is = was 0 ad)ectiv 0 that2 should
,t*s essential t)at t)e students should get to t)eir lesson on time-
,t )as strange t)at )e should sa, t)at-
E- du! can"t think, don"t know why sau see no reason why
$ see no reason )hy >e should >orr,-
$ don*t &no) )hy m, neig)bour should do t)at-
$ can*t thin& )hy &ranA should apologise-
K. cu oferte i cereri:
%ould ,ou prefer tea or coffeeS
%ould ,ou li&e to see m, stamp collectionS
Aot
:ould rat-erG 'nseamn a prefera sa
$ )ould rather )ave coffee t)an tea-
?e )ould rather taAe t)e bus t)an >alA-
L. En !ro!ozi4ii condi4ionale
Exist trei tipuri de propoziii condiionale O$& "luaseP
I= %lause B $i!ul I: !ent ru a indica !robabilitatea
=orm
&ormai primul tip de propoziie condiional cu If 0 pre*ent simplu i will = pre*ent simplu = imperativ 0
infinitiv scurt (En !ro!ozi4ia !rinci!al)
,f $ run, $ )ill catc) t)e train-
S)e smiles if ,ou greets )er-
4ead t)at booA, if ,ou find it-
Aot
&orma contras este cea uzual 'n engleza vorbit-
,f &ranA doesn*t come, )e*ll start >it)out )im-
Aot
Este posibil inversarea subordonatei cu propoziia principalK
,f $ get )ome earl,, ,*ll phone ,ou-
,*ll phone ,ou, if $ get home earl,-
42
;tilizare
"ondiionalul de tip $ se folosete astfelK
1- cCnd situa4ia din !ro!ozi4ia condi4ional este !robabil sau se !resu!une c se a EntCm!la. %ei
sensul poate fi de prezent sau viitor, verbul din propoziia condiional este 'ntotdeauna la timpul
prezent-
T)e vase )ill brea&, if ,ou drop it-
%ill ,ou get me some milA, if ,ou go to t)e supermarAetS
.. erbele modale !recum can) may) must) s-ould El Enlocuiesc !e 'ill En !ro!ozi4ia !rinci!al:
Gou can enter t)e stadium, if ,ou )ave a ticAet-
$f )e isn@t in, ,ou may leave a message-
Fo)n must >orA ver, )ard, if )e >ants to get elected-
$f ,ou >ant to >ear t)at dress t)is summer, ,ou should lose some >eig)t-
3. cu dou tim!uri !rezente (unul En fiecare !ro!ozi4ie) !entru a indica rezultate automate sau
obinuin4e:
$f ,ou push t)at button, it comes on-
$f ,ou mi( red and blue, ,ou get purple-
Aot
1hould poate fi plasat du! sau En loc de if c5nd vorbim despre o posibilitate mai puin probabil- =otai c
subiectul este aezat dup s-ould-
$f $ should visit $ndia, $@ll go and see t)e Ta# a)al-
Should $ visit $ndia, $@ll go and see t)e Ta# a)al-
Aot
Pentru a indica sfatul, comanda sau cererea, 'n propoziia principal se pot folosiK could, 'ould, -ad better,
oug-t toK
0ill had better get )is )air cut, if )e >ants to get t)at #ob-
$ )ould pa, t)e fine, if ,ou don@t >ant to get into trouble >it) t)e police-
D. cu tim!uri !rezente alternatie (continue sau !erfecte) En !ro!ozi4ia condi4ional:
$f ,ou are ma&ing a cup of coffee, $@ll have one too-
$f t)e c)ildren have finished dinner, $@ll )ash up-
Aot
;nless U If G not
5nless it@s a sunn, da, tomorro>, >e >on@t go on t)at picnic U ,f it is not a sunn, da, tomorro>, >e >on@t
go on t)at picnic-
6t-er'ise U or else
$f ,ou don@t stud,, ,ou@ll fail t)e exam U ,ou must stud,, other)ise ,ou@ll fail t)e exam U ,ou must stud,,
or else ,ou@ll fail t)e exam-
I= %lause B $i!ul II : !entru a indica im!robabilitatea sau i!oteza
=orm
&ormai al doilea tip de propoziie condiional cu If 0 past simple i would 0 infinitivul scurt (En
!ro!ozi4ia !rinci!al)
$f ,ou invited )er s)e )ould come-
$f ,ou did not invite )er s)e )ould not come-
Aot
Tipul $$ de condiional se refer la prezent sau la viitor- Trecutul din subordonata condiional nu are sens de
trecut- Este un con#unctiv care indic improbabilitatea sau ipoteza-
;tilizare
"ondiionalul de tipul $$ se foloseteK
DH
". cCnd situa4ia din subordonata condi4ional este !u4in !robabil s se !etreac sau re!rezint
e2!rimarea unei !osibilit4i i!otetice:
$f $ )on t)e lotter,, $ )ould stop >orAing- Obut $ don@t belive $ >inP
.. cu referire la o situa4ie !rezent sau iitoare) foarte im!robabil sau ireal:
$f $ )ere you, $@d buy a bigger car- Obut $@m not ,ouP
$f t)e distance to t)e train station )ere shorter, $@d )al& t)ere- Ot)e distance is unliAel, to c)angeP
Aot
"on#unctivul verbului to be este were pentru toate persoanele- Totui, 'n engleza vorbit auzim uneori was la
persoana $ i a $$$.a-
,f , )as to visitX
,f it )as a nice da,X
3. !entru a face o sugestie !oliticoas sau !entru a e2!rima o i!otez !erfect realizabil:
$f >e go in t>o cars, >e@ll be more comfortable-
$f >e )ent in t>o cars, >e@d be more comfortable-
Aot
"ondiionalul de tipul $$ este considerat mai politicos pentru a face o sugestie sau a da un sfatK
?ill $ catc) t)e s)ops open, if $ runS
Gou )ill catch t)em open, if ,ou )al&- Sau mai politicosK
Gou )ould catch t)em open, if ,ou )al&ed-
D. erbele modale la un tim! trecut El !ot Enlocui !e 'ould. Sensurile se modific En mod
cores!unztor:
$f r- /,nc) applied for t)e #ob, )e )ould get it- Osigur 'n mod virtualP
$f r- /,nc) applied for t)e #ob, )e might get it- OposibilP
$f r- /,nc) got t)e #ob, )e could start next onda,- OabilitateP
O. cu forme continue fie En subordonata condi4ional) fie En !ro!ozi4ia !rinci!al:
$f $ )eren*t at >orA toda,, $ )ould be at )ome mo)ing t)e la>n-
$f $ )ere giving a presentation, $@d use slides-
I= %lause B $i!ul III : !entru a indica im!osibilitatea
=orm
&ormai al treilea tip de propoziie condiional cu If 0 mai mult ca perfect i would have 0 participiu
trecut (En !ro!ozi4ia !rinci!al)
$f t)e, )ave invited %avid )e >ould )ave gone-
&orma contrasK at5t I had c5t i I would U I"d
$f t)e,@d invited %avid, )e@d have gone-
Aot
Tipul $$$ de condiional se refer la trecut i indic im!osibilitatea. Este imposibil 'ndeplinirea aciunii din
!rinci!al pentru c aciunea din subordonata condi4ional nu s.a petrecut-
;tilizare
"ondiionalul de tipul $$$ se foloseteK
". cCnd situa4ia din subordonata condi4ional este En trecut) deci im!osibil:
$f >e had ta&en an umbrella >it) us last nig)t, >e )ould not have got >et- O?e didn@t taAe an umbrella
last nig)t so >e got >et-P
4- cu could (cu referire la abilitate sau !ermisiune) i might (cu referire la !osibilitate) En locul lui
would En !ro!ozi4ia !rinci!al:
$ could have made a caAe, if ,ou had told me it >as ,our )usband@s birt)da,- OabilitateP
$ might have )on t)e sZuas) game last nig)t, if $ hadn*t eaten suc) a big meal before pla,ing-
D1
3. cu forme continue fie En subordonata condi4ional fie En !rinci!al:
$f t)e driver hadn*t been going slo>l,, )e )ould have crashed into t)e car in front-
+e )ould have been driving faster, if )e hadn*t realised t)e danger-
Aot
:n engleza vorbit tipurile $$ i $$$ de condiional apar amestecateK
/ucAil, it didn@t rain- $f it had rained, $ )ould be )et no>-
$ didn@t pass m, driving test- $f $ had passed it, $ could be driving m, car no>-
I= 6A9S
If only se poate folosi la toate cele trei tipuri de condiional pentru a sublinia sperana sau regretul
,f only t)e >ind blo)s in t)e rig)t direction, >e@ll get bac& to t)e s)ore safe ans sound- Opre*ent > speranP
,f only >e had an engine on t)is boat, >e could get bac& in no time- Otrecut simplu > dorinP
,f only >e had ta&en a siren >it) us, >e could have sent an S-*-S- Omai mult ca perfectul > regretP
Aot
:ill T 'ould T could T s-ould i alte verbe modale nu se folosesc de obicei 'n !ro!ozi4ia condi4ional-
Exist i excepiiK
$f ,ou would ask )im for me, $ would be grateful- Osolicitare politicoasP
$f m, brot)er would tell me >), )e@s so upset, per)aps $ could help- Opentru a indica voinaP
$f ,ou will eat so muc) all t)e time, ,ou are bound to get fat- Opentru a indica voina, 'ncp5nareaP
Aot
$nversiuneK
If he had t)e time, )eX
/ad he had t)e time, )eX
72erci4ii
/lege4i should sau would !entru a com!leta s!a4iile En aceast !oestire:
$t is onl, fair t)at ,ou X-O1P Ano> about +arr,@s past before ,ou marr, )im- ?)en )e >as a c)ild )e X-O4P
al>a,s get )imself into trouble and )is fat)er al>a,s insisted t)at )e X- ODP tell us >)ere )e >as going-
*nce )e >ent do>n to t)e river to fis), )e said- 0ut $ could see no reason >), )e X-O<P taAe )is air.rifle
>it) )im- $ >as so >orried t)at $ begged t)at )is fat)er X-OEP follo> )im; )e did #ust t)at and to )is surprise
)e sa> t)at +arr, >as s)ooting at t)e fis) instead of catc)ing t)em >it) a rod- +is fat)er >as so furious t)at
)e ordered t)at +arr, X-O9P )and )is rifle over to t)e police- +e said )e X--O7P but >e suspect )e Aept it
)idden a>a, some>)ere because >e X--O6P )ear s)ooting in t)e fields ever, no> and t)en- ?ell m, dear, it
is better t)at ,ou X--O2P )ear t)ese t)ings before maAing an important decision- X--O1HP ,ou per)aps prefer
to meet +arr,@d older brot)erS =o> )e is a completel, different personR
?une4i erbele din !aranteze la forma corect: condi4ionalul I) II sau III:
1- ?e OdriveP out of to>n after dinner unless ,ou are too tired- 4- $f $ ObeP able to spell correctl,, $@d be so
)app,R D- $f ,ou )ad arrived in t)e da,time $ OmeetP ,ou at t)e station- <- $f ,ou Aeep calm, ,ou OrememberP
>)at to do- E- $f r- 0ro>n OdriveP more carefull, )e >ouldn@t )ave )ad t)e accident- 9- S)e >ould get too
)ot if ,ou OcoverP )er up- 7- +e >ould )ave Ano>n >)at >as >rong if )e OlooAP at t)e engine- 6- $f t)e
engine )ad been repaired )e Obe ableP to use t)e car- 2- T)e, >ill send ,ou t)e spare parts ,ou need on
condition t)e, OgetP ,our order- 1H- (n interpreter O)elpP ,ou if ,ou cannot understand t)e "ustoms officer-
?une4i erbele din !aranteze la forma corect: !rezent) iitor) im!erati
1- ;nless 0ett, O)aveP enoug) mone,, s)e Onot be ableP to bu, t)e s>eater- 4- T)e bo,s Onot goP up t)e
mountain tomorro> if it ObeP fogg,- D- $f t)e television programme ObeP good on Sunda,s, m, parents al>a,s
Osta,P at )ome and O>atc)P T!- <- S)e Obu,P a large car provided s)e O>inP t)e lotter,- E- $f ,ou OputP sugar
in >arm >ater, it OdissolveP-
?une4i erbele din !aranteze la forma corect:
1- $f ,ou >ould come >it) me, $ Os)o>P ,ou t)e to>n- 4- $f $ >ere ,ou $ ObeP more careful- D- S)e OgetP a #ob
as an interpreter on condition s)e Ane> t>o languages >ell- <- +e >ouldn@t start >orA on t)e pro#ect unless
)is manager OagreeP to t)e plan- E- $f $ OAno>P t)is language >ell, $ could translate t)e booA into Iomanian-
D4
?une4i erbele din !aranteze la forma corect:
1- !eraK T)anA goodnessR $ t)oug)t ,ou@d missed it- /auraK $ ver, nearl, did- ?)at O,ou, doP if $ OmissP itS 4-
!eraK $ t)inA $ OgetP out of t)e train- T)en $ O>aitP for ,ou on t)e platform- D- /auraK $f $ Onot, findP a taxi $
Onot, getP )ere in time- <- !eraK $ t)oug)t ,ou >ere coming b, bus- /auraK $ >as, but it broAe do>n >)en >e
>ere )alf>a, )ere- $f $ O>aitP for anot)er one, $ Ocertainl,, missP t)is train- E- !eraK +o> lucA, t)at ,ou
found a taxi- /auraK *), ,es- $t ObeP a nuisance if >e OmissP t)e train-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
Q 1- S)ould 4- ?ould D- S)ould <- S)ould E- S)ould 9- S)ould 7- ?ould 6- ?ould 2- S)ould 1H- ?ould
Q 1- ?e@ll drive 4- ?ere D- ?ould )ave met <- Gou@ll remember E- +ad driven 9- "overed 7- +ad looAed 6-
?ould )ave been able 2- 3et 1H- ?ill )elp
Q 1- +as, >ill not be able 4- ?ill not go, is D- $s, sta,, >atc) <- ?ill bu,, >ins E- Put, dissolves
Q 1- ?ould s)o> 4- ?ould be D- ?ould get <- (greed E- Ane>
Q 1- >ould ,ou )ave done, )ad missed 4- ?ould )ave got, >ould )ave >aited D- +adn@t found, >ouldn@t
)ave got <- +ad >aited, >ould certainl, )ave missed E- ?ould )ave been, )ad missed
VIII. $87 S7U;7A%7 6= $7AS7S
Aot
"oncordana timpurilor 'n limba englez se aplic la trei tipuri de propoziii subordonateK subordonata
completiv direct, subordonata condiional i subordonata temporal-
:n continuare ne vom referi doar la dou din cele trei tipuri de subordonate, cea condiional fiind tratat 'n
capitolul ]$$-
#I@7%$ 6BV7%$ %9/;S7
OPropoziia Subordonat "ompletiv %irectP
>ainT@egent %lause Subordinate %lause
OPropoziia principalP OPropoziia subordonatP
1- ?rezent 6rice tim! erbal cerut de
?rezentul ?erfect sensul subordonatei
Viitor
ar, e(plainsThas e(plainedT)ill e(plain t)at s)e goesT)ill goThas goneT)entThad gone to /ondon-
.. $im!ul trecut $recutul !erfect
pentru o aciune anterioar
+e said t)at )e had seen t)e movie-
$im!ul trecut
pentru o aciune simultan
$ thought t)at t)e, )ere at )ome-
=uture5in5t-e5!ast
pentru o aciune posterioar
T)e, promised t)e, )ould )rite t)at exercise again-
Aot
Exist i c5teva excepiiK
1- !erbele to ask, demand, insist, order, recommend, re<uire, urge, 'n propoziia principal, sunt urmate
de Sub#onctivul (nalitic O0ritis) Englis)P i de Sub#onctivul Sintetic O(merican Englis)P
DD
S)e demands t)at ,ou should arrive in time-
S)e demands t)at ,ou arrive in time-
4- Pentru adevruri general valabile i ireversibile
$t )as proved t)at >ater boils at 1HH "elsius degrees-
$ &ne) t)at s)e is a )ido)-
$I>7 %9/;S7
OPropoziia Subordonat TemporalP
@egul de bazK 'n propoziia temporal nu se poate folosi viitorul-
>ainT@egent %lause Subordinate %lause
OPropoziia principalP OPropoziia subordonatP
". Viitor $im!ul ?rezent
pentru aciuni simultane
ar, )ill tell us t)e trut) >)en s)e &no)s it-
?rezentul ?erfect
pentru aciuni anterioare
T)e bo, )ill translate t)e lesson after )e has learnt t)e ne> >ords-
.. $im!ul $recut $im!ul $recut
=uture5in5t-e5?ast pentru aciuni simultane
ar, visited us >)enever s)e )as free-
$ promised mot)er $ )ould buy t)at booA >)en $ sa) it-
$recutul ?erfect
pentru aciuni anterioare
T)e c)ildren )ent to bed after t)e, had done t)eir lessons-
?e understood t)at t)e, )ould come )ome after t)e, had finished t)eir >orA-
Aot
:n alte tipuri de subordonate se folosesc acele timpuri verbale care sunt cerute de sensul subordonatei
respective, fr nici o constr5ngereK
Gesterda, $ bought a booA >)ic) is very interestingT, )ill read this )ee&T, have been loo&ing for since pril-
Opropo*iie atributivP
FacA played tennis t)at da, as he )ill never be able to play again- Opropo*iie completiv de modP
/ast ,ear ar, spo&e Englis) better than her sister does no)- Opropo*iie completiv de comparaieP
, brot)er finished )is >orA in t)e morning because he )ill go to a party this evening- Opropo*iie
completiv cau*alP
72erci4ii
?une4i erbele din !aranteze la forma corect (?rezent) tim!ul trecut) !rezentul !erfect) trecutul
!erfect) iitor):
(- 1- (rnold Oto beP born in a village and )e Oto spendP )is c)ild)ood t)ere- +e Oto moveP to /eeds >)en )e
Oto beP fifteen ,ears old and )e Oto liveP t)ere since )is sister Oto getP married- 4- (t present, )e Oto >orAP in
an office but )e Oto useP to >orA at a banA before- D -next ,ear )e Oto goP to /ondon to stud, at t)e
;niversit,, but onl, after )e Oto finis)P >riting t)e novel )e Oto >orAP at no>- <- $ Oto >riteP to )im a long
letter several da,s ago and Oto asAP )im )o> man, c)apters )e alread, Oto >riteP- E- (rnold@s daug)ter )opes
t)at )er fat)er Oto finis)P )is booA b, t)e end of (ugust- 9- $ Oto seeP )er ,esterda, >)ile s)e Oto crossP t)e
D<
street- 7- ?)en $ Oto talAP to )er, s)e Oto tellP me t)at s)e Oto beP ver, tired because s)e Oto t,peP all t)e
morning-
0- 1- (s soon as s)e Oto seeP us, s)e Oto stopP singing- 4- T)e tailor Oto promiseP me t)en t)at m, suit Oto beP
read, in a >eeA@s time- D- ?), didn@t ,ou explain to t)em >)en ,ou Oto beP able to give t)em t)e mone,
bacAS <- $ >ondered >)ere )e Oto stud,P and )o> man, ,ears before )e Oto taAeP )is degree- E- 0efore paper
Oto beP invented, people Oto >riteP t)eir t)oug)ts upon various ot)er materials- 9- +istor, Oto beP engraved on
stone monuments and our Ano>ledge of >)at ancient people Oto doP, Oto beP c)iefl, taAen from t)e stone
tables and buildings >)ic) t)e, Oto erectP-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
(- 1- ?as, spent, moved, >as, )as been living, got 4- $s >orAing, used to >orA D- ?ill go, )as finis)ed, is
>orAing <- ?rote, asAed, )ad alread, >ritten E- ?ill finis) 9- Sa>, >as crossing 7- TalAed, told, >as )ad
t,ped
0- 1- See, stops 4- Promised, >ould be read, D- ?ere able <- +ad studied, tooA E- ?as, )ad >ritten 9- $s,
)ave done, is, erected
$87 S;BV;A%$IV7 >66#
"on#unctivul a disprut aproape complet 'n englez- Se mai pstreaz anumite forme mai ales la trecut
pentru a exprima 'ndoiala, regretul sau situaiile ireale-
=orm
/. Sub(onctiul sintetic !rezent
Sub#onctivul prezent are aceeai form ca Infinitivul fr ?@- (re aceeai form pentru toate persoanele-
3od save t)e AingR
T)e, be damnedR
1e foloseteK
#$ pentru a exprima dorine, urri sau exclamaii devenite expresii
+eaven help us allR
0e t)at as it ma,R
3od forgiveTbless ,ouR
$amn ,ouR
3od bless ,ouR
'$ n propo*iiile condiionale
$f t)is be true, >e must inform t)e aut)orities-
($ n propo*iiile subordonate introduse de ?/6? cAnd n propo*iia principal se exprim o dorin, o
cerere, o obligaie, o necesitate
- 'n propoziii completive directe dup urmtoarele verbeK to suggest, order, demand, urge, recommend,
insist, command, propose, arrange, decide, agree, arrange, determine
$ insist t)at )e go- O,nsist s se ducP
S)e urged t)at )e sit do>n and listen crefull,-
- 'n propoziiile subiective dup urmtoarele construcii impersonaleK it is natural, important, advisable,
necessary, possible, impossible
$t is important t)at )e go-
$t is necessar, t)at ,our friend arrive t)ere first-
DE
B. Sub(onctiul sintetic trecut
Sub#onctivul trecut are aceeai form ca i trecutul simplu- !erbul be are forma >ere pentru toate
persoanele-
$t@s time >e )ent )ome-
$ >is) )e )ere nicer-
%. Sub(onctiul sintetic mai mult ca !erfect
Sub#onctivul mai mult ca perfect are aceeai form ca mai mult ca perfectul-
?e >is)ed >e had had better >eat)er-
1e folosete&
#$ n propo*iiile condiionale pentru a exprima un 8ondiional pre*ent sau un 8ondiional trecut
$f $ )ere ,ou, $ >ould tr, to talA to )er-
T)e c)ildren >ill liAe t)is film if t)e, sa) it-
$ >ould )ave boug)t t)at booA if $ had found it-
4- pentru a exprima irealitatea dup wish, as if=though, even if=though, would rather=sooner, it"s high
time, suppose BthatC
:IS8
.ish 0 .ould 0Infinitiv Bnu este un sub)onctivDC exprim o dorin n viitor
$ >is) )e >ould >rite to me-
.ish 0 4ast ?ense 1imple
- pentru a indica o situaie nereal n pre*ent Bregret pentru o aciune sau situaie care se produce sau
nuC
$ )ish t)e, agreed to m, proposal-
- wish 0 could
?)at a pit,R $ )ish ,ou could sing-
- cu referire la obiceiuri, stri pre*ente i aciuni regulate
$ )ish $ got up earl, in t)e morning-
- wish 0 past tense continuous cu referire la aciuni care se desfoar la momentul pre*ent sau aciuni
care continu pe o perioad care include i momentul pre*ent
$ )ish )e )ere playing in t)e parA-
- wish 0 was going to pentru referine n viitor
$ )ish $ )as going to do t)e )ouse>orA tomorro>-
wish 0 4ast 4erfect cu referire la situaii dorite dar care nu se pot reali*a sau pentru aciuni n trecut
+e )ishes )e had bought )is ne>spaper-
wished 0 4ast ?ense - cele dou aciuni sunt simultane
S)e )ished s)e )eren*t ill-
wished 0 4ast 4erfect cAnd aciunea dorit se produce sau nu nainte de momentul trecut exprimat
de wished
ar, )ished s)e hadn*t been ill during )er )olida,-
>ain %lause Sub(unctie =orm
I 'is- U a vrea 1- Gou came U s vii
I 'is-ed U a fi vrut would come no> U ce n.a da s vii
had come ,esterda, U s fi venit
/S I=T$86;G8
6s if=thorugh 0 4ast ?ense 1imple - pentru a indica nesigurana sau dubiul n pre*ent Baciuni
contrare faptului pre*entC
+e be)aves as if )e )ere a teac)er-
6s if 0 4ast ?ense of Eoing to pentru situaii ipotetice n viitor
D9
+e talAs as if it )ere going to rain-
6s if 0 4ast 4erfect pentru a indica ndoiala, incertitudinea n legtur cu o aciune trecut
Baciune contrar faptului trecutC
S)e talAsT talAed as if1 as though s)e had bought it-
>ain %lause Sub(unctie =orm
+e isT>as >alAing as if )e did not Ano> . simultan
as t-oug- )e )ad alread, Ano>n .anterior
:6;9# @/$87@ T S66A7@
.ould rather 0 Infinitiv Bpersoana care exprim preferina este aceeai cu subiectul aciunii care
urmea*C
0ill )ould rather play tennis t)an football-
.ould rather 0 Infinitiv perfect Bacelai subiectC
S)e )ould rather have travelled b, plane-
.ould rather 0 4ast ?ense 1imple Bsubiectul lui would rather este diferit de subiectul aciunii care
urmea*C
$ )ould rather ,ou got up earl,-
.ould rather 0 4ast 4erfect Bsubiecte diferiteC
$ )ould rather t)e, had left on time-
.ould rather 0 would 0 infinitiv Bcu referire la un eveniment dorit n viitorC
$ )ould rather ,ou )ould come tomorro>-
I= 6A9S
If only 0 4ast ?ense pentru dorine care se refer fie la pre*ent fie la viitor, n special cu verbe care
exprim aciuni obinuite, obiceiuri sau stri
,f only s)e didn*t eat so muc)R
If only 0 4ast ?ense 8ontinuous pentru a indica o dorin care se refer la viitor sau pre*ent
$f onl, $ >ere leaving, too-
If only 0 4ast 4erfect pentru a exprima un regret pentru o aciune care nu s-a produs
,f only t)e, had come, t)is >ouldn@t )ave )appened-
If only 0 .ould 0 Infinitiv pentru a exprima o dorin n legtur cu viitorul dar fr speran
,f only )e )ould buy me a >atc)R
If only 0 4resent = 7uture ?ense ca unechivalent pentrupropo*iiile care ncep cu /@4;
$ hope s)e )ill come in time-
,f only s)e comes in timeR
I$HS $I>7
It"s ?ime 0 4ast ?ense 1imple
,t*s time ,ou finished reading t)e ne>spaper-
It"s time 0 4ast ?ense 8ontinuous pentru a accentua natura progresiv a aciunii
,t*s time ,ou )ere decorating ,our )ouse-
It"s time 0 7or 0 Infinitiv a sosit timpul s faci ceva
,t*s time for ,ou to have lunc)-
It"s time 0 4ast ?ense este de)a cam tAr*iu s mai faci ceva
,t*s time ,ou had ,our lunc)-
>ain %lause Sub(unctie =orm
I 'ould rat-erTsooner U a prefera )e left no> U s plece
If only U mcar dac
Su!!ose U dac cumvaR +e )ad arrived U s fi sosit
It is -ig- time U e vremea s
D7
#. Sub(onctiul analitic
Sub#onctivul analitic este mai des folosit dec5t cel sintetic i poate aprea at5t 'n subordonat c5t i 'n
propoziia principal-
Este format dintr.un verb modal shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could i Infinitivul 4re*ent
sau 4erfect-
1e folosete&
1hall 0 Infinitiv
Shall $ help ,ou >it) ,our )ome>orAS
T)e, )ave decided t)at ,ou shall go t)ere- O,ou must goP
1hould 0 Infinitiv in main clauses
?), s)ould t)e, come so earl,S
1hould 0 Infinitiv dup urmtoarele construc'ii6 it is=was important, necessary, natural, surprising,
advisable
,t*s necessary t)at ,ou should be present-
1hould 0 Infinitiv " dup urmtoarele verbe6 to demand, insist, command, propose, re<uest, suggest
T)e, suggested t)at ,ou should tell t)em t)e trut)-
1hould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate de scop introduse de lest, for fear BthatC, in case
?e left in a )urr, lest s)e should see us t)ere- OU ca s nu ne vadP
?)ere >ould ,ou sleep in case ,ou should miss t)e trainS
1hould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate atributive
+is desire t)at no one should enter t)at room surprised us-
1hould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii concesive introduse de though, although, whatever
?)atever s)e should say, don@t contradict )er-
Fay= Fight 0 Infinitiv " in main clauses
7ay all ,our dreams come trueR
Fust imagine, next ,ear >e might have a carR
Fay= Fight 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate dup urmtoarele construc'iiit is=was possible,
probable, likely
,t is probable t)at our friend might have &no)n ,ou-
,t is possible t)at s)e may come toda,-
Fay= Fight 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate de scop introduse de that, in order that, so that
+e tooA a seat in t)e first ro> so that )e might hear t)e actors >ell-
Fay= Fight 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate concesive introduse de though, although, however,
whatever, no matter
-o)ever painful it may be to ,ou, ,ou must Ano> t)e trut)-
8o matter )o> expensive t)at car might be s)e still >ants to bu, it-
.ould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii completive directe dup wish
T)e, )ish >e )ould pay t)em a visit-
.ould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate de scop
S)e learnt all t)e ne> >ords so that s)e )ould be able to translate t)e text-
8ould 0 Infinitiv " pentru a e(prima scopul+ ca o alternativ la may1might+ avnd un grad mai mare de
certitudine
S)e studied a lot so that s)e could pass t)e difficult exam-
72erci4ii
?une4i erbele din !aranteze la forma corect: !ast tense sim!le) !ast !erfect sau 'ould F infiniti:
1- ?e )ad lots of fun at t)e part,- $ >is) ,ou ObeP t)ere, too- 4- T)e plants need a lot of >ater at t)is time of
t)e ,ear and it )asn@t rained for a long time- $ >is) it OrainP no>- D- $ >is) m, mot)er ObeP )ere no> to )elp
me- <- Tom forgot to bu, t)e sports ne>spaper t)is morning- +e >is)es )e Obu,P it, as )e doesn@t Ano> t)e
football results- E- ?e >is) t)e teac)er OexplainP t)e grammar rules again next >eeA- 9- $@d liAe to go to t)e
concert, but $ )aven@t got a ticAet- $ >is) $ Obu,P one t)is morning- 7- T)e lecturer is alread, )alf an )our
late- ?e >is) )e OcomeP- 6- $ didn@t liAe t)e film ,esterda,- $ >is) $ Onot sta,P up to t)e end- 2- $ >is) ,ou
Opa,P more attention to ,our spelling in t)e future- 1H- $ >is) $ Ofollo>P t)e doctor@s advice- $ >ouldn@t be so
D6
ill no>- 11- T)e teac)er >is)es someone OofferP to bring some coloured c)alA to sc)ool tomorro>- 14- $ >is)
,ou OinformP me about t)is matter several mont)s ago-
$raduce4i urmtoarele !ro!ozi4ii En limba romCn:
1- $ >is) ,ou >ould listen more carefull, to ,our teac)er- 4- %o ,ou >is) t)e, )ad sent ,ou a cardS D- $
>is)ed s)e )ad posted t)is letter for me- <- %on@t ,our friends >is) ,ou >ould go on t)e trip >it) t)emS E-
ot)er >is)es $ got better marAs at sc)ool- 9- T)e little bo,s >is)ed t)e, >ere allo>ed to s>im in t)e laAe-
7- %on@t ,ou >is) it >ere summer no>S 6- %oesn@t ,our teac)er >is) ,ou >ould improve ,our
pronunciationS
?une4i erbele din !aranteze la forma corect:
1- +e is speaAing as if )e Oans>erP an examination- 4- $ al>a,s get seasicA >)en $ travel b, sea- $f onl, $ Onot
taAeP t)e boat and OcomeP b, planeR D- $f onl, ,ou OgiveP me a c)ance to tr, again, "ecil, begged- <- $ >is)
,ou Osta,P >it) me for a >)ile- $ feel ver, lonel,- E- S)e >ent on talAing as if s)e Onot )earP >)at $ )ad said-
9- $t@s time ,ou OstopP maAing a nuisance of ,ourself- 7- $t@s a pit, ,ou left so earl,- $@d rat)er ,ou Osta,P a
little longer- 6- &or t)e first time in )is life )e felt as if )e ObeP in a )urr, to get >)ere )e >as going- 2- S)e
acted as t)oug) s)e ObeP born an actress-
$raduce4i urmtoarele !ro!ozi4ii En limba englez:
1- (na ar dori s nu fie at5t de ocupat sptm5na asta- 4- !a trebui s ateptm 4H de minute p5n la sosirea
trenului- "e pcat c am plecat de acas at5t de devremeR D- 0ieelul ar dori ca prinii s.l trimit 'n tabra
de var de la Sinaia, dar sunt sigur c ei 'l vor duce la ar la bunici- <- =umai de.a putea gsi cuvintele
cele mai potriviteR E- Se luda c a rezolvat singur toate problemele de matematic- =umai de l.ai fi auzitR 9-
( dori ca ea s treac acest examen dificil- 7- ai degrab m.a duce s vd un film dec5t s.mi pierd
timpul atept5ndu.te- 6- /una viitoare e primul examen; e timpul s te apuci serios de 'nvat- 2- ( trecut o
sptm5n de c5nd ai primit scrisoarea de la (ngela- E timpul s.i rspunzi la scrisoare- 1H- =umai de nu s.
ar opri motorul c)iar la mi#locul panteiR 11- %iana vorbete de parc n.ar ti nimic despre conferin- 14- (
fi preferat ca el s spun adevrul- 1D- Se comport de parc el ar fi fcut toate pregtirile pentru serbare- 1<-
Toi prietenii mei #oac )andbal pe terenul de sport- "e pcat c nu tiu s #oc )andbalR
$raduce4i urmtoarele !ro!ozi4ii En limba romCn:
1- E ciudat c c)eltuiete aa de puini bani c5nd tie c scumpul mai mult pgubete- 4- E de necrezut c
citea c5nd trebuia s lucreze la teza de doctorat- D- E remarcabil c ei lucrau de dou ore i terminaser
treaba c5nd ai sosit- <- =u i se pare de necrezut s se strice untul aa de repedeS E- $nsist s treci deoparte,
fiindc stai 'n drum- 9- "opilul acesta e bun la toate #ocurile, aa c va #uca orice 'i ceri- 7- Cise c e
competent 'n meseria lui, ca s avem 'ncredere 'n el- 6- E 'nc5ntat de ideea de a merge la mare de parc n.ar
ti c.i prea frig acum acolo- 2- S trieti mult i s fii fericitR 1H- *rice ar fi gtit c5nd ai sosit tu, trebuia s.
i dea o porie-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
Q 1- )ad been 4- >ere raining D- >ere <- )ad boug)t E- >ould explain 9- )ad boug)t 7- >ere coming 6- )adn@t
sta,ed 2- >ould pa, 12- )ad follo>ed 11- >ould offer 14- )ad informed
Q 1- ce n.a da s o asculi mai atent pe profesoar- 4- (i dori s.i fi trimis o ilustratS D- ( fi dorit s 'mi fi
pus scrisoarea la pot pentru mine- <- =u 'i doresc prietenii ti s mergi cu ei 'n excursieS E- "e n.ar da
mama s iau note mai bune la coal- 9- 0ieeii i.ar fi dorit s aib voie s 'noate 'n lac- 7- =u i.ai dori s
fie var acumS 6- =u 'i dorete profesoara ta s 'i 'mbunteti pronuniaS
Q1- >ere ans>ering 4- )adn@t taAen, )ad come D- >ould give <- >ould sta, E- )adn@t )eard 9- stopped 7- )ad
sta,ed 6- >as 2- )ad been
D2
Q 1- (nn >is)es s)e >eren@t T>asn@t so bus, t)is >eeA- 4- ?e@ll )ave to >ait for te>nt, minutes until t)e
train comes in- $ >is) $ )adn@t left )ome so earl,R D- T)e little bo, >is)es )is parents >ould send )im to t)e
Sinaia summer camp, but $@m sure t)e,@ll taAe )im to )is grandparents in t)e countr,- <- $f onl, $ could find
t)e most suitable >ordsR E- +e boasted )e )ad solved all t)e mat)s problems b, )imself- $f onl, ,ou )ad
)eard )imR 9- $ >is) s)e >ill pass T passes t)is difficult examinationR 7- $@d rat)er go and see a film t)an
>aste m, time >aiting for ,ou- 6- Gour first exam is next onda,, it@s time ,ou got do>n to >orA- 2- $t@s a
>eeA since ,ou received (ngla@s letter- $t@s time ,ou ans>ered )er letter- 1H- $f onl, t)e engine >ouldn@t
stop rig)t in t)e middle of t)e bendR 11- %iana is talAing as ifT as t)oug) s)e didn@t Ano> an,t)ing about t)e
conference- 14- $@d rat)er )e )ad told t)e trut)- 1D- +e be)aved as if T t)oug) )e )imself )ad made all t)e
preparations for t)e festival- 1<- (ll m, friends are pla,ing )andball in t)e sportsground- $ >is) T if onl, $
could pla, )andball-
Q 1- $t is strange t)at )e s)ould spend so little >)en )e Ano>s t)at c)eapest is t)e dearest- 4- $t is unbelivable
t)at )e s)ould )ave been reading >)en )e s)ould )ave been >orAing on )is dissertation- D- $t is remarAable
t)at t)e, s)ould )ave been >orAing for t>o )ours and )ad finis)ed t)e #ob >)en ,ou arrived- <- %on@t ,ou
t)inA it unbelivable t)at t)e butter s)ould go bad so soonS E- $ insist t)at ,ou s)ould go aside because ,ou are
in t)e >a,- 9- T)e bo, is clever at all games, so )e >ill pla, an,t)ing ,ou asA )im to- 7- +e said )e >as
competent at )is #ob so t)at >e mig)t trust )im- 6- +e is delig)ted >it) t)e idea of going to t)e seaside as
t)oug) )e did not Ano> it >as too cold t)ere no>- 2- a, ,ou live long and be )app,R 1H- ?)atever )e ma,
be cooAing >)en ,ou arrived, )e oug)t to )ave given ,ou a )elping-
>6#;9 I>?7@/$IV
=orm
Im!eratiul !ersoanei a II5a se formeaz cu Infinitivul fr ?@, fr subiect, pentru a face invitaii, cereri
sau pentru a da sfaturi, instruciuni i atenionri- =egativul se formeaz cu !@ G@? 0 Infinitiv fr ?@-
"omeR
%o not goR
Im!eratiul !ersoanei I se formeaz cu 9;? 0 F;=:1 0 Infinitiv fr ?@ pentru a da sugestii i a face
oferte- =egativul se formeaz cu !@ G@? 0 Infinitiv fr ?@-
/et me )elpR
/et us danceR
/et@s goR
;tilizare
Imperativul persoanei a II-a se folosete&
1- pentru a cere ceva
Give Fo)n t)is letter >)en ,ou see )im-
$on*t tell ar, >)at $ said last nig)t-
'$ pentru a face invitaii
2ome to m, part, on Saturda, nig)t-
$on*t as& )im to sta, over t)e nig)t-
($ pentru a da sfaturi sau a ateniona
9a&e an umbrella >it) ,ou, it@s raining-
#at ,our vegetables- T)e,@re good for ,ou-
+$ pentru a da indicaii
9urn t)e engine off, open t)e bonnet and unscre) t)e cap slo>l,-
E- cu interogaii dis)unctive& )ill1)on*t1)ould you: !i can1can*t1could you:
-ave somet)ing to drinA, )ill youS
Aot
<H
Se poate folosi !@ pentru a sublinia sensul imperativ
$o help ,ourself to an,t)ing ,ou >ant-
Aot
$mperativele nu au subiect, dei uneori se adaug un substantiv sau pronume pentru a identifica persoana
creia i se vorbete-
-ave anot)er drinA, Bill-
%-ildren, be 3uiet, pleaseR
Imperativul cu 9et se folosete&
#$ cu Fe, pentru a face oferte
;et me explain in more detail-
;et me get ,ou a drinA, +arr,-
'$ cu :s, pentru a oferi sugestii
$ t)inA >e are lost- ;et*s as& a policeman-
;et*s not )atch T! tonig)t- ;et*s go out for a stroll-
D- cu interogaii dis)unctive& )ill you: dup let me= let him etc$ !i shall )e: dup let us
;et meTlet himTlet them etc- go first for once, )ill youS
;et*s not argue about it, shall )eS
+$ cu rspunsuri scurte la sugestii
$@m too tired to >alA- S)all >e taAe a taxiS <es+ let*s.
Aot
Exist i o form de !ersoana a III5a im!eratiK 9;? 0 1ubstantiv sau complement pronominal 0
Infinitiv fr ?@ Ocu sensul de a permiteP
;et ever,one come in no> in single file-
;et )im continue-
$on*t let t)em stop ,ou, it@s ,our decision-
IW. #I/$7X/ ?/SIVY
=umai verbele tranzitive au diatez pasiv-
John cried- 2ry este un verb intranzitiv- =u are pasiv-
John sold the house- Sell este un verb tranzitiv- (re pasiv-
@egul general
Pentru a transforma o propoziie la diateza activ 'ntr.una la diateza pasivK
1- complementul direct devine subiect
4- be are acelai timp ca verbul principal
D- verbul principal devine participiu trecut
<- subiectul devine agentul, precedat de by
Aot
(gentul se exprim de obicei cu by- %ar c5nd agentul este o substan sau materie prim folosii with-
T)e novel >as >ritten by $efoe-
T)e floor >as covered )ith mud-
(desea nu este necesar specificarea agentului-
T)e burglar >as sentenced one ,ear in prison-
7c-ialen4ele acti B !asi:
<1
+e +ee!s t)e door open- T)e door is +e!t open-
+e is selling t)e car- T)e car is being sold-
+e closed t)e >indo>- T)e >indo> 'as closed-
+e 'as o!ening t)e gate- T)e gate 'as being o!ened-
+a -as s-ut t)e booA- T)e booA -as been s-ut-
+e -ad 'ritten t)e letter- T)e letter -ad been 'ritten-
+e 'ill carry t)e bag- T)e bag 'ill be carried-
+e 'ould buy t)e pen- T)e pen 'ould be boug-t-
+e 'ould -ae re!aired t)e box- T)e box 'ould -ae been re!aired-
+e is t)oug)t to -ae arrested )er- S)e is t)oug)t to -ae been arrested-
9oc+ing t)e safeX T)e safe being loc+edX
8aing rescued t)e bo,X T)e bo, -aing been rescuedG
Aot
:n engleza vorbit, get O'n locul lui beP se folosete adesea pentru diateza pasiv-
T)e )ouse got sold- U t)e )ouse )as sold-
Gou@ll get hurt- U ,ou@ll be hurt-
@eguli s!eciale
Pentru a transforma o propoziie la diateza activ 'ntr.una la diateza pasiv
1- Infinitiul acti devine Infiniti !asi
a- du! verbele modale
/cti ?asi
Tom may )rite t)e booA- T)e booA may be )ritten-
Gou must tell )im- +e must be told-
b- du! like=love=wish=want 0 complement direct
/cti ?asi
S)e li&ed us to )ater t)e S)e li&ed the flo)ers to be
flo>ers at da>n- )atered at da>n-
Aot
(lte combinaii verb 0 complement 0 infinitiv formeaz 'n mod normal pasivulK
/cti ?asi
T)e, told us to go- ?e >ere told to go-
+e is as&ing Sue to dance- Sue is being as&ed to dance-
$nfinitivele pasive sunt de obieci infinitive cu toR
T)e, sa) Emm, jump- Emm, )as seen to jump-
+e ma&es Ed rest- Ed is made to rest-
.. folosi4i t-atG s-ould F infiniti !asi
a- du! agree, decide, arrange, demand 0 infinitiv 0 complement
/cti ?asi
?e agreed to ta&e 9im- ?e agreed that 9im should be ta&en-
T)e, decided to reduce the price- T)e, decided that the price should
be reduced-
b- du! advise, insist, propose, recommedn, suggest 0 forma n ing 0 complement
/cti ?asi
S)e adivised finishing the job- S)e advised that the job should be finished-
<4
Aot
%up need folosii un gerunziu sau infinitiv pasiv- Sensul este identic- (mbele propoziii sunt pasive-
T)e p)one needs repairing-
T)e p)one needs to be repaired-
D- dou forme alternatie de !asi se !ot folosi En mod im!ersonal cu: assume, belive, claim, estimate,
find, know, presume, report, say, suppose, understand
/cti ?asi
9hey say that he is a genius- It is said that he is a genius-
/e is said to be a genius-
D. !re!ozi4iile sunt !lasate du! erbul !asi:
a- erbe com!le2e (verb 0 prepo*iie)
/cti ?asi
T)e, loo&ed for "- ever,>)ere- "- )as loo&ed for ever,>)ere-
b. erb F !re!ozi4ie F com!lement
/cti ?asi
+e )ad to )rite to )is parents dail,- +is parents )ad to be )ritten to dail,-
E- !ro!ozi4iile cu dou com!lemente (com!lement direct i indirect) au dou forme !osibile de !asi:
/cti ?asi
+e told her a lie- She >as told a lie-
lie >as told to )er-
T)e, sent him a letter- -e >as sent a letter-
letter >as sent to )im-
;tilizare
Pasivul se foloseteK
1- pentru a sublinia aciunea i nu agentul
T)e criminal )as arrested-
'$ cAnd agentul este necunoscut, neimportant sau evident
"linton )as elected president-
+e is said to be a bad.tempered man-
72erci4ii:
$raduce4i En limba englez urmtoarele !ro!ozi4ii
1- :n astfel de cazuri se trimite dup doctor- 4- 8i se ofer o 'ng)eat, de ce n.o ieiS D- ( fost ateptat dou
ore asear- <- i se arta casa, c5nd s.a stins lumina- E- =u 'mi pot 'nc)ipui de c5nd 'i cunoti pe aceti
scriitori- 9- =u.mi puteam aduce aminte 'n ce a fost presc)imbat veveria- 7- !a fi consultat doctorul 'n
aceast c)estiune i sper c va ti ce este- 6- !a fi fost aprat de toi dumanii 'nainte s cear a#utor- 2-
!5ntorul prezise c se va trage 'n vulpe i nu va fi nimerit- 1H- %ac ai fi 'mpiedicat s.i faci temele,
copiii care o fac ar fi pedepsii- 11- (r fi fost el operat dac nu.l cunotea c)irurgulS
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- $n suc) cases a doctor is sent for- 4- Gou are offered an ice.cream, >), don@t ,ou taAe itS D- +e >as
>aited for for t>o )ours last nig)t- <- $ >as being s)o>n around t)e )ouse >)en t)e lig)t >ent out- E- $ can@t
imagine )o> long ,ou )ave been acZuainted >it) t)ese >riters- 9- $ could not remember >)at t)e sZuirrel
)ad been c)anged into- 7- T)e doctor >ill be consulted on t)is matter and $ )ope )e >ill Ano> >)at it is- 6-
+e >ill )ave been defended from all )is enemies before )e asAs for )elp- 2- T)e )unter predicted t)e fox
>ould be fired at and missed- 1H- $f ,ou >ere )indered from doing ,our )ome>orA, t)e c)ildren >)o did t)at
>ould be punis)ed- 11- ?ould )e )ave been operated on if t)e surgeon )ad not Ano>n )imS
<D
V7@B7 >6#/97 I
>/S i %/A
(?ermisiune) !robabilitate) abilitate)
a, i can sunt verbe modale sau a#uttoareK ele sunt verbe defective, deoareceK
- au numai D timpuriK indicativ prezent, indicativ trecut i condiional prezent
- nu primesc s la persoana a $$$.a singular
- nu primesc do, does, did la interogativ sau negativ
- sunt urmate de infinitiul fr $6
Timpurile care lipsesc sunt 'nlocuite cuK
- to be able to OabilitateaP
- to be allo)ed to
- to be permitted to OpermisiuneaP
- to be li&ely to OprobabilitateaP
>ay T >ig-t
7ay se foloseste la prezent- 7ight la condiional prezent- (mbele sunt invariabile i sunt urmate de un
infinitiv fr To-
=orme contrase: ma,n@t T mig)tn@t
;tilizare:
1- Fay se folosete cu referire la eenimente sau ac4iuni !osibile sau !robabile En !rezent) adesea cu
sens de iitor. Fight !oate fi folosit !entru a sublinia o foarte redus !osibilitate.
T)ere@s a blacA cloud above us- $t may rain-
(lice may get angr, if ,ou tell )er-
$f ,ou tr, )ard enoug), ,ou might convince )im to come-
Aot
&ormele alternative suntK
>aybe it >ill rain-
$t is li+ely to rain-
.. !entru a cere) a oferi sau a refuza !ermisiunea !oliticos
7ay $ open t)e >indo>S $t@s ver, )ot in t)is office-
Gou may not smoAe in m, car-
7ight indic adesea teama vorbitorului de a nu primi un rspuns negativ, sau faptul c el cere prea
multK
7ight $ borro> ,our Iolls Io,ce for t)e >eeAendS
Aot
&orme alternativeK
/m I allo'ed to open t)e >indo>S
Sou are not !ermitted to smoAe in m, car-
D- cu well !entru a indica o foarte mare !robabilitate
$ t)inA it may )ell rain toda,, looA at t)ose blacA clouds-
Put some mone, in t)e box, it might )ell be for a good cause-
<<
Aot
&orme alternativeK
$ t)inA it is ery li+ely to rain toda,-
Aot
Fay = might as well are alt sensK
T)ere is not)ing interesting on T! t)is evening, $ may 1 might as )ell )ave an earl, nig)t-
D. cu o construc4ie !erfect !entru a face referire la o !resu!unere En trecut
0ill isn@t in )is office, )e may have gone )ome earl,- O$t@s possible t)at )e >ent )ome-P
E- cu o construc4ie !erfect !entru a face referire la cea care s5ar fi !utut !etrece En trecut dar nu s5
a !etrecut) se !oate folosi numai might
Gou might have burnt ,our )and >)ile taAing t)at )ot tra, out of t)e oven Obut ,ou didn@tP-
%an T %ould
2an se folosete la prezent, adesea cu sens de viitor- 2ould se folosete la trecut i condiional prezent-
(mbele sunt invariabile i sunt urmate de infinitiv fr To-
=orme contrase: can@t T couldn@t
;tilizare:
1- 8an se folosete !entru a cere) a acorda sau a refuza !ermisiunea) similar cu may) dar mai !u4in
formal
Gou can drive at seventeen in t)e ;B-
2an $ borro> ,our pen, pleaseS $@ve left mine at )ome-
Gou cannot go )unting out of season-
Aot
&orme alternativeK
Gou are !ermitted to drive at seventeen in ;B-
Gou are allo'ed to drive at seventeen in ;B-
Gou may drive at seventeen in ;B-
Aot
/a negativ, could i mig-t au sensuri diferite-
Ben could not be building t)e )ouse b, )imself- O$t@s impossible- $t is too muc) >orA-P
Ben might not be building t)e )ouse b, )imself- O+e isn@t building t)e )ouse )imself- +e probabl, )as )elp-P
.. !entru a face referire la !robabilitate) !osibilitate sau im!osibilitate En !rezent) En trecut sau la
condi4ional
/ooA, t)ere@s plent, of sno>, >e can go sAiing toda,-
/et@s tr, )is office; )e could be t)ere-
3. !entru a face referire la abilitate sau EndemCnare En !rezent) En trecut sau la condi4ional
2an ,ou la, bricAsS
, old car cannot go over 6H Am an )our-
T)e girl can sing but s)e can*t dance for t)e life of )er-
2ould ,ou drinA as muc)S
<E
Aot
Pentru alte timpuri se folosete to be able to
S)e )ill be able to t,pe 1HH >ords a minute soon-
<- folosi4i could 0 infinitiv perfect !entru a referi la o ac4iune care nu a aut loc
$ could have driven ,ou to t)e airport, but $ didn@t )ave m, car-
Sau cCnd nu tim dac ac4iunea s5a !etrecut sau nu
+ave ,ou seen m, umbrellaS %an could have ta&en it; it >as raining >)en )e left-
Aot
&orme alternativeK
Gou mig-t )ave )urt ,our bacA lifting t)at )eav, table-
Gou 'ould probabl, )ave )urt ,our bacA lifting t)at )eav, table-
Aot
>ay T mig-t i can T could se repet 'n 'ntrebri dis#unctive i rspunsuri scurte-
+e can*t go, can )eS
7ay Sall, come inS Ges, s)e may-
Aot
$o be able to exprim abilitatea- Este o alternativ formal pentru can T could 'n prezent, 'n trecut sau la
condiional- Pentru toate celelalte timpuri putem folosi numai to be able to-
72erci4ii:
$raduce4i En limba englez urmtoarele !ro!ozi4ii
1- (ceasta este o mas vec)e, pe care n.o poate ridica nimeni- 4- =u tia s 'noate, aa c atunci c5nd s.a
scufundat vasul, s.a inecat- D- =u ai dreptul s 'naintezi, acest teren e proprietate privat- <- =u ai dreptul s
vinzi ce nu.ti aparine- E- =u se poate s te fi )otr5t s.i refuzi orice a#utor tocmai c5nd are mai mare nevoie
de el- 9- $dila lui cu ea nu poate s fi durat mai mult de o lun- 7- E cu putin s se #oace c5nd i.am spus s.
i fac mai 'nt5i temeleS 6- (i s.i poi face pe plac, tiind c e aa de sensibilS 2- =iciodat n.am fost 'n
stare s in minte propoziii 'ntregi- 1H- Savantul a spus c tie de mult s numere- 11- Cise c.mi poate da
sifon dac mi.e sete- 14- Speram s pot merge pe #os p5n la gar, dar m.am oprit la o staie de autobuz- 1D-
/.ai putea atepta 'n birou dac ai vrea- 1<- (r fi putut s se aeze pe un scaun gol, dar a preferat s stea 'n
picioare- 1E- Puteai s te uii pe gaura c)eii, dac erai aa de curios-
1- Pot s te a#ut cu cevaS 4- :mi permii s te a#utS D- Poate c se plimb prin grdin, )abar n.am unde e- <-
Poate c spune adevrul, mai bine ai asculta ce are de spus- E- Poate c.mi voi fi terminat lucrarea p5n vii tu
s m a#ui- 9- Poate c btr5na sufla greu dup ce a urcat scrile acelea, fiindc liftul era defect- 7- Poate c
voi fi a#uns la gar p5n va pleca trenul- 6- .am g5ndit c s.ar putea s plou, aa c mi.am luat umbrela- 2-
$.am spus c n.are nimeni voie s intre.n camera mea c5nd dorm- 1H- S.ar putea s tueasc dac a rcit- 11-
/a.i putea a#uta s.i duc geanta, dac.l vezi g5f5ind- 14- Puteai s.i 'mprumui nite bani, dac tiai c are
greuti-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- T)is is an old table >)ic) no one can lift- 4- +e could not s>im, so >)en t)e s)ip sanA )e dro>ned- D-
Gou can@t proceed, t)is land is private propert,- <- Gou can@t sell >)at does not belong to ,ou- E- Gou can@t
)ave resolved to den, )im all )elp >)en )e most needs it- 9- +is romance >it) )er can@t )ave lasted more
t)an a mont)- 7- "an )e be pla,ing >)en $ told )im to do )is )ome>orA firstS 6- ?ill ,ou be able to please
)im, Ano>ing )e is so sensitiveS 2- $ )ave never been able to remember long sentences- 1H- T)e sc)olar said
)e )ad been able to count for a ver, long time- 11- +e said )e could give me soda if $ >as t)irst,- 14- $ )oped
$ could >alA to t)e station but $ stopped at a bus stop- 1D- Gou could >ait for )im in t)e stud, if ,ou >ould-
<9
1<- +e could )ave taAen a vacant seat, but )e preferred standing- 1E- Gou could )ave peeped t)roug) t)e
Ae,)ole if ,ou >ere so curious-
1-"an $ )elp ,ouS 4- a, $ )elp ,ouS D- S)e ma, be >alAing in t)e garden, $ )ave no idea >)ere s)e is- <-
S)e ma, be telling t)e trut), ,ou )ad better listen to >)at s)e )as to sa,- E- $ ma, )ave finis)ed m, paper b,
t)e time ,ou come to )elp me- 9- T)e old lad, ma, )ave been breat)ing )ard after s)e )ad climed all t)ose
stairs, because t)e elevator >as out of order- 7- $ ma, reac)ed t)e station before t)e train leaves- 6- $ t)oug)t
it mig)t rain, so $ )ave taAen m, umbrella- 2- $ told )im no one mig)t enter m, room >)en $ >as asleep- 1H-
+e mig)t coug) if )e )as caug)t cold- 11- Gou mig)t )elp )im carr, )is bag if ,ou see )im gasping for
breat)- 14- Gou mig)t )ave lent )im some mone, if ,ou Ane> )e >as in need-
W. V7@B797 >6#/97 II
>;S$) A77#) 8/V7 $6) S86;9#) 6;G8$ $6
(6bliga4ie i necesitate)
>ust, need, s-ould i oug-t to sunt verbe modale; ele sunt defective, av5ndK
- timpuri lips
- persoana a $$$.a singular fr s
- interogativul i negativul prezentului fr do sau does
- sunt urmate de infinitiv fr To
Aot
Toate timpurile care lipsesc sunt 'nlocuite cu verbe normaleK
$o -ae to sau to need to
Aot
$o -ae to exprim at5t obligaia c5t i necesitatea la timpurile la care el reprezint singura posibilitate
Oinfinitiv, trecut simplu, perfect prezent, viitor, forma 'n ing etc-P-
%ar la prezent, formele alternative nu sunt 'ntotdeauna 'nlocuibile reciproc- * form poate exprima
obligaia, iar cealalt necesitatea-
Fo)n must not s)out- OU Fo)n are obligaia de a nu striga-P
Fo)n doesnHt -ae to s)out- OU =u e necesar ca Fo)n s strige-P
$o need to exprim 'ntotdeauna necesitatea-
+arr, didnHt need to go on a diet- OU =u era necesar ca +arr, s in regim-P
>ust T 8ae to T Aeed to
>ust este invariabil pentru toate persoanele, 'n timp ce -ae to i need to urmeaz regulile verbelor
normale-
=orme contrase: mustn@t
;tilizare:
1- /ave to se folosete Entotdeauna !entru a face referire la obligaie sau necesitate la !rezent
afirmati i interogati) adesea cu sens de iitor. Fust se refer la obligaie.
$ must p)one m, )usband before )e leaves t)e office-
T)e builders have to finis) t)e >orA before >inter sets in-
<7
Aot
>ust se folosete de obicei c5nd obligaia vine din partea vorbitorului care.i exprim propriile sentimente-
8ae to se folosete c5nd obligaia vine din partea unei a treia persoane-
Gou must tid, up ,our room before ,ou go out- OU :i ordonP
Gou have to drive on t)e left in 3reat 0ritain- OU (a spune legeaP
4- 9a forma negati must i have to au sensuri com!let diferite:
Fust not 'nseamn c eti obligat s nu faci ceva-
!on"t have to sau haven"t got to 'nseamn c nu este necesarK
Gou mustn*t exceed t)e speed limit on t)e motor>a,- OU Eti obligat de lege-P
Gou haven*t got to go to t)at meeting if ,ou are too bus,- OU =u e necesar s te duci-P
Aot
:n general -ae to i -ae got to se folosesc la fel numai la prezent-
8ae got to este considerat mai formal-
8ae to se folosete pentru aciuni repetate, de obicei 'ntrit cu un adverb de frecven-
")ris has to visit )er ill mot)er ever, da,-
")irs has got to do some s)opping for )er ill mot)er toda,-
D- /ave to !oate fi folosit la toate celelalte tim!uri.
$ have never had to >orA so muc) before-
T)e police )ould have had to open fire if t)e criminals )adn@t surrendered-
Aot
%educia negativ se poate exprima cu canHt sau canHt -aeK
$t@s onl, eleven o@clocA, Tim can*t be )ungr,R
T)e Smit)s are in ")ina- T)e, can*t have sent t)at post.card from Peru-
<- Fust se folosete !entru deduc4ii !ozitie En !rezent.
Fust 0 construcie perfect se refer la deduc4ii !ozitie En trecut.
T)e bab, is cr,ing- S)e must be )ungr,-
T)ere >as no repl,; )e must have been >orAing in t)e garden-
;tilizare: Aeed este considerat at5t verb propriu.zis c5t i auxiliar-
1- Geed to) ca erb !ro!riu5zis) urmeaz formele erbelor regulate normale i este folosit !entru a se
face referire la necesitate.
Gou )ill need flour and >ater to maAe bread-
$ don*t need to see t)e doctor- $ feel fine-
Aot
8ae to exprim necesitatea, poate fi folosit i la negativ i interogativ-
?e didn*t have to booA t)e restaurant- T)ere >as plent, of room-
$o >e have to rus)S
4- Geed ca au2iliar este un erb modal i are aceeai form !entru toate !ersoanele. ?oate fi folosit
numai la pre*ent (adesea cu sens de iitor) mai ales En construc4ii negatie sau interogatie.
"onstrucie negativK Aeed not este similar cu donHt -ae to- (mbele exprim absena unei obligaii sau
necesiti-
?e need not rus)- T)ere@s plent, of time-
"onstrucie interogativK
8eed >e rus)S T)ere@s plent, of time-
D- Geed not 0 infinitiv perfect se refer la o ac4iune trecut care s5a !etrecut fr a fi fost necesar.
<6
Gou needn*t have told )er about t)e accident- S)e >ill onl, >orr,-
Aot
Aeed not F infiniti !erfect difer de did not need to-
FacA need not have gone to t)e dentist- OU FacA s.a dus, dar nu era necesar-P
FacA did not need to go to t)e dentist- OU =u era necesar ca FacA s se duc, dar nu tim dac s.a dus sau nu-P
6ug-t to T S-ould
6ug-t to i S-ould au sens identic i pot fi folosite la fel- Ele sunt invariabile pentu toate persoanele i pot fi
urmate de infinitiv fr 9o-
=orme contrase: oug)tn@t T s)ouldn@t
;tilizare:
". %u referire la o obliga4ie sau Endatorire.
$ ought to mo> t)e la>n t)is >eeAend; it@s overgro>n-
/ittle girls shouldn*t tell lies-
Poate urma i forma 'n "ing-
Tim oughtn*t to be )atching T!- +e ought to be doing )is )ome>orA-
?e should be standing in t)at Zueue, not t)is one-
.. ?entru a cere i a da sfaturi.
%o ,ou t)inA $ should )ave m, )air cut s)ortS
iAe ought to see a doctor if it )urts so muc)-
3. %u referire la ceea ce consider c este corect sau incorect din !unct de edere moral.
?e should all )elp t)e poor-
People oughtn*t to treat animals badl,- T)e, belong )ere, too-
D. %u referire la o EntCm!lare !robabil.
$@ll prepare dinner tonig)t- $ should be )ome Zuite earl,-
$ told )im several times, so )e ought to remember-
O. %u o construc4ie !erfect !entru a face referire la cea ce urma s se !etreac En trecut) dar nu s5a
!etrecut. Sau cu referire la cea ce a constituit o greeal.
T)e plane should have arrived at seven o@clocA, but it >as dela,ed because of fog-
ic)ael FacAson ought to have started )is tour last nig)t, but )e >as taAen ill-
72erci4ii:
1- ( replicat c trebuie s aib gri# de silueta ei- 4- =u tiam c trebuie s pltesc amend dac.mi parc)ez
maina aici- D- =u se poate s nu stai la masR <- =eaprat s.mi ari roc)ia ta cea nouR E- E precis la birou,
complet5nd formulare, cum face zilnic- 9- =u.l vd pe aici, trebuie c #oac basc)et pe undeva- 7- =u e
acas, precis colind strzile i t5rguiete cu )rnicie- 6- Se vede c cicatricea a fost o ran grav mai de
mult- 2- Se vede c studia la bibliotec atunci c5nd 'l cutai- 1H- "opiii nu trebuie s vorbeasc cu primarul
c5nd e ocupat- 11- ( trebuit s ascult de dou ore vorbele lui suprtoare, dar n.am de g5nd s mai tolerez
acest lucru- 14- &uncionarul declar c a trebuit s vorbeasc cu nevasta lui despre sc)imbarea slu#bei,
fiindc 'nt5rziase de prea multe ori- 1D- E nevoie s vin azi la bibliotec, ori poate atepta p5n m5ineS 1<-
=u era nevoie s vin aa de cur5nd, puteam atepta- 1E- =u era nevoie s cumpere ea plria, avea el de
g5nd s i.o cumpere-
1- /ectorul medit unde s.i in urmtoarea prelegere- 4- Pianistului i.ar fi plcut s i se spun ce s c5nte-
D- "5ntreaa de oper nu tia a cui ofert s.o accepte- <- &otograful vru s tie dac s fac una sau dou
fotografii- E- %e ce l.ai a#uta, dac nu te roagS 9- %ac s.ar 'nt5mpla s se 'nt5lneasc 'ntr.o cafenea, i.ar
<2
vedea toi 'mpreun i oamenii ar 'ncepe s b5rfeasc- 7- (r trebui s 'i spun c era exact ce merita- 6- (r fi
trebuit s se logodeasc de mult, dar prinii ei s.au opus cstoriei- 2- (r fi trebuit s.i mrturiseti 'n cele
din urm c i.ai furat ceasul, fiindc nu vroiai s plece at5t de iute- 1H- Studenii ar fi trebuit s asculte
expunerea asear-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- S)e retorted s)e must taAe care of )er figure- 4- $ did not Ano> $ must pa, a fine if $ parAed m, car )er- D-
0ut ,ou must sta, for dinnerR <- Gou must s)o> me ,our ne> dressR E- +e must be at )is office, fiiling in
forms, as )e does dail,- 9- $ do not see )im around, )e must be pla,ing basAetball some>)ere- 7- +e is not at
)ome, )e must be roaming t)e streets and s)opping >it) industr,- 6- T)at scar must )ave been a bad in#ur, a
>)ile ago- 2- +e must )ave been stud,ing at t)e librar, >)en ,ou >ere looAing for )im- 1H- ")ildren must
not talA to t)e ma,or >)en )e is bus,- 11- $ )ave )ad to listen to )is offensive >ords for t>o )ours, but $ am
not going to put up >it) it an, longer- 14- T)e officer stated t)at )e )ad )ad to talA to )is >ife about
c)anging )is #ob because )e )ad been late too man, times- 1D- =eed )e come to t)e librar, toda, or can )e
>ait untill tomorro>S 1<- T)e, needn@t )ave come so soon, $ could )ave >ited- 1E- S)e needn@t )ave boug)t
t)at )at, )e >as going to bu, it for )er-
1- T)e lecturer meditated >)ere )e s)ould deliver )is next lecture- 4- T)e pianist >ould )ave liAed to be told
>)at )e s)ould pla,- D- T)e opera singer did not Ano> >)ose offer s)e s)ould accept- <- T)e cameraman
>anted to Ano> if )e s)ould taAe one or t>o p)otograp)s- E- ?), s)ould ,ou assist )im if )e does not asA
,ouS 9- $f t)e, s)ould meet in a caf^, ever,one >ould see t)em toget)er and people >ould start gossiping- 7-
$ oug)t to tell )im it >as exactl, >)at )e deserved- 6- T)e, oug)t to )ave been engaged long ago, but )er
parents ob#ected to t)eir marriage- 2- Gou oug)t to )ave confessed to )im eventuall, t)at ,ou )ad stollen )is
>atc) because ,ou did not >ant )im to leave so soon- 1H- T)e students oug)t to )ave been listening to t)e
exposition last nig)t-
WI. IA=IAI$IV;9
=orm
&ormele principale de infinitiv suntK
Infiniti !rezent to >orA
Infiniti !rezent continuu to be >orAing
Infiniti !erfect to )ave >orAed
Infiniti !erfect continuu to )ave been >orAing
Infiniti !asi to be >orAed
;tilizare: Infinitiul cu $6
Infinitiul cu to se poate folosi caK
1- Subiect
9o leave t)e front door unlocAed is risA,-
%ar este mai folosit propoziia care 'ncepe cu itK
It is risA, to leave t)e front door unlocAed-
4- com!lement
principalele verbe urmate de infiniti cu toK
agree+ appear+ arrange+ as&+ attempt+ be about+ care choose+ consent+ decide+ do one*s best+ decline+
demand+ e(pect+ fail+ forget+ happen+ hate+ hope+ hurry+ learn+ li&e+ love+ manage+ mean1intend+ neglect+ offer+
plan+ prefer+ prepare+ pretend+ promise+ prove+ refuse+ remember+ seem+ tend+ try+ turn out+ volunteer+ )ant+
be able to afford+ ma&e up one*s mind
T)e couple appears to be )app,-
$ can*t afford to study abroad-
S)e refused to go >it) )im-
Aot
EH
;nele verbe li+e, loe, -ate, !refer, care, mean, intend pot fi urmate de infinitiul cu to i de forma 'n
Bing-
S)e liAes to s&ate-
S)e liAes s&ating-
*ri condiionalul
,*d love to see Eve-
%ould you prefer to do it no>S
$-atG s-ould (be) este o construcie care poate urma i dup agree, arrange, as+, decide, demand-
T)e girls agreed to organize a part,-
T)e girls agreed that they should organize a part,-
T)e girls agreed that a part, should be organized-
Infinitiul continuu urmeaz adesea dup a!!ear, -a!!en, !retend, seem-
$t seems to be raining-
T)e c)ildren pretended to be hiding-
D- !entru a e2!rima sco!ul:
T)e dog buried t)e bone to )ide it-
In order i so as !ot fi folosite !entru a sublinia sco!ul:
att is memorizing t)e rules in order to pass t)e test-
?e cut t)e )edge so as to improve t)e vie>-
?entru a e2!rima sco!ul sau func4ia unui obiect) folosi4i infinitivul cu ?@ sau for 0 -ing
+e used t)e scissors to cut t)e rope-
+e used t)e scissors for cutting t)e rope-
Aot
"5nd dou subiecte diferite fac necesar folosirea unei subordonate, folosii so t-at pentru a introduce
subordonata i a exprima scopul-
$ deposited t)e mone, in t)e banA so that m, son can use it in later ,ears-
Aot
Pentru a exprima nega4ia punei not 'naintea infinitiului cu $6-
+e ran in order not to be late-
Aot
&olosii and O'n loc de $6P pentru a exprima scopul dup go sau come-
?e s)ould go and bu, some milA-
"ome and visit usR
<- du! un erb urmat de how) what) when) where) why.
Principalele verbe suntK as&+ decide+ discover+ find out+ forget+ &no)+ see+ learn+ remember+ understand+
thin&+ )onder
?e >ondered ho) to do it-
$ couldn@t decide )hat to )ear-
Aot
:-et-er F infiniti cu to poate fi folositK
%up )onder i &no)-
(lex >ondered )hether to &noc& or >ait outside-
%up formele interogative i negative ale verbelor decide, &no), remember-
%id ,ou finall, decide )hether to go camping or notS
E- du! un erb urmat de com!lement
verbele principale suntK advise+ allo)+ command+ enable+ encourage+ forbid+ e(pect+ force+ invite+ oblige+
order+ permit+ persuade+ remind+ re3uest+ teach+ tell+ li&e+ help+ )ant
Ton, advised me to finish t)e #ob ZuicAl,-
?e invited our friends to s&i >it) us-
E1
Aot
Infinitiul cu to poate 'nlocui o propoziie relativK
%up the only, the last, the first, the second etc-
Foe >as the first to board t)e submarine- OU Foe a fost primul care s.a 'mbarcat pe submarin-P
%up substantive T pronume, pentru a arta care le este utilizarea-
$ need a pot to ma&e a tea- OU (m nevoie de un ibric 'n care s pot face ceai-P
Aot
4emind, teach i tell pot fi i ele urmate de t-atK
+e reminded Sue to come on time-
+e reminded Sue that s)e )ad to Ts)ould come on time-
%ar tell 'i sc)imb sensul 'n funcie de construcieK
Tod told her to stop- U Tod ordered )er to stop-
Tod told her that t)e >ater >as boiling- U Tod informed )er t)at t)e >ater >as boiling-
9- du! !asiul erbelor assume) believe) consider) feel) know) understand) suppose
T)e, are assumed to be fair pla,ers-
(ceste verbe pot fi urmate de com!lement F infiniti cu $6 i de t-atK
+e assumes them to be fair pla,ers-
+e assumes that they are fair pla,ers-
Aot
Su!!ose ii poate sc)imba sensul la pasivK
Gou are supposed to2 'nseamn #ste datoria ta s/
7- du! anumite substantie
principalele verbe suntK ability1inability+ ambition+ decision+ demand+ desire+ determination+ effort+
failure+ offer+ plan+ promise+ refusal+ )ish
?e made our )ish to help t)em Zuite obvious-
+illar,@s failure to pass t)e exam disappointed t)em-
6- du! anumite ad(ectie
principalele ad#ective suntK cruel+ good+ rude+ an(ious+ glad+ &ind+ nice+ pleased+ surprised+ easy+
difficult+ li&ely+ prepared+ ready+ late+ early
S)e >as pleased to hear from us-
Gou are li&ely to meet t)em-
Aot
:n construciile cu it, of F !ronumeTsubstanti, urmeaz adesea dup ad#ectiv-
$t >as nice of you to come-
$t >as rude of the man to slam t)e door-
2- du! too 0 ad)ectiv=adverb i du! ad)ectiv=adverb 0 enough i du! have 0 enough 0 substantiv
T)e soup >as too hot to eat-
T)e >ater >asn@t )arm enough to s)im in-
?e didn@t )ave enough time to finish t)e test-
Aot
=or F substantiT!ronume pot fi introduse 'n faa infinitivuluiK
+e ran too fast for us to follo>-
Infinitiul fr $6
Infinitiul fr $6 poate fi folosit dupK
". erbe modale
E4
may+ can+ must+ shall+ should+ )ill+ )ould
?e may come tomorro>-
4- feel) see) hear) watch) let la forma acti
"laire heard )im cough-
Aot
&orma 'n " ing se folosete adesea dup feel, see, hear, )atch Oat5t forme active c5t i pasiveP
"laire heard )im coughing- T +e >as heard coughing-
D- had better i would rather
%an had better study )arder-
+$ make
T)e teac)er made Ellen correct )er errors-
Aot
/a forma pasiv ma&e este urmat de infinitiv cu T*K
Ellen )as made to correct )er errors Ob, t)e teac)erP-
E- but sau except
FacA and Baren do not)ing but argue-
$@ve done it all e(cept do t)e calculations-
9- why sau why not
%hy )aste ,our energ, on suc) a )opeless causeS
%hy not go and asA )im no>S
L. folosi4i infinitiul !erfect fr to:
"u must pentru a exprima deducii pozitive 'n trecutK
T)ere@s (l@s cap- +e must have come )ome-
"u canHtTcouldnHt pentru a exprima deducii negative 'n trecutK
$ can )ear noise- T)e, can*t have gone to bed ,et-
72erci4ii:
1- ( fost vzut cum fur batista unei btr5ne- 4- Se tie c a 'mbl5nzit o cprioar- D- Se pare c i s.a terminat
za)rul- <- S.a dovedit c )oul a spus adevrul- E- =.a vrea s fi plecat singur de acas- 9- :i ordon s pleci
c)iar acum- 7- "red c s.a mritat de mult- 6- (tept s pleci- 2- Se zice c s.a 'ntors din strintate- 1H- $ s.a
ordonat s uite tot ce a vzut- 11- %in 'nt5mplare 'nc n.a sosit- 14- "u cine se zice c seamnS 1D- %e ce se
zice c e )oS
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- +e >as seen to steal an old lad,@s )andAerc)ief- 4- S)e is Ano>n to )ave tamed a deer- D- +e seems to
)ave run out of sugar- <- T)e t)ief turned out to )ave told t)e trut)- E- $ s)ould not liAe )im to )ave left
alone- 9- $ order ,ou to leave rig)t no>- 7- $ t)inA )er to )ave got married long ago- 6- $ am >aiting for ,ou
to leave- 2- +e is said to )ave returned from abroad- 1H- +e >as ordered to forget ever,t)ing )e )ad seen- 11-
+e )appens not to )ave arrived ,et- 14- ?)om is s)e said to looA liAeS 1D- ?), is )e said to be a t)iefS
WII. =6@>797 PA B IAG (?artici!iul i Gerund5ul)
%in punct de vedere gramatical, forma En Bing poate fi sau un gerund sau un participiu- :n ambele cazuri,
forma este aceeai-
ED
=orm: forma En Bing regulat se obine adug5nd Bing infinitiului fr $6- Ogo goingP
G7@;A#
3erund.ul poate fi folosit caK
". subiect
Smo&ing is dangerous for ,our )ealt)-
.. com!lement
Emil, loves teaching-
3. interdic4ii scurte
=o fishing-
D. du! !re!ozi4ii
Verbele care urmeaz du! !re!ozi4ii trebuie s fie la forma n ing
&rancis is interested in learning Polis)-
$ am sorr, for hurting ,our feelings-
Verbele care urmeaz du! erbele com!le2e cu !re!ozi4ie sunt de obicei la forma n -ing
, fat)er )as #ust given up smoAing-
$ am loo&ing for)ard to seeing ,ou soon-
#ar
unele erbe com!le2e cu !re!ozi4ie !ot fi urmate de infiniti
T)e researc)er set out to prove )is t)eor,-
Aot
"uv5ntul $6 este o surs de confuzii- ;neori to este o prepoziie urmat de ing- (lteori to intoduce un
infinitiv complet-
Bevin looAed for>ard to seeing )er-
Bevin >anted to see )er-
$ am used to stud,ing until late- U $ am accustomed to stud,ing late-
$ used to stud, until late- U $ al>a,s studied until late-
O. du! anumite erbe i e2!resii
Principalele verbe i expresii suntK admit+ avoid+ delay+ detest+ enjoy+ finish+ imagine+ mind+ miss+ postpone+
practise+ remember+ resist+ stop+ can*t stand+ can*t help+ be )orth+ be busy+ be no good+ be no use+ deny+
&eep+ ris&
%id ,ou mind selling ,our )ouseS
$ missed listening to )er pla, t)e piano-
?e stopped studying in t)e summer-
Aot
=otai diferena dintreK
+e remembered writing to us- U :i amintea c ne.a scris-
T)e, remembered to write to us- U =u au uitat s ne scrie-
+e stopped eating- U El a terminat de m5ncat-
+e stopped to eat- U S.a oprit din alte treburi ca s mn5nce-
Aot
6dmit, deny, remember primesc i pe t-atK
T)e, remembered that t)e, )ad sent us t)e bill-
Aot
/ate, like, love, prefer pot primi infiniti F to-
$ love dancing- U $ love to dance-
%ar la condiional ele primesc de obicei infiniti cu toK
$@d love to dance-
K. du! anumite erbe F ad(ecti !osesiT com!lement !ronominal
Principalele verbe suntK disli&e+ dread+ mind+ remember+ resent+ stop+ understand+ object to+ appreciate+
e(cuse+ forgive+ prevent+ =dis>approve of
$ don@t mind his1him staying >it) us-
E<
$ trul, appreciate their1them being so )ospitable-
;tilizarea ad#ectivului posesiv este mai formalK
T)e committee resented his being so franA-
;tilizarea complementului pronominal este mai rsp5ndit 'n engleza vorbitK
$ certainl, understand him getting upset-
Aot
$at c5teva modificri ortograficeK
". #is!are Be final.
/ive living
3ive giving
#ar nu !entru:
0e being
(ge ageing
%,e d,eing
3lue glueing
.. =inala En Bie se sc-imb En By.
%ie d,ing
/ie l,ing
3. Se dubleaz consoana final.
Stop stopping
Travel travelling
0egin beginning
#ar nu i !entru:
Iead reading
Peel peeling
Suffer suffering
?/@$I%I?I;9
Participiul poate fi folositK
". la tim!urile continue.
+e is )or&ing-
Gou )ere singing-
.. ca ad(ectie.
annoying+ frightening+ depressing+ embarrassing+ rela(ing+ e(citing+ shoc&ing+ charming+ interesting+
boring
3. En substantie com!use.
a )ashing machine+ a diving board+ a se)ing &it+ a )al&ing stic&+ a fishing rod+ a gardening tool
<- du! spend i waste (tim!) bani) effort) energie).
T)e, spent a fortune building t)at )ouse-
+e )asted all )is energ, getting t)at contract-
E- du! go i come (actiitate fizic).
$@m coming shopping >it) ,ou-
Eileen and Paul are going s)imming-
9- du! see) hear) feel) listen to ) notice) watch F com!lement.
T)e entire famil, )atched 9im s&ating-
Aot
(celeai verbe pot fi urmate i de complement 0 infinitiv fr ?@-
+e heard the baby cry-
7- du! catch) find) leave F com!lement.
T)e baAer caught the boy stealing rolls-
M. En locul subordonatelor:
EE
(- En locul unei subordonate relatie
?e >atc)ed t)e bo, )or&ing- OU ?e >atc)ed t)e bo, )ho )as )or&ing-P
B. En locul subordonatelor.
cCnd dou ac4iuni se !etrec la acelai moment En tim!.
Smiling >arml,, s)e s)ooA +ector@s )and- OU S)e smiled >arml, as s)e s)ooA +ector@s )and-P
;earning to sAi, Sam broAe )is leg- OU ?)ile Sam >as learning to sAi, )e broAe )is leg-P
!entru a Enlocui o !ro!ozi4ie care Ence!e cu since sau because.
9hin&ing Foan >as )onest, )e lent )er t)e mone,- OU 0ecause )e t)oug)t Foan >as )onest, )e lent )er t)e
mone,-P
0eing curious, )e looAed t)roug) t)e Ae,)ole- OU Since )e >as curious, )e looAed t)roug) t)e Ae,)ole-P
cCnd ac4iunea unei subordonate se !etrece En mod clar Enainte de ac4iunea celeilalte subordonate se
folosete !artici!iul !erfect.
-aving got divorced once, (l decided not to marr, again- OU (fter )e )ad got divorced once, (l decided not
to marr, again-P
WIII. V7@B7 %/@7 ?@I>7S% IA=IAI$IV7 S/;
=6@>/ PA BIAG
=orm: !erbele care urmeaz altor verbe au una din formeleK infiniti F to sau forma En Bing-
!erbele se 'mpart 'n patru categorii principaleK
". Verbe care !ot fi urmate numai de infiniti F $6.
?e agreed to meet at noon-
.. Verbe care !ot fi urmate numai de forma En Bing.
Gou ris& being late-
D- Verbe care !ot fi urmate fie de un infinitiv 0 ?@ fie de forma n ing fr a Enregistra o modificare
de sens.
$ see +arr, )as started to play golf again- OU 'n generalP
$ see +arr, )as started playing golf again- OU 'n general sau numai 'n momentul de faP
<- erbe care !ot fi urmate de infinitiv 0 to fie de forma n ing dar cu o sc-imbare ma(or de sens.
$ forgot to go to t)e banA ,esterda,- OU =u m.am dusP
$ )ave forgotten going to t)e banA ,esterda,- OU =u.mi amintesc s fi fostP
;tilizare:
". Infinitiul F to se folosete de obicei dupK afford+ agree+ appear+ arrange+ as&+ attempt+ decide+ e(pect+
fail+ help+ hope+ learn+ manage+ mean+ offer+ plan+ prepare+ pretend+ promise+ refuse+ seem+ tend+
threaten+ )ant+ )ish
$ can@t afford to buy a ne> car no>-
$ fail to see t)e point ,ou are maAing-
Aot
&orma negativ este not to F infiniti-
"live ?aston decided not to accept t)e ne> #ob offer-
Aot
%up -el!, $6 este opional-
Emma@s mot)er al>a,s )elps )er OtoP do )er )ome>orA-
%ar canHt -el! 'nseamn Va nu putea evitaW i aici se folosete forma En Bing-
$ can*t help thin&ing about >)at s)e said last nig)t-
E9
Seem, a!!ear i !retend pot primi i un infinitiv continuu Oto be doingP sau un infinitiv perfect Oto )ave
doneP-
0ill seems to be sleeping a lot latel,-
T)e criminal pretended to have lost )is memor,-
%up as&+ decide+ e(plain+ &no)+ remember+ forget+ understand urmate de cuvinte interogativeK -o', '-at,
'-en, '-ic-, '-ere, '-et-er etc-
$ don@t Ano> ho) to get to t)e cat)edral from )ere-
T)e teac)er >ill explain )hat to do tomorro>-
%up as&+ enable+ force+ get+ invite+ order+ persuade+ remind+ teach+ tell+ )arn F com!lement-
"an ,ou as& them to leave, pleaseS
$ persuaded Jane to come )iAing >it) me tomorro>-
%up make 'n propoziii pasive-
?)en $ >as at sc)ool, $ >as made to >ear a uniform-
.. =orma En Bing este de obicei folosit dupK admit+ avoid+ consider+ delay+ deny+ disli&e+ enjoy+ fancy+
feel li&e+ finish+ give up+ imagine+ involve+ &eep on+ mind+ miss+ postpone+ practise+ ris&+ stand =?bear>+
suggest+ mention+ recall+ regret
+e admitted stealing t)e #e>els-
+ave ,ou considered moving abroadS
Aot
&orma negativ esteK not F 5ing
$ en#o, not having to >orA-
Aot
&orma pasiv este posibil i cu being F !artici!iu trecut-
+elen en#o,s being involved in t)e local comunit,-
!erbe caK admit+ deny+ mention+ recall+ regret pot primiK -aing F !artici!iu trecut cu referire la aciuni
finalizate 'n trecut-
Tom no> regrets having moved to Paris-
Aot
%upK admit+ deny+ regret+ suggest se poate folosi i t-at-
Sam denied that he had shot )is >ife-
Sau
Sam denied shooting )is >ife-
%up verbe complexeK carry on+ end up+ give up+ go round+ &eep on+ put off+ set about
Gou carry on thin&ing >)ile $ eat m, lunc)-
&ranA is al>a,s tr,ing )ard to give up smo&ing-
3. Se pot folosi at5t infinitiul F $6 c5t i forma En Bing fr diferene de sens dup verbeleK begin+
continue+ hate+ li&e+ love+ prefer+ start
$ began to play sZuas) t)ree ,ears ago-
$ began playing sZuas) t)ree ,ears ago-
orris loves to drive fast cars-
orris loves driving fast cars-
D. Infinitiul F to sau forma En Bing au sensuri foarte diferite dupK remember+ forget+ try+ stop+ go on+
regret
+ave ,ou forgotten posting t)at letterS OU (i trimis.o dar nu.i amintetiP
+ave ,ou forgotten to post t)at letterS OU =u ai trimis.oSP
$ stopped smo&ing cigarettes because t)e, >ere bad for me- OU =u mai fumezP
$ stopped to smo&e a cigarette- OU .am oprit i am fumat o igarP
E7
72erci4ii:
?une4i erbele din !arantez fie la infiniti fie la gerund:
1- +e used OdanceP a lot but )e )asn@t )ad an, opportunit, of OdoP is since )e began OprepareP for t)e entrance
examination- 4- T)e, >ere used to OliveP alone, so t)e, didn@t reall, mind t)e lonel, life t)e, led on t)e
moon- D- $ liAe OsAateP and OsAiP, but it is ver, difficult for me Osa,P >)ic) $ liAe better- <- ?e got tired of
O>aitP for )im OcomeP and eventuall, decided OgoP out >it)out OleaveP an, notice to )im- E- $ remember
O)earP )er Osa,P t)e flo>ers needed O>aterP- 9- ?e )ig)l, appreciate O,ou, >antP O)elpP our son, but it@s time
)e began OdoP )is )om>orA b, )imself- 7- ?e don@t remember O,ou, sa,P before t)at Fo)n >anted Obu,P our
car- 6- $ >onder >), )e )ated O$, smoAeP at t)e office since )e often en#o,s OsmoAeP a cigarette )imself- 2- $t
is no use O,ou, asAP me OinsistP on OiAe, comeP in time as )e can@t get rid of )is bad )abit; )e often tried
ObeP punctual but )e al>a,s failed- 1H- ?)erever $ set to >orA, $ recollect Om, fat)er, sa,P t)at if a #ob is
>ort) OdoP at all it is >ort) OdoP >ell-
$raduce4i En limba englez urmtoarele !ro!ozi4ii folosind Gerund5ul:
1- !ara florile au nevoie de ap Ode a fi udateP 'n fiecare zi- 4- :mi face mult plcere s.i accept invitaia
deoarece ea 'ntotdeauna reuete s gteasc m5ncruri foarte gustoase- D- $ertai.m c v deran#ez, avei
cumva un c)ibritS <- :mi place s mn5nc 'ng)eat c)iar c5nd e frig- E- ! deran#eaz dac desc)id fereastra
pentru c5teva minuteS E un aer foarte inc)is aici- 9- =.are nici un rost s pleci miercuri, se ateapt ca tu s
fii acolo s5mbt- 7- (u insistat s le scriu 'n fiecare zi, dar asta m exaspereaz deoarece mie nu.mi place s
scriu scrisori- 6- Ei au refuzat s ne permit s intrm fr a cumpra bilete, dei fusesem invitai la premier-
2- ( trebuit s ne am5nm plecarea pentru c Fane era bolnav- 1H- =u.mi place ca cineva s se uite la mine
c5nd 'ncerc s 'nv a merge pe biciclet-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- To dance, doing, to prepare 4- /iving D- SAating, sAiing, to sa, <- ?aiting, to come, to go, leaving E-
+earing, sa, Osa,ingP, >atering 9- Gour T ,ou >anting, to )elp, doing 7- Gour T ,ou )aving said, to bu, 6-
, T me smoAing, smoAing 2- Gour T ,ou asAing, to insist, iAe@s T iAe coming, to be 1H- , fat)er
sa,ing, doing, doing
1- $n summer flo>ers need >atering ever, da,- 4- $ am ver, pleased to accept )er invitation as )e al>a,s
succeeds in cooAing ver, tast, dis)es- D- &orgive m, bot)ering ,ou, do ,ou )appen to )ave a matc)S <- $
en#o, eating ice.cream even >)en it is cold- E- %o ,ou mind m, opening t)e >indo> for a fe> minutesS $t@s
ver, stuff, in )ere- 9- T)ere is no need for ,our leaving on ?ednesda,, ,ou are expected t)ere OonP
Saturda,- 7- T)e, insisted on m, >riting to t)em ever, da,, but it puts me beside m,self because $ )ate
>riting letters- 6- T)e, refused to let us in >it)out bu,ing ticAets alt)oug) >e )ad been invited to t)e first
nig)t- 2- ?e )ad to dela, our departure because of Fane@s being ill- 1H- $ disliAe being looAed at >)ile
attempting to learn )o> to ride a bic,cle-

V7@B7 %6>?97W7
;n verb complex este o combinaie 'ntre un verb Y prepoziie T particul adverbial-
Sensul unui verb complex fie nu are legtur cu elementele componente luate separat, fie este rezultatul
elementelor componente Overb Y prepoziieTadverbP luate ca 'ntreg-
!erbele complexe pot fi 'mpite 'nK
". Verb F !re!ozi4ie
Verb F !re!ozi4ie F com!lement !re!ozi4ional
?e apologise for an, inconvenience caused b, t)e dela,-
E6
Verb F !re!ozi4ie F V G ing
T)e, succeeded in boosting pre.tax profits-
Aot
"5nd verbele complexe sunt urmate de un verb, acest verb este de obicei la forma n "ing-
Aot
=u folosim prepoziii dup urmtoarele verbeK
ans)er+ as&+ call+ phone+ ring+ discuss+ enter+ meet+ reach+ suit+ tell
Aot
72em!le de erbe F !re!ozi4ie:
agree to something@ agree with somebody1something@ allow for something@ amount for something@
apologise for something@ apply for something@ approve of somebody1something@ attend to
somebody1something@ complain =to somebody> about somebody1something% conform to something@ consent
to something@ consist of something@ depend on something@ hear about something@ hear from somebody@
hope for something% insist on something@ look at somebody1something@ look for somebody1something@ look
forward to something@ pay =somebody> for something@ refer to something@ rely on somebody1something@
succeed in something@ think about something =? concentrate on>@ think of something =? consider>@ wait for
somebody1something
.. Verb F com!lement F !re!ozi4ie
5erb 0 complement 0 prepo*iie 0 complement prepo*iional
Protect us from unfair competition
5erb 0 complement 0 prepo*iie 0 52 ing
Prevent us from entering t)e Fapanese marAet-
Aot
Prepoziia from se folosete dup verbe care exprim refuzulK prohibit+ restrain+ forbid+ prevent+ ban+ veto+
stop
T)e, prevented us from exporting t)e goods-
Aot
%up verbe care exprim acceptul se folosete com!lement F infinitiK allo)+ authorise+ help+ permit+
enable+ encourage
T)e, helped us to e(port t)e goods-
Aot
72em!le de erbe F com!lement F !re!ozi4ie:
accuse somebody of something@ advise somebody of=about something% compare somebody=something with
somebody1something@ congratulate somebody on something@ convince somebody of something@ describe
something to somebody@ divide=cut=split something into something@ do something about
somebody1something@ explain something to somebody@ interest somebody in something@ prefer
somebody=something to somebody1something@ prevent somebody=something from somebody1something@
protect somebody=something from somebody1something@ provide somebody with something@ remind
somebody of something@ spend money on something@ tell somebody about something
3. Verb F aderb (!-rasal erb)
5erb 0 adverb 0 complement 0 restul propo*iiei
&ill in t)is form in duplicate
Turn up earl, at t)e stand
Aot
"ele mai frecvente adverbe folosite suntK about+ along+ a)ay+ bac&+ do)n+ for)ard+ in+ off+ on+ out+ over+
round+ through+ up
E2
Aot
;nele dintre phrasal verbs 'i pstreaz sensul individual al verbului Y cel al adverbuluiK
$@ve brought bac& t)e plans- ?ould ,ou liAe to see t)emS
(lte phrasal verbs au un sens diferit de cel al elementelor componenteK
+e made up a >onderful stor, about )is adventures in Iotaronga- OmaAe up U inventP
Aot
72em!le de ?-rasal erbs:
Hreak down =stop )or&ing>@ bring about =cause>@ call off =cancel>@ call round =visit>@ close down =stop the
operations of>@ come along =come>@ fill in =complete by )riting in relevant information>@ find out
=discover>@ look over =e(amine 3uic&ly>@ make up =invent>@ move in =ta&e possesssion of ne) premises>@ put
on =turn on>@ send back =return>@ speak up =spea& louder>@ speed up =ma&e faster>@ throw away@ turn down
=reject>@ turn up =arrive>@ walk through@ write down
72erci4ii:
$raduce4i En limba englez folosind get ca !-rasal erb:
1- Tom promise c se va apuca serios de treab dar numai 'ncep5nd de lunea viitoare- 4- _terge.o- %egeaba
'ncerci s m cucere!ti- D- %e c5nd i s.a publicat lucrarea nu 'i mai 'ncape 'n piele de m5ndrie- <- _i.a dat
seama c nu po'i rmne nedescoperit c5nd faci o crim- E- i scpat ieftinR 9- _tie cum sAo ia pe mtua ei
i s.o fac s.i cumpere tot ce.i dorete-
$raduce4i En limba englez folosind give i carry ca !-rasal erb:
1- Talentatul scriitor a luat premiul pentru literatur- 4- _tie s vorbeasc fr s se trdeze cu nimic- D-
fost scos din fire de obrznicia cu care 'i replica putiul- <- &usese prea sigur c norocul nuAl va prsi- E-
(ceast fereastr d spre malul mrii-
$raduce4i En limba englez folosind look ca !-rasal erb:
1- !a trebui s te descurci fr s te ngrijeasc 7ary- 4- !tept cu nerbdare s.mi spui c ai e(aminat
c)estiunea cu gri#- D- (cum treburile lui promit s mearg mai bine- <- 9reci s m vezi m5ine dup ora
cinci-
$raduce4i En limba englez folosind make i be ca !-rasal erb:
1- "ei doi veri nu se mpac deloc bine- 4- _tiu c nu e perfect, dar calitile lui 'i compenseaz lipsurile- D-
=u 'i pot descrifa scrisul, e prea necite- <- ;ucrm numai cu materialul clientului- E- &ilmul acesta ruleaz
de o lun, trebuie s fie bun- 9- -ai s ne mpcamR
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
Q 1- Tom promised to get do>n to >orA but onl, beginning >it) next onda,- 4- 3et along >it) ,ouR Gou
are tr,ing in vain to get round me- D- Since )e )ad )is >orA publis)ed )e )as simpl, got above )imself- <- +e
realized one can@t get a>a, >it) crime- E- Gou got off c)eapl,R 9- S)e Ano>s )o> to get round )er aunt and
maAe )er bu, )er >)atever s)e >is)es-
Q 1- T)e gifted >riter carried off t)e Prize for /iterature- 4- +e Ano>s )o> to talA >it)out giving )imself
a>a, at all- D- +e >as carried a>a, b, t)e impudence of t)e urc)in@s retorts- <- +e )ad been too sure )is
lucA >ould not give out- E- T)is >indo> gives on OtoP t)e seas)ore-
Q 1- Gou@ll )ave to manage >it)out ar, looAing after ,ou- 4- $@m looAing for>ard to ,our telling me
,ou@ve looAed into t)e matter carefull,- D- +is affairs seem to be looAing up- <- /ooA me up tomorro> after
five o@clocA-
Q 1- T)e t>o cousins don@t get on >ell at all- 4- $ Ano> )e is not perfect but )is Zualities maAe up for )is
defects- D- $ cannot maAe out ,our )and >riting, it is reall, illegible- <- *nl, customers@ materials made up
)ere- E- T)is film )as been on for a mont); it must be a good one- 9- /et@s maAe it upR
9H
WIV. V6@BI@7/ IA#I@7%$Y
!orbirea indirect se folosete pentru a relata cuvintele unei alte persoane- Principalele categorii ale vorbirii
indirecte suntK afirmaii, interogaii, comenzi-
!orbirea indirect poate avea dou formeK
". 6 !ro!ozi4ie !rinci!al cu un erb al relatrii F o !ro!ozi4ie subordonat
T)e, say that )e )ill receive the confirmation ne(t )ee&.
.. o !ro!ozi4ie !rinci!al cu un erb al relatrii F un infiniti cu $o
T)e, as&ed us to send confirmation as soon as possible-
Iegula de baz pentru a determina timpul verbal din subordonat este dup cum urmeazK
#ac verbul relatrii este la: Pn orbirea indirect:
Prezent
!iitor nici o sc)imbare
Prezent perfect
#ac verbul relatrii este la: Pn Vorbirea indirect:
Trecut present XX- past
Trecut perfect past XX--- past T past perfect
present perfectX-past perfect
>ill XXX-- >ould
Aot
"ondiionalele de tipul $$ i $$$ nu se modific 'n vorbirea indirect- "ondiionala de tipul $ se modific 'ntr.
una de tipul $$-
Fo saidK V$f $ listen, $ )ill learn-W
Fo said t)at if )e listened, )e )ould learn-
Verbele modale se modific astfelK
"an could; ma, mig)t; >ill >ould; s)all s)ould; must mustT)ad to; could could; mig)t mig)t;
s)ould s)ould; oug)t to oug)t to; >ould >ould; used to used to
?ronumele i ad(ectiele se modific astfelK
Vorbirea direct Vorbirea indirect
$ T ,ou )e T s)e
?e T ,ou t)e,
e T ,ou )im T )er
;s T ,ou t)em
, T mine )is )er T )is )ers
Gour m, )is )er our t)eir
Gours mine )is )ers ours t)eirs
*ur T ours t)eir T t)eirs
T)is T t)ese t)at T t)ose
Aot
"5nd vorbitorul 'i relateaz propriul discurs, pronumele i ad#ectivele rm5n nesc)imbate-
$ saidK VI am angr,-W $ said t)at I >as angr,-
/derbele i expresiile adverbiale se modific astfelK
91
Vorbirea direct Vorbirea indirect
+ere t)ere, in t)at place
=o> t)en, at t)at time
Toda, t)at da,
Gesterda, t)e da, before
T)e da, before ,esterda, t>o da,s before
Tomorro> t)e da, after
T)e da, after tomorro> in t>o da,s
(n )ourT>eeATmont) ago an )ourT>eeATmont) before
=ext >eeAT,ear t)e follo>ing >eeAT,ear
/ast >eeATmont) a >eeATmont) before
Aot
Principalele verbe ale vorbirii indirecte sunt say i tell-
9ell cere persoana cu care se vorbete
Say poate funciona singur sau poate primi to Y persoana cu care se vorbeteK
Tom told us t)at )e >as leaving-
Tom said t)at )e >as leaving-
Tom said to us t)at )e >as leaving-
(lte verbe ale vorbirii indirecte pot fiK
accept+ add+ admit+ affirm+ agree+ allege+ announce+ ans)er+ apologieze+ argue+ assert+ claim+ comment+
communicate+ convey+ declare+ demonstrate+ disclose+ divulge+ emphasise+ e(plain+ highlight+ imply+ indicate+
inform+ maintain+ notify+ object+ offer+ promise+ protest+ prove+ recount+ refuse+ remar&+ reply+ report+ restate+
reveal+ sho)+ state+ stress+ suggest+ transmit
Interoga4ii
Topica verbelor interogative 'n interogaia direct se modific 'n interogaia indirect devenind topica
verbelor afirmative
$ asAedK W?)o did she go >it)SW
$ asAed >)o she had gone >it)-
Exist dou tipuri de 'ntrebri directeK .h-<uestions i yes=no <uestions-
:n vorbirea indirect se menin cuvintele interogative cu %hA
%hen exactl, >ill ,ou be in PolandS
+e asAed )hen exactl, $ >ould be in Poland-
Pentru ntrebrile cu yes1no, folosim if i '-et-erK
%oes ,our compan, provide investment adviceS
S)e asAed if1)hether our compan, provided investment advice-
Aot
!erbe ale relatrii utilizate pentru 'ntrebriK as&+ demand+ e(amine+ in3uire+ investigate+ 3uery+ 3uestion
%omenzi) cerin4e) sfaturi
:n vorbirea indirect verbul de la imperativ se tranform 'n verb urmat de complement 0 infinitivul cu ?@
+e saidK V"laire, stand upRW
+e told 2laire to stand up-
Pentru o comand negativ, forma indirect primete pe =*T 'naintea infinitivului
0arbara saidK V%on@t touc)RW
0arbara asAed meTus not to touc)-
")iar dac 'n comanda direct nu este menionat complementul, la forma indirect este necesar un
complement pronominalR
+e saidK VStand upRW +e told her1him1us to stand up-
Aot
94
!erbele relatrii folosite pentru comenzi, cerine, sfaturi suntK as&+ beg+ brief+ call for+ command+ direct+
implore+ instruct+ invite+ press+ re3uest+ re3uire+ tell+ urge
Aot
(lte verbe folosite 'n vorbirea indirect- ;nele dintre aceste verbe cer o propoziie subordonat O1P, altele un
infinitiv cu To O4P, iar altele cer ambele varianteO1,4PK
convince =B+C>+ encourage =B+C>+ entreat =C>+ indoctrinate =C>+ invite =C>+ motivate =C>+ persuade =B+C>+
threaten =C>+ urge =B+C>+ )arn =B+C>
72erci4ii:
;rmtoarele !ro!ozi4ii sunt En orbirea direct:
%on@t >ait for me if $@m late-
?ill ,ou marr, meS
+urr, upR
"an ,ou open ,our bag, pleaseS
Please slo> do>nR
%on@t >orr,, Sue-
ind ,our o>n business-
"ould ,ou repeat >)at ,ou said, pleaseS
%o ,ou t)inA ,ou could give me a )and, TomS
/lege4i una dintre aceste !ro!ozi4ii !entu a com!leta !ro!ozi4iile de mai (os. =olosi4i orbirea
indirect:
1- 0ill >as talAing a long time to get read,, so X-
4- Sara) >as driving too fast, so $ asAed X-
D- Sue >as ver, pessimistic about t)e situation- $ told X
<- $ couldn@t move t)e piano alone, so $ X
E- T)e customs officer looAed at me suspiciousl, and X
9- $ )ad difficult, understanding )im, so $ X
7- $ didn@t >ant to dela, (nn, so $ X
6- Fo)n >as ver, muc) in love >it) ar,, so )e X
2- +e started asAing me personal Zuestions, so X
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
So $ told )im to )urr, up-
So $ asAed )er to slo> do>n-
$ told )er not to >orr,-
So $ asAed Tom to give me a )and-
(nd asAed me to open m, bag-
So $ asAed )im to repeat >)at )e )ad said-
So $ told )er not to >ait for me if $ >as late-
So )e asAed )er to marr, )im-
So $ told )im to mind )is o>n business-
WV. ?@7?6XIZII [I %6AV;A%ZII
?re!ozi4iile sunt 'n mod normal aezate 'n faa substantivelor sau pronumelor i dup verbe- Ele pot de
asemenea preceda verbele 'n ing-
Exist puine reguli referitoare la prepoziiile limbii engleze- &oarte adesea utilizarea lor trebuie 'nvat pe
dinafar- Prepoziiile creeaz probleme considerabile celor care 'nva engleza deoarece o anume propoziie
care 'n propria sa limb va cere o anumit prepoziie va avea 'n englez o alt prepoziie-
?re!ozi4ii de micare
1- Ficare n sus=n )os
#o'n (to) u! (to) on (to) off
9D
#o'n: o micare 'n #os sau scdere a respectului statutului-
Sam broAe )is arm >)en )e fell do)n t)e slope-
T)e "onservative 3overnment >ent do)n at t)e last elections
#o'n to: o micare ctre sud-
$ >as sta,ing in Paris but $ >ent do)n to =ice to visit an old friend of mine-
;!: o micare 'n sus sau a dob5ndi respect social-
=ext door@s cat al>a,s climbs up a tree to )ide >)enever it )ears our dog barA-
%r- 0arnard >ent up in people@s estimation >)en )e performed t)e first )eart operation-
;! to: o micare ctre nord sau o micare 'n sus a statutului social-
Fo)n >orAs in Iome no> but )e is being moved up to ilan next >eeA-
Foe )as done >ell in )is career; )e@s been promoted up to managing director in #ust four ,ears-
6n(to): o micare spre o suprafa mai 'nalt-
$ )ad to move t)e booAs on=to> t)e top s)elf so m, c)ild couldn@t reac) t)em-
6ff: o micare spre o suprafa mai #oas-
?)en t)e cat sa> a mouse running across t)e floor it #umped off t)e sofa to c)ase it-
Aot
;tilizare special- Este destul de comun folosirea structurilor.tip, precumK
;!Tdo'n t)e street
;! toTdo'n to t)e supermarAet
6nToff a bus, bic,cle, plane, s)ip, sau orice alt mi#loc de transport- OdarK intoTout of a carP
'$ !eplasare printr-un spaiu
/cross along by !ast t-roug- oer
/cross: o micare dintr.o parte spre cealalt, pe sau aproape de suprafa-
$t taAes a long time to sail across t)e (tlantic-
/long: a parcurge lungimea a ceva
$f ,ou >alA along t)e ")amps El,sees ,ou >ill eventuall, reac) t)e Eiffel To>er-
By: a se mica de.a lungul sau 'n apropierea a ceva-
$f ,ou pass by t)e s)ops toda,, >ill ,ou get me a litre of milAS
?ast: a se mica de pe o parte a ceva pe cealalt-
$ am sure $ sa> a t)ief move past t)e >indo>-
$-roug-: a se mica printre lucruri-
T)e gate>a, >as so narro> t)at t)e trucA driver )ad problems getting through it-
6er: a se mica pe deasupra unei suprafee dintr.o parte 'n alta a ceva-
$t@s ZuicAer to fl, over t)e (tlantic t)an to sail across it-
($ !irecii
/round at a'ay from for into onto out of to to'ards
/round: micri pe o traiectorie circular-
$ >ent all around t)e )ouse to find an open >indo>, but $ couldn@t-
/t: ctre ceva sau cineva-
+e looAed at me as if $ >ere a criminal-
9<
/'ay from: a prsi, a pleca de la cineva sau ceva-
?)en $ >as a bo, $ ran a)ay from sc)ool because $ didn@t liAe it-
/'ay from poate fi folosit i 'n sens abstractK U free from ever,t)ing-
$ can@t >ait to get a)ay from it all-
=or: a se mica cu o destinaie precis-
S)erlocA +olmes left for 3lasgo> as soon as )e received t)e ne>s of t)e murder-
Into: a se deplasa ctre interiorul a ceva-
T)e last t)e, sa> of t)e explorer >as >)en )e >ent into t)e #ungle to )unt for tigers-
6nto: a aeza ceva peste altceva-
T)e professor put )is papers onto t)e lectern and began )is lesson-
6ut of: a iei din ceva-
T)e prisoner >as let out of prison after a ten ,ear sentence-
$o: a se delpasa 'n direcia unei anumite persoane sau a unui lucru-
"an ,ou give me a lift to >orA tomorro> morning, pleaseS
$o'ards: a se delpasa ctre ceva sau cineva
$ t)inA >e s)ould )ead to)ards t)e mountain; it@s muc) coller t)ere at t)is time of t)e ,ear-
Aot
Gou s)out at somebod, Oc5nd eti nervosP
0ut ,ou s)out to somebod, Oc5nd vrei s atragi ateniaP
Gou t)ro> somet)ing to somebod, Oc5nd vrei s prind ce arunciP
0ut ,ou t)ro> somet)ing at somebod, or somet)ing Oc5nd vrei s loveti pe cineva sau cevaP
+$ Ficri comparative
/fter a-ead of T in front of be-ind
/fter: a urma sau urmri
T)e s)op.Aeeper ran after t)e bo, >)o smas)ed )is >indo>-
/-ead of T in front of: a preceda pe cineva sau ceva
$@ll go on ahead of 1 in front of ,ou and find a place to camp for t)e nig)t-
Be-ind: a urmri pe cineva sau ceva, a urma cuivaX
T)e old lad, drove so close behind me t)at, >)en $ braAed, s)e cras)ed into me-
?re!ozi4ii de !ozi4ie
#$ 4o*iii pe vertical
/boe after belo' do'n in on oer to under(neat-) u!
/boe: mult mai sus dec5t altceva, c)iar i figurativ
$ am above )is insults-
/fter: ceva puin inferior unui alt lucru
"arl /e>is came in second in t)e 1HH meters after /inford ")ristie-
Belo': ceva imediat inferior unui alt lucru, sau mai puin important
$n a compan, structure a sales representative comes belo) a sales manager-
#o'n: a fi partea inferioar a ceva, i a avea mai puin respect pentru cineva
S)e >ent do)n in m, estimation >)en s)e said t)ose t)ings-
9E
6n: similar cu aboe, dar 'n contact cu ceva
T)ere@s a telep)one on t)e >all over t)ere-
6er: similar cu aboe, dar obiectul este mai aproape de ceva
T)e )orse #umped over t)e obstacles beautifull,-
$o: estimri relative
T)e arAeting anager of $-0-;- reports to t)e 3eneral anager-
;nder: similar cu belo', dar obiectul este mai aproape de ceva
T)at bridge is too lo> for t)at trucA to go under-
;nderneat-: la fel ca under dar mai formal
T)e tunnel underneath t)e Englis) ")annel >as opened in t)e summer of 122<-
;!: contrarul lui do'n
V$s t)is t)e s)opSW V=o, it@s furt)er up t)e street-W
In: un spaiu 'nc)is
, little bo, closed )imself in t)e bat)room and couldn@t get out-
'$ 4o*iii relative
/gainst along alongside around at beside by on t-e rig-t T on t-e left of near ne2t to
to'ards
/gainst: 'n contact cu altceva sau altcineva
%on@t lean against t)at post- $t@s #ust been painted-
/long: de.a lungul a ceva
(n (venue usuall, )as trees along it-
/longside: aezat alturi de ceva sau cineva
T)e ne>l, >eds >alAed alongside eac) ot)er do>n t)e aisle-
/round: vecintate
+e must be around )ere some>)ere; $ can see )is footprints-
/t: o poziie precis
$f ,ou don@t >ait at t)e bus stop, t)e bus >on@t stop-
Beside: similar cu alongside
T)e anxious mot)er sat beside )er ill bab, all nig)t-
By: 'n vecintatea
0ill@s ver, lucA,; )e )as a summer )ouse by t)e sea-
6n t-e rig-t of T on t-e left of: aezat la dreapta T st5nga a ceva sau a cuiva
T)ere@s a suspicious looAing man standing on the left of t)e president-
Aear: aproape de ceva sau cineva
$ live near m, office, so $ can >alA to >orA-
Ae2t to: 'n direcia a ceva sau a cuiva
=ig)ts get darAer as >e get to)ards ")ristmas-

99
($ 4o*iii opuse
/cross after before be-ind facing in front of o!!osite oer
/cross: trecut de o anumit limit
$f ,ou looA across t)e field ,ou@ll see t)e c)urc)-
/fter: o poziie consecutiv
, best friend )ad five c)ildren, one after t)e ot)er-
Before: a se desfura 'nainte de altceva
Gou must learn to >alA before ,ou run-
( se desfura 'n prezena cuiva
Stand before t)e Fudge and s>ear to tell t)e trut)-
Be-ind: aezat 'n spatele a ceva sau al cuiva
%on@t turn round, FacA- T)ere@s a snaAe behind ,ou-
=acing: privind 'n direcia a ceva sau a cuiva
Turn ,our seat facing me so $ can see ,ou properl,-
In front of: aezat 'naintea a ceva sau cuiva
T)ere@s a long Zueue in front of me- $ can@t possibl, >ait-
6!!osite: similar cu facing
T)e, built a >are)ouse opposite m, )ouse and blocAed out m, vie> of onte !ecc)ia-
6er: ceva aflat de cealalt parte a altceva
%over is over t)e ")annel from "alais-
?re!ozi4ii de tim!
#$ ?impul pe ceas
/bout around at in on
/bout: un timp aproximativ
, appointment at t)e dentist@s is at 1H-HH o@clocA, but )e@s al>a,s about )alf an )our late-
/round: la fel ca about
, dentis is never punctual; )e@s al>a,s around )alf an )our late-
/t: timpul exact
T)e film starts at 6 o@clocA-
Aot
/t se folosete i pentru a face referiri la perioada din prea#ma srbtorilorK
$ al>a,s go sAiing for a >eeA at ")ristmas-
In: o parte a zilei, luni, anotimpuri i ani
$ liAe to )ave a big breaAfast in t)e morning-
$t doesn@t rain muc) in 3reece in summer-
6n: cu zile ale sptm5nii T date T zile anumte
T)e road >orAs >ill start on onda, and finis) on ?ednesda,-
$ last sa> )im on Ful, <
t)
-
Aot
Se spuneK
In t)e morningT afternoon T evening
%ar
/t nig)t
97
'$ timpul de dinainte i de dup2
after before by !ast to
/fter: mai t5rziu dec5t un timp sau eveniment dat
(s m, first appointment is after nine, $ can catc) a later train-
Before: 'naintea unui timp sau eveniment dat
0efore >e start, $@d #ust liAe to introduce m,self-
By: ceva care se petrece 'nainte sau nu mai t5rziu de un moment dat
(pplications must be sumitted by Fune E
t)
-
?ast: similar cu after dar mai colocvial, folosit i pentru a exprima ora
$@m tired- $t@s past m, bed time-
$o: folosit de asemenea pentru a exprima ora
$t@s a Zuarter to midnig)tK onl, 1E minutes to go before t)e =e> Gear-
($ !urata n timp
/bout bet'een during for in since until
/bout: durata estimat
T)e pla, >ill probabl, last about t>o and a )alf )ours-
Bet'een: de la un punct dat 'n timp la un altul
T)e period bet)een leaving sc)ool and going to universit, >as a stressful one-
#uring: o perioad stabilit 'n timp
$ managed not to do an, >orA during m, )olida,, t)oug) $ s)ould )ave-
=or: durata unei perioada date de timp
?orld ?ar $$ >ent on for six ,ears-
In: o anumit durat
$@m going to t)e s)ops- $@ll be bacA in an )our-
Since: de la punctul de 'nceput din trecut p5n 'n prezent
$tal, )as been a republic since 12<E-
;ntil: durata p5n la un punct dat 'n timp
+ong Bong >ill belong to England until 1227, >)en it goes bacA to ")ina-
#ierse
Because of: cauza
T)e ;B is suffering because of t)e economic crisis-
=or: similar cu because of dar legat 'n general de credine
=adir T,lon lived and died for )is countr,-
Scop
( Anife is used for cutting t)ings-
In: parte a unui proces
=o>ada,s a lot of aluminium is used in t)e car industr,-
96
6f: cauza unei aciuni
/ots of people in $ndia are d,ing of )unger-
:it-: un sentiment care determin o aciune
Susana cried )ith #o, >)en s)e read )er exam results-
folosirea unui instrument
%on@t put t)at scre> in )ith a )ammer- %o it )ith a scre>driver-
By: prin aciunea sau creaia cuiva T a ceva
Fo)n /ennon >as Ailled by an assassin@s bullet-
9i+e: un anumit comportament
, )usband acts li&e a c)ild >)en )e can@t get )is o>n >a,-
pentru a compara fiineTlucruri similare
Even t)oug) t)e, are t>ins t)e, don@t looA li&e eac) ot)er-
/s: profesia cuiva
S)e >orAs as a nurse in 3u,s +ospital /ondon-
But: cu excepia a ceva sau cineva
+e tooA ever,t)ing but t)e Aitc)en sinA- OExpresieP
/t: abiliti 'ntr.o anume activitate
, daug)ter, Emma, )as al>a,s been good at dra>ing-
In: similar cu at, dar nu se poate folosi cu good sau bad
, daug)ter, Emma, )as al>a,s been interested in dra>ing-
=rom: originea
, famil, come from ?arrington in ")es)ire-
:it-: legtur, ataament
T)e little girl al>a,s goes to sleep )ith )er cuddl, tedd,-
:it-out: opusul lui 'it-
$ al>a,s drinA coffee )ithout sugar-
=or: ceva sau cineva potrivit sau destinat
T)is grammar booA is for foreign students of Englis)-
%on(unc4iile sau cuvintele de legtur se folosesc pentru a lega propoziii-
(cest capitol se ocup cu perec)i de cuvinte de legtur care ar putea provoca anumite confuzii pentru cei ce
studiaz engleza-
;tilizare:
%on(unc4ii de tim!
". as) '-en) '-ile se folosesc cu referire la o aciune care se petrece 'n acelai timp cu alta-
%hen m, alarm clocA rings at 7 o@clocA $ get up-
s $ >as looAing out of t)e >indo>, $ sa> )im arriving-
%hile ,ou >ere out s)opping, Fo)n rang-
.. after) as soon as) before) '-en se folosesc cu referire la o aciune care se petrece imediat dup o alta-
fter $ left universit,, $ >ent to >orA abroad-
s soon as $ )eard )im speaA on T!, $ c)anged t)e c)annel-
%hen $ finis)ed t,ping t)ose letters, $ posted t)em-
T)e client put t)e p)one do>n before $ could give an explanation-
92
3. until T till se refer la durata 'n timp a unei situaii-
$ can@t go out until m, mot)er comes bacA-
$ can@t c)ange m, car till $ )ave finis)ed pa,ing for it-
Aot
Vust poate fi folosit 'n faa acestor con#uncii pentru a sublinia apropierea 'n timp a acelor dou aciuni
Just as )e noticed )e >as being >atc)ed, )e ran off-
%on(unc4ii contrastie
". alt-oug-) een t-oug-) t-oug- se folosesc cu referire la afirmaii opuse sau contraste, 'naintea
subiectului sau verbului-
lthough )e is a good >riter, )e )as never publis)ed a booA-
#ven though t)ere@s a speed limit )e al>a,s exceds it-
Aot
$-oug- este o alternativ mai puin formal pentru although i even though- :n engleza vorbit apare de
obicei la sf5ritul propoziiei-
3eorge studied )ard- +e didn@t manage to pass )is exam though-
.. in s!ite of sau des!ite se folosesc cu referire la afirmaii opuse sau contrastante, 'n faa unui substantiv,
pronume sau gerunziu-
,n spite of the traffic, )e still managed to get )ere in time-
$espite the )eather, >e decided to go an,>a,-
Aot
In s!ite of i des!ite pot fi folosite i cu t-e fact t-at-
,n spite of the fact that )e >as ver, bus,, )e tooA time off >orA-
3. '-ile) '-ereas se folosesc cu referire la contrastul dintre dou afirmaii-
0rian eats a lot, )hile +enr, )ardl, eats at all-
, old car >as ver, slo>, )hereas m, ne> one is muc) faster-
D. -o'eer se folosete cu referire la contradicia dintre dou propoziii-
T)e secret agent >as told to be at t)e meeting point at 9 o@clocA s)arp- -o)ever, >)en )e arrived, )is
contact >asn@t t)ere-
%on(unc4ii de cauz i efect
". because) because of) as) since se folosesc cu referire la motivele de a face o aciune-
T)e bab, cried because it >as )ungr,-
%ad is not going to >orA toda, because of t)e striAe-
s it@s raining, ,ou )ad better taAe an umbrella-
Since t)e president is abroad, t)e vice.president >ill taAe )is place toda, at t)e presentation-
Aot
Because, because of, as i since au acelai sens dar folosesc construcii diferite-
Because se folosete 'nainte de subiect i verb-
Because of se folosete 'nainte de substantiv-
/s i since se folosesc am5ndou la 'nceputul propoziiei-
.. so, t-erefore se refer la rezultatul unei aciuni-
Foe )as exams all next >eeA, so )e can@t go out in t)e evenings-
T)e a,or )as attend an urgent meeting- 9herefore )e@ll )ave to cancel t)e lunc) engagement-
7H
Aot
So i t-erefore au acelai sens- So este mai frecvent 'n engleza vorbit-
WVI. S;BS$/A$IV;9
Substantivele au diferite funcii 'ntr.o propoziie-
Ele pot fiK
Subiectul sau com!lementul direct sau indirect al unui verb
Aumele !redicati al verbelor be, become i seem
%om!lement !re!ozi4ional
:n cazul geniti O3enitivul saxon sau sinteticP
:n englez substantivele au 'n toate aceste cazuri aceeai form cu excepia genitivului sintetic-
Aot
:n englez toate propoziiile trebuie s aib subiect- Subiectul poate fi un substantiv sau un pronume-
Substantivele 'n limba englez se pot 'mpri 'n patru tipuriK
Substantie !ro!rii: (nn, ")ina, Paris, %r ood,
Substantie comune: doll, apple, plate, tree
Substantie abstracte: )appiness, love, )onest,, fear
Substantie colectie: famil,, group, )erd, staff
Aot
Substantivele proprii se scriu 'ntotdeauna cu iniial ma#uscul-
Substantivele limbii engleze pot varia dup gen i numr-
G7A;9
1- "ele mai multe substantive au aceeai form pentru toate genurile-
friend child doctor cousin baby teenager artist coo&
dancer driver teacher
genul poate fi indicat de un pronume 'nsoitor-
, friend sent -er son a present-
T)e doctor opened -is bag-
2hild i baby pot fi considerate neutre-
T)e bab, closed its e,es and fell asleep-
=umele de ri sunt i ele considerate neutre-
/atel,, Ben,a )as greatl, improved its econom,-
4- ulte substantive care denumesc oameni i animale au o form feminin i una masculin
Son+ daughter nephe)+ niece uncle+ aunt
ctor+ actress )aiter+ )aitress gentleman+ lady
.ather+ mother husband+ )ife man+ )oman
0achelor+ spinster heir+ heir)ss hero+ heroine
7ale+ female bull+ co) rooster+ hen
3enul poate fi indicat combin5nd substantive fr gen cuK boy+ girl+ male+ female+ man+ )oman
71
0oyfriend+ girlfriend male pilot+ female pilot
7an dentist+ )oman dentist policeman+ police)oman
Aot
Iecent, 'n 'ncercarea de a elimina Vdiscriminarea de genW, exist o tendin de a 'nlocui VterminaiileW
man i )oman cu person sau de a le elimina complet- :n alte cazuri au fost create alte expresii sau alte
cuvinte lipsite de gen-
Vec-ea folosire Aoua folosire
Salesman, sales>oman salesperson
")airman, c)air>oman c)airperson, c)air
Ste>ard, ste>ardess flig)t attendant
A;>Y@;9
:n enlgez substantivele se 'mpart 'n dou categoriiK numrabile i nenumrabile-
Substantiele numrabile se pot numra, adic au numr- Pot avea at5t forme de singular c5t i de plural-
/a singular pot fi precedate de a(n) sau one-
?lural
=orme regulate:
1- /a ma#oritatea substantivelor se adaug Bs formei de singular-
0ooA, booAs da,, da,s )ouse, )ouses
%onAe,, donAe,s safe, safes girl, girls
4- Substantivele terminate 'n o, c-, s-, s sau 2 primesc Bes-
Potato, potatoes c)urc), c)urc)es brus), brus)es
0us, buses box, boxes Aiss, Aisses
D- Substantivele terminate 'n consoan F y pierd pe y i primesc Bies-
0ab,, babies factor,, factories fl,, flies
Aot
Exist excepiiK &ilo+ &ilos photo+ photos piano+ pianos radio+ radios soprano+ sopranos
=orme neregulate
1- ;nele substantive elimin Bf T fe de la final i primesc Bes-
2alf+ calves )ife+ )ives )olf+ )olves
;oaf+ loaves leaf+ leaves life+ lives
Shelf+ shelves thief+ thieves &nife+ &nives self+ selves
4- ;nele substantive 'i modific vocalele-
.oot+ feet tooth+ teeth goose+ geese man+ men
%oman+ )omen mouse+ mice louse+ lice
Aot
(tenieR 2hild+ children person+ people
74
D- ;nele substantive au aceeai form la singular i la pluralK
Sheep+deer+ aircraft+ trout+ series+ species+ salmon+ means+ fish+ head3uarters
<- ;nele substantive exist numai la forma de plural-
2lothes+ pants+ pyjamas+ scissors+ glasses+ scales+ stairs+ savings+ outs&irts+ grounds+ goods+ earnings+
valuables+ surroundings+ arms =)eapons>+ archives+ belongings+ proceeds+ )ages+ premises+ the 7iddle
ges+ braces+ customs+ trousers
Aot
Dolice este considerat a fi la plural-
T)e police are inspecting t)eir )ouse-
Aot
(ceste substantive nu sunt Aiciodat precedate de numere Oone, t>o, t)ree etc-P- pentru a indica numrul,
folosii some, a little, etc- sau !airTset, grou! etc- F of-
9en pairs of pants+ three sets of archives+ a roomful of belongings etc.
E- ;nele substantive 'mprumutate pstreaz pluralul greces, italian sau latin-
2risis+ crises cactus+ cacti phenomenon+ phenomena
$atum+ data libretto+ libretti fungus+ fungi
8ucleus+ nuclei stimulus+ stimuli criterion+ criteria
0asis+ bases thesis+ theses oasis+ oases
(is+ a(es medium+ media bacterium+ bacteria
Aot
Engleza modern folosete adesea data, media i bacteria cu sens plural dar cu un verb la singular
T)e latest data is )ig)l, encouraging-
9- =umele de familie se pot folosi la plural pentru a indica 'ntreaga familie- =umelui i se adaug un Bs- =u
au loc sc)imbri de ortografie-
9he Eennedys are >orld.famous-
7- Substantivele colective se refer la un grup de oameni sau lucruri- Sunt 'n mod normal folosite la
singular- :n engleza britanic se pot folosi at5t verbe la singular c5t i la plural- :n engleza american au
'ntotdeauna un verb la singular-
.amily aristocracy enemy company council
8obility gouvernment group proletariat press
Fpposition gang jury community army public
udience cre) navy staff team committee
T)e jury are about to give t)eir verdict- Oengleza britanicP
T)e public is opposed to t)e ne> tax-
Aot
Spre deosebire de substantivele numrabile normale, substantivele colective nu pot fi direct precedate de
numere sau VsomeW-
&ive *& T+E group sta,ed past midnig)t-
Some *& T+E opposition s>itc)ed sides-
Aot
*cazional substantivele colective sunt folosite la plural i sunt numrabile-
Iomeo and Fuliet came from t>o feuding families-
*nl, t>o teams can get to t)e finals-
Substantiele nenumrabile nu pot fi numrate, adic nu au numr- %e obicei au numai form de singular-
Au pot fi precedate de a(n) sau de numere-
Substantivele nenumrabile se 'mpart 'n urmtoarele grupuriK
7D
1- substantie concrete
)ater )ood metal paper grass glass oil
silver gold sand sno) rain bread mil&
coffee butter )ine fire food salt
4- substantie abstracte
love beauty hope relief e(perience advice
purity joy freedom information courage
design duty capacity education evil
time patience reality intelligence
Aot
:or+ este nenumrabil dar (ob este numrabilK
+arriet is looAing for )or&- Fo)n )as found t>o jobs-
:or+s 'nseamnK fabric, parte mecanic, producie literar, fapte sau acte-
ot)er T)eresa of "alcutta is Ano>n for )er good )or&s-
Aot
$at c5teva substantive nenumrabile care 'n alte limbi se pot deseori numraK
dvice baggage luggage furniture
$amage hair shopping home)or& information
Eno)ledge money )eather research progress
0usiness spaghetti ne)s e3uipment
D- Substantive verbale Ogerunzii sau verbe 'n ingP-
2amping dancing shopping jogging singing
Smo&ing is bad for ,our )ealt)-
<- =ume de limbi
German #nglish 2hinese ,talian Spanish
E- ;nele nume de boli, tiine i #ocuri au form de plural dar 'n mod normal primesc un verb la singular-
Sunt considerate nenumrabile-
7easles mumps billiards dominoes
Dhysics politics ethics acoustics
Statistics mathematics ne)s electronics
7athematics is an important subiect-
Aot
;nele substantive sunt at5t numrabile c5t i nenumrabile- %ar sensul lor e diferit 'n fiecare caz-
numrabile nenumrabile
a paper paper
a light light
a )ood )ood
a glass glass
an iron iron
a hair hair
+e bu,s a paper ever,da,- T)e student )ad >ritten an interesting paper on Beats- Daper is made of >ood
pulp-
Aot
Substantivele nenumrabile nu sunt niciodat precedate de numere Oa, an, one, t>o, t)ree etcP- $at c5teva
expresii folosite pentru a indica numrulTcantitateaK
/ !iece of informationTfurnitureTadviceTeZuipmentTglassTpaperTne>s
/ ty!e of atmosp)ereTbe)aviourTviolence
7<
/n item of luggageTne>sTbaggage
/ case of mumpsTmeaslesTflu
/ ray of )opeTsuns)ine
/ lot of streng)tTsecurit,
/d(ectie folosite ca substantie
&olosii t-e F ad(ecti pentruK
1- grupuri de persoane cu aceleai caracteristici- ;rmeaz un verb la plural-
9he rich are not al>a,s as )app, as >e imagine-
4- calitate impersonal- ;rmeaz un verb la singular-
9he impossible has strong attraction for some people-
D- naionalitate Odac exist un cuv5nt separatP-
9he .rench the 2hinese the #nglish the Japanese
$ar
9he Doles the Germans the Scots the .inns
Substantie com!use
Substantivele compuse sunt formate din dou sau mai multe cuvinte care, 'mpreun, creeaz un nou
substantiv cu un nou sens
0abysitter checA&up s)imming pool motherAinAla)
Substantivele compuse pot fiK
1- scrise ca un singur cuv5nt, cuvinte separate sau cu cratim- %ac avei 'ndoieli cel mai bine e s
consultai 'ntotdeauna dicionarul-
rmchair can opener coverAup oneA)ay street
4- numrabile sau nenumrabile
alarm cloc& fast food
compact disc human race
toothbrush drin&ing )ater
)aiting room )elfare state
yello) pages poc&et money
D- compuse din dou substantive- ?rimul substanti este folosit ca ad#ectiv i este la singular-
2hain factory Oa factor, for c)ainsP
2otton s&irt Oa sAirt made of cotonP
tenAyearAold girl Oa girl >)o is ten ,ears oldP
2ar accident Oaccident involving carsP
t)oA)ee& cruise Oa cruise lasting t>o >eeAsP
<- substantivele compuse numrabile formeaz pluralul aplic5nd regulile normale de plural ultimului
substantiv-
ail boxes dis) >as)ers sleeping bags T.s)irts
Aot
;neori Odar rarP substantivele la plural pot fi folosite ca ad#ectiveK
Sports car customs department clothes store
Sales divison savings ban& ne)s item
E- substantivele compuse formate din verbe complexe sau substantive legate cu of i in au plurale
neregulate-
Passers.b, runners.up sisters.in.la>
/ilies of t)e valle,

?osesia: of i genitiul sintetic
7E
Posesia se poate exprima folosindK
1- 6=
:n multe cazuri folosim of pentru a exprima posesia- Substantivele, folosite ca ad#ective, pot i ele uneori
indica posesia-
$oor of the car car door
.rame of the picture picture frame
-ead3uarters of the company company head3uarters
9he color of the )all the )all color
8eedles of the pine tree pine tree needles
#ngine of the car car engine
Aot
(d#ectivele nu au numr- Substantivele care devin ad#ective sunt la singular-
T)e tops of t)e boxes- T)e bo( tops
4- Genitiul sintetic
:n cazul persoanelor i animalelor folosim genitivul sintetic pentru a exprima posesia-
=orm: formai genitivul saxon adug5nd \s sau \ substantivelor
\s \
toate substantivele singulare substantivele plurale terminate
substantivele plurale care 'n s
=; se termin 'n s
8ancy*s the teachers*
James*s the Gallaghers*
-is mother*s the %aleses*
7y children*s his sistersG
;tilizare: folosii genitivul sinteticK
1- pentru a exprima posesia cu referire la !ersoane i animale
-elen*s mot)er is ill-
T)e old horse*s mane is still ver, beautiful-
4- 'n expresii temporale
one )ee&*s pay today*s ne)s a year*s leave
t)o hour*s )ait a month*s holiday yesterday*s partyt)e T)e plane )ad an hour*s dela,-
$n t>o )ee&s* time $@ll be l,ing on t)e beac) in 0ali-
D- cu pronume ne)otr5te caK everybody+ someone+ anybody+ anyone+ nobody+ no one mai ales dac sunt
'nsoite de else-
$t@s nobody*s fault-
T)at must be somebody else*s bag-
<- cu anumite instituii, grupuri, expresii geografice
T)e government*s decision >ill be made public tomorro>-
T)e )orld*s laAes and rivers are in a disastruous condition-
E- singur, c5nd al doilea substantiv 'nseamnK store+ shop+ studio+ office+ restaurant+ church sau cathedral-
3o and bu, a loaf of bread at t)e ba&er*s Os)opP-
T)eir >eeding >as at St.Datric&*s Ocat)edralP-
9- cu *& Oposesiv dubluP-
and, is a friend of nn*s- U and, is one of (nn@s friends-
79
Aot
*biectul posedat pierde articolele i pronumele care 'l preced c5nd este folosit cu un genitiv sintetic-
+is c)ild o>ns T+(T bic,cle- $t is broAen- +is c)ild@s bic,cle is broAen-
Aot
=; folosim genitivul sinteticK
"u ad#ective folosite ca substantiveK
-e intends to improve the condition of the poor.
"5nd posesorul este determinat de propoziii subordonate sau expresii lungi-
,*d li&e you to meet the mother of the boy )ho )on first prize.
72erci4ii:
/lege4i forma !otriit a erbelor. 6bsera4i diferen4a de sens a substantielor care !rimesc atCt
erbe la singular cCt i la !lural-
1- +is p)onetics isTare muc) better t)an )ers- 4- , trousers isTare flared- D- T)e scissors isTare lost for ever,
$ guess- <- Statistics isTare )is favourite stud,- E- "od eatsTeat a variet, of food- 9- (coustics isTare a branc)
of p),sics- 7- T)e ne> statistics s)o>sTs)o> a great increase in manufactured goods- 6- Gout) toda, isTare
turning a>a, from t)e c)urc)- 2- ?)at isTare t)e most efficient means of dealing >it) t)is problemS 1H- T)e
pliers isTare on t)e table- 11- T)e acoustics of t)e =ational T)eatre +all isTare excellent- 14- Politics isTare t)e
art of t)e possible- 1D- Poultr, >asT>ere expensive t)at >inter- 1<- ?)at isTare ,our politicsS 1E- T)e people
of t)e countr, livesTlive be,ond t)eir means- 19- +e )ad no time for visitors >)ile t)e poultr, >asT>ere
being fed- 17- Ever,bod,@s means isTare being tested- 16- at)ematics isTare given top priorit, no>ada,s-
12- ?)at isTare cattle good forS 4H- T)e police )asT)ave made no arrest ,et- 41- &res).>ater fis)
includesTinclude salmon, trout, carp and eels- 44- 3,mnastics isTare not given enoug) attention in our sc)ool-
4D- T)e $talian clerg, >asT>ere opposed to divorce- 4<- (dvice isTare readil, given on all t)e tec)nical
aspects-
%ombina4i e2!resiile !artitie din coloana / cu substantiele nenumrabile din coloana B. $raduce4i5
le En limba romCn.
/ B
(n article of sugar
( bar of meat
( caAe of bread
( grain of paper
( )eap of soap
(n item of c)ocolate
( loaf of land
( lump of rice
( pice of rubbis)
( pile of evidence
( s)eet of information
( slice of advice
( strip of luggage
( >ord of furniture
=e>s
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- (re 4- (re D- (re <- $s E- Eat 9- $s 7- S)o> 6- (re 2- $s 1H- (re 11- (re 14- $s 1D- ?as 1<- (re 1E- /ive
19- ?ere 17- (re 16- $s 12- (re 4H- +ave 41- $nclude 44- (re 4D- ?ere 4<- $s
a lump T a piece of sugar Oo bucat de za)rP
77
a piece of meat Oo bucat de carneP
a slice T loaf of bread Oo felie de p5ine T o franzel, o p5ineP
a s)eet T piece of paper Oo foaie T bucat de )5rtieP
a caAe T bar of soap Oun spunP
a bar T piece of c)ocolate Oun baton de ciocolatP
a piece T strip of land Oo bucat, o f'ie de pm5ntP
a grain of rice Oun bob de orezP
a pile T )eap of rubbis) Oo grmad de gunoiP
a piece of evidence Oo probP
a piece T an item of information Oo informaieP
a piece T >ord of advice Oun sfatP
a piece of luggage Oun baga#P
a piece T an article of furniture Oo pies de mobilierP
a piece T an item of ne>s Oo tireP
WVII. /@$I%69;9
=orm: :n englez articolele au dou formeK ne)otr5t / sau /A i )otr5t $87- (rticolele sunt invariabile
i nu au gen-
1- / se folosete 'n faa cuvintelor care 'ncep cu un sunet consonantic c)iar dac prima liter e o vocal-
/n se folosete 'n faa cuvintelor care 'ncep cu vocal sau - mut- (mbele se pot folosi numai cu
substantie numrabile la singular.
( dog a computer
( desA a universit, Osunet consonanticP
( man a )ouse
(n orange a son
(n umbrella an )our O) mutP
(n idea an )onour O) mutP
( building an example
Aot
?he se pronun OM`P c5nd st 'n faa unui substantiv care 'ncepe cu un sunet consonantic i OMiKP 'naintea
unui substantiv care 'ncepe cu un sunet vocalic-
4- $-e se folosete 'n faa oricrui substantiv numrabil sau nenumrabil, at5t la singular c5t i la plural-
T)e dog t)e dogs
T)e atmosp)ere t)e >ine
T)e )ouse t)e time
T)e eggs t)e information
T)e rice t)e apple
Aot
"5nd ne referim la acelai lucru sau aceeai persoan pentru a doua oar, folosim de obicei pe t-e-
T)ere is an apple and an orange for t)e dessert- $@ll eat the apple-
;tilizare: / sau /A se folosescK
1- 'naintea unui substantiv pentru a ne referi la ceva sau cineva pentru prima dat-
$@ve received a postcard from a friend of mine in t)e ;S-
4- pentru a exprima ce este ceva sau cineva, inclusiv slu#be sau profesii-
, next.door neig)bour is a dentist and )is >ife an architect-
Fenn, doesn@t eat meat; s)e@s a vegetarian-
T)at >as a &ind thing to sa,-
76
D- dup verbul be sau verbe copulative urmate de un ad#ectiv sau substantiv sau c5nd este urmat de
locuiuni prepoziionale sau propoziii relative care ofer mai mult informaie despre cineva sau cevaK
FacA@s son is a talented artist-
$ boug)t a painting that reminded me of my childhood home-
<- cu unele expresii numerice 'nsemn5nd unu sau cu expresii ale preului, vitezei, raportului i cantitii-
)undred guests >ere invited-
Petrol costs a 1-EH a litre in England-
+e@s craz, driving at 12H Ailometres an )our-
Aot
/ T /n i one sunt uneori intersc)imbabile dar nu 'n toate cazurile-
SpunemK
)undred pounds sau one )undred pounds
%ar
a lot of T a great deal of
E- cu substantive numrabile la singular pentru a da definiii, a face afirmaii generale, exclamaii sau c5nd
exprimm dorine-
dog is more compan, t)an a cat-
$@d liAe a nice cool glass of beer-
n apple a da, Aeeps t)e doctor a>a,-
;tilizare: $87 se foloseteK
1- 'naintea unui substantiv singular numrabil sau nenumrabil sau a unui substantiv plural numrabil
pentru a face o nou referire la ceva ce a fost de#a menionat sau la care s.a fcut de#a aluzie-
+e >anted to go to a ban& to c)ange some mone,, but all the ban&s >ere on striAe-
%o ,ou remember the fun >e )ad >)en >e >ere at sc)ool toget)erS
4- pentru a face referire la cineva sau ceva anume-
$ liAe the painting above the fire place-
9he merican economy is suffering at t)e moment-
D- 'n faa unui substantiv reprezent5nd o anume persoan sau un lucru sau un grup de persoane sau lucruri-
S)all $ drive the carS Oaceast mainP
?ill ,ou maAe the tea, pleaseS Oceaiul pe care ne pregtim s.l bemP
<- cu referire la ceva unic 'n mod absolut-
9he sun rises in t)e east and sets in the )est-
9he Dresident of the 5nited States visited the Dope last a,-
E- 'n faa ad(ectielor pentru a face referire la un anumit grup sau clas de oameni- :n acest caz nu este
nevoie de substantiv-
*nl, the strong survive-
Iobin +ood stole from the rich to give to the poor-
9- 'n faa unui substanti la singular pentru a se referi la un anume grup de oameni, animale sau obiecte-
9he ,ndian elephant is smaller t)an the frican elephant-
9he customer is al>a,s rig)t-
Aot
Exist excepii-
*ma)a is in 8orth merica-
T)e branc) manager >as sent to SouthA#ast sia on a reconnaissance trip-
7- 'naintea unor substantive proprii pentru a denumi zone geografice, nume de mri i r5uri, lanuri
muntoase, grupuri de insule, nume la plural de ri i deerturi-
72
9he (tlantic, the 0a, of 0isca,, the iddle East, the nort) of England, the ?est of $reland, the $vor,
"oast, the 0lacA "ountr,
9he editerranean Sea, the Englis) ")annel, the Iiver t)ames, the I)ein, the Straits of 3ibraltar
9he +imala,as, the Pennines
9he ")annel $slands, the +a>aiian $slands, the &alAlands
9he ;nited States of (merica, the =et)erlands
9he (rizona %esert, the 3ibbon %esert
Aot
$-e nu se folosete cu nume de muni izolaiK
0en 8evis is t)e )ig)est mountain in Scotland-
Aot
Au se folosete t-e cu nume de lacuri-
;a&e %indermere+ ;a&e Superior+ ;a&e Hictoria
6- 'n faa numelor de instrumente muzicale-
9he guitar )as al>a,s been m, favourite instrument-
%o ,ou t)inA ,our fat)er >ill let us pla, the drums in )is garageS
2- 'n faa unor ad#ective naionaliti cu referire la oameni dintr.o anumit ar. aici se folosete un verb
la plural-
9he &renc) and the 0ritis) )ave >orAed toget)er to build t)e V")annelW-
9he %utc) are said to be )ard >orAers-
Aot
:n anumite cazuri se pot folosi numai substantive la plural-
9he 3ermans >ere upset about losing t)e semi.finals-
9he (mericans )osted t)e 122< ?orld &ootball ")ampions)ip-
1H- 'naintea ad#ectivelor superlative i a numeralelor ordinale-
=eil (rmstrong >as the first man to >alA on t)e moon-
T)at is the silliest t)ing $ )ave ever )eard-
Aot
;neori numeralele ordinale pot fi folosite fr t-e atunci c5nd se face referire la ordinea 'n care se petrec
evenimentele-
0rendan came first and "ollin second in t)e 1HH meters-
?e >ent to an)attan first, t)en on to 0rooAl,n-
;tilizare: Au se folosete articolulK
1- 'n faa substantivelor nenumrabile sau numrabile la plural c5nd se face o afirmaie general-
Dollution in big cities is ver, >orr,ing-
$ogs maAe good companions-
(ceste cuvinte sunt adesea precedate de determinani caK some+ any+ a piece of+ a lot of
$s t)ere any bread in t)e Aitc)enS
(re t)ere any apples in t)e bo>lS
Aot
$at o list de substantive care sunt de obicei la singular i nenumrabile 'n englez, dar uneori nu i 'n alte
limbiK
;uggage+ baggage+ furniture+ ne)s+ information+ advice+ behaviour+ damage+ permission+ traffic+ )eather+
)or&+ accommodation+ bread+ luc&+ progresss+ hair
4- 'n faa substantivelor abstracte c5nd sunt folosite 'n mod genericK beauty+ happiness+ fear+ hope+
&no)ledge+ intelligence; cu excepia cazurilor c5nd sunt folosite cu sens mai bine specificat-
6H
Eno)ledge comes to us t)roug) our senses-
S)e got t)e #ob because s)e )as a &no)ledge of Englis)-
0eauty is in t)e e,e of t)e be)older-
?)at a beautyR
D- 'n faa substantivelor proprii, nume de persoane i numele unei companii, cu excepia situaiilor c5nd se
vorbete de familie ca de un tot-
+e >orAs for 5nimotor ;td-
-elene and Geoff Dar&er are coming to dinner tonig)t-
%ar 9he Dar&ers are coming to dinner tonig)t-
<- pentru a vorbi despre sporturi, 'n faa numelor de ec)ipe
+e loves football but s)e isn@t Aeen of golf-
S)e supports 7anchester 5nited-
E- 'naintea numelor meselor zileiK brea&fast+ lunch+ dinner+ supper.
?)ere did ,ou )ave brea&fastS
9- 'naintea cuvintelor home+ church+ university+ prison+ hospital+ mar&et, atunci c5nd ele reprezint o
instituie sau o idee general- 9he se folosete totui atunci c5nd se face o referire special la locul
respectiv-
Fo)n 0ragg >as arrested and put into prison for corruption-
+is >ife can go to the prison once a >eeA to visit )im-
Emma and Sam are at school-
T)eir mot)er often goes to the school to talA to t)eir teac)er-
72erci4ii:
/lege4i articolele: a) an) t-e) ]
1- =earl, all X furniture )ad been taAen out of X dining.room- 4- X big piano >as put in X corner and
t)en t)ere came X ro> of flo>er pots and t)en t)ere came X gold, c)airs- D- T)at >as for X concert- <-
?)en Sun looAed in X >)ite.faced man sat at X piano not pla,ing, but banging at it- E- +e )ad X bag of
X tools on X piano and )e )ad stucA )is )at on X statue against X >all- 9- So t)e, >ent into t)e dining.
room; X red ribbons and X bunc)es of X roses tied up X table at X corners- 7- $n X middle >as X laAe
>it) X rose.petals floating on it- 6- [T)at@s >)ere X ice.pudding is to be@ said X "ooA- 2- T>o silver lions
>it) X >ings )ad X fruit on t)eir bacAs- 1H- (nd all X >inAing glasses and s)ining plates, and all X foodR
11- [(re X people going to eat X foodS@ asAed Sun- 14- ?)ile t)e, >ere being unbuttoned X ot)er
looAed in >it) X >)ite t)ing over )er s)oulders; s)e >as rubbing X stuff on )er face- 1D- [$@ll ring for t)em
>)en $ >ant t)em, X =urse-@
/lege4i articolele: a) an) t-e) ]
1- *ut of X ignorance )e made X mistaAe after X mistaAe- 4- T)e, sailed t)roug) X Straits of agellan-
D- X sc)ool and X )ome >ere far a>a,- <- $@ll start as X decA bo, at X pound X mont)- E- X c)ildren of
X lane used to pla, toget)er in X fieldK X 0ro>ns, X Pages, little Tom X cripple- 9- T)e, >alAed along
X =ort) Strand Ioad till t)e, came to X &inlandia +ouse and t)en turned to X rig)t along X ?)arf Ioad-
7- $ >ent from X room to X room singing- 6- (t X !ictoria Station X cro>d of X people pressed to X
carriage doors- 2- T)at@s an order, said X a#or %unn- 1H- X police officer %an Ta,lor stood guard over
)er outside X St- &rancis +otel- 11- X #udge Fames Ta,lor >as not lenient- 14- X ")inese language is
totall, unliAe X Fapanese- 1D- X Fapanese )ave transcribed t)eir language into X Ioman alp)abet as >ell-
1<- $ t)oug)t about it X da, and X nig)t- 1E- T)e, transmitted television pictures bacA to X eart)- 19- X
eart) s)one X brilliant blue green, curved at X )orizon, against X blacAness of X space, belo> t)e t>o
s)ips as X So,uz trailed X (pollo- 17- S)e settled do>n to sip X tea from X paper cup- 16- X crocodiles
can be bred commerciall, #ust liAe X co>s or X pigs- 12- X lava and X as) from X erapi !olcano, X
61
"entral Fa>a )ave forced 17H families to flee t)eir )omes- 4H- X female crocodile la,s about <H eggs X
,ear- 41- X farm life doesn@t agree >it) t)em- 44- S)e >as training for X S>an /aAe- 4D- X lacA of X
parAing space forces X motorists to double.parA reducing X >ide streets to X narro> lanes- 4<- T)e,
discovered X fossils of X bon, fis)es on X field trip to X Ellesmore $sland in X (rtic- 4E- T)e fire broAe
out near X /aAe +emet, sout) of X mountain resort of X $d,ll>ild, and burned to X sout)east-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- T)e, t)e 4- T)e, a, a, t)e D- T)e <- a, t)e E- (, b, t)e, a, t)e 9- b, b, b, t)e, t)e 7- T)e, a, b 6- T)e, b 2-
b, b 1H- T)e, t)e 11- b, t)e 14- b, a, b 1D- b
1- b, b, b 4- T)e D- b, b <-a, a, a E- T)e, t)e, t)e, t)e, t)e, t)e 9- T)e, b, t)e, t)e 7- b, b 6- b, a, b, t)e 2- b
1H- T)e, b 11- b 14- T)e, b 1D- T)e, t)e 1<- b, b 1E- b 19- T)e, a, t)e, t)e, b, t)e, t)e 17- b, a 16- b, b, b
12- b, b, b, b 4H- (, a 41- b 44- b 4D- T)e, b, b, b, b 4<- b, b, a, b, t)e 4E- b, t)e, b, t)e
WVIII. /#V7%$IV;9
=orm: ad#ectivele limbii engleze sunt inariabile- Ele nu au gen sau numr-
Aot
(d#ectivele demonstrative sunt S$=3;I( excepie- (ceste ad#ective sunt ariabile- 9his+ that se folosesc
su substantive la singular- 9hese+ those se folosesc cu substantive la plural-
9his s)irt )as been ironed- 9hat blouse looAs dirt,-
9hese flo>ers are beautiful- 9hose bus)es need cutting-
?ozi4ie: ad#ectivele sunt aezateK
1- 'n faa substantivelor-
$@m reading an interesting booA-
4- dup verbeleK be+ become+ seem+ appear+ feel+ sound+ taste+ ma&e+ &eep+ loo& =? appear>+ get1turn1gro)
=? become>
$ feel sad-
T)e >eat)er gre> cool-
+e maAes Fanice happy-
D- dup un complement direct
Fane found t)e programme boring-
S)e painted )er nails bright red-
Aot
;nele dintre aceste verbe pot avea alte sensuri atunci c5nd sunt determinate de adverbeK
3lad,s loo&ed OU appearedP attractive-
3lad,s loo&ed OU examinedP carefull, t)e price tag-
$i!uri: ad#ectivele se 'mpart 'n ase tipuriK calificatie) !osesie) interogatie) cantitatie) demonstratie
i distributie-
". /d(ectiele calificatie
=orm: exemple de astfel de ad#ective suntK young+ empty+ small+ spacious+ blac&+ elegant+ ugly+ strong+
lonely+ intelligent+ round+ happy
T)e old man >as sitting in t)e sun-
Aot
64
(d#ectivele pot fi folosite ca substantive- Ele cer un verb la plural-
9he young are often impacient.
Aot
&acei diferena 'ntre little OU micP, little OU nu multP i a little OU o cantitate micP-
S)e bab,sits for a little girl-
&is) eat little food-
+e lent me a little mone,-
Participiile prezente Oformele 'n ingP i participiile trecute Oformele de tipul edP sunt folosite ca ad#ective
calificative- Participiile prezente au sens activ, iar participiile trecute au sens pasiv-
?artici!iu !rezent ?artici!iu trecut
0oring bored
(musing amused
$nteresting interested
Tiring tired
&rig)tening frig)tened
T)e student gre> bored during t)e lecture-
Spielberg@s ne> film is frightening-
Aot
Dretty este at5t ade#ectiv c5t i adverb-
Ellie is a pretty girl- OU attractiveP
(rnold is pretty ric)- OU rat)erP
Aot
(d#ectivele sunt determinate de adverbe-
T)ose boots are very tight-
$ feel totally e(hausted-
;tilizare: ad(ectiele i !re!ozi4iile
(d#ectivele sunt adesea urmate de prepoziii-
/t to about of
0ad married sad rude
Expert cruel sincere stupid
3ood Aind sorr, Aind
Slo> lo,al sure nice
cuicA polite t)rilled polite
Excited fait)ful >orried sure
S)ocAed sensitive curious generous
Surprised rude ent)usiastic
(mused anxious
:it- on in
%elig)ted dependent interested
%isgusted expert
Pleased successful
Satisfied
3enerous
Aot
;nele ad#ective 'i sc)imb sensul c5nd primesc o alt prepoziie-
Todd is good at algebra- TTodd is good to )is sister-
6D
T)e, are al>a,s &ind to us- T $t@s &ind of +elen to )elp-
$o!ica
"5nd dou sau mai multe ad#ective sunt folosite 'mpreunK
1- ad#ectivele subiective sau de opinie Oboring+ lovely+ lazyP sunt aezate 'n faa ad#ectivelor obiective sau
concrete Oold+ red+ s3uareP-
(nn is an active young lad,-
4- ad#ectivele obiective sau concrete stau 'n umrtoarea ordineK
dimensiune B Crst B form B culoare B origine B material B sco!
a small oval plate T an anti3ue .rench table T a blac& metal )al&ing sticA T an enormous blac& steel lifting
device
D- dup un erb ultimele dou ad#ective sunt legate cu (=%-
Sam gre> bitter and aggressive-
T)e bread smelled fresh+ fragrant+ and appetizing-
%om!ara4ia ad(ectielor
/. "omparativul i superlativul ad#ectivelor se formeazK
1- adug5nd Ber i Best la sf5ritulK
ad#ectivelor monosilabice
ad#ectivelor terminate 'n By) 5er) 5ly
Aot
(d#ectivele de o silab terminate 'ntr.o consoan, dubleaz consoanaK fat+ fatter+ fattest
(d#ectivele terminate 'n consoan F yK transfomr pe y 'n iK pretty+ prettier+ prettiest
4- adug5nd more i most 'naintea ad#ectivelor de dou sau mai multe silabe
%om!ara4ia regulat
/d(ecti com!arati su!erlati
%arm )armer the )armest
-appy happier the happiest
2lever cleverer the cleverest
0oring more boring the most boring
#(cited more e(cited the most e(cited
%om!ara4ia neregulat
/d(ecti com!arati su!erlati
Good+ )ell better the best
0ad )orse the )orst
;ittle less the least
7uch+ many more the most
.ar farther the farthest
further the furthest
old older the oldest
elder the eldest
late later the latest
the last
near nearer the nearest
the ne(t
Aot
Good i 'ell au sensuri diferiteK
0et) is good- OU be)aves >ellP
0et) is )ell- OU s)e is in good )ealt)P
=art-er i furt-er se refer ambele la distan, dar furt-er mai poate 'nsemna i n plus 1 e(tra
6<
0oston is farther 1 further t)an Pl,mout)-
.urther testing >ill be necessar,-
6lder i elder se refer ambele la v5rst, dar elder se folosete pentru relaii de familie
T)e cat)edral is the oldest building in to>n-
Fason is the eldest brot)er-
$-e latest 'nseamn cel mai recent, t-e last 'nseamn cel final, ultimul
9he latest ne>s >as broadcast five minutes ago-
9he last ne>s report is at midnig)t-
$-e nearest se refer la distan, t-e ne2t la timp T cronologie
9he nearest )otel is ten miles a>a,-
9he ne(t train is leaving in )alf an )our-
B. pentru a face comparaii, folosiiK
1- as F ad(ecti F as 'n propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima egalitatea
asTso F ad(ecti F as 'n propoziii negative
Gour e,esig)t is as good as mine-
Peter isn@t as1so short as )is brot)er-
4- ad(ectiul la com!arati F t-an pentru a exprima diferena
T)at >atc) is more e(pensive than t)is Timex-
Aot
Pentru a forma comparaii cu substantive, pronume i verbe 'n ing, folosii prepoziia li+e
+e >orAs li&e a dog-
Tr, to be)ave li&e him-
$t@s li&e tal&ing to a bricA >all-
%om!ara4i
"omparaiile pot fi fcute cu more c5t i cu less
Paris is more interesting t)an +ouston-
+ouston is less interesting t)an Paris-
Aot
Exist o diferen 'ntre engleza formal i cea familiar-
&ormalK t-anTas F iT-eTs-eT'eTt-ey F erb
&amiliarK t-anTas F meT-imT-erTusTt-em
=ormal =amiliar
Gou are as tall as , am- Gou are as tall as me-
0ill is older t)an she is- 0ill is older t)an her-
Aot
"5nd acelai verb se repet 'n aceeai propoziie, folosii un auxiliar pentru al doilea verb-
T)is "% sounds better t)an t)at "% sounds- U T)is "% sounds better t)an t)at "% does.
3. com!arati F and F com!arati
pentru a exprima creterea sau descreterea gradat a calitii
T)e bab, is gro>ing bigger and bigger-
$@m feeling more and more irritated >it) Eric-
D. t-e F ad(ecti la su!erlatiG F ofTin
pentru a exprima superioritatea sau inferioritatea
6= se folosete pentru a indica un grup de oameni sau obiecte-
IA se folosete pentru a indica un loc-
T)is is the oldest booA in t)e librar,-
T)is booA is the best of1in t)e series-
6E
3. /d(ectiele !osesie
=orm: ad#ectivele posesive suntK
7y your his1her1its our your their
Aot
Its este ad#ectiv posesiv-
ItHs este forma contras a lui it Y is-
;tilizare: ad#ectivele se folosescK
1- pentru a face referire la posesor-
$ tooA off my coat-
?e drove our car-
4- cu pri ale corpului i )aine-
T)e c)ildren >as)ed their )ands before dinner-
Fim puts on his ne> )iAing boots-
D- cu o)n, pentru a 'ntri ideea de posesie-
S)e cleaned her o)n room-
Aot
(d#ectivele posesive sunt invariabile- Ele au aceeai form pentru substantive la singular i la plural-
7y boo&+ my boo&s his pen+ his pens
3. /d(ectiele interogatie
=orm: Exist trei ad#ective interogativeK )hat+ )hich i )hose
;tilizare: (d#ectivele interogative se folosesc astfelK
1- '-at se folosete pentru lucuriK
%hat booA are ,ou readingS
'-ic- se folosete pentru persoane sau lucuri 'n cazul unei alegeri limitateK
%hich booA do ,ou preferS
'-ose se folosete pentru persoane i exprim posesiaK
%hose car )ave t)e, borro>edS
Aot
(d#ectivele interogative sunt invariabile- Ele au aceeali form pentru substantive la singular i la plural-
%hat photo+)hat photos 1 )hich pen+)hich pens 1 )hose coat+)hose coats
4- '-ose preced substantivul pe care 'l determin-
%hose cat is t)isS
%hose bags are over t)ereS
D- c5nd '-atT'-ic-T'-ose F substanti #oac rolul de subiect al unei propoziii, verbul este la forma
afirmativ-
c5nd '-atT'-ic-T'-ose F substanti #oac rolul de com!lement al unei propoziii, verbul este la
forma interogativ-
Subiect %om!lement
%hat team >onS %hat team did you applaud:
%hich trainarrived lateS %hich train did ar, taAeS
%hose coat lost a buttonS %hose coat did 0en borro>S
69
D. /d(ectie cantitatie
=orm: ad#ectivele cantitative suntK much+ many+ little+ fe)+ some+ any+ no i toate numerele-
;tilizare: /. muc-) many) little) fe'
1- many i fe' se folosesc cu substantive numrabile-
muc- i little se folosec cu substantive nenumrabile-
7any magazines, fe) in)abitants
7uch mone,, little )appines
4- muc- i many se folosesc de obicei 'n propoziii negative i interogative- :n propoziii afirmative
folosii a lot of, !lenty of) a great deal of, a large number of-
Aeagati i interogati
T)ere isn@t much ice in t)e freezer-
%o ,ou )ave many friendsS
/firmati
T)e plum tree )as pleanty of plums t)is ,ear-
D- muc- i many se pot combina cu -o'-
-o) much mone, do ,ou needS
-o) many birds live in t)at nestS
Aot
>uc- i many se folosesc uneori 'n propoziii afirmative-
7any guests complained-
7uch time )as been >asted-
Aot
8o' muc- T many F substanti poate fi subiect sau complement- !erbul din propoziie se modific 'n mod
corespunztor-
-o) much mone, did )e taAeS
-o) much is missingS
B. some) any) no sunt adesea denumite !artitie-
1- some i any indic o anumit cantitate
no 'nseamn nici unele+ nici unii+ deloc
Se folosesc cuK substantive la plural-
substantive nenumrabile la singular-
T)ere is some bread but no milA in t)e Aitc)en-
+ave ,ou boug)t any biscuitsS
4- some se folosete 'nK
propoziii afirmative
?e earned some mone, picAing stra>berries-
:ntrebri, c5nd se ateapt un rspuns afirmativ
+aven@t ,ou lost some buttons on t)at #acAetS
*ferte i cereri
?ould ,ou liAe some coffeeS
D- any se folosete 'nK
propoziii negative
$ can@t lend ,ou any flour-
Propoziii interogative
%oes Sara) )ave any talentS
Propoziii subordonate cu ifT'-et-er
?e don@t Ano> if t)ere are any survivors-
67
%up >it)out
+e left for /ondon >it)out any baggage-
Propoziii afirmative cu un substantiv la singular, cu sensul de tot+ oricare+ indiferent care
ny advice is >elcome-
0u, any brand of toot)paste-
<- no se folosete 'nK
propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima negaia
, )usband speaAs no Spanis)-
8o drinAs >ere offered during t)e flig)t-
%up )ith
+e left for /ondon >it) no baggage-
Aot
Some) any) no se combin cu Bone) 5body) 5 t-ing form5nd cuvintele compuseK someone+ somebody+
something+ anyone+ anybody+ anything+ no one+ nobody+ nothing
(ceste pronume urmeaz aceleai reguli-
%oes anyone >ant to accompan, meS
T)e, sa> something strange t)at nig)t-
8o one ans>ered t)e p)one-
T)e test flig)t tooA place >it)out anybody on board-
E- /d(ectiele demonstratie: this, that, these, those
1- %emonstrativele sunt singurele ad#ective variabile din limba englez- Se acord 'n numr cu
substantivul determinat-
Singular !lural
9his rug these rugs
9hat tree those trees
4- $-is) t-ese se refer la persoane i lucruri din apropierea vorbitorului-
$-at) t-ose se refer la persoane i lucruri aflate mai departe de vorbitor-
9hese pastries are delicious-
9his c)air is rat)er uncomfortable-
9hat airplane is fl,ing too lo>-
9hose clouds looA fluff,-
9- /d(ectie distributie: each, every, all, both, either, neither
;tilizare: /: eac-) all) eery
1- eac- 'nseamn Vconsiderat separat sau individualW- E urmat de substantiv la singular-
#ach c)ild received a prize-
4- all 'nseamn Vconsiderai 'mpreunW, ca grup- Substantivele numrabile care urmeaz sunt la plural-
ll men are created eZual-
D- eery poate 'nsemna Vconsiderai 'mpreunW sau Vconsiderai separatW- ;rmeaz un substantiv la
singular-
#very girl )ad a red )air ribbon-
%. bot-
bot- 'nseamn Vam5ndoi, am5ndouW
$@ve read both booAs-
#. eit-er) neit-er
66
eit-er 'nseamn Voricare din ceiTcele doiTdouW- ;rmeaz un substantiv la singular-
#ither dress is suitable for t)e part,-
neit-er 'nseamn Vnici unulTuna din ceiTcele doiTdouW- ;rmeaz un substantiv la singular- !erbul
trebuie s fie afirmativ-
8either dress is suitable for t)e part,-
Aot
7it-er G or implic o alegereK
Gou can )ave either eggs or bacon for breaAfast-
Aeit-er G nor subliniaz cele dou negaiiK
8either >omen nor c)ildren >ere admitted-
:n acest timp de expresie substantivele numrabile sunt la plural-
Aot
(d#ectivele sunt adesea urmate de construcii infinitivale-
T)at@s nice to &no)R
$t >as foolis) to do t)atR
?e found it eas, to memorize-
$t is dangerous to s&i t)ere-
72erci4ii:
/lege4i forma corect a ad(ectiului din !arantez:
1- T)is is t)e X booA $ )ave read for a long time OgoodP- 4- +e )as one of t)e X cars on t)e road OfastP- D-
T)e >orA ,ou are doing toda, is X t)an t)e >orA ,ou did ,esterda, Oeas,P- <- (nn often >ears X dresses
t)en )er mot)er OexpensiveP- E- ?)ic) is t)e X pla, ,ou )ave latel, readS OinterestingP- 9- T)e actress on t)e
stage >as t)e X girl $ )ave ever seen OstriAingP- 7- Tom is X t)an )is friend OtallP- 6- T)e, )ave a X garden
t)an ours Olovel,P- 2- +e said t)is >as t)e X da, in )is life OimportantP- 1H- +e >as X t)an )is >ife >)en
t)e c)ild broAe t)e >indo> Oangr,P- 11- +e >as t)e X man in t)e >orld to do t)at OlateP- 14- (K [?)ic) >as
,our X sub#ect at sc)ool and >)ic) >as ,our X Ogood, badPS@ 0K [P),sics >as m, X and )istor, m, X
Ogood, badP-@ 1D- $s 0uc)arest or Prague t)e X from /ondon OfarPS 1<- Tom is 17 ,ears old, )is brot)er FacA
is 12 and )is sister Fane is 1E- T)erefore Fane is t)e X and FacA is t)e X O,oung, oldP-
/lege4i forma corect a ad(ectielor din !arantez:
1- ?)at is t)e OlateP information ,ou@ve gotS 4- +er OoldP brot)er is called Fim- D- ?e >ere in a )urr, to
catc) t)e OlateP bus- <- ?)ic) is OoldP of t)e t>oS E- ?)o is t)e OoldP member of t)e students@ clubS 9- T)e,
got do>n to business >it)out OfarP dela,- 7- $@ve got a still OoldP edition of t)e dictionar,- 6- T)e OoldP sister
>as t>ent, ,ears OoldP t)en t)e ,oungest- 2- T)e OlateP )alf of a, >as Zuite rain,- 1H- $ >as told to >ait
until OfarP notice- 11- $ >is) $ )ad boug)t it at t)e OnearP s)op- 14- +e provided t)em >it) OfarP information as
agreed- 1D- T)e OnearP station is "alea !ictoriei- 1<- Fo)n@s OlateP novel >as a OgoodP seller and for sure it
>on@t be )is OlateP one- 1E- +e is t)e OlittleP >riter of t)e t>o- 19- $ sa> )im meet )er at t)e OfarP end of t)e
street- 17- $ s)all need OfarP )elp >it) t)is-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- 0est 4- &astest D- Easier <- ore expensive E- ost interesting 9- ost striAing 7- Taller 6- ore lovel, 2-
ost important 1H- (ngrier 11- /ast 14- 0est, >orst, best, >orst 1D- &art)er 1<- Goungest, oldest
1- /atest 4- Elder D- /ast <- *lder E- *ldest 9- &urt)er 7- *lder 6- Eldest, older 2- /atter 1H- &urt)er 11-
=earest 14- &urt)er 1D- =ext 1<- /atest, best, last 1E- /esser 19- &art)est 17- &urt)er
WIW. ?@6A;>797
62
Pronumele 'nlocuiesc substantive- "ele ase tipuri de ad#ective Ocalitativ, posesiv, interogativ, cantitativ,
demonstrativ, distributivP au forme pronominale- Ele urmeaz 'n general reguli identice- Exist de asemenea
i pronume personale i refle(ive-
1- /d(ectie %alificatie F oneTones ^ ?ronume
". ad(ecti calificati F oneTones 'nlocuiete un substantiv care a fost menionat mai devreme-
$ >on@t lend ,ou m, ne> pen- Gou can borro> m, old one-
.. superlativele i culorile pot fi folosite singure-
Sandra is the best OdancerP-
%on@t >ear ,our blue s)oes- 9he blac& OonesP looA better-
.. ?ronume ?osesie
=orm: pronumele posesive suntK
7ine ours
<ours yours
-is1hers theirs
;tilizare: pronumele posesive 'nlocuiesc ad#ectivele posesive- Substantivul care lipsete a fost menionat
'nainte-
T)is is m, booA- T)is booA is mine-
"ome to m, )ouse, not his-
Aot
6f yours 'nseamn one of your F substanti
6f mine 'nseamn one of my F substanti
Fo)n is a friend of ours- U Fo)n is one of our friends-
3. ?ronume Interogatie
Pronumele interogative suntK '-o) '-om) '-ose) '-at) '-ic-
;tilizare: pronumele interogative se folosesc astfelK
?ersoane 9ucruri
Subiect >)o >)at
?)ic) >)ic)
%om!lement >)om, >)o >)at
?)ic) >)ic)
?osesi >)ose
Aot
Pronumele interogative sunt invariabile- Ele au o singur form-
%ho is t)at girlS
%ho are t)ose menS
Aot
:-ic- se folosete 'ntr.un context cu alegere limitat- :n rest se folosete '-at-
%hat do ,ou seeS Opoi vedea oriceP
%hich OoneP is singingS Ocare persoan, din grupul respectiv, este cea care c5ntSP
". !ronumele interogatie ca S;BI7%$
c5nd )ho+ )hat+ )hose i )hich sunt subiectul unei propoziii, verbul este afirmati-
%ho is calling meS
%hat )appenedS
.. !ronumele interogatie ca i %6>?97>7A$
c5nd )ho+ )hom+ )hat+ )hose+ )hich sunt com!lementul unei propoziii, verbul este la interogati-
%hom did ,ou callS
2H
%hat )as )e doneS
Aot
:n engleza formal '-om este folosit ca i complement obiect direct- Engleza vorbit 'l folosete pe '-o-
&ormalK %hom did ,ou seeS
!orbitK %ho did ,ou seeS
3. !ronume interogatie ca i %6>?97>7A$
?@7?6XIZI6A/9
%hom+ )hat+ )hich ca i com!lemente !re!ozi4ionale-
%ith )hom did eg speaAS
,n )hat are ,ou interestedS
9o )hich of t)e t>o addresses did t)e, send itS
Aot
Engleza modern prefer s transfere prepoziiile la S&dI_$T;/ propoziiei- :n acest caz '-om devine
'-o-
%ho did eg speaA )ith:
%hat are ,ou interested in:
%hich of t)e t>o addresses did t)e, send it to:
Aot
:-at F be_ i '-at F be G li+e_ Sunt 'ntrebri diferite-
%hat is r- ParAerS +e is a la>,er-
%hat is r- ParAer li&eS +e is s)ort and arrogant-
D. ?ronume %antitatie
Pronumele cantitative suntK muc-) many) little) fe') some) any) none.
;tilizare: muc-) many) little) fe'
". many i fe' 'nlocuiesc substantive numrabile
muc- i little 'nlocuiesc substantive nenumrabile
7any are called but fe) are c)osen-
+e didn@t spend much mone,- :n fact )e spent ver, little-
.. muc- i many se folosesc 'n mod normal 'n propoziii negative i interogative- :n propoziii afirmative
folosii a lotTlots sau a great deal.
T)e bab, isn@t eating much- $t usuall, eats a great deal-
%id ,ou bu, many booAsS Ges, $ boug)t lots-
Aot
>uc- i many se pot combina cu -o'-
-o) much did it costS
-o) many cameS
Some) any) none
1- some) any i none 'nlocuiesc substantive la plural sau nenumrabile la singular-
4- some se folosete 'nK
a- propoziii afirmative
b- 'ntrebri c5nd se ateapt ca rspunsul s fie afirmativ
c- oferte i cereri
T)ere are deer in t)e parA- ?e sa> some toda,-
Gou need some medicine- %id t)e doctor prescribe ,ou someS
$@ve #ust lost all m, mone,- "ould ,ou lend me someS
D- any se folosete 'nK
a- propoziii negative
21
b- propoziii interogative
c- subordonate cu if1)hether
d- dup )ithout
$ meant to bu, a dozen eggs but t)e, )adn@t got any-
(ren@t t)ere any in t)e fridgeS
$f ,ou see any, let me Ano>-
?)at about mone,S +e left >it)out any-
<- none se folosete 'nK
a- propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima negaia
b- dup )ith
$f all friends >ere liAe +arr,, $@d rat)er )ave none-
Sam )ates car,ing suitcases- +e travels >it) none-
Aot
Pronumele somebody+ someone+ something+ anybody+ anyone+ anything+ no one+ nobody+ nothing urmeaz
aceleai reguli-
O. ?ronumele #emonstratie
Pronumele demonstrative suntK t-is) t-at) t-ese i t-ose
;tilizare:
1- Pronumele demonstrative se acord 'n numr cu substantivul pe care 'l 'nlocuiesc-
9his OumbrellaP is mine- 9hat is )is-
4- t-is) t-ese se refer la obiecte din prea#ma vorbitorului-
t-at) t-ose se refer la obiecte aflate mai departe de vorbitor-
9his OoneP is )ere, that OoneP is t)ere-
D- t-is se folosete pentru a face prezentrile sau la telefon-
rs Fones, this is m, friend, (lison +ug)es-
K. ?ronumele #istributie:
7ac-) all) eeryoneTeerybody) eeryt-ing) bot-) eit-er) neit-er
;tilizare: eac-) all
1- eac- 'nseamn Vconsiderai individualW- ;rmeaz un verb la singular-
#ach c)ose t)e colour )e preferred-
4- all 'nseamn Vconsiderai 'mpreunW- ;rmeaz un verb la plural-
ll are >elcome-
D- eac- i all pot fi urmate de *& Y substantiv T pronume-
#ach of the boys felt as)amed-
ll of the trees are d,ing-
7eryone) eerybody) eeryt-ing
1- eeryone i eerybody 'nseamn Vtoat lumeaW
#verybody in t)e room applauded-
4- eeryt-ing 'nseamn Vtoate lucrurileW
#verything ended >ell-
24
Bot-
1- bot- 'nseamn Vcei doiTcele douW
0oth refused t)e invitation-
4- bot- poate fi urmat de *& Y substantiv T pronume
0oth of )is grandparents are still living-
Aot
ll i both se pot folosi pentru a 'ntri subiectul pronominal- :n acest caz ele sunt plasate 'n faa verbului
principal-
Gou )ave all been ver, Aind to me-
?e both came-
7it-er) neit-er
1- eit-er 'nseamn Vunul dintre cei doiW-
neit-er 'nseamn Vnici unul dintre cei doiW-
4- eit-er, neit-er pot fi urmate de *& Y substantiv T pronume
#ither of ,ou can go-
8either of t)e men >anted to do it-
L. ?ronume ?ersonale
=orm: subiect com!lement
, me
<ou you
-e him
She her
,t it
%e us
9hey them
;tilizare:
1- toate verbele limbii engleze Ocu excepia imperativelorP trebuie s aib un subiect pronominal-
9hey disliAe inefficienc,-
dar
"ome )ereR
4- complementele pronominale Odirecte sau indirecteP urmeaz o prepoziie sau verbul Ocu funcie de
complemente directe sau indirecte-P
$ spoAe to her ,esterda,-
?e sa) them on t)e beac)-
Aot
%e obicei complementul indirect preced complementul direct-
S)e sent me a long letter-
#ar
%up verbe caK e(plain+ introduce+ translate+ describe+ say+ suggest+ recommend
#ar
%ac ambele complemente sunt pronumeK
"omplementul direct este primul iar complementul indirect e introdus printr.o prepoziie-
S)e sent it to me-
$ explained it to them-
2D
D- you i one sunt folosite impersonal cu sensul de everyone, no one sau anyone- Fne are aspect formal-
<ou este frecvent folosit 'n engleza vorbit-
<ou1one s)ould al>a,s tell t)e trut)-
<- t-ey este folosit impersonal cu sensul de Vlumea spuneW, Vse ziceW
9hey sa, )e@s dis)onest- OU People sa, )e@s dis)onest-P
E- it F be se foloseteK
pentru lucruri sau fiine cu genul necunoscut-
?)ere@s m, booAS ,t is on t)e s)elf-
"u un substantiv T complement pronominal pentru a se referi la persoane-
?)o@s at t)e doorS ,t*s *livia-
:n expresii despre vreme, temperatur, timp, date, distane
,t*s cold outside-
?)at time is itS ,t*s nine o@clocA-
,t*s t)e fourt) of Ful,-
+o> far is it to ")icagoS ,t*s ten miles.
"u un ad#ectiv pentru a introduce o subordonat infinitival
,t is difficult to understand )er-
M. ?ronume @efle2ie
=orm: singular !lural
7yself ourselves
<ourself yourselves
-imself themselves
-erself
,tself
Aot
Exist o diferen 'ntre yourself i yourseles-
%id ,ou en#o, yourself at t)e part,S
%id Fo)n and ,ou en#o, yourselves at t)e part,S
;tilizare: Pronumele reflexive se folosescK
1- cu verbe reflexive-
"ele mai frecvente verbe reflexive suntK
9o enjoy oneself+ to amuse oneself+ to help oneself+ to hurt oneself+ to trouble oneself+ to cut oneself+ to
)ash oneself
T)e little bo, hurt himself during t)e game-
ulte verbe care sunt 'n mod normal reflexive 'n alte limbi =; sunt reflexive 'n englez- (stfel de verbe
suntK to )ash+ dress+ comb+ shave+ meet, etc-
Sue and 0rian met last ,ear-
4- cu funcie de complemente prepoziionale
S)e looAed at herself in t)e mirror-
?), are ,ou so angr, )ith yourselfS
D- pentru 'ntrire
2<
T)e president himself attended t)e meeting-
Aot
By F !ronume refle2i 'nseamn singur
;n pronume reflexiv folosit cu un verb nereflexiv 'nseamn Vfr a#utorul nimnuiW-
$ live by myself- U $ live alone-
$ fixed it myself- U $ fixed it >it)out an, )elp-
Aot
7ac- ot-er 'nseamn reciprocitate 'ntre dou persoane-
72erci4ii:
=olosi4i it sau there) acolo unde e necesar:
1- X is time to go to bed- 4- X is t)ree miles to t)e Coo- D- X is a long time since $ gave up smoAing- <- X
is so muc) >orA to do t)at $ )aven@t time to t)inA about m, o>n problems- E- X is time to finis) t)e
cleaning before >e go- 9- X is ver, strange t)at t)e, s)ould )ave arrived at t)e same time- 7- X is no place
liAe )ome- 6- X is t>o ,ears since t)e, married- 2- X is onl, a s)ort >a, no>- 1H- %on@t eat t)at X is a
poisonous mus)room- X are man, of t)em in t)ese parts- 11- X is a s)ame t)at even toda, X are so man,
unAempt gardens around- 14- X is no time to stop and talA- X is a bus to catc), X is a fair distance to t)e
stop-
%om!leta4i s!a4iile cu much, many, BaC little, BaC few:
1- T)e people involved are onl, as X as )alf a dozen- 4- (sA X to )ave X - D- X )ave no record at all- <-
T)e >orAers >ere Zuite upset; X t)reatened to do>n tools; X c)ose to go on >orAing- E- T)e, don@t give
,ou X for t)is Aind of >orA, do t)e,S 9- X is being done to la, t)eir suspicions- 7- ?)at about busesS X
are broAen do>n, X are in good repair- 6- Some go for crisps but Zuite X go for popcorn in a big >a,- 2- (K
[(n,t)ing to drinAS T)e pineapple sZuas) is ver, nice indeed-@ 0K [Ges, please, $@ll )ave X@- 1H- $t >as Zuite
a s)ocA for all of t)em, but X >ere seriousl, in#ured-
=olosi4i either, neither sau none:
1- a- $ liAe X of t)e t>o- b- $ don@t liAe X of t)e t>o, t)e, are bot) too fanciful for m, taste- 4- X >as >ort)
mentioning- D- (K [?)ic) of t)e t>o paintings did ,ou bu,S@ 0K@X@- <- $t doesn@t matter >)ic) ,ou c)oose-
a- $ don@t liAe X b- $ liAe X E- (K [?)ic) of )er friends do ,ou liAe bestS@ 0K [$ liAe X of t)em-@ 9- (K [+ave
,ou seen m, )usband or m, sonS@ 0K [$@ve seen X of t)em-@ 6- (K [+ave ,ou read t)e Englis) of t)e
Iomanian versionS@ 0K [$ )aven@t read X of t)em-@
%om!leta4i s!a4iile goale cu who, whose, whom, which, that:
1- T)e girl X umbrella ,ou tooA is raging against ,ou- 4- T)e apples X )e sa> on t)e table >ere not big at
all- D- T)e pla, X >e sa> last >eeA >as rat)er dull- <- T)e girl >it) X ,ou sa> me ,esterda, studies
Spanis)- E- T)e student to X ,ou >ere talAing looAed ver, clever- 9- T)e bo,s X are pla,ing football under
,our >indo>s are brot)ers- 7- T)e raft on X )e >as standing >as caug)t in a >)irl- 6- T)e, )ave cut do>n
t)e tree X used to stand )ere- 2- T)e onl, opponenet X can defeat )im is Foe 0ugner- 1H- T)e onl,
opponent X )e is afraid of is Foe 0ugner- 11- T)e most unusual booA X )as appeared t)is >inter is a booA
on caterpillars- 14- &ranA is no t)e man X )e >as- 1D- +ere@s t)e man X car >as stolen- 1<- $s t)is t)e box
X ,ou tooA it out ofS 1E- $t@s librar, X ob#ect is to serve t)e neig)bouring villages- 19- Ever,bod, X one
asAs sa,s )e is innocent- 17- T)is is t)e funniest stor, X )e )as >ritten- 16- S)e is t)e sort of girl X >ill do
)er best to persuade )im- 12- (ll X t)e, can do is pacif, )im- 4H- Gou@re t)e onl, man X $@ve ever met X
can reall, pla, bridge-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- $t 4- $t D- $t <- T)ere E- T)ere 9- $t 7- T)ere 6- $t 2- $t 1H- $t, t)ere 11- $t, t)ere 14- T)ere, t)ere, it
2E
1- &e> 4- uc), a little D- an, <- an,, fe> E- uc) 9- /ittle 7- &e>, man, 6- &e> 2- ( little 1H- &e>
1- =eit)er, eit)er 4- =one D- =eit)er <- Eit)er, neit)er E- =one 9- =eit)er 7- =one 6- Eit)er
1- ?)ose 4- T)atT>)ic) D- ?)ic)Tt)at <- ?)om E- ?)om 9- ?)o 7- ?)ic) 6- T)at 2- ?)o 1H- ?)omTt)at
11- T)at 14- T)at 1D- ?)ose 1<- ?)ic)Tt)at 1E- ?)ose 19- OT)atP 17- OT)atP 16- T)at 12- OT)atP 4H- OT)atP,
>)o
WW. /#V7@B;9
=orm: (dverbele se formeaz 'n diferite feluriK
1- unele adverbe sunt cuvinte independenteK
often+ )hen:+ no)+ very+ soon+ al)ays
4- unele adverbe au aceeai form ca ad#ectiveleK daily+ early+ fast+ lo)+ straight+ )ell+ bac&+ enough+ far+
ill+ little+ long+ pretty+ near+ )rong+ still+ short+ late+ high+ left+ right+ hard
Aot
%intre aceste adverbe, unele au i o form 'n /G dar sensul este altulK
+ard/G U ver, little T)e, >ere )ig)l, impacient-
/ate/G U recentl, $t )asn@t rained latel,-
=ear/G U almost %inner is nearl, read,-
S)ort/G U soon, briefl, r- Smit) >ill be )ere s)ortl,-
Pretti/G U attractivel, T)e bab, >as prettil, dressed-
=ot
%up be) become) feel) get) loo+) seem) folosii un ad#ectiv Onu un adverbP-
S)e felt )app,-
rs- Poole looAs tired-
D- unel adverbe O'n special cele de mod i gradP se formeaz adug5nd ad#ectivelor terminaia B9SK
Aind, Aindly automatic, automatically slo>, slo>ly
simple, simply )app,, )appily careful, carefully
Aot
(dverbul corespunztor lui Good este :ell-
Aot
;nel cuvinte terminate 'n /G sunt ad#ective Onu adverbePR
;onely+ lovely+ li&ely+ friendly+ ugly+ silly
6rtografie:
y final se sc)imb 'n BiK merry+ merrily Odar shy+ shylyP
5e final se pstreazK )ise+ )isely Odar true+ trulyP
dac se termin 'n consoan
I Ale, "e dispare i se adaug AyK gentle+ gently
cuvintelor terminate 'n ic scientific+ scientifically
li se adaug all,K Odar public+ publiclyP
$o!ica:
Topica adverbelor variaz- Ea depinde 'n primul r5nd de tipul de adverbe folosit- :ntrirea poate i ea afecta
topica-
29
Exist trei poziii de baz pentru adverbeK
1- la Ence!ut:
(dverbul e plasat 'nainte de subiect-
5nfortunately, $ couldn@t identif, t)e t)ief-
4- la sfCrit:
(dverbul este plasat dup complement sau, dac nu exist complement, imediat dup verb-
T)at ,oung man liAes elanie very much-
Aot
=u plasai niciodat un adverb 'ntre verb i complementR
$ drinA coffee slo>l,- OAu $ drinA slo>l, coffee-P
D- la mi(loc:
(dverbul este plasatK
'nainte de verbul principal-
+e usually comes for tea-
dup verbul be.
S)e is al)ays smiling-
dup primul verb auxiliar sau modal-
T)e, )ave rarely come to visit-
'nainte de used to, -ae to, oug-t to-
?e certainly oug)t to be more careful-
$i!uri de aderbe
(dverbele se 'mpart 'n apte tipuri diferiteK de mod) loc) tim!) frecen4) o!inie) grad i interogatie-
". /derbe de mod
`indly) easily) 'ell) -a!!ily) fast) carefully) secretly) beautifully) reluctanty) foolis-ly) badly etc.
(dverbele de mod arat "; se petrece o aciune-
Poziia lor esteK
de obicei la sfCrit, adic dup verb i complement-
Pavarotti sang beautifully-
Aot
:n propoziii cu pasivul, ?E// i 0(%/G sunt plasate 'nainte de participiul trecutK
T)e booA >as )ell >ritten-
'nainte de verb, %("e exist un complement lung-
T)e teac)er carefully picAed up all the e(am papers scattered over the floor-
(dverbele referitoare la caracter sau inteligen Ofoolish+ generously+ s)eetly+ &indly+ stupidly etc.P 'i
sc)imb sensul 'n funcie de poziie-
$ stupidly replied- OU $t >as stupid of me to repl,-P
$ replied stupidl,- OU $ gave a stupid repl,-P
27
.. /derbe de loc
8ere) u!) abroad) out) outside) in) a'ay) eery'-ere) some'-ere) no'-ere) t-ere etc.
(dverbele de loc arat ;=%E se petrece aciunea-
Poziia lor esteK
de obicei la sf5rit, adic dup verb i complement-
T)e, >ent every)here-
Aot
(dverbele de loc funcioneaz adesea i ca prepoziii-
Foe ran do)n t)e stairs-
Aot
+EIE T T+EIE Y be T come T go Y subiect substantiK
T)ere@s 8enryR +ere comes t-e trainR
%ar
+EIE T T+EIE Y subiect !ronume Y be T come T goK
T)ere -e isR +ere it comesR
3. /derbe de tim!
Sesterday) no') after'ards) still) soon) eentually) t-en) today) at once) till) tomorro') since t-en
etc.
(dverbele de timp arat "d=% se petrece aciunea-
Poziia lor esteK
de obicei la Ence!ut O'naintea subiectuluiP sau la sfCrit Odup verb i complementP-
9omorro) >ill begin t)e next lesson-
cu imperativeK la sfCrit
%o it no)R
"u GETK la sfCrit
GET se folosete mai ales la negativ i interogativ- :nseamn Vp5n acumW-
r Fones )asn@t finis)ed yet-
+ave ,ou asAed )im yetS
"u ST$//K dup 0E i 'naintea tuturor celorlalte verbe-
ST$// se folosete la afirmativ, negativ, i interogativ- El subliniaz continuarea unei situaii T stri de
fapt-
Step)anie is still un>ell-
"u (/IE(%GK dup 0E sau primul auxiliar i 'nainte de verbul principal-
(/IE(%G se folosete mai ales la afirmativ- :nseamn Vde#aW-
+e is already fifteen ,ears old-
Aot
Since t-en se folosete cu timpurile perfecte-
?e )aven@t seen t)e =elsons since then-
Aot
%e obicei adverbele au urmtoarea ordineK
>6# B 96% B $I>?
T)e bab, slept )ell yesterday-
arA >orAed hard at school last year-
26
D. /derbe de frecen4
/l'ays) usually) neer) eer) -ardly eer) often) t'ice) once) continually) seldom) rarely)
!eriodically etc.
(dverbele de frecven arat "dT %E %ES se petrece o aciune-
Poziia lor esteK
de obicei la mi(loc, adicK
Enainte de verbul principal i have to+ used to+ ought to
du! verbul 0E i primul auxiliar-
Gou can sometimes parA over t)ere-
T)e little girls are al)ays pla,ing dolls-
2ontinually+ fre3uently+ occasionally+ once+ t)ice+ often+ sometimes+ normally i repeatedly pot fi plasate
i la sfCrit Odup verb i complementP sau la Ence!ut O'nainte de subiectPK
+e comes to see us often-
4epeatedly, t)e pupils made t)e same mistaAe-
Expresiile adverbiale de frecven Oevery day+ once a monthP sunt plasate la sf5rit sau 'nceputK
*ur c)ildren >alA to sc)ool every morning-
Aot
=E!EI se folosete cu verbe afirmative- :nseamn VniciodatW-
$ )ave never been to Fapan-
E!EI se folosete 'n special 'n propoziii interogative sau superlative- :nseamn Voric5nd T vreodatW-
+as Ted ever studied statisticsS
FacA 3allag)er is t)e best pla,er >e )ave ever )ad-
=*T Y E!EI U =E!EI
$ )aven*t ever read Pinter- U $ )ave never read Pinter-
O. /derbele de o!inie
?ersonally) obiously) fran+ly) certainly) luc+ily) actually) !robably) definitely) surely etc.
(dverbele de opinie exprim opinia vorbitorului-
(ceste adverbe se pot 'mpri 'n dou grupuriK
a- actually+ certainly+ apparently+ clearly+ obviously+ probably+ definitely+ undoubtedly-
Poziia adverbelor din grupul ( este la mi(loc:
T)e c)ild is actually ver, brig)t-
b- perhaps+ maybe+ possibly+ fran&ly+ naturally+ luc&ily+ unluc&ily+ honestly+ fortunately+ unfortunately-
Poziia adverbelor din grupul 0 este de obicei la Ence!utK
Derhaps >e can go out tonig)t-
K. /derbe de grad
=airly) 0uite) -ardly) too) almost) !retty) rat-er) barely) com!letely) enoug-) nearly) really) (ust)
so ) een) ery etc.
22
(dverbele de grad determin 'n general ad#ective sau adverbe care indic extinderea sau intensitatea
OgradulP-
Poziia lor esteK
'n mod normal c)iar 'naintea ad#ectivului sau adverbului-
+e is entirely rig)t-
T)e s)oes are too >ide-
E=*;3+ urmeaz dup ad#ectiv sau adverb-
, steaA isn@t big enough-
Aot
E=*;3+ st 'naintea unui substantivK
?e don@t )ave enough mone,-
(dverbele de grad determin uneori verbe- * list parial includeK almost+ barely+ enough+ hardly+ just+
only+ much+ a lot+ nearly+ 3uite+ rather+ really+ scarcely-
Poziia lor este 'nainte de verbul principal-
;"+ i E=*;3+ sunt excepii i urmeaz dup verb-
F;ST i *=/G se afl exact 'naintea verbului determinat-
T)e, could barel, )ear t)e speaAer-
%ar
T)e pianist )asn@t practiced enough-
$ liAed )im a lot-
$ )ave just deposited t)e mone,- OU $ deposited it a little >)ile ago-P
$ deposited just t)e mone,- OU $ deposited t)e mone, and not)ing else-P
Aot
!EIG se folosete cu ad#ective i adverbe-
!EIG ;"+ se folosete cu verbe-
?e are very )app, to be )ere-
%ar
T)anA ,ou very much-
Aot
c;$TE poate 'nsemna i VcompletW-
Gou@re 3uite rig)tR OU Gou@re completel, rig)t-P
%om!ara4i sensurile a cinci aderbe de grad folosite cu ad(ectie i aderbe.
Slab Puternic
fairly rat-erT!retty 0uite ery
T)e boxer is fairly strong- OU )e is moderatel, strong-P
Gour caAe is pretty good- OU it is certainl, not bad-P
T)at music is 3uite loud- OU it is considerabl, loud-P
Gour result is very good- OU it is close to excellent-P
L. /derbe interogatie
:-en_) '-ere_) '-y_) -o'_
(dverbele interogative se folosesc 'n 'ntrebri-
Poziia lor este la Ence!ut, 'naintea auxiliarului, subiectului i verbului principal-
%hy is "ind, cr,ingS
%here does s)e teac)S
%hen did t)e, send t)e letterS
-o) do ,ou spell ,our nameS
1HH
Aot
+*? poate fi folosit cuK
6d)ectiveK
-o) tall is )eS
Fuch = many&
-o) much milA does s)e drinAS
6dverbeK
-o) often does ")ris go dancingS
%om!ara4ia aderbelor
=orm: com!aratiul i su!erlatiul adverbelor se formeazK
1- adug5nd Ber i Best adverbelor de o silab
4- pun5nd, more i most 'n faa adverbelor de dou sau mai multe silabe
!oziti com!arati su!erlati
fast faster t)e fastest
slo>l, more slo>l, t)e most slo>l,
Aot
Earl, earlier t)e earliest
%om!aratie neregulate
?ell better t)e best
0adl, >orse t)e >orst
/ittle less t)e least
uc) more t)e most
&ar fart)erTfurt)er t)e fart)estTfurt)est
Aot
=art-er T fart-est se refer numai la distan
+e ran farther t)an planned-
=urt-er T furt-est se folosete mai mult 'n general-
+e inZuired further into t)e matter-
;tilizare: pentru a construi comparaii adverbiale, folosiiK
1- (S Y adverb Y (S 'n propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima egalitatea,
(STS* Y adverb Y (S 'n propoziii negative-
Pam +ard, ran as fast as s)e could-
T)e pupp, doesn@t eat as1so )ell as $ )opped-
4- adverbul "*P(I(T$! Y T+(= pentru a exprima diferena-
Eric >rites better than 0rian-
D- T+E Y adverb S;PEI/(T$! pentru a exprima superioritatea Osau inferioritateaP- T+E este adesea
omis- Superlativul poate fi urmat de *& Y substantiv T pronume-
+e pla,s tennis Ot)eP best of all-
%an sAied Ot)eP fastest Oof all t)e racersP-
Aot
"5nd acelai verb apare 'n ambele pri ale propoziiei, folosii un auxiliar pentru cel de.al doilea verb-
(stfel evitai repetiia-
$ don@t t)inA as muc) as ,ou do-
1H1
Inersiunea
(numite adverbe sau expresii adverbiale pot fi plasate la 'nceput pentru 'ntrire- Subiectul i verbul care
umeaz se inverseaz-
$at o list parial a adverbelor i expresiilor adverbiale care se pot folosi astfelK in1under no circumstances+
neither1nor+ never+ no sooner / then+ not only+ only by+ only in this )ay+ only lately+ only then+ little+ so+
seldom+ on no account-
*nl, in t)is >a, can you master t)e language-
*n no account is Jody to turn on t)e gas-
Seldom )ave , met suc) a fascinating >oman-
72erci4ii:
/lege4i cuCntul !otriit:
1- Gou are an excellent cooA- T)e food tastes Ogood, >ellP- 4- $t >as a lovel, da, >it) birds singing and t)e
sun s)ining Obrig)t, brig)tl,P and girls >earing Obrig)t, brig)tl,P. coloured dresses- D- $ )ate taAing medicine-
$t tastes Obitter, bitterl,P- <- $ don@t t)inA )e is ill- +is voice sounds Omerr,, merril,P- E- $t rains O)eav,,
)eavil,P- 9- $t is Onear, nearl,P five o@clocA- 7- Gou must >orA O)ard, )ardl,P for ,our exams- 6- +e spoAe so
OZuicA, ZuicAl,P t)at >e could O)ard, )ardl,P follo> )im- 2- ?)en did ,ou Olast, lastl,P see )imS 1H- $ am
Odirect, directl,P interested in >)at ,ou t)inA- 11- +e couldn@t move as )e >as Odead, deadl,P tired- 14- +is
e,es )urt )im Obad, badl,P- 1D- r Fones )eld it Otig)t, tig)tl,P- 1<- $t >as six o@clocA as Onear, nearl,P as )e
could guess- 1E- Olast, lastl,P $ must account for m, sister@s be)aviour-
?une4i aderbele En ordinea corect:
1- Tim and 0ecA, )ad been >andering Ofor man, )ours, about t)e caveP- 4- Fim >as to recite )is poem Ot)at
ver, morning, in t)e centre of t)e examination )allP- D- T)oug) $ >as ver, bus, $ snatc)ed a minute to
ans>er )is letter O,esterda,, at t)e officeP- <- Tom, +ucA and Foe decided to run a>a, Oat da,breaA, from
)omeP- E- $ >is) $ >ere Ono>, over t)ereP- 9- T)e, returned Oin t)e evening, to t)e camp, lateP- 7- $ )ad t)e
pleasure of meeting a fine >oman of about fift, Ot)e ot)er da,, in =e> GorA, )ereP- 6- , brot)ers and m,
)usband >ill be Osoon, )omeP from t)e s)ooting- 2- 0at)ing is ver, good, >)en t)e sea is mostl, calm O)ere,
in summerP- 1H- T)e great fire broAe out, and aided b, t)e east >ind, burnt do>n t)e >ooden )ouses of
>)ic) a large proportion of t)e to>n >as built Oin 1999, in /ondon, in a baAer@s s)op, in SeptemberP-
%-eia e2erci4iilor:
1- 3ood- 4- 0rig)t, brig)tl,.coloured D- 0itter <- err, E- +eavil, 9- =earl, 7- +ard 6- cuicAl,, )ardl, 2-
/ast 1H- %irectl, 11- %ead 14- 0adl, 1D- Tig)t T tig)tl, 1<- =ear 1E- /astl,
1- Tim and 0ecA, )ad been >andering about t)e cave for man, )ours 4- Fim >as to recite a poem in t)e
centre of t)e examination )all t)at ver, morning D- T)oug) $ >as ver, bus, at t)e office ,esterda,, $
snatc)ed a minute to ans>er )is letter <- Tom, +ucA and Foe decided to run a>a, from )ome at da,breaA E- $
>is) $ >ere over t)ere no> 9- T)e, returned to t)e camp late in t)e evening 7- T)e ot)er da,, )ere in =e>
GorA, $ )ad t)e pleasure of meeting a fine >oman of about fift,- 6- , brot)ers and m, )usband >ill be
)ome soon from t)e s)ooting- 2- 0at)ing is ver, good )ere, in summer, >)en t)e sea is mostl, calm- 1H- T)e
great fire broAe out in a baAer@s s)op in /ondon in September 1999 and aided b, t)e east >ind, burnt do>n
t)e >ooden )ouses of >)ic) a large proportion of t)e to>n >as built-
1H4
WWI. $87 %/@ B 6A $87 @6/# B #@IVIAG / %/@
Basic Vocabulary
$raffic circulaie, trafic
$raffic lig-ts semafor, stop
$raffic (am blocare a circulaiei Odin pricina traficului intensP
$raffic !oliceman agent de circulaie
$raffic accident accident de circulaie
$raffic !olice'oman agent de circulaie
$raffic5'arden O'n (ngliaP persoan care controleaz parcarea mainilor i traficul rutier
?edestrian pieton
Xebra T crossing trecere de pietoni
?aement trotuar
Island refugiu pentru pietoni
@oad mar+ing indicator rutier Ope oseaP
`erb bordur, margine a trotuarului
9am!5!ost st5lp de felinar
@oad sign semn de circulaie
@oad conditions condiii de drum, starea drumului
Built5u! area zon locuit
>ilestone piatr indicatoare de mile Ode.a lungul drumuluiP
#riing licence permis de conducere
`ilometer5stone piatr de Ailometra#, born de Ailometra#
@us-5-our or de v5rf
#riing test examen pentru obinerea permisului de conducere
@oad . drum, cale, osea
>otor'ay autostrad
>ain street strad principal
8ig-'ay osea
Side street T by5street strad lateral
Band band de circulaie
Bouleard bulevard
/s!-alt asfalt
$-oroug-fare fNrf g arter important
%obble5stone piatr de pava#
/enue drum, cale, alee Oplantat cu pomiP
9ane 1- drum 'ngust, crare- 4- band de circulaie
%ul5de5sac T blind alley fundtur, strad 'nfundat
(foot) !at- potec, crare
%arriage 'ay band de circulaie; parte carosabil, osea
%ar main, autoturism
$a2i T cab taxi
%ar5!ar+ parcare
$ram tramvai
?etrol station staie de benzin
$ube T underground metrou
Bus autobuz
Sto! staie
%oac- autocar
9orry camion
@e0uest sto! staie facultativ
1HD
=are bilet, costul unei cltorii
Van furgonet
%onductor conductor, taxator, vatman
>obile s-o! auto magazin
$o! dec+ O'n (ngliaP partea de sus a unui autobuz cu eta# Odouble dec+er)
@ail'ay Station gar
=ire Station post de pompieri
Bus Station autogar
General ?ost56ffice pota central
>ar+et 8all )al, piaa central
$o'n 8all primrie
$ele!-one 72c-ange central telefonic Oa unei localitiP
:-eel roat
S!are '-eel roat de rezerv
72-aust !i!e eav de eapament
Bonnet capot
>udguard aprtoare Ode noroiP
Bum!er bar de protecie
Aumber !late plac cu numrul mainii
:indscreen parbriz
:indscreen 'i!ers tergtoare
8eadlig-t far, faza mare
$raffic indicator lig-t T trafficator semnalizator de direcie ?ar+ing lig-t lumin de poziie
#i!!ed lig-t faza scurt
9uggage boot portbaga#
$yre anvelop, cauciuc
7ngine motor
@adiator radiator
@adiator grill masca radiatorului
Battery baterie, acumulator
8orn claxon
%lutc- ambreia#
Steering '-eel volan
8andbra+e fr5n de m5n
=ootbra+e fr5n de picior
/ccelerator accelerator
Gear leer sc)imbtor de vitez
S!eedometer vitezometru
#as-5board tablou de bord
?etrol tan+ rezervor de benzin
?etrol gauge indicator de combustibil
Ignition +ey c)eie de contact
?lug bu#ie
8eater sistem de 'nclzire
%arburettor carburator
Ventilation ventilaie
Sus!ension suspensie
$ransmission transmisie
=lat tyre cauciuc dezumflat
%ongested !ar+ing parca# aglomerat
?uncture pan de cauciuc
Brea+do'n pan de motor
=aulty traffic lig-ts semafoare defecte
Broad T 'ide lat, larg Odespre drumP
:et ud
Aarro' 'ngust
Icy 'ng)eat
Straig-t drept
1H<
%ro'ded aglomerat
:inding erpuit
/mber lumina galben a semaforului
?aed pavat
@ed rou Ola semaforP
;n!aed nepavat
Green verde Ola semaforP
$o drie . a conduce Oun autove)iculP
$o cross a traversa
$o 'atc- out (for) T to loo+ out a fi atent OlaP
$o slo' do'n a 'ncetini
$o gie 'ay a ceda trecerea
$o oerta+e a depi
$o 'arn a avertiza
$o bra+e a fr5na, a pune fr5n
$o oerturn a se rsturna
$o run into a intra 'n
$o -ae a cras- a avea T a suferi un accident
$o come into a collision 'it- a se ciocni de
$o !ar+ a parca
$o in(ure a rni
$o endanger a pune 'n pericol
$o catc- (a bus) a prinde autobuzul
$o get on (a bus) a se urca 'n autobuz
$o get off (a bus) a se cobor' din autobuz
$o turn t-e ignition +ey a porni maina, a face contact
$o !um! u! t-e tyres a umfla cauciucurile
$o ease out t-e c-o+e a trage ocul
$o release t-e -andbra+e a da drumul la fr5na de m5n
$o de!ress t-e clutc- a apsa pe ambreia#
$o !ress t-e accelerator a apsa pe accelerator
$o select first gear a bga 'n viteza 'nt5i
$o sound t-e -orn a claxona
$o re t-e engine a ambala motorul
$o run out of !etrol a i se termina benzina
$o fill u! t-e car a umple, a alimenta maina
$o c-ec+ t-e tyre !ressure a verifica presiunea cauciucurilor
$o drie under t-e influence of alco-ol a conduce sub influena alcoolului
$o e2ceed t-e s!eed limit a depi viteza legal
$o !ay a fine a plti amend
$o be c-arged 'it- motoring offence a fi acuzat de o contravenie de la legea circulaiei
$o -ae oneHs driing licence endorsed a i se 'nregistra 'n permis contravenia comis
8ig-'ay %ode Iegulamentul de circulaie
Bend to rig-t curb la dreapta
Sli!!ery road drum alunecos
Side road intersecie cu un drum fr prioritate
%rossroads intersecie, 'ncruciare de drumuri
@oad 'or+s a-ead lucrri
$ (unction interesecie 'n form de T
@oundabout sens giratoriu
$'o5'ay traffic zon de circulaie 'n ambele sensuri
6ne5'ay traffic sens unic
?edestrian crossing a-ead atenie, trecere pentru pietoni
;neen road drum cu denivelri
9eel crossing 'it- gate or barrier trecere la nivel cu bariere
9eel crossing 'it-out gate or barrier trecere la nivel fr bariere
1HE
`ee! straig-t on mergei drept 'nainte
ItHs ne2t door toG . e alturi deX
$urn rig-t T left facei la dreapta T la st5nga
ItHs o!!ositeG . e vizavi deX
6n t-e corner . pe T la col
Aot far from nu departe deX
/t t-e end of tocmai la captulX
8o' can I get toG_ cum pot s a#ung laXS
%ould you tell me t-e 'ay toG_ putei s.mi spunei care e drumul spreXT cum s a#ung laXS
72cuse me) does t-is bus go toG_ scuzai.m, autobuzul acesta merge laXS
72cuse me) can you tell me '-ere to get off_ scuzai.m, putei s.mi spunei unde s coborS
%/@ $/9`
Gou don@t need to c-ange gears Os schimbi vitezeleP- T)is is an automaticR
$t@s reall, )ot- *pen t)e sunroof, please-
$f ,ou don@t mind, $@ll turn on t)e air conditioning Oaer condi'ionatP-
T)is car is ver, manoevrable and reall, easy to !ar+- $t@s got !o'er steering OservoAdirec'ieP-
$@m afraid ,ou@ll )ave to climb in t)e bacA- T)is is a t-ree5door-
T)is is an (merican car- $t@s got cruise control Odispozitiv de control automat al vitezeiP- T)at@s >), $
)aven@t got m, foot on t)e acceleratorTgas !edal-
#i! ,our -eadlig-ts Oa mic!ora lumina farurilorP- Gou@re blinding t)e cars on t)e ot)er side of t)e roadR
T)e >indo>s are all frosted oer Onghe'ate>- $@ll turn on t)e -eated rear 'indscreen-
%on@t bot)er locAing your side- $t@s got central loc+ing Osistem central de nchidere al u!ilorP-
%on@t >orr,, it@ll fit in t)e boot- T)ere@s loads of luggage s!ace-
?e can parA )ere and )ave a game of cards- T)e front seats s'iel round Oscaunele frontale sunt
rotativeP, ,ou Ano>- T)e, do on !eo!le carriers-
T)ere@s so muc) -eadroom and legroom- $t@s reall, comfortable-
?o>R $ #ust love t)e leat-er u!-olstery Otapi'erie din pieleP and t)e 'alnut das- Obord din lemn de
nucP
T)e interior trim Ocptu!eala interioar a ma!iniiP is so st,lis)R
$t -andles Oa se manevraP liAe a dreamR
?)at a smoot- ride and reall, lo' road noise Ozgomot de drum sczutPR
Ges, it@s got fully inde!endent sus!ension-
$ >anted a reall, smart car, so $ opted for alloy '-eels Oro'i legate ntre eleP as an o!tional-
?)at size engine )as t)is car gotS
$t@s a 1,< Oone !oint fourP-
$t@s got great acceleration- $t does H Onoug)tP to 9H in 7 seconds from a standing start Ode la punctul de
pornireP-
T)is is a reall, po>erful engine- ?)at insurance grou! is it inS
=obod, can steal m, car- $t@s got t)e most sop)isticated car alarm on t)e marAet- (nd if an,one tries to
drive it a>a, >it)out putting t)e Ae, in t)e ignition, it@s got an immobiliser OimobilizatorP t)at cuts t)e
engine off Oa se opri motorulP-
Even if m, car gets stolen $@ll al>a,s be able to find it- $@ve )ad a satellite5trac+ing deice Oun sistem
de urmrire prin satelitP installed-
$ didn@t >ant to bu, a foreign car because s!aresTs!are !arts Oelemente de rezervP are al>a,s more
expensive-
T)is car s)ould +ee! its alue- $t doesn@t de!reciate ZuicAl, so $ s)ould be able to trade it in Oa
comercializaP for a good price in a couple of ,ears if $ +ee! it in good condition-
T)e on5t-e5road !rice Opre'ul de cumprare+ finalP including deliery and !(T >as about fifteen
t)ousand dollars-
T)is cost a bit more t)an t)e standard version because it@s got metallic !aint-
$t@s reall, fuel5efficient Ocompetitiv din punct de vedere al combustibiluluiP- $t does about <H miles !er
gallon OmpgP-
1H9
T)is must be t)e most enironment5friendly Ocare protejeaz mediulP car on t)e marAet- $t uses
unleaded fuel Obenzin fr plumbP and )as got a catalytic conerter Oconvertor cataliticP-
0ut are all t)e bod, parts recyclableS
=o, but it@s got a com!uterised engine management system and $ can s'itc- Oa schimba+ a trece peP
from petrol to natural gas even >)ile $@m on t)e road-
=6;@5:7797# :6A#7@S
;ntil 12H<, >)en t)e ;S( tooA t)e lead in car !roduction, &rance )ad been t)e largest automobile
manufacturer OproductorP, giving us >ords suc) as c-assis O!asiuP, garage and cou!e- T)e first cars >ere
built b, craftsmen Ome!te!ugariP, using t)e same met-ods and materials as )ad been used to build -orse5
dra'n carriages Otrsuri trase de caiP- T)is )as given us >ords suc) as coac-'or+ Ostructura e(terioar a
ma!iniiP, still sometimes used to describe t)e body'or+ Ocorpul ma!iniiP of a car, and das-board Otablou de
bordP Ot)e !anel in front of t)e driver >it) t)e gauges Oelementele de msur) and indicatorsP
OindicatoareleP, >)ic) >as originall, t)e board placed at t)e front of a carriage to prevent dirt and mud
fl,ing up onto t)e driver and !assengers of t)e coac-- Earl, cars >ere steered OconduseP liAe a boat, >it) a
tiller OcrmP rat)er t)an a steering '-eel-
@oads and =uel
3raduall, t)e >orld began to c)ange to accommodate t)e car; alt)oug) road building >as at first ver, slo>
in t)e ;S, in 0ritain t)e $ar5>acadam "ompan, >as establis)ed in 12H1, producing t)e smoot) road
surface >e no> Ano> as $armac or as!-alt O;SP- T)e first roadside fuel !um!s Opompe de benzin pe
marginea drumuluiP >ere introduced in t)e ;S in 12H9 and so t)e filling station or gas station ObenzinrieP
>as born- >otor fuel >as Ano>n as gasoline or gas in t)e ;S, but in 0ritain t)e ne> >ord !etrol )ad been
coined Oa inventaP in 162D- T)is difference in terms still survives, as do man, ot)ers-
$erms of 7ndurance
an, terms >e still use toda, >ere coined surprisingl, earl, on- ( blo'out Oe(plozieP, for example, >as
first used in 121E to describe a burst tyre and a ,ear later drivers >ere alread, being told to ste! on t-e gas
Oa acceleraP Odrive fasterP b, speed.t)irst, passengers- $n 12HE, 0ritis) motorists formed t)e /utomobile
/ssociation O((P expressl, to >arn eac) ot)er about !olice5o!erated s!eed tra!s Ocapcane ale poli'iei
pentru vitezP- T)e @oad =und 9icence Oroad ta2P >as first leied Oa fi perceputP in 0ritain in 121H- an,
famous names also appeared earl, on in t)e )istor, of t)e carK for example, %-erolet >as named after a
S>iss engineer, >)o >as t)en sacAed, and @oer cars >ere given t)eir name because t)e, >ould allo> t)e
driver to roe t-e country Oa cutreiera prin 'arP; in 1217 t)is name >as also given to a ve)icle designed to
explore t)e moon t)e 9unar @oer-
;S #omination
$n 12HD t)e =ord motor com!any >as founded, and t)e ;S soon became t)e >orld@s biggest car
manufacturer- T)e famous model $ appeared in 12H6 famousl, available in Vany colour so long as itHs
blac+W- &ord@s mass !roduction tec-ni0ues Otehnici de producere n masP led to t)e democratisation of
car o'ners-i! and car engineering under>ent rapid development; t)e features Oelementele, trsturileP >e
taAe for granted toda, began to appear electric 'indscreen 'i!ers >ere introduced in 124D, and electric
di!!ing -eadlig-ts in 124<- %ar radios >ere >idel, available as earl, as 1247- T)e )uge gro>t) in t)e
number of cars during t)e inter.>ar ,ears led to developments in t)e road safety Osiguran'a drumuluiP and
traffic control Ocontrolul traficuluiP- $n 0ritain, for example, Belis-a Beacons t)e orange flas)ing lig)ts at
!edestrian crossing Otrecere pentru pietoniP >ere introduced in 12DE, and t)e same ,ear sa> t)e founding
1H7
$n 1792 =ic)olas "ugnot built t)e first self.propelled
ve)icle, a steam.po>ered tractor, but in 166< 3ottlieb
%aimler built t)e >orld@s first real passenger car- T)is ne>
ve)icle >as at first Ano>n b, a number of names, suc) as
locomotive, road locomotive, )orse.less carriage or
motorised bugg,; t)e t>o names >)ic) >on out are t)ose
>e use toda, automobile and car-
of t)e compan, >)ic) produced t)e reflective studs called cats5eyes Oochi de pisicP Odesigned for nig-t
driingP ,ou can see do>n t)e middle of 0ritis) roads- *n t)e do>nside, s!eeding tic+ets Oamend pentru
dep!irea vitezeiP also appeared around t)is time in t)e ;S, as did !ar+ing meters, first used in *Ala)oma
"it, in 12DE- (merica, )o>ever, >as eagerl, adapting to t)e car- T)e first drie5in cinema Ocinema cu
vizionare din ma!inP appeared in 12DD; 9u2urious Grand $ourers drove t)e ric) to t)eir countr, estates,
and t)e +oll,>ood stars >ere c-auffeured around in fabulous ?ac+ards or %adillacs- 0ut during t)e
Second ?orld ?ar production s)ifted to military e-icles; one ve)icle >it) lasting popularit, appeared in
12<H, t)e ;S arm,@s General5?ur!ose e-icle or G? pronounced Vee!R (fter t)e >ar, t)e post.>ar boom
in t)e ;S meant t)at car production tooA off again- ")eap petrol, a national mood of confidence and a
fascination >it) t)e po>er of modern science led to t)e arc)et,pal fifties cars designed b, +arle, Earl- T)e
most t,pical of t)ese designs >as t)e @E2 "adillac after t)is beaut,, design became less exaggerated and
t)e sixties sa> t)e muscle car, >it) t)e emp)asis no> on t)e brute !o'er and !erformance-
#o'nsizing
European design, )o>ever, )ad never copied t)e big (merican cars; in 12E2 t)e /ustin >ini revolutionised
small car design, and in 127D t)e big gas5guzzlers Omari consumatori de benzinP ran into trouble as t)e
*PE" countries raised oil !rices and precipitated t)e oil crisis- =uel economy became a selling !oint
Oelement al vnzriiP, and ne> consumer a'areness Ovigilen'a consumatorilorP meant t)at com!act cars,
economical on fuel, >ere no> in demand- $n t)e ;S, a OR miles !er -our s!eed limit >as imposed to cut
fuel consum!tion- Fapanese cars made )uge inroads Oatac, nvalP into t)e auto mar+et, offering
economy and reliability-
Green and Safe
Toda,@s customers >ant t)eir cars to be safe, enironment5friendly and efficient- %esigners reflect t)e
desire to Aeep fuel consumption lo> b, minimising aerodynamic resistance Oreducere a rezisten'ei
aerodinamiceP- (s for t)e future, car design is becoming ever more sop)isticated, but t)e internal
combustion engine Omotor cu combustie internP looAs safe for t)e time being alt)oug) cars must become
greener OecologiceP-
T)e common or garden saloon >ill lose ground to S;Vs OS!ort5;tility Ve-iclesP, >?Vs O>ulti5?ur!ose
Ve-icleP !eo!le carriers and tin, >icro cars, >)ic) can co!e 'it- Oa face fa'P cit, traffic and parAing-
0ut amid all t)is frenzied OfreneticP development, old and reered Ovenerat, adoratP maAes survive and
flouris) t)e t)rill and fascination of t)e car >ill never disappear-
G7$$IAG $87@7
/s+ing for directions:
Excuse me, could ,ou tell me t)e >a, to t)e to>n )all, pleaseS
"ould ,ou tell me )o> to get to t)e ulberr, ParA>a,, pleaseS
?)ic) >a, to t)e universit, campus, pleaseS
Excuse me, >)ere@s t)e nearest garageS
Giing directions:
3o straig)t onX
3o do>n t)is streetX
TaAe t)e first rig)tTt)e first turning on t)e rig)tX
&ollo> t)e main road, t)en bear rig)t at t)e forA-
Turn left at t)e lig)ts-
3o straig)t acrossTover t)e lig)tsX
3o bacA t)e >a, ,ou@ve #ust come-
?)en ,ou get to t)e T.#unction, turn left-
Beep in t)e rig)t.)and lane and ,ou can@t go >rongR
3o straig)t acrossTover t)e roundabout-
TaAe t)e t)ird exit off t)e roundabout-
1H6
In t-e ;S) many to'ns are laid out on a grid !attern:
3o nort) t>o blocAs, t)en )ang a left-
3o east along +uron St- t)en turn sout) on %earborn St-
/t a gas station (;S) or !etrol station (;`):
1H gallons, please-
&ill )er upR
;nleaded, please-
&ive gallons of four star, please-
+ig) octane, please-
$@d liAe a full tanA of diesel, please-
In t-e ;S) you may need a +ey if you 'ant to use t-e toilet:
"an $ )ave t)e Ae,s to t)e bat)room, pleaseS
If you need somet-ing from t-e !um! attendant in t-e ;S:
$ need an oil c)ange-
"ould ,ou c)ecA t)e t,res please, $ t)inA t)e,@re a bit lo>-
?ould ,ou c)ecA t)e s)ocAsS
"ould ,ou c)ecA t)e batter,, pleaseS
"an ,ou give it a ZuicA rec)argeS
?ould ,ou clean t)e >indscreen, pleaseS
If t-e !olice sto! you for s!eeding) -ere are a fe' t-ings you mig-t -ear:
%o ,ou Ano> )o> fast ,ou >ere travellingS
%o ,ou Ano> t)e speed limit )ereS
%o ,ou Ano> t)at ,ou >ere going EH miles an )our in a DH mile an )our zoneS
?)ere@s t)e fireS
"ould $ see ,our licence, pleaseS
If youHre luc+y) t-e officer 'ill say:
$@ll let ,ou off >it) a >arning t)is time but don@t let it )appen again-
@6/# SSS$7>
;S @oad Systems
$f ,ou@re planning a serious coast5to5coast road tour, ,ou@ll probabl, spend a fair amount of time on t)e
Interstate 8ig-'ay system- Some of t)ese roads are t-ousands of miles long $nterstate 1H, for example,
goes from FacAsonville, &lorida, to Santa onica, "alifornia, t)e entire 'idt- of t)e continentR *n t)e road
signs and ma!s, t)e $nterstate +ig)>a,s are indicated >it) a ca!ital \IH Ofor $nterstateP !lus a numberK for
example I5"R- (s t)ese numbers are extensivel, used, it@s muc) easier to !lan your route b, >riting do>n
t)e numbers t)an t)e !lace namesK t)e name of ,our destination ma, not even appear on t)e $nterstate road
signR ;nliAe 0ritain@s motor>a,s, t-e e2its from t)e $nterstates are often ver, far apart, so taAe great care
not to miss ,ours- Exits often lead off t)e fast lane Obanda de lng a(ul drumuluiP, so get into t-e rig-t
lane long before ,ou need to turn off- $f ,ou do oers-oot t-e e2it Oa rata ie!ireaP, on no account t)inA of
bac+ing u! Oa da napoiP- *n turn!i+es Obarier a ora!uluiP ,ou are given a distance card before entering
and ,ou pa, >)en ,ou reac) ,our exit- Some e2!ress'ays, bridges and tunnels also ley Oa percepeP a
small toll Ota(P, so ith@ a good idea to Aeep some loose c-ange OmonedeP )and,- $n to>ns and cities, ,ou
>ill find t)at streets are laid out according to t)e four com!ass bearings Opunctele cardinalePK 7ast5:est
and Aort-5Sout-- ?)en asAing for directions, ,ou are liAel, to be told to [go Aort- on /a 0rea until ,ou
get to Sunset 0oulevard, t)en go :est@, for example- T)ese instructions are easy to follo' as ever, street
corner )as a sign indicating t)e bloc+ number Onumrul cvartaluluiP Ot)e )ouse numbers at t)at cornerP
and t-e direction it runs in-
$-e Britis- @oad System
?)en deciding )o> to get from cit, to cit, in 0ritain, c)oose t)e motor'ay OautostradP, if one exists-
T)ese are all numbered and preceded >it) a ca!ital \>H Ofor motor>a,K for example, t)e >OP and marAed
in blue on road ma!s and road signs- 72its, >)ic) are al>a,s from t)e slo' lane, include t)e destination,
and are fairly fre0uent- $f t)ere is no motor>a,, taAe an / road, or main road- (gain, t)ese are numbered
1H2
Ofor example, t)e /3KP and are marAed in red on t)e map Obut not on road signsP- / roads often )ave dual
carriage5'ays Odou pr'i carosabileP at various points, to allo> ,ou to oerta+e slo'er e-icles Oa
dep!i vehiculele cu vitez redusP- &ailing t)at, ,ou >ill )ave to taAe a minor road, or B road, again
numbered Ot)e B3"M, for exampleP and marAed in bro'n or yello' on t)e map- &inding ,our >a, about in
to>ns and cities is not al>a,s Zuite as simple- $n /ondon, for example, not onl, is t)ere a 0elsize S0uare
Opia'P, 0elsize @oad O!oseaP, 0elsize /enue ObulevardP, 0elsize >e's OgarajeP, 0elsize ?ar+ OparcP,
0elsize Groe OpduriceP, 0elsize Street and 0elsize $errace OterasP; t)ere are also four 0elsize Ioads
and t)ree 0elsize (venues in different areas- 3et a cop, of $-e / to X of 9ondon, taAe a deep breat) and
give ,ourself an )our more t)an ,ou normall, >ouldR $f ,ou get lost, asA a cab drier; t)e,@re usuall, Zuite
)elpful-
@oad >ar+ings
$n t)e States, lines marAing t)e se!aration of t'o5'ay traffic are yello', >)ereas lines separating traffic
travelling in t-e same direction are '-ite- /ines along t-e edge of t-e road OdeAa lungul marginii
drumuluiP to guide traffic in !oor isibility are '-ite or, in certain cases, yello'- $n 0ritain, lines marAing
t)e separation of traffic are al>a,s >)iteK if t)e line is continuous, ,ou must not oerta+e under an,
circumstances; if t)e line closest to ,ou is bro+en, ,ou ma, overtaAe if it is safe to do so- $n some parts of
t)e countr, ,ou >ill find >)ite road studs O'inte pentru drumP in t)e middle of t)e road t)at reflect t)e lig)t
from ,our -eadlam!s at nig)t- T)ese are commonl, called catsH eyes- %o not parA on t)e side of t)e road if
,ou see double yello's lines- Gou >ill almost certainl, get a fine or find ,our car clam!ed OblocatP >)en
,ou return- ( single yello' line means restricted !ar+ingK looA for t)e yello' sign t)at tells ,ou >)en ,ou
cannot !ar+, for example 6 am 9 pm-
$87 9/: B S!eeding) !ar+ing and cras-ing
?unis-ment
$f ,ou@re given a s!ot fine Oamend pentru e(cesul de vitezP in t)e ;S ,ou ma, find ,ourself pa,ing about
\EH plus anot)er \E for eery mile an -our ,ou >ere travelling oer t-e limit- $f ,ou get a !ar+ing tic+et
Oamend pentru parcare nepermisP in t)e ;B, pa, it ZuicAl, leave it for too long and ,ou@ll )ave to pa, a
lot more- $f ,ou@ve parAed ,our car in a no5!ar+ing zone, ,ou ma, onl, find a parAing ticAet, or ,ou ma,
return to find ,our car@s been to'ed a'ay OremorcatP- $f t)is )appens, ,ou go to t)e car !ound OdepozitP
and pa, often after a long >ait to be able to drive ,our car a>a,- (lternativel,, ,our car ma, )ave been
clam!ed- $n t)e ;S t)is clam! is called t)e #ener Boot as it >as first tried out in %enver- Gou@ll find a
note on t)e 'indscreen) >)ic) tells ,ou >)ere to go and pa, t)e fine- *nce again, ,ou@@ probabl, )ave to
>ait for some time before t)e police arrive to unloc+ t)e clamp- $n 0ritain and t)e ;S t)e police often sub.
contract clamping and to>ing to private companies >)o get paid on a !er car basis so t)e,@re ver,, ver,
AeenR
$-e ?olice
$f ,ou get stopped b, t)e police, do be !olite and if >)en, travelling in t)e ;S ,ou see flas-ing lig-ts
be)ind ,ou, !ull oer and >ait for t)e police officer to come to ,ou- Sta, cool, +ee! your -ands on t-e
'-eel and don@t maAe an, movements t)at mig)t maAe t)e officer nervous- %on@t, for example, open t)e
gloe com!artment OtorpedouP to get ,our licence and car documentsK t)e officer mig)t t)inA ,ou@re
reac)ing for a gunR
Brea+do'n
$f ,ou )ave engine !roblems on t)e road in t)e ;S, contact t)e 8ig-'ay ?atrol or call t)e Police >)o >ill
)elp ,ou contact t)e +ig)>a, Patrol- $n 0ritain, contact t)e Police; if ,ou are on t)e motor'ay, >ait on t)e
-ard s-oulder Obanda de avarie+ refugiuP until a !atrol e-icle Oma!in de patrulareP sees ,ou or use one
of t)e emergency !-ones along t)e motor>a,-
/ccidents
$f ,ou )ave an accidentK
$nform t)e police
11H
Exc)ange name, address and telep)one number >it) t)e ot)er driver
Exc)ange insurance details
aAe a note of t)e ma+e and registration number of t)e ot)er car
aAe a note of t)e 'eat-er conditions and road conditions
%ra> a ma! of t)e situation before and after t)e accident, s)o>ing distances bet'een e-icles and t)e
distances from (unctions
=ote street names
=ote t)e direction and speed of t)e cars involved
=ote an, s+id5mar+s Osemne de derapajP
3et t)e name and address of an, 'itnesses-
@6/# S/=7$S B /oiding accidents
$-e #oHs and #onHts
0e a>are of >)at@s going on around ,ou scan t-e road a-ead constantl,-
Beep an adeZuate se!aration distance from t)e ve)icle in front follo>ing too close is called
tailgating-
;se ,our mirrors constantl,, especiall, >)en ,ou@re !ulling out, oerta+ing or c-anging lanes-
Iemember t)at t)e door !illars and 'indo' frames Otocurile geamurilorP of t)e car >ill bloc+ your
ision of some areas, creating blind s!ots Olocuri fr vizibilitateP- %on@t get in ot)er drivers@ blind
spots-
%on@t tr, to beat t-e traffic lig-ts Oa ajunge la semafor+ dac e!ti departeP b, accelerating across t)em
>)en ,ou t)inA t)e, are about to c)ange-
%on@t start ,our manoeure immediatel, after signalling-
Gie 'ay to buses pulling out-
Beep an e,e out for !edestrians appearing from be)ind a stationary Ocare sta'ioneazP bus-
&ollo> t)e mirrorTsignalTmanoeure routine if ,ou need to turn or pull outK c-ec+ for traffic be)ind
,ou in t)e rearie' mirror Ooglinda retrovizoareP, signal and t)en '-en itHs safe, carr, out ,our
manoeuvre-
TaAe care >)en approac)ing a (unction or a bend remember t)at anot)er ve)icle ma, emerge
suddenl,-
S)o> !atience and consideration to>ards ot)er drivers-
%on@t #ust looA at >)at@s )appening act on '-at you see-
:atc- your s!eed al>a,s maAe sure ,ou@re able to stop >it)in t)e distance t)at ,ou can see to be
clear a)ead-
/ntici!ate ot-er driersH actions-
%on@t use ,our -orn aggressivel,-
3ive ,ourself enoug) time to react to an, !otential danger-
Travel at a s!eed) >)ic) is suitable for t)e road and traffic conditions-
Safety c-ec+
@oad5craft Omiestria de a conduceP isn@t #ust about being able to -andle a car 'ell it also involves t)e
abilit, to t)inA about >)at@s going to )appen, to drive according to circumstances and to drive safely and
considerately- T)e first step is to c-ec+ your e-icle before driving off- ;se t)e acron,m ?565:575@ to
)elp ,ou rememberK
?etrol maAe sure ,our tan+ is full enoug) to get ,ou >)ere ,ou@re going; running out can leave ,ou
stranded On pan+ aflat n nevoieP in a dangerous situation-
6il allo>ing ,our oil leel to drop too lo> can lead to brea+do'n and can ruin ,our engine- ;se ,our
di!stic+ and c)ecA t)e oil level-
:ater )ave ,ou ever been standing at t)e roadside >it) t)e bonnet (;BP or -ood O;SP up, >it)
steam billo>ing ever,>)ereS ")ecA t)e >ater before ,ou set offR
111
7lectrics c)ecA t)e lig-ts, 'i!ers and 'as-ers and don@t forget t)e -ornR
@ubber all t)ose rubber parts >)ic) ma, 'ear out Oa se uza+ a se roadeP more ZuicAl, t)an ,ou
expect 'i!er blades and tyres; c)ecA t)ese for adeZuate tread de!t- Oadncimea !an'urilorP and
!ressure-
%ras-N
$t )appens to t)e best of us someone !ulled out too ZuicAl, in front of ,ou, ,ou@ve cras)ed into t)em and
)ad a collision Oaccident n care dou sau mai multe ma!ini sAau lovitP, a fender5bender O;SP Oaccident de
ma!in cu avarii minoreP or a smas- Oaccident grav de circula'ieP- $f it@s a little one it@s onl, a bum! Oun
accident n care ma!ina este lovit+ dar !oferul nu a p'it nimicP, and all t)at it@s done is leave a dent Ogaur
prin lovireP or a scratc- OzgrieturP- $t ma, be >orse t)an ,ou t)inA t)oug), as t)e '-eel ma, be buc+led
Ovolanul curbat+ ndoitP or t)e a2le bent Oosia ndoitP and >)o Ano>s >)at@s come looseR Oce se mai
poate ntmplaP $f it@s so bad t)at t)e car cannot be repaired, t)en ,our car@s a 'rite5off Orabl, hrbP-
Be ?re!aredN
(part from selling fuel Ounleaded, four star or dieselP, man, garages O;BP or gas stations O;SP )ave a
s)op >)ic) ma, sell an,t)ing from food to fan belts Ocurea pentru ventilatorP- +ere are a fe> items t)e
'ell5e0ui!!ed drier ma, needK a 'arning triangle Otriunghi de avertismentP to place be)ind ,our car if
,ou brea+ do'n on t)e road; s!are bulbs Obecuri de rezervP in case somet)ing goes >rong >it) ,our
lig-ts- $f t)ere@s an electrical fault, a ne> fuse Osiguran'P ma, do t)e tricA- $f ,ou find ,ourself >it) a flat
battery Opan de baterieP and passing motorist )as stopped to )elp, ,ou@ll need some (um! leads Ocabluri
groase folosite pe)ntru a lua curent de la alt baterieP- $f ,ou still can@t start t)e car, a to' ro!e Ocablu de
tractareP >ill be necessar,- $f ,ou don@t >ear tig)ts, it@s >ise to carr, a s!are fan belt Ocurea de rezerv
pentru ventilatorP, too- $f ,ou@re travelling in >inter and t)e 'indscreen is iced u!, ,ou@ll need a de5icer
s!ray- #am! OumiditateP in t)e engine or tig-t nuts and scre's O!uruburi !i piuli'e blocateP can often be
sorted out >it) one of t)ose magic anti5dam! s!rays; asA for ?%.<H in 0ritain- ( can or (errycan
OcanistrP is useful for carr,ing petrol and don@t forget t)e bra+e fluid Olichid de frnP- $f ,ou@ve got an,
mone, left, >), not bu, one of t)ose gadgets OdispozitiveP for ,our das)board t)at )olds ,our coffee cu!
stead,S (nd ,ou t)oug)t ,ou >ere #ust going to get some gasR
WWII. $@/V799IAG
Basic Vocabulary
$rael cltorie
Vourney cltorie, voia# Omai ales pe uscatP
Voyage cltorie, voia# Ope apP
>otoring automobilism
%ycling mers cu bicicleta, ciclism
8itc-5-i+ing f)it)aiAig autostop
$ri! cltorie, excursie, voia# de agrement
6ne5'ay tri! cltorie 'ntr.un singur sens
@ound tri! cltorie dus i 'ntors
%ircle tri! cltorie 'n circuit
6fficial) businessT !leasure tri! cltorie 'n interes de serviciu, de afaceriT de plcere
#e!arture T t-e ee of t-e de!arture plecare T a#unul plecrii
/rrial sosire
Sto!oer escal
#elay 'nt5rziere
%onnection legtur
#estination destinaie
$ranzit transit
>eans of trans!ort mi#loace de transport
$a2i ran+ staie de taxi.uri
9uggage T baggage baga#
114
9uggage5rac+ plas pentru baga#e O'n trenP
8and baggage baga# de m5n
$rolley crucior de baga#e
BagT sac+T net5s-o!!ing bag geant, poet, valiz, sacT saco
Suitcase geamantan
$run+ cufr de voia#
@uc+sac+ rucsac
Briefcase serviet
String bag plas, saco
$ic+et bilet
$rael tic+et bilet de cltorie
Single tic+et bilet pentru o singur cltorie
@eturn tic+et bilet dus.'ntors
=ull tic+etT -alf fare bilet 'ntreg, i bilet
:ee+endT su!!lementary tic+et bilet pentru >eeAend, supliment
=irst5class bilet clasa $
Second5class bilet clasa a $$.a
Season tic+et abonament
Seat reseration rezervare de locuri
@educed fare bilet cu pre redus
$imetable mersul trenurilor, avioanelor, etc-
@oute rut
$rain tren
72!ress trainT non5sto! train expres
=ast train rapid, accelerat
Slo' train personal, curs
?assenger train tren de pasageri
Goods train marfar
8oercraft ve)icol pe pern de aer
9ocal train tren local, curs
9ong5distance train tren de curs lung
$-roug- train tren direct
#o'n train tren care circul din capital sau oraele principale spre localiti de provincie
;! train tren care circul din localitile de provincie spre capital sau oraele principale
@ail'ay stationT main station gar, staieT staie principal
$rael agency agenie de voia#
Boo+ing5office cas de bilete Ola garP
Information des+ T in0uiry office birou de informaii
9eft5luggage office depozit de baga#e
9eft5luggage tic+et recipis pentru baga#ele lsate la depozit
?arcels office coletrie
@efres-ment office T buffet bufet Omai ales la garP
Station restaurant restaurantul grii
?latformT !latform tic+et peronT bilet de peron
Boo+5stall stand de cri, c)ioc de ziare
Slot5mac-ine . automat
:aiting5room sal de ateptare
7ngine T locomotieT engine drier locomotivT mecanic
%arriage T car vagon de pasageri
#ining5car T restaurant car vagon restaurant
Slee!ing5car T slee!er vagon de dormit
Buffet car vagon cu bufet
Smo+er vagon pentru fumtori
Aon5smo+er vagon pentru nefumtori
9uggage an vagon de baga#e
>ail an vagon potal
Bert- cuet
%om!artment compartiment
11D
%orridor coridor
9abel etic)et
$ag etic)et, carte de vizit at5rnat de baga#e
@ails ine
Vunction pod feroviar
%ommunication cord semnal de alarm
Starting signal semnal de plecare
=erry5boatT larboardT cargo s-i!) freig-ter bacT babordT cargobot
Sailing5boardT life aT ro'ing aT motor aT fis-ing a barc cu p5nzeT j de salvareT j cu v5sleT j cu motorT j
de pescuit
$rain ferry feribot
Sac-t ia)t
6cean liner transatlantic
$an+er petrolier
Submarine submarin
@aft plut
Barge lep
>an5of5'ar vas de rzboi
$ug remorc)er
Sea route rut maritim
>ast catarg
@udder c5rm
?ort-ole . )ublou
#ec+T main a T belo' a punteT j principalT j secundar
Bell clopot
9ife5belt colac de salvare
=unnel co de vapor
%-art )art maritim
%raneT derric+ crane macaraT macara turl
%olours pavilion, steag
Sail p5nz
9og5boo+ #urnal de bord
%a!tainHs bridge punte de comand
$an+ rezervor
7ngine room sala motoarelor
Starboard tribord
=leetT nay flotT flot de rzboi
>erc-ant marine marina comercial
AaalT naal officer navalT ofier naval
>ateT first mate ofierT ofier secund
Brea+'ater. dig
9anding stageT '-arf debarcader
#oc+T doc+erT floating a . docT doc)erT doc plutitor
?ort aut-orities autoriti portuare
S-i!'rec+T 'rec+T s-i!'rec+ed naufragiuT epavT naufragiat
S.6.S. (sae our souls) S-*-S- Osalvai sufletele noastreP
BeaconsT flag signals semnaleT semnale cu drapele
/ntennaT antenna of radio beacons antenT j pentru semnale radio
?ilot pilot
Vessel vas, vapor
Steamer vapor
S-i! nav
#e!t- of t-e sea ad5ncimea mrii
%oast coast
Gulf) bay golf
IslandT !eninsula insulT peninsul
Seasca!e peisa# marin
9and pm5nt
11<
Straits str5mtoare
%-annelT canal canalT canal artificial
?ierT 0uay c)ei
Buoys geamanduri
9ig-t-ouse far
SeaT oceanT la+eT rierT broo+) riulet) streamT s!ring mareT oceanT lacT r5uT p5r5uT izvor
8arbourT sea!ort portT port maritim
8ydro5electric !o'er station . )idrocentral
S-i!yard antier naval
$o steer a c5rmi
$o go on a cruise a pleca 'ntr.o croazier
$o land a debarca
$o 'eat-er a storm a 'nfrunta o furtun
$o loadT to unload a 'ncrcaT a descrca
$o sail forT to'ards a naviga spre, 'nspre
$o raise t-e gang'ay a ridica pasarelaT scara
$o sin+ a se scufunda
/ir!ortT aiationT air force aeroportT aviaieT aviaie militar
/irfield teren de aterizare, aerodrom
Ground pm5nt, teren, sol, pm5nt solid Osub picioareP
$erminal terminus, cap de linie
?laneT scouting a T ambulance a avionT j de recunoatereT j sanitar
/ircraftT air liner aparat de zbor, nav OaerianP, avionT avion mare
VetT su!ersonic !assenger !lane avion cu reacieT avion supersonic
Balloon balon
/irs-ed) -angar )angar
8elico!terT -eli!ort elicopterT aeroport pentru elicoptere
Sea!lane )idroavion
/iation engineer inginer de aviaie
/ircraft mec-anic mecanic de bord
S!ace boatT s!ace s-i! nav spaial
?arac-ute paraut
Ground staff personal terestru
#ie) nose5die pica#
/utomatic !ilot pilot automat
GliderT gliding planorT planorism
@oc+etT s!ace roc+et rac)etT rac)et cosmic
@adar e0ui!ment ec)ipament radar
:ireless o!erator radio.telegrafist
/d(ustableT recicling c-air scaun rabatabilT 'nclinat
;ndercarriage tren de aterizare
GoodT !oor isibility vizibilitate bunT redus
=ig-ter !laneT bomber avion de v5ntoareTavion de bombardament
Seat5belt curea de siguran
%oc+!it carling
=uselage fusela#
?ro!eller) airscre' elice
:ing arip
/erial anten
%ontrol to'er turnul de control
%abinT com!artment cabinT compartiment pentru pasageri
Sound!roof cabin cabin izolat fonic
9aggageT baggage -old cabinT cal pentru baga#e
Blind landing aterizare fr vizibilitate
$o ma+e a forced landing a face o aterizare forat
$o -i(ac+ a deturna, a rpi un avion
$o fly oer a zbura peste, deasupra
$o refuel a se alimenta
11E
%ommander comandant de aeronav
%re' ec)ipa#
Intercom sistem de comunicare intern a avionului
=lig-tT motorless aT blind a zborT j fr motorT j fr vizibilitate
=lig-t numberT j cou!on numrul zboruluiT talon de zbor
@eturn reseration rezervare dus 'ntors
=ree baggage allo'ance cantitatea de baga#e permis Opentru care nu se plteteP
72cess baggage c-arges tax pentru greutate suplimentar
%-ec+5in time timpul de sosire Ola aeroportP
Sc-edule orar
%afeteria bufet cu autoservire
%urrency e2c-ange sc)imb valutar
%ar5-ire 'nc)iriere de maini
?ublic address system sistem de anunareTinformare a pasagerilor O'n aeroportP
Baggage reclaim unit locul de colectare a baga#elor care vin de la avion
%ustoms formalities formaliti vamale
%ustoms clearence area zona de control vamal
@andom c-ec+s verificri prin sonda#
%itizen cetean
?ersonal belongings lucruri personale
Uuestionnaire c)estionar
$o fill in a 0uestionnaire a completa un c)estionar
@ead t-is list t-roug-. It mentions t-e articles liable of duty) duty5free and !ro-ibited citii lista
aceasta- (ici sunt trecute articolele impozabile, scutite de vam i cele interzise
$-e e2tension of your stay !ermit 'as granted on condition t-at G . v.a fost aprobat prelungirea
permisului de edere cu condiia ca--
?articulars detalii
#ocuments) !a!ers documente, )5rtii
=ragile fragil
72!ortT im!ort licence permis, licen de exportT import
%ustoms regulations regulament vamal
StrangerT foreigner strin de locT de ar
%ustoms duties taxe vamale
$o be t-roug- 'it- t-e customs a termina cu formalitile vamale
@estrictions restricii
$ourist isa viz turistic
$o !roduce t-e !ass!ort a prezenta paaportul
?assenger pasager
%ommuter navetist
Station5master ef de gar
Guard ef de tren
$ic+et5collector controlor de bilete
$ic+et5ins!ector inspector de tren
?orter )amal
Ae's!a!er boy v5nztor de ziare
%ler+ funcionar
?ilot pilot
/ir -ostessT ste'ardess stevardes
%ram!ed T cro'ded aglomerat
%omfortable confortabil, comod
%-ea! ieftin
72!ensie scump
#angerous periculos
=ast iute, rapid, repede
$o trael by land pe uscat
by car cu maina
119
by train T by rail a cltori cu trenul
by air T by !lane cu avionul
by sea cu vaporul T pe mare
$o go on a tri!) (ourney a pleca 'ntr.o excursie, cltorie
$o ta+eT ma+e a tri! a face o excursie
$o set out on foot a pleca pe #os
$o go abroad a pleca 'n strintate
$o boo+ (tic+ets) T to resere a rezerva bilete
$o 0ueue u! a sta la coad
$o arrie a sosi
$o de!art a pleca
$o see (somebody) off a conduce pe cineva la gar, aeroport, etc-
$o brea+ oneHs (ourney a.i 'ntrerupe cltoria
$o de!osit luggage a depune Obaga#eleP
$o insure t-e luggageT baggage a asigura baga#ele
$o get onT off t-e train a se urca 'n trenT a cobor' din tren
$o get into t-e com!artment a intra 'n compartiment
$o s-o' oneHs tic+et a prezenta biletul la control
$o send someone to fetc- t-e baggage a trimite pe cineva s ridice baga#ele
$o c-ec+ a controla, a verifica
$o 'eig- a c5ntri
$o declare a declara
$o ins!ect a controla, a inspecta
$o confirm a confirma
$o reconfirm a reconfirma
$o cancel a anula
$o !ost!oneT !ut off a am5na
$o announce a anuna
$o get information a se informa, a obine informaii
$o ta+e off a decola
$o land a ateriza
$o fasten a fixa, a lega
$o o!erate on sc-edule a merge conform orarului
$o 'ander around a )oinri, a merge fr un scop precis
$o come into o!eration a intra 'n vigoare
$o 'al+ about to'n a merge, a se plimba prin ora
$o !ac+ a 'mpac)eta
$o trael lig-t a cltori cu baga# puin
$o be air5sic+ a avea ru de avion
$o be car5sic+ a avea ru de main
$o be sea5sic+ a avea ru de mare
$-e train is in trenul a sosit
$-e train is off trenul a plecat
SouHll -ae to -urry u! va trebui s v grbii
$-e train is due out in ten minutes trenul trebuie s plece peste zece minute-
:ill you c-ange seats 'it- me_ vrei s sc)imbai locul cu mineS
I am sorry) did I tread on your foot_ scuzai.m, v.am clcat pe piciorS
$-e train !ulls out slo'ly trenul se pune 'n micare 'ncet
#onHt lean out of t-e 'indo') itHs dangerous nu te apleca peste fereastr, este periculos
#o you mind if I o!en t-e 'indo'_ v supr dac desc)id fereastraS
ItHs rat-er stuffy -otT cold -ere aerul este cam 'mb5csit Oeste caldT frig aiciP
ItHs a bit draug-ty trage puin- Este curent-
S-all I !ull u!T do'n t-e 'indo'_ s ridicT cobor fereastraS
S-all I turn onT off t-e -eating_ s desc)idT s 'nc)id 'nclzireaS
:-at time do 'e arrie inT at _ la ce or sosim 'nT laS
8urry u! and get -old of t'o seats one facing t-e engineT one bac+ to t-e engine grbete.te i ocup
dou locuri, unul cu faa spre locomotiv, unul cu spatele la locomotiv
117
6ur com!any runs -ome and international routes. societatea noastr deservete linii interne i
internaionale
:ould you li+e to -ae any of your luggage registered_ dorii s predai vreunul din baga#ele %vs- la
vagonul de baga#e_
:ill you lend me a -and to !ut t-is bo2 on t-e rac+_ m a#utai s pun cutia aceasta 'n plasS
:ill you +ee! an eye on my luggag '-ile I try toG_ vrei s supraveg)eai baga#ele mele 'n timp ce
X-S
#id you -it any air5!oc+ets_ ai 'nt5lnit vreun gol de aerS
$-e !assengers begin to alig-t pasagerii 'ncep s coboare
$-e !lane 'as delayed on account of a -eay storm avionul a fost 'nt5rziat din cauza unei furtuni
puternice
$-e '-ole ie' is blotted out 'ntreaga privelite este estompat
:ill you s-o' me to t-e seat_ vrei s.mi artai care este locul meuS
$-e !ilot steers east'ard to'ardsG . pilotul vireaz spre est ctreX
$-e !lane begins to ta2i along t-e run 'ayT to !ic+ u! s!eedT to climb 0uic+lyT to gain -eig-t avionul
'ncepe s ruleze pe pista de decolareT s prind vitezT s urce repedeT s ia 'nlime
:ill you tell me) !lease) t-e name of G_ vrei s.mi spunei numeleX, v rogS
%an I boo+ t'o tic+ets on t-e !lane bound for Berlin ia ?rague_ pot reine dou bilete la avionul
pentru 0erlin via PragaS
Is t-e s-i! bound to >arseilles_ vaporul are ca destinaie arsiliaS
Is t-e s-i! sure to call at Aa!les on -erT t-e 'ay to 9ondon_ vaporul face sigur escal la =eapole 'n
drum spre /ondraS
:-en does t-e >an-attan 'eig- anc-or_ c5nd ridic ancora vaporul an)attanS
8o' long does t-e !assage ta+e_ c5t dureaz cltoriaS
:-en can I embar+ forG_ c5nd pot s m 'mbarc pentruXS
/re 'e allo'ed to go as-ore_ putem s cobor5m pe uscatS
:-at 0uay does t-e boat lie_ la ce c)ei este acostat vasulS
I -ae secured a first5class cabin on board t-e IStarJ am reinut o cabin de clasa $ la bordul vasului
VStarW
:-ere -as t-e s-i! been doc+ed_ unde se afl vaporulS
#onHt lean against t-e railing nu te rezema de balustrad
$-e s-i! is !itc-ing -eaily vaporul tang)eaz puternic
Ao' t-e stern di!s) no' t-e bo' di!s ba se afund pupa, ba se afund prora
$-is s-i! sails into t-e -rabourT dro!s anc-orT !ic+s u! and dro!s !assengers) cargoes and mail
vaporul intr 'n portT arunc ancoraT ia i las pasageri, 'ncrcturiT mrfuri i pota
72cuse me) is t-is t-e 'ay toG_ scuzai.m, acesta este drumul spreXS
:ill you +indly s-o' me t-e 'ay to Victoria Station_ suntei amabil s.mi artai drumul spre gara
!ictoriaS
%an you tell meG_ putei s.mi spuneiXS
=ollo' t-is street to t-e end mergei pe strada asta p5n la capt
Go straig-t on mergei drept 'nainte
Sou are going on t-e rig-tT 'rong 'ay mergei 'n direcia bunT greit
8o' long 'ill it ta+e me to get toG_ c5t timp 'mi ia s a#ung laXS
Is it a long 'ay toT far_ este departe p5nXS
#oes t-is bus go toG_ autobuzul merge spreXS
Insert a !enny into t-e !ay5bo2 introducei un penn, 'n caseta de autotaxare
$ear off a tic+et detaai un bilet
$-ere is a acant seat at t-e front este un loc liber 'n fa
Bag t'o seats) 'ill you_ ocup dou locuri, te rog
>oe u! to t-e front) !lease avansai, v rog
#rie me to t-e /storia -otel du.m la )otelul (storia
#ro! me at t-e corner of t-e street las.m la colul strzii
:-atHs t-e fare care este taxaS
9etHs call a ta2i s c)emm un taxi
96A#6A /I@?6@$
116
V 0ritis) (ir>a,s brings ,ou to +eat)ro>, /ondon@s main airport- +eat)ro> handles more international
flights t)an an, ot)er airport in t)e >orld, so t)at its passenger arrangements )ave to be good- ?erminal (,
>)ere intercontinental travellers arrive and depart, )as been muc) enlarged to meet t)e big-)et era,
inaugurated b, t)e 0oeing 7<7-
%o>n a flig)t of stairs marAed b, ,our flight number is ,our baggage reclaim unit- T)e customs clearance
area is close at )and, and ,ou must decide on t)e red or green c)annel- Ied means ,ou )ave somet)ing to
declare, and ,our baggage >ill be inspected- 3reen means not)ing to declare, and t)e customs men maAe
onl, random checks-
Gou >ill probabl, be able to manage ,our luggage ,ourself, >it) t)e )elp of a trolley- Porters are
recognizable b, t)eir blue uniforms >it) red lapels- *nce troug) customs ,ou are in t)e arrival hall >it)
bar, cafeteria, toilets, and currency exchange facilities and t)e desAs of t>o car-hire firms- T)e ans>er to
ever, problem is to be found at t)e Information !esks of 0ritis) (ir>a,s and t)e (irport (ut)orit,-
$f ,ou >ant to announce ,our arrival to friends >)o )ave missed ,ou for some reason, t)e public address
system is at ,our disposal-
V6%/B;9/@S ?@/%$I%7
=ill in t-e blan+ s!aces 'it- t-e 'ords gien belo':
1- ?)en arriving at t)e airport, passengers usuall, taAe a trolle, to carr, t)eir luggage to t)e XX-- to )ave
t)eir bags >eig)ed and taAen to t)e plane- 4- (t t)e c)ecA.in desA passengers receive a XX >)ic) allo>s
t)em to get on t)e plane- D- Ever, passenger s)o>s )is passport for XX-- before going t)roug) Securit,
")ecA- <- (ll passengers )ave to go t)roug) XX- >)ere t)e )and luggage is also c)ecAed- E- Passengers
>ait in t)e XX- for t)eir flig)t to be announced- 9- ?)ile >aiting in t)e departure lounge passengers can
visit t)e XX- >)ere t)e, can bu, goods at c)eaper price- 7- ?)en t)e, )ear t)e announcement for t)eir
flig)t, passengers proceed to t)e X-- to board t)e plane- 6- Gou )ave to follo> t)e X-- sign if ,ou are ending
,our #ourne, to /ondon or transferring to anot)er flig)t >it)in ;B- 2- Gou must )ave ,our passport and an,
necessar, visa read, for control >)en ,ou XX- 1H- 3o do>n.stairs to t)e XX to collect ,our baggage; free
trolle,s are available for ,our bags- 11- "lear "ustoms b, taAing t)e Ied ")annel if ,ou )ave XX and t)e
3reen ")annel if ,ou )ave XX- 14- Gou >ill t)en be in t)e XX- for transport into /ondon or transfer to
ot)er flig)ts- 1D- ?)en >aiting for a flig)t ,ou can parA ,our car in t)e XX 1<- *utside t)e airport, t)ere
are cabs and ,ou can taAe one if ,ou >ant to go to a )otel- Sa, to t)e driverKX-- 1E- (t t)e )otel, first ,ou
>ant toXX 19- Gou ma, asA for a X-- if ,ou are alone or a X-- if ,ou are accompanied- 17- $f ,ou >ant to
be sure t)at ,ou >ill )ave a room on a certain da, in a )otel ,ou )ave to X-- before or maAe XX 16- ?)en
,ou got into ,our room ma,be t)ere are some t)ings out of order and ,ou >ant to X-- 12- 0ecause ,ou )ave
a ver, important appointment in t)e morning, ,ou >ant X-- 4H- Gou dial for t)e X-- if ,ou >ant to XX
car park% things to declare% check-in% an early morning call% duty-free shop% arrival hall% security check%
double room% passport control% gate% arrival% operator% a reservation% could you take me to the 6storia
hotel3% book it% baggage reclaim% departure lounge% boarding pass% single room% nothing to declare%
make a complain% make a call% 8heck-in desk% go through 8ustoms$
IA=6 B6W
+eat)ro>, /ondon@s main airport, )andles more international flig)ts t)an an, ot)er airport in t)e >orld-
Ever, <E seconds a plane taAes off or lands )ere and all t)e four terminals are extremel, bus,- (not)er
airport, Stansted >as built in t)e 126H@s to relieve t)e congestion of +eat)ro>- T)e airport at 3at>icA also
)andles man, international flig)ts-
IA=6 B6W
T)e first underground rail>a, in t)e >orld >as /ondon@s etropolitan line, built in 169D- /ondoners call
t)eir underground the tube- T)ere are 47D different stations no> and t)e deepest station is +empstead, E6
metres belo> t)e ground-
/$ $87 @/I9:/S S$/$I6A
112
+ere >e are at t)e rail>a, station- *ur friends are going a>a, for t)eir )olida,s- T)e, )ave booked their
tickets in advance, so t)ere is no need for t)em to <ueue up at the booking office no>-
(s it is rat)er earl,, and t)eir train )as not arrived ,et, t)e, )ave to >ait in t)e waiting room- =ext door to
t)e >aiting room is t)e refreshment room; and t)ere are ot)er notices over t)e entrances to offices and
roomK station master"s office, in<uiry office, left-luggage and parcels office-
T)e porters are bus, carr,ing t)e luggage to t)e train or pus)ing it on t)eir trolleys-
(ll Aind of trains are passing t)roug) t)e stationK passenger trains express, fast or slo> goods trains,
local and long distance trains-
(fter a >)ile, t)e public address system announces t)at our friends@ train is in- T)e, pass t)roug) onto t)e
platforms and t)e ticket- collector examines t)eir ticAets- O$n 0ritis) rail>a, stations, t)ere is a gate at t)e
end of eac) platforms- T)e ticAet.collector stands at t)e gate and c)ecAs t)e travellers@ ticAets-P
$mmediatel, be)ind t)e engine are t)e front luggage van and t)e guard"s van, follo>ed b, passengers*
carriages of t)e first and second class, >it) smoking and non-smoking compartments-
T)e train also )as dining car and a sleeper >it) upper and lo>er berths- (s t)e, >alA along t)e platform,
t)e, pass t)e bookstall >)ere people are bu,ing ne>spapers and magazines to read during t)e )ourney-
&inall,, t)e, find t)eir compartment a second.class non.smoAer- T)e, put t)eir bags on t)e luggage rack
and open t)e >indo>-
T)e large )and of t)e station clocA points to DH minutes- T)e guard >aves )is flag and blo>s )is >)istle-
?he train is off- T)e travellers >ave good.b,e to t)e people >)o )ave come to see them off-
T)e train moves slo>l, out of t)e station-
IA=6 B6W
$-e ;nion Vac+ is t)e name of t)e 0ritis) flag- $t consists of t)ree crossesK of England, Scotland and
$reland- T)e (ac+ used to be t)e name of t)e flag, >)ic) )ung from t)e bacA of a s)ip-
;ncle Sam is t)e nicAname for federal government or t)e t,pical citizen of t)e ;S(- $t arose in t)e
neig)bour)ood of =e> GorA about 1614, as a colloZuial >a, of reading t)e initials ;S, freZuentl, used on
government supplies to t)e arm,-
B@I$IS8 /I@:/SS IA$7@%6A$IA7A$/9 $I>7$/B97
?assenger Information
@eserations
(irlines maAe ever, effort to provide seats for >)ic) reservations )ave been made- =evert)eless, no absolute
guarantee of seat availabilit, is denoted b, t)e expression [reservations@ and [booAings@ and t)e timing
attac)ed to t)em-
Sour fare includes
*n 0ritis) (ir>a,s services ,our fare includes all meals and gratuities in flig)t and on t)e ground from t)e
departure of t)e aircraft until arrival at t)e airport of destination s)o>n on t)e flig)t coupon of ,our ticAet-
Sto!oers
$n most cases, ,ou ma, breaA ,our #ourne, at one or more places on route, and retain t)e benefit of t)e
t)roug) fare, provided notice is given at t)e time of reservation- +otel expenses at eac) stopover >ill be ,our
responsibilit,-
Validity
TicAets issued at normal one >a,, round or circle trip fares are valid for one ,ear-
@educed fares
3roup travel offers big reductions for members of an organization travelling toget)er- &ull details on reZuest-
8ealt- regulations
!alid certificates of inoculation andTor vaccination, issued on a special international form, are definitel,
reZuired b, most countries-
?ortable electronic e0ui!ment
Please do not s>itc) on portable radio receivers, transmitters or television sets >)ilst on board as t)e, can
cause serious interference >it) t)e aircraft radio navigation eZuipment- Portable recorders, )earing aids and
)eart pacemaAers ma, be used on board-
?unctuality
14H
?)ile ever, effort is made to ensure t)e punctualit, of our services, 0ritis) (ir>a,s cannot accept
responsibilit, for t)e dela, or suspension of a service, nor guarantee t)at connections >ill be made >it)
ot)er services-
Baggage free allo'ance
*n &irst "lass services t)e free baggage allo>ance is DH Ailos- *n Econom, "lass services it is 4H Ailos-
72cess c-arges
0aggage in excess of t)e free allo>ance is normall, c)arged at 1k of t)e &irst "lass single fare per Ailo-
Sour de!arture
T)e departure time s)o>n in t)is timetable and on ,our ticAet.coupon is t)e sc)eduled taAe.off time- T)e
c)ecA.in time at t)e airport or to>n terminal s)o>n on ,our ticAet.cover allo>s minimum time to complete
all t)e formalities- $n ,our o>n interest ,ou s)ould plan to arrive at t)e to>n terminal or airport in good time
as t)is >ill )elp to ensure t)at ,our aircraft operates on sc)edule-
@econfirmation B cancellations
$f ,ou )old a return reservation, it is necessar, to reconfirm ,our intention to travel >it) t)e local
Ieservations *ffice of t)e "arrier at least 74 )ours before departure-
$rael adice
PacA all ,ou need during t)e flig)t in a small cabin bag- (ll ot)er articles s)ould be pacAed in registered
baggage- "arr, ,our passport and )ealt) certificates >it) ,ou- %o not pacA t)em- "arr, an, valuables, suc)
as #e>eller,, personall,- &or furt)er details please see our booAlet [0efore ,ou taAe offW-
WWIII. 869I#/SS. S$/SIAG IA / 86$79
Basic Vocabulary
8oliday concediu, vacan, zi de odi)n
?ac+age -oliday T all in !rice -oliday excursie 'n grup organizat, cu traseu fix, pltit dinainte
S!orting -oliday excursie cu profil sportiv
Study tour excursie de studii
72cursion excursie
6ff season sezon mort
?ea+ mont- lun de v5rf
=ortnig-t dou sptm5ni
=is-ing pescuit
Bat-ing baie, scldat
Sunbat-ing pla#
%limbing mers pe munte, alpinism
%am!ing out 1- drumeie, excursie; 4- "amping
Sand nisip
Sands T beac- pla#
Sandcastle castel de nisip
$ide flux i reflux
Sea'eed alg de mare
S-ell scoic
@oc+5!ool oc)i linitit de ap Oprintre st5nciP
8oliday cam! tabr de vacan
$raining cam! cantonament
@est -ome cas de odi)n
8oliday illage sat de vacan
8oliday to'n ora de vacan
@esort staiune
Seaside resortT 'inter resort staiune pe litoralT staiune de iarn
8ealt- resort staiune de odi)n T balneoclimateric
S!a staiune balneo.climateric Ocu ape mineraleP
8otel )otel
>otel motel
141
8ostel 1- "min de studeni; 4- "aban, )otel turistic
Boarding -ouse pensiune
Guest5-ouse cas de oaspei
InnT inn+ee!er )anT )angiu
%-aletT -ut caban
%araan T trailer rulot
$railer cam! camping de rulote
Summer cam! tabr de var
%am!ing site loc de tabr, camping
$ent cort
$ent5trailer rulot pentru cort
Slee!ing bag sac de dormit
=olding bed pat pliant
=old5u! table mas pliant
=old5u! c-air scaun pliant
=irst5aid +it trus de prim a#utor
Sun5tan lotion loiune pentru bronzarea pielii
S-orts ort
:ind5(ac+et vintiac, #ac)et contra v5ntului
/ccomodation cazare
Single room camer cu un pat
#ouble room camer cu dou paturi
Suite apartament
%oneniences confort
=acilities condiii; dotri; posibiliti
9aundry serice spltorie
/ir5conditioning instalaie de aer condiionat
$V lounge )ol pentru televizor
Bar bar
Aig-t club bar de noapte
#isco discotec
9obby )ol de )otel
=ire e2it ieire 'n caz de incendiu
Bac+ stairs scar de serviciu
Garage gara#
Smo+ing room fumoar
@ece!tion des+ recepie
8otel office direcia )otelului
Serice bureau biroul servicii
%old and -ot running 'ater ap rece i cald
Bed clot-es) bedding aternut de pat
@adiator calorifer
Bed s-eet cearaf
S'itc-) s'itc-er comutator
Bed s!read) coerlet cuvertur de pat
?illo' case) sli! fa de pern
:as-ing list list de rufe pentru splat
Blan+et ptur
%urtain perdea, draperie
?illo') cus-ion pern, pern de dormit
Uuilt) counter!ane plapum
?laid pled
$a! robinet
>attressT s!ring mattress salteaT somier
%oat -anger umera pentru )aine
%andlestic+ . sfenic
/rrial card fi, formular de sosire
144
Surname nume de familie
=irst name prenume
Aationality naionalitate
#ate and !lace of birt- data i locul naterii
?ermanent address domiciliu stabil
?ur!ose of isit scopul vizitei, cltoriei
?ass!ort paaport
Identity card legitimaie, buletin de identitate
Signature semntur
@ece!tion cler+ T rece!tionist recepioner
#oorman portar, uier
Bell5boy biat de serviciu
Ste'ard osptar, stevard
8all !orter portar de )otel
9ift5boy liftier
S-oeblac+ T bootboy lustragiu
%-amber5maid camerist
@ent c)irie
$rems condiii
9andlordT landlady gazd
8ostT -ostess gazd, amfitrion
9odger) tenantT co5tenant locatarT colocatar
Board and lodging mas i cas
Boarder persoana care st 'n pensiune
$-e o'ner of a -ouse proprietarul unei case
$o s-are t-e room 'it- a 'mpri casa cu
S-rine racl, morm5nt Omai ales sf5ntP
$omb morm5nt
>emorial monument comemorativ
%roft ferm mic
Scenery peisa#
8eig-t 'nlime
%leanliness curenie
=riendliness amabilitate, bunvoin
7ntertainment amuzament, distracie
Sig-t loc, monument, privelite demn de vzut
Sig-tseeing tur al oraului, excursie
9andmar+ punct de reper, loc important
?lace of interes obiectiv turistic
?riate Od- baie, etcP separat
Uuiet linitit
/ailable disponibil, liber; la dispoziie
@ela2ed relaxat
Boring plicitisitor
Aagging ciclitor
7nergetic plin de energie, activ
Soung t5nr
>iddle5aged de v5rst mi#locie
6ld 'n v5rst, btr5n
8el!ful 'ndatoritor
$o sign in a se 'nregistra Ola venireP
$o sign out a se 'nregistra Ola plecareP
$o register a se 'nregistra, a 'nscrie un nume 'n registru
$o fill in a completa
$o in0uire a se informa, a se interesa
$o acate a se elibera, a goli
$o c-arge a taxa, a pune la socoteal
14D
$o disturb a deran#a
$o oerloo+ T to loo+ out on a da spre, a avea vedere la
$o cruise a face o croazier
$o s!las- a 'mproca, a stropi
$o stroll a se plimba
$o !lan oneHs -oliday a face planuri de vacan, concediu
$o -ae a successful -oliday a avea un concediu, o vacan reuit
$o get a'ay a pleca din ora
$o go on -oliday a pleca, merge 'n vacan, concediu
$o lay out a cam! a aeza o tabr
$o !ut at a -otelT an inn a se stabili la un )otelT la un )an
$o go to t-e mountains a merge la munte
$o go to t-e seaside a merge la mare
$o air t-e room a aerisi camera
$o tidy u! t-e room a face ordine 'n camer
$o loc+T unloc+ t-e door a 'ncuiaT a descuia ua
$o !ut u! for t-e nig-t a 'nnopta undeva
$o raiseT lo'er t-e blinds a ridicaT a cobor' #aluzelele
$o lig-tT !ut out t-e fire a aprindeT a stinge focul
$-e modern loe of moing around pasiunea pentru micare a epocii moderne
$-e ease of trael uurina de a cltori
$-e need for 0uiet and fres- air nevoia de linite i aer curat
$-e loe of solitude dorina de singurtate
Bed and brea+fast cazare i mic de#un inclus
=ull board pensiune complet
%an I -el! you_ cu ce pot s v fiu de folosS
:ill you sign t-e register !lease_ semnai 'n registru, v rog
IHd li+e a room a dori o camer
>ind t-e ste! avei gri# la scar
9ead t-e 'ay) !lease luai.o 'nainte, v rog
:e are 0uite full at t-e !resent nu mai avem nici o camer liber
IHd li+e to be called in t-e morning at L oHcloc+ a dori s m sculai la ora 7 dimineaa
$a+e your !ic+ alegei ce v place
:-at 'ill be t-e c-arge !er day_ la c5t revine pe ziS
8o' long 'ill you be staying_ c5t timp intenionai s rm5neiS
:ould you care to see t-e room_ dorii s vedei cameraS
/re t-ere any e2tras_ exist vreo tax suplimentarS
Ste! in) !lease. :eHll 'al+ u!stairs. Sour room is on t-e first floor. intrai, v rog- !om urca pe scri-
"amera %vs- este la eta#ul $-
IHll s-o' you u! to your room. v conduc la camera %vs.
:ill come t-is 'ay) !lease_ pe aici, v rog
:-ere does t-is room loo+ to_ unde d camera astaS
S-o' me a room facing t-e streetT oerloo+ing t-e !ar+ o!!osite artai.mi o camer la stradT cu
vedere spre parA
:-at 'ill it come to all in all_ la c5t se ridic cu totulS
:ould you fill in t-is formT cardT your !articulars_ vrei s completai acest formularT datele personaleS
%an I -ae my dressT suit brus-ed and !ressed_ imi putei peria i clca roc)ia i costumulS
%an I -ae my s-oes cleaned and !olis-ed_ 'mi putei cura i lustrui pantofiiS
%an I -ae my linen 'as-ed and ironed_ 'mi putei spla i cura len#eriaS
:ill you bringT fetc- me a ca+e of soa!_ 'mi aducei, v rog, o bucat de spunS
$ell me) !lease) '-ere is t-e menHsT ladiesH room_ putei s.mi spunei unde este toaleta pentru brbaiT
femeiS
I 'ould li+e to +no' if I can ma+e a long distance call from -ere_ a vrea s tiu dac pot obine de aici
o convorbire internaional-
I 'ould li+e to +no' if I can -ae my brea+fast broug-t u! to my room a vrea s tiu dac mi se
poate aduce micul de#un 'n camer
$-is door o!ens out on t-e balcony ua asta d pe balcon
/re lig-t) -eating and serice included_ lumina, 'nclzitul i serviciul sunt incluse 'n preS
14<
:e -ae s!ecial mont-ly rates avem tarife lunare avanta#oase
8ere is t-e recei!t avei aici recipisa
Sour luggage 'ill be sent for vom trimite dup baga#ele %vs-
>a+e yourself at -omeT comfortable facei.v comod
%an I moe in today_ pot sa m mut astziS
:ill you get a ta2i for me_ vrei s c)emai un taxiS
IHm e2!ecting a isitorG atept un vizitatorX
IHm 'aiting for a tele!-one call atept un telefon
If anyone calls '-ile I am outT a'ay you may say IHll be bac+ in an -our dac vine cineva c5t sunt
plecat putei spune c m 'ntorc 'ntr.o or
#id anybody in0uire after me_ a 'ntrebat cineva de mineS
S-all I !ass -im on t-e !-one or s-o' -im u! to your room_ s vi.l dau la telefon sau s.l conduc la
camera %vs-S
I e2!ect to leae t-e day after tomorro' cred c plec poim5ine
:ill you) !lease) for'ard all my mail to t-is address_ vrei s expediai toat corespondena mea la
adresa aceastaS
>a+e out t-e bill) !lease v rog s.mi facei nota
IHd li+e to settle it no' a dori s pltesc acum
SouHe c-arged too muc- ai 'ncrcat nota
IHd li+e to see t-e manager a vrea s vorbesc cu directorul
9et someone carry do'n my luggage cineva s.mi coboare baga#ele
%an anyone 'a+e me u! at si2 oHcloc+ in t-e morning_ poate cineva s m trezeasc la ase dimineaaS
86: $6 %866S7 / 869I#/S
?)en applied to )olida,s t)e expressions !ac+age and all5in5!rice mean t)at t)e individual costs of
accommodation, trans!ort and per)aps e2cursions or ot)er activities )ave been carefull, planned and
#oined toget)er so t)at t)e, ma, be convenientl, boug)t as a complete VpacAageW-
=ot onl, does t)is save t)e trouble of inZuiring about eac) item and booAing separatel,, but t)e cost is often
appreciabl, less t)an bu,ing t)e same services bit b, bit- (n extra advantage >it) pacAage arrangements is
t)at t)e cost is often reduced for )olida,s outside t)e peaA summer mont)s-
T)ere are man, interesting pacAage )olida,s available in England- T)e, range from special interest stud,
tours or sporting )olida,s to a t)oroug)l, laz, fortnig)t canal cruising t)roug) our restful countr,side-
T)e popularit, of camping and caravanning )as also gro>n over recent ,ears due to t)e appeal of flexible
)olida,, combined >it) t)e provision of more and better sites, and a >ide c)oice of eZuipment- an,
organized camping sites offer suc) facilities as s)ops, s)o>ers and laundr, rooms, as >ell as t)e essential
services- EZuipment available ranges from sleeping bags, folding beds, cooAing eZuipment, fold.up tables
and c)airs to tents and tent.trailers-
( caravanning )olida, offers t)e same relaxed atmosp)ere of camping but t)e comfort of a >arm caravan
ma, induce ,ou to tr, t)e off.season spring and autumn mont)s >)en t)e roads are not so cro>ded-
/A I#7/9 869I#/S
?)en $ >as a bo, ever, )olida, t)at $ )ad seemed ideal- , parents tooA me b, car or b, train to a )otel b,
t)e sea- (ll da, $ pla,ed on t)e sands >it) ot)er c)ildren- ?e made sandcastles >it) )uge ,ello> >alls, and
>atc)ed t)e incoming tide destro, t)em; >e pla,ed football >it) a large rubber ball and >e splas)ed eac)
ot)er in t)e >ater- ?)en t)e tide >ent out, >e climbed over t)e rocAs and stared do>n at t)e fis) and t)e
sea>eed in t)e rocA.pools-
$n t)ose far.off da,s t)e sun seemed to s)ine all da, and t)e >ater >as al>a,s >arm- Sometimes >e left t)e
beac) and >alAed in t)e to>n, exploring ruins and visiting museums- T)ere >ere al>a,s s>eets in mot)er@s
pocAets or places >)ere >e could bu, ice cream- Eac) da, seemed a lifetime-
(lt)oug) $ am no> an adult, m, idea of a )olida, is muc) t)e same as it >as- $ still liAe t)e sun and t)e
>arm sand and $ en#o, splas)ing in t)e >ater-
$ no longer >is) to build sandcastles and $ disliAe s>eets intensel,, but $ love sunbat)ing and $ looA for>ard
to sitting do>n to a good meal and a bottle of >ine in t)e evening-
$ still need m, companions not, of course, to pla, on t)e sands and eat ices >it), but to drinA >it) and talA to
on >arm moonlit nig)ts-
14E
Sometimes $ >onder >)at m, ideal )olida, >ill be >)en $ am old- (ll $ s)all >ant to do t)en, $ expect, >ill
be to lie in bed, reading booAs about c)ildren >)o maAe sandcastles >it) )uge >alls, >)o >atc) t)e
incoming tide, >)o maAe t)emselves sicA on too man, icesX
G@7/$ #/SS IA 96A#6A
$magine ,ourself in /ondon- T)ere are so man, t)ings to do and see on an, da, in /ondon and it@s
possible t)at ,our )otel ma, be rig)t on t)e doorstep of an )istoric sig)t-
TaAe t)e ne> To>er +otel, for instance- ?)en ,ou >aAe in t)e morning ,our first glimpse t)roug) t)e
>indo> ma, be across t)e road to t)e To>er of /ondon, built b, Bing ?illiam $ in t)e 11
t)
centur,- *r ,ou
ma, looA do>n on To>er 0ridge, or on t)e no>.peaceful basins of t)e once cro>ded and bus, docAs-
$a+e your !ic+
(lmost an,>)ere ,ou sta, is a good centre for ,our sig)tseeing- $f ,our )otel is rig)t in t)e )eart of t)e ?est
End, ,ou >on@t be far from Piccadill, "ircus and t)e familiar island statue of Eros, t)eatreland and some of
t)e most famous s)opping streets in t)e >orld-
Gou can stroll up Iegent Street to *xford Street; or go do>n +a,marAet to Trafalgar SZuare >)ere
=elson@s "olumn is one of /ondon@s prominent landmarAs ?)ite)all and Parliament SZuare to
?estminster (bbe,- (nd t)en ,ou can go furt)er east from Trafalgar SZuare, along T)e Strand and &leet
Street to 1t$ 4aul"s 8athedral-
%at-edral and /bbey
(t St- Paul@s ,ou can sit under Sir ")ristop)er ?ren@s massive 16
t)
centur, dome Obuilt in baroZue st,le,
after t)e 3reat &ireP; >alA up to t)e famous ?)ispering 3aller, or go do>n to t)e cr,pt >)ere some of
0ritain@s )eroes lie buried, including (dmiral /ord =elson and t)e %uAe of ?ellington, victors at t)e 0attles
of Trafalgar O16HEP and ?aterloo O161EP-
.estminster 6bbey >as founded b, Bing Ed>ard t)e "onfessor, >)o died in 1H9E, and facing )is s)rine
,ou can see t)e oaAen "oronation ")air Omade in 1DHHP >)ic) )as been used at ever, "oronation since t)at
of Ed>ard $$ in 1DH7- T)ere are also t)e tombs of numerous Vro,alsW, including cueen Elisabet) $ and ar,
cueen of Scots graves of Aings and Zueens, politicians and c)urc)men and in VPoets "ornerW ,ou can see
t)e memorials of man, of 0ritain@s literar, figures-
T)e (bbe,@s ")apter +ouse >as t)e meeting place of t)e +ouse of "ommons for 4HH ,ears until 1E<7,
>)en t)e members moved round t)e corner to t)e site of t)e present +ouses of Parliament >)ere V0ig 0enW
booms out t)e )ours from t)e clocA to>er-
?he Hritish Fuseum s)o>s t)e >orAs of man from pre)istoric times to t)e present da,- T)ere are
permanent displa,s of antiZuities from Eg,pt, ?estern (sia, 3reece and Iome- $t also includes one of t)e
most famous libraries in t)e >orlds-
?he Gational Eallery, situated on t)e nort) side of Trafalgar SZuare, )ouses one of t)e ric)est collection of
paintings- ost famous are Ienaissance and $mpressionist >orAs
Fadame ?ussaud"s ex)ibits >ax models of famous )istorical c)aracters, Io,alt, international statesmen,
film and sports stars, artists and entertainers-
Harbican 6rts 8entre is a good example of modern arc)itecture in 0ritain- T)e complex of glass, concrete
ObetonP and steel Oo'elP buildings includes a concert )all, a t)eatre and art galleries-
4iccadilly 8ircus is one of t)e busiest #unctions in t)e cit, and t)e )eart of /ondon@s t)eatreland- T)e
fountain >it) t)e statue of Eros on top is a favourite meeting place for ,oung people- (t nig)t t)e "ircus
becomes a mass of coloured c)anging lig)ts-
?ower Hridge, opened in 162<, is one of /ondon@s best landmarAs >it) its t>o neo.3ot)ic to>ers- T)e t>o
1HHH ton dra>bridges used to be raised to let big s)ips pass- T)e glass.covered >alA>a,, 1<4ft above t)e
T)ames, gives a splendid vie> of t)e river-
T)e statue of t)e victorious (dmiral, /ord =elson, dominates ?rafalgar 1<uare, named in commemoration
of a great Englis) naval victor,- People and pigeons gat)er )ere to see and en#o, t)e fountains, t)e lions and
t)e ot)er statues-
Huckingham 4alace >as made t)e official residence of t)e Sovereign b, cueen !ictoria >)ose memorial is
in front of t)e palace- T)e Io,al 3uards c)ange at 11-DH ever, da, muc) to t)e delig)t of t)e tourists-
?he /ouses of 4arliament, also called t)e Palace of ?estminster, range along t)e T)ames >it) !ictoria
To>er at one end and 0ig 0en, t)e famous bell in t)e "locA To>er, at t)e ot)er-
#I !owning 1treet )as been t)e )ome of t)e 0ritis) Prime inister since 17D4- $t is t)e s,mbol of 0ritis)
political po>er-
149
IA=6 B6W
$nside ?arliament t)ere are t>o large c)ambers- *ne is Ano>n as t)e 8ouse of %ommons, and t)is is for
Ps Omembers of ParliamentP >)o represent t)e people- T)e ot)er c)amber is called t)e 8ouse of 9ords-
Ever,one >)o sits in t)is c)amber )as to be a /ord or /ad,, or a 0is)op- =o>ada,s t)e +ouse of "ommons
is more important t)an t)e +ouse of /ords, but bot) )ouses must pass an, ne> la>-
T)e +ouse of "ommons >as bombed during t)e ?orld ?ar $$ but it >as rebuilt in its original form- T)e
seating arrangement is ideal for debate, t)e ro>s of Vbenc)esW Ocovered >it) green leat)erP enabling t)e
supporters of t)e Prime inister to face t)e *pposition Ps directl,- 0et>een t)e t>o sides t)ere is a table
and a great t)rone.liAe c)air, made of darA >ood, in >)ic) an P called t)e SpeaAer sits-
T)e +ouse of /ords is sumptuousl, decorated, >it) red leat)er benc)es- +ere t)e >)ole Parliament
Sovereign, /ords and "ommons assembles for t)e State *pening- T)e +ouse of /ords is presided over b,
t)e /ord ")ancellor >)o sits on t)e .oolsack Opern de ln pe care !ade lordul cancelarP in front of t)e
t)rone- +is unusual seat, placed )ere during t)e reign OdomnieP of Ed>ard $$, s,mbolizes t)e importance
>ool used to )ave for t)e >ealt) ObunstareP of t)e nation-
96A#6A BS #/S /A# AIG8$
?o get around 9ondon most visitors c)oose t)e *fficial /ondon Transport Sig)tseeing Tour, a 2H.
minutes ride on an open bus t)at provides a good orientation to t)e cit,-
.est ;nd theatres are #ust a fe> minutes@ >alA from Piccadill, "ircus and so is t)e >orld famous
"ovent 3arden, )ome of t)e ro,al *pera-
$f ,ou@d rat)er explore /ondon on ,our o>n, t)ere@s a wide network of public transportK double.decAers
Odon@t forget to Zueue, ot)er>ise /ondoners >ill be irritatedP, river buses or t)e underground Oif ,ou
)ave speed in mindP; t)e blacA.cab taxi service is also available, but it is rat)er expensive-
*ne can also c)oose from t)e man, attractions offered b, t)e modern arts centre built on t)e Sout)
0anA of t)e T)ames, >)ic) )ouses t)e =ational T)eatre, t)e Io,al &estival +all, t)e =ational film
t)eatre, >it) its t>o cinemas, t)e useum of t)e oving $mage and t)e exZuisite art galler,-
&or t)ose >)o are fond of shopping, Iegent Street and *xford Street are t)e ans>er- Gou ma, also >ant
to )ave a looA at a,fair@s elegant !ictorian arcades Ozone comerciale acoperiteP; for a c)ange, visit
Petticoat /ane, /ondon@s most famous outdoor marAet-
T)e )ot spots of music and dance are located near /eicester SZuare- T)ere are fas)ionable discos and
nig)tclubs all round and large variet, of performances given b, street entertainers till late at nig)t-
T)e numerous parks offer s)elter from t)e noise of t)e big cit,- =ot)ing more relaxing t)an a Zuiet stroll
and refres)ments in St- Fames@s ParA, near 0ucAing)am Palace- ")ildren >ill al>a,s c)oose Iegent@s
ParA, >)ic) )ouses /ondon Coo or Bensington 3ardens, >)ere t)e, can pla, near Peter Pan@s statue-
Elegant but expensive restaurants and cafes mix >it) t)e more familiar sig)t and accessible prices of
t)e t,pical Englis) pub >)ere people en#o, a c)at >it) friends or game of billiards over a pint Omsur
de J.KL l+ halbP of beer-
IA=6 B6W
$-e Seoman :arders (Beefeaters)
Earl, in t)e )istor, of t)e To>er t)e custod, of t)e gates and t)e safeAeeping of t)e prisoners >ere entrusted
to a bod, of >arders OtemniceriP )eaded b, a porter appointed directl, b, t)e Aing- &rom t)e reign of +enr,
!$$$ a bod, of t)e Aing@s ,eomen Orze!iP >)o >ere members of t)e ro,al guard and >ere entitled to >ear
t)e ro,al liver, Olivrea+ uniformP carried out t)ese duties- =o>ada,s, t)ere are about <H Geoman ?arders,
>)o live >it)in t)e >alls of t)e to>er- T)ese former officers >it) an )onourable service record of at least 44
,ears are better Ano>n as 0eefeaters- *f all t)e traditions at t)e To>er, one above all evoAes its essential
c)aracter as a ro,al palace and fortress, namel, t)e nig)tl, "eremon, of t)e Be,s, >)en, after locAing t)e
gates, t)e c)ief Geoman ?arder presents t)em to t)e monarc)@s representative in t)e to>er, t)e Iesident
3overnor- 0, tradition t)ere )ave been ravens at t)e To>er from its ver, beginnings, and t)e legend t)at
>it)out its ravens t)e To>er >ill fall and t)e Aingdom >it) it )ave protected t)eir presence- T)ere are
usuall, six ravens in residence cared for b, one of t)e Geoman ?arders, >it) t)e title of Iavenmaster-
147
$87 $6:7@ 6= 96A#6A
*n ")ristmas %a, #I-- .illiam, !uke of Gormandy, >as cro>ned Bing of England- +e ordered at
once t)e building of an eart).and.timber OlemnP castle >it)in t)e ancient Ioman "it, >alls- ?en years
later t)is simple fort >as turned into a massive palace-fortress- ( great stone to>er >as builtK the .hite
tower-
$n ##JK, >)ile Lichard the 9ionheart >as a>a, on crusade OcruciadP, )is c)ancellor OcancelarP began
t)e first expansion Oe(tindereP of t)e to>er@s defences Osistem de aprareP- Iic)ard@s brot)er, Mohn, >)o
succeeded )im to t)e t)rone in ##KK, completed it-
Fo)n@s son, /enry III, gave )is attention to improving t)e to>er as a ro,al residence- ?it)in t)e space
bet>een t)e >)ite To>er and t)e river a splendid new palace tooA s)ape to replace t)e ?)ite to>er,
former ro,al accommodation Ore!edin'P-
+enr, $$$@s son, ;dward I, spent in ten ,ears t>ice as muc) on t)e to>er as )is fat)er )ad done during
)is entire reign- +e made t)e To>er into one of the great castle of #(
th
century ;ngland-
?)enever monarc)s >anted to get rid of possible rivals to t)e t)rone t)e, sent t)ese to t)e To>er and
eventuall, On cele din urmP put t)em to deat)- Suc) >as t)e tragic fate of the infant nephews of
Lichard III O1<6D.1<6EP-
$t >as during t)e reign of t)e rut)less OnemilosP /enry 5II O1EH2.1E<7P t)at t)e To>er became Ano>n
above all as the chief prison of the state-
an, prisoners of )ig) ranA entered t)e to>er, never to leave it alive- T>o of t)e >ives of +enr, !$$$
O6nn Holeyn and 8atherine /owardP >ere executed on to>er +ill and so >as ?homas Fore >)o
refused to acAno>ledge Oa recunoa!teP +enr, !$$$ as +ead of t)e ")urc) of England-
&ollo>ing the Lestoration of the monarchy in #--I, t)e To>er under>ent ma#or c)anges- 8harles II
)ad a large permanent garrison )oused in t)e To>er, >)ile t)e arsenal >as expanded- Soon t)e 8rown
Mewels and t)e )istoric arms and armours >ere put on public s)o>-
$n t)e time of Nueen 5ictoria t)e To>er began to taAe on t)e c)aracter of a national monument- 0,
12H1 )alf a million people visited it eac) ,ear- =o>ada,s t)e to>er )as become one of the world"s
great tourist attractions- $t is guarded b, t)e famous 0eefeaters >)o also taAe part in t)e man, colourful
ceremonies organized t)ere on various occasions-
WWIV. =66#. /$ $87 @7S$/;@/A$
Basic Vocabulary
Brea+fast mic de#un, masa de diminea
9unc- 1- Pr5nz, de#un Oatunci c5nd masa principal se servete la pr5nzP 4- 3ustare Oatunci c5nd masa
principal se servete searaP
$ea ceai
#inner 1- "in 4- as principal a zilei Opr5nz sau cinP
Su!!er cin, masa de sear Odup cinP
>eal m5ncare, mas
%ourse fel de m5ncare
>ain course fel principal de m5ncare
#is- 1- &el de m5ncare 4- &arfurie mare
Snac+ gustare
@estaurant restaurant
%anteen cantin, bufet
Snac+ bar bufet expres
?ub Ofrom public )ouseP restaurant, c5rcium
$able dH-ote T set lunc- meniu fix
/ la carte a la carte
=is- and c-i! s-o! local unde se servete pete cu cartofi pr#ii
>enu card T bill of fare list de bucate, meniu
8ors dHoeure foK dKvrg gustare 'naintea mesei, aperitiv
Bacon and eggs oc)iuri cu slnin
146
8am and eggs oc)iuri cu unc
@a' egg ou crud
Soft ou moi
8ard boiled eggs . ou tari, rscoapte
Scrambled eggs ou #umri
?oac-ed eggs oc)iuri rom5neti
=ried eggs oc)iuri
6melette omlet
Sausage salam
6lie mslin
Butter unt
%-eese br5nz
?ressed c-eese cacaval
S'iss c-eese vaier
Sog-ourt iaurt
Vellied meat piftie
Vellied fis- pete 'n aspic
?ic+led fis- zacusc de pete
>inced5meat balls c)iftelue
>eat cro0uettes . p5r#oale
Vegetable salad salat de legume
>ayonnaise dressing maionez
%aiare icre negre, caviar
>anc-uria -ard roe icre de anciuria
?atb de foie gras pateu din ficat de g5sc
%ana!b p5ine pr#it 'n unt
$oast p5ine pr#it
Sou! sup
%-ic+en sou! sup de pui
%lear c-ic+en sou! sup limpede
$omato (F alte legume) sou! sup de roii
Aoodle sou! sup de tiei
SourT (ulienne sou! ciorb
Giblet sou! ciorb de mruntaie
Sou! 'it- meat balls ciorb de perioare
%onsommb consomm^
%ream sou! crem de legume
Brot-T gray sou! sup concentrat de carne
Vermicelli sou! sup de fidea
#um!ling sou! sup cu glute
Vegetable sou! sup de legume
>eat carne
>inced meat carne tocat
Beef carne de vit
Veal carne de viel
>utton carne de oaie
9amb carne de miel
?or+ carne de porc
?oultry 1- psri de curte 4- carne de pasre
%-ic+en carne de pui
#uc+ carne de ra
Goose carne de g5sc
$ur+ey carne de curcan
Vegetables legume, zarzavaturi Oabrev- !egP
>i2ed egetables g)iveci de legume asortate
%old meat salad salat boeuf
Boiled cartofi fieri
@oast cartofi pr#ii
142
>as-ed !otatoes cartofi piure
%-i!!ed cartofi pai
7gg5!lant T aubergine v5nt
7ndie . andive
%abbage varz
@ed cabbage varz roie
Brussels cabbage varz de 0ruxelles
Sauer+raut varz acr
?ic+les . murturi
%arrot morcov
$ossed carrots sote de morcovi
%auliflo'er conopid
$omato sauce bulion
$omato (uice suc de roii
Beetroot sfecl roie
?eas mazre
Beans fasole
=renc- beans fasole verde
%ucumber castravete
Green5!e!!er ardei gras
@ed !e!!er gogoar
8ot !e!!er ardei iute
>us-rooms ciuperc
>us-rooms coo+ed in sauce ciulama de ciuperci
9ettuce salat verde
S!inac- . spanac
6nion ceap
9ee+ . praz
S!ring onion ceap verde
Garlic usturoi
Grill grtar, friptur la grtar
Beefstea+ biftec, muc)i 'n s5nge
@um!5stea+ ramstec, friptur de muc)i de vit
@oast c-ic+en friptur de pasre
@oast beef friptur de vit
@oast lier ficat pr#it
`idney rinic)i
%-o! cotlet
%utlet cotlet, niel
Stea+) rib antricot
?or+ sausages c5rnai de porc
@oast duc+ling friptur de ruc
Ste' tocan
Ste'ed meat carne fiart, 'nbuit
Boiled meat carne rasol
%-ic+en in '-ite sauce ciulama de pui
#is- of breaded brain creier pr#it
Goulasc-) ste' gula
S'eetbread momie
9eg of a fo'l picior de pasre
Bris+et pieptT garf de porc
Sautb sote
Scallo! niel
Venison . v5nat
>int sauce sos de ment
=is- pete
=res-5'ater fis- pete de ap dulce
Salt5'ater fis- pete de mare
1DH
8addoc+ batog, egrefin
8erring )ering, scrumbie
`i!!er scrumbie afumat
Sole calcan
8alibut pete de mare din genul +ipoglossus
%od cod
?erc- biban
$rout pstrv
Sturgeon sturion
?laice pltic
%ar! crap
Salmon somon
$unnyT tunna fis- ton
%ra'fis- raci
%rabs . crabi
?i+e tiuc
Xander alu
9obster )omar
6yster stridie
#essert desert
S'eet desert dulce
%a+e pr#itur
?astry plcinte, patiserie
/!!le5tart tartT plcint cu mere
%-eese !ie plcint cu br5nz
?udding budinc
Biscuits biscuii
>uffin brio
?anca+es cltite
#oug-nuts gogoi
S!onge ca+e pandipan
S'eet biscuit picot
$rifle arlot, pr#itur fcut din fric, migdale i biscuii 'nmuiai 'n vin
Gingerbread turt dulce
=ruit salad salat de fructe
Ste'ed fruit compot de fructe
Gra!e strugure
%urrant stafid mare
?ine5a!!le ananas
Ice5cream 'ng)eat
%ustard crem de ou
Batter aluat
Vam gem, dulcea
>armalade dulcea sau marmelad de portocale
%ream caimac, sm5nt5n
:-i!!ed cream fric
%ereals m5ncare pregtit din cereale Ofulgi de ovz, porumbP %ornfla+es fulgi de porumb
?orridge fiertur din fulgi de ovz sau porumb, cu lapte, caimac, cu sau fr za)r
6atmeal fin de ovz, ovz pisat
?astas paste finoase
@ice orez
?ilaff (rice) pilaf
S!ag-etti spag)ete
>acaroni au gratin macaroane gratinate
#rin+ butur
Soft drin+ butur nealcoolic, rcoritoare
9emonade limonad, citronad
1D1
Vuice suc
=ruit (uice suc de fructe
6range (uice suc de portocale
>ineral 'ater ap mineral
%ider cidru
>il+ lapte
%offee cafea
Blac+ coffee cafea neagr
:-ite coffee cafea cu lapte
StrongT -ardT alco-olic drin+ butur alcoolic
Beer bere
>ug) a !int of beer o )alb de bere
Bitter bere amar
Stout bere neagr
Ginger ale bere nealcoolic
#raug-t beer bere de la butoi
/le bere englezeasc
Brandy rac)iu, coniac
:ine vin
:-ite 'ine vin alb
@ed 'ine vin rou
#ry 'ine vin sec
S'eet 'ine vin dulce
S-erry vin de ]eres
?ort vin de Porto
9i0ueur lic)ior
%-am!agne ampanie
:-is+y >)isA, scoian
:-is+ey >)isA, irlandez
S!ices condimente
Salt sare
?e!!er piper
Vinegar oet
>ustard mutar
#ressing sosuri i condimente
$-e dis-es vesel, vase
%roc+ery vase Ode faian, ceramicP
%u! ceac
Glass pa)ar
Vug can, ulcior
Saucer farfurioar
?late farfurie
#inner !late farfurie 'ntins
Sou! !late farfurie ad5nc
Bread !late farfurie pentru p5ine, platou
%utlery tac5muri
S!oon lingur
$ea s!oon linguri de ceai sau de cafea
Sou! s!oon lingur de sup
#essert s!oon linguri
`nife cuit
=or+ furculi
Salt cellar solni
>ustard5!ot borcan de mutar
?e!!er5!ot piperni
%or+scre' tirbuon
Sauce5boat sosier
1D4
Sou!5tureen castron de sup
Sugar basin za)arni
Aa!+in erveel
$oot-!ic+ . scobitoare
$able5clot- fa de mas
#rin+ing stra' pai de sorbit
/s-tray scrumier
:ine5decanter caraf de vin
$ea!ot ceainic
%offee5!ot ibric de cafea
=laour arom
Vanilla vanilie
Stra'berry frag, cpun
@as!berry zmeur
=at Od- m5ncare, carneP . gras
9ean Od- m5ncare, carneP slab
$-in Od- lic)ideP slab, diluat
;nderdone 'n s5nge, nefcut
:ell5done Od- fripturP bine fcut
6erdone uscat, ars
:arm T 'armli+e cald T cldu
=res- proaspt
Stale Od- m5ncareP vec)i
Sa' crud
Strong tare
:ea+ slab
=izzy gazos, spumos
Bro'n Od- p5ineP . neagr
?lain simplu
S!icy condimentat
Saoury Od- m5ncareP picant, srat, piperat
Vacant Od- loc, masP liber
$a+en Od- loc, masP ocupat
Semi5!re!ared semipreparate
@eady5!ac+ed preambalate
@eady5coo+ed foods gata preparate
@eady5bottled 'mbuteliate
=rozen congelate
$inned conservate
/ slice of breadT -am o felie de p5ineT unc
/ lum! of sugar o bucat de za)r
/ !iece of ca+e o bucat de pr#itur
/ !lateful of o farfurie de
$o steam a fierbe
$o roast a pr#i, a coace
$o grill a frige la grtar
$o fry a pr#i
$o ba+e a coace
$o boil a fierbe
$o stir a mesteca
$o !oac- a fierbe Od- ex- ou fr coa#P
$o -eat a 'nclzi
$o smo+e a afuma
$o flaour a condimenta, a aromatiza
$o season Od- m5ncareP a asezona, a potrivi
$o eat at -ome a m5nca acas
1DD
$o eat out a m5nca 'n ora Ola restaurantP
$o drin+ t-e 'ine neat a bea vinul fr sifon
$o lay t-e table a pune masa
$o clear t-e table a str5nge masa
$o 'as- u!) to 'as- t-e dis-es a spla vasele
$o resere a table in adance a rezerva o mas 'n avans
$o be on a diet a ine diet, regim
$o slimT to lose 'eig-t a slbi
IHll ta+e G for t-e first course primul fel o s iau
IHll -aeT order G . am s comand
:-at 'ould you say to G . ce.ai zice de X
:ill you !ass me t-e salt) !lease_ vrei s.mi dai sarea, v rogS
>ay I -ae anot-er -el!ing ofG_ pot s mai iau o porie deXS
:ould you li+e some moreG_ mai dorii niteXS
8ae you made your c-oice_ v.ai )otr5tS (i alesS
Ao) t-an+ you) I donHt care forGT not for me) t-an+ you nu, mulumesc, nu iau, nu.mi placeX
IHm afraid itHs off regret, dar nu mai avem
:-at do you recommend_ ce.mi recomandaiS
I could do 'it- a snac+ a doriT mi.ar prinde bine o gustare
?or+ disagrees 'it- me nu.mi face bine carnea de porc
IHe -ad enoug-. $-an+ you nu, mulumesc- .am sturat-
Ao more (for me). $-an+ you mulumesc- =u mai vreau
Say '-en spune c5nd s m opresc Odin servitP
IHm not +een on nu m dau 'n v5nt dup
8el! yourself toG . servete.te cuX
>ay I offer youG_ pot s v oferXS
#o you fancyG_ v.ar plceaXS
I canHt stand it nu suport aceast m5ncare
I donHt li+e it eit-er nici acest fel nu.mi place
:ill you -aeG_ ai dori s serviiXS
7AG9IS8 =66#
&our meals a da, are served traditionall, in 0ritainK breaAfast, lunc), tea and dinner-
$n man, countries breakfast is a snacA rat)er t)an a meal, but t)e traditional Englis) breaAfast, served at
about eig)t o@clocA in t)e morning, is a full meal- Some people begin >it) a plateful of porridge, >it) milA
or cream, and salt or sugar; ot)ers ma, )ave fruit.#uice, or per)aps cornflaAes or some ot)er cereal- T)en
comes at least one substantial course, suc) as )addocA or fried )errings, or bacon and eggs boiled, fried or
poac)ed , or sausages and bacon, or )am and eggs- (fter>ards comes toast, >it) butter and marmalade or
#am and per)aps some fruit- T)e meal is [>as)ed do>n@ >it) tea or coffee- an, Englis) people no> taAe
suc) a full breaAfast onl, on Sunda, mornings-
Englis) lunch, >)ic) is usuall, served at one o@clocA, is based on plain, simpl, cooAed food- $t starts >it)
soup or fruit.#uice- T)en follo>s some meat or poultr, beef, veal, mutton, lamb, porA, c)icAen, ducA >it)
potatoes, boiled or roast, and a second vegetable Oprobabl, cabbage or carrotsP, and GorAs)ire pudding-
(pple pie is a favourite s>eet, and Englis) puddings, of >)ic) t)ere are various t,pes, are an excellent
ending to a meal, especiall, in >inter- $nstead of t)e pudding some people ma, )ave ste>ed fruit or c)eese
and biscuits- /ast of all coffee blacA or >)ite-
0ut >)at s)all >e drinA >it) our mealS *f course Englis) beer, preferabl, bitter or pale ale, or cider-
?ea, t)e t)ird meal of t)e da,, is served bet>een four and five o@clocA- ( pot of tea >it) a #ug of )ot >ater, a
#ug of milA and a basin of sugar are broug)t in- T)in slices of bread and butter are )anded round, and caAes,
#am and cream- Tea is not al>a,s served at table, for it is t)e most sociable meal of t)e da,, and friends and
visitors are often present- T)e members of t)e tea.part, sit round on c)airs-
!inner is t)e most substantial meal of t)e da,- T)e usual time is about seven o@clocA, and all t)e members
of t)e famil, sit do>n toget)er- Soup is t)e first course- T)en comes t)e second course, fis) sole, )alibut,
salmon- ( #oint of meat, per)aps t)e roast beef of old England, forms t)e t)ird course, served >it)
vegetables- T)en comes t)e dessertK some Aind of s>eet and blacA or >)ite coffee-
T)is is t)e traditional order of meals- 0ut some people in t)e to>ns, and nearl, all countr, people, )ave
dinner in t)e middle of t)e da, instead of lunc)- T)e, )ave tea a little later, bet>een five and six o@clocA,
and t)en in t)e evening, before going to bed, t)e, )ave a lig)t supper-
T)us t)e four meals of t)e da, are breaAfast, dinner, tea supper or breaAfast, lunc), tea, dinner-
1D<
/ 9IS$ 6= B@I$IS8 $@/#I$I6A/9 #IS87S /A# #@IA`S
Bangers and >as-. Sausages and mas)ed potatoes- Traditional pub dis)-
%ornis- T #eons-ire %ream. T)icA, ric) cream usuall, served over fruits and desserts-
%ornis- ?astry. Small pastries filled >it) meat, onion and potato-
#oer sole. T)ere are man, recipes for t)is delicious fis), but per)aps it is best >)en plain grilled-
=is- and c-i!s. &ried fis) and potatoes seasoned >it) salt and vinegar- ( fine 0ritis) institutionR
Gingerbread. Spic, caAe often made in t)e s)ape of a man and decorated >it) currants-
Goose. ( ")ristmas favourite-
8am. (s popular for breaAfast as it is for dinner- *ften smoAed-
8erring. %elicious baAed, fried, grilled or smoAed OAippersP-
Iris- Ste'. utton, potatoes, carrots and onions-
9amb. Prepared in man, >a,s, but per)aps best >)en roasted and served >it) mint sauce-
9obster. 3rilled, boiled or bacAed and served in ric) sauce-
>ince ?ies. Small pies filled >it) currants and spices- ( ")ristmas favourite-
6ysters. Some sa, t)e real reason Fulius "aesar invaded 0ritain 4,HHH ,ears ago >as )is attraction to t)e
delectable 0ritis) o,ster- Some of t)e most prized come from "olc)ester-
?orridge. 0oiled oatmeal >it) milA or cream and flavoured >it) salt or sugar- ( Scottis) breaAfast
favourite-
@oast Beef. T)e most famous of 0ritain@s national dis)es- ( favourite c)oice for Sunda, lunc)- Served >it)
roast potatoes, green vegetables and, of course, GorAs)ire pudding-
Salmon. Served )ot, cold or smoAed- Scotc) salmon is t)e best in t)e >orld-
Scotc- Brot-. T)icA, cream, vegetable soup-
Stea+ and `idney ?ieT ?udding. ( mixture of steaA, Aidne, and mus)rooms- ( pub favourite-
Syllabub. ( refres)ing dessert made from brand,, fres) fruit, >)ite >ine or s)err,, cream and sugar-
$ea. ( 0ritis) >a, of life- (lt)oug) traditionall, [tea time@ is approximatel, < p-m- a [nice cup of tea@ is
liable to be produced at an, time of t)e da,, usuall, accompanied b, biscuits and T or caAes-
\8ig- $eaH is a meal ,ou >ould expect to get in a Scottis) or =ort) "ountr, guest)ouse instead of dinner- $t
combines afternoon tea Obread and butter, caAes, biscuits, etc-P >it) cold meat and T or a )ot dis)-
$rifle. ( dessert of caAe, fruit, and s)err, set in #ell, and topped >it) custard, served >it) >)ipped cream-
$rout. 3rilled, poac)ed or fried, one of t)e most delicatel, flavoured river fis)-
Sor+s-ire ?udding. Savour, baAed batter- Traditional accompaniment to roast beef-
Bitter. "lear and golden, it is t)e most popular of 0ritis) draug)t beers- Served b, t)e pint or )alf.pint-
Bro'n /le. ( darA, s>eet bottled beer-
>ild /le. %arA, full.flavoured draug)t beer- /o> in alco)olic content- Sometimes combined >it) bitter-
?ale /le. ( slig)tl, fizz, bottled beer-
%ider. &ermented apple #uice- *ften Zuite strong so be>areR
Iris- %offee. ( mixture of coffee, >)isAe, and sugar drunA t)roug) a top la,er of cream-
:-is+y. ello>, golden Scotc) >)isA, is t)e best in t)e >orld-
=/$
8eay greu, gras
>assie . masiv
6er'eig-t . supraponderal
%or!ulent . corpolent
6bese . obez
Stout solid, gros
Solid . solid
Bul+y mare, voluminos, voinic, greoi
#um!y bondoc
?lum! . durduliu, grsu, rotofei
$8IA
S+inny . slbnog
;nder'eig-t . subponderal
Slender . zvelt
Slim slab
1DE
%oo+ing instruments and t-e 'ays of coo+ing
To steam casserole OcaserolP
To fr, frying !an OtigaieP
To poac) coo+ing !ot Ooal de gtitP
To grill grill OgrtarP
To boil sauce!an OcratiP
To )eat micro'ae oen Ocuptor cu microundeP
In a su!ermar+et
( box of cereals a carton of milA
( bag of onions a pacA of cigarettes
( can of soup a six.pacA of soda
( bottle of oil a bunc) of flo>ers
( #ar of peanuts a bar of soap
( tube of toot)paste a slice of bread
In a restaurant
( box of &renc).fries a glass of >ater
( piece of toast a bo>l of cereal
( cup of coffee a cup of ice.cream
( mug of beer
$-e %-anging 7ating 8abits of /mericans
ost people t)inA t)at t)e t,pical =ort) (merican diet consists of fast foods )amburgers and &renc) fries-
$t also includes convenience foods, usuall, frozen or canned, V#unA foodW >it)out muc) food value cand,,
potato c)ips, cereal and so on- T)is diet is ver, )ig) in sugar, salt, fat but not in vitamins-
+o>ever, eating )abits are c)anging- =ort) (mericans are becoming more interested in good )ealt) and
nutrition is an important part of )ealt)- People are eating less red meat and fe>er eggs, and t)e, are eating
more c)icAen and fis)- &or )ealt) reason, man, people are also bu,ing more ra> vegetables- T)e, ma, eat
t)em >it)out cooAing t)em first or t)e, mig)t cooA t)em ZuicAl, in ver, little >ater because t)e, >ant to
Aeep t)e vitamins-
T)e Vt,picalW =ort) (merican diet no> includes food from man, different countries- (t lunc)time, man,
people go to et)nic fast.food places for 7e(ican taco, 7iddle #astern falafel or Dhilippine lumpia-
$n t)e future t)e (mericans >ill still bu, convenience foods but frozen foods >ill be better for t)eir )ealt)
and canned foods >ill )ave less salt and sugar- VFunA foodW is not going to be V#unAW at all because instead of
cand, bars t)ere >ill be Vnutrition barsW >it) a lot of vitamins and protein-
V6%/B;9/@S ?@/%$I%7
1- (fter ,ou )ave )ad a meal in a restaurant ,ou asA t)e >aiter for t)e XX
a- bill b- recipe c- note d- prescription
4- %o ,ou liAe ,our steaA >ell.done, medium or X--
a- blue b- blood, c- ra> d- rare
D- Spag)etti is good if ,ou X- c)eese over it-
a- mince b- slice c- c)op d- grate
<- S)e liAed t)e dessert so muc) t)at s)e asAed for a second X-
a- dis) b- go c- )elping d- serving
E- $ forgot to put t)e milA in t)e fridge and it )as XX
a- gone bacA b- gone do>n c- gone in d- gone sour
9- X- t)e bread in a )ot oven-
a- grill b- boil c- baAe d- roast
7- "urr, is ver, X--
a- )ot b- pepper, c- salt, d- >arm
6- X-- t)e mixture into an oven proof dis)-
a- beat b- mix c- salt, d- >arm
2- Ioast beef is one of m, favourite X-
a- bo>l b- plates c- dis)es d- courses
1H- Gour apple tart >as absolutel, delicious- "an ,ou give me t)e X-
a- instructions b- receipt c- recipe d- formula
11- 3arlic )as a remarAable X-
1D9
a- flavor b- garnis) c- )erb d- spice
14- %on@t t)ro> t)e potato X-
a- s)ell b- sAin c- core d- peel
1D- /et@s )ave a salad to start >it) and fis) for t)e main X-
a- )elping b- course c- dis) d- serving
1<- ?)en t)e >ater comes to t)e X- put t)e vegetables in-
a- boil b- cooA c- )eat d- steam
S-a!e
2onical
SemiAcircular
0ellAshaped1 #ggA M 1 DearA M 1 %edgeA M
Smells
Scent1 smell
Smells fruity1 aromatic1 smo&y1 burnt1 bad
Size
;ength1 %idth1 -eight A cms 1 inches
$astes
Sour1 S)eet1 0itter A Salty 1 salted
Deppery 1 peppered A Spicy 1 spiced
$e2ture
&ruit and vegetables t)at are crisp are fres) and )ave a firm texture so t)at >)en ,ou bite t)em t)e, are )ard
and crunc),- E-g- he bought nice crisp apples at the mar&et.
"ooAed food t)at is crisp )as been fried or toasted until it is )ard, dr, and crunc),- "runc), food maAes a
noise >)en ,ou eat it- E-g- he helped himself to some hot crisp rolls. , can feel the crisp frosty sno)
crunching under my feet. ,t*s the nuts that ma&e this ca&e so crunchy.
=les-y B peac), apple, Ai>i fruit
Vuicy B tomato, orange, peac), )amburger
%runc-y B nuts
%ris! B biscuits, fried c)icAen, potato c)ips
Smoot- B tomato, apple
@oug- B nuts
Bland B spag)etti, )ot dog
$ender B steaA
:atery B lemonade
Stale c)eese sand>ic)
:ilted B salad
=res- B milA
#ry B baAed potato
%reamy B macaroni and c)eese
?@6V7@BS B concerning food and eating.
(ppetite comes >it) eating-
(n apple a da, Aeeps t)e doctor a>a,-
Eating an apple going to bed maAes t)e doctor beg )is bread-
3ood brot) ma, be made in an old pot-
T)e proof of t)e pudding is in t)e eating-
%on@t put al ,our eggs in one basAet-
Gou can@t )ave ,our caAe and eat it-
Too man, cooAs spoil t)e brot)-
*melettes are not made >it)out breaAing of eggs-
1D7
+alf a loaf is better t)an none-
$t@s no use cr,ing over spilt milA-
*ne man@s meat is anot)er@s man poison-
;se t-ese e2clamations to s-o' sur!rise about food:
6-N said in surprise or >onder
6-) boyN said in excitement or ent)usiasm
8mmN said >)en t)e speaAer is t)inAing somet)ing over
:ellN said in surprise or as a preface to a remarA
:ell) 'ellN said in mild surprise or >)en t)e speaAer )as discovered somet)ing
$s+5ts+N a clucAing sound uttered in disapproval
:o'N said in surprise or admiration
Gos-N said in surprise
GeeN said in surprise
B@7/`=/S$) 9;A%8 /A# #IAA7@ B :-atHs on t-e >enu_
7ngland
$t )as been said t)at to eat >ell in England, ,ou s)ould )ave breaAfast t)ree times a da, but t)ings are
c)angingR =o> t)e standart of restaurants )as improved tremendousl,, and fe>er people )ave t)e time to
prepare t)e )uge breaAfasts of t)e past- T)ese mig)t, meals can include kidneys or kippers- ( )otel ma,
offer a continental breakfast, >)ic) is simpl, a bread roll or croissant, butter, )am and tea or coffee- an,
people still manage to get t)roug) a cooked breakfast, )o>ever, even if it@s not ever, da, of t)e >eeA- T)is
ma, start >it) porridge Oa traditional Scottis) dis) of boiled oatmealP or cereal follo>ed b, fried eggs,
bacon, sausages, fried tomatoes and black pudding Oa sausage made from pig" blood >it) pieces of fatP
follo>ed b, toast and marmalade and accompanied b, a bottomless pot of strong tea-
/merica
T)e earl, (mericans settlers ate hasty puddings, a cornmeal porridge >it) molasses- /ater, breaAfast
became a ver, generous meal indeed- =o>ada,s greater concern about diet and health means t)at man,
people )ave a fruit drink or eat a cereal >it) lots of fibre but a t,pical (merican breaAfast >ould still be
eggs, bacon and coffee, accompanied b, pancakes and maple syrup- $n t)e sout), grits are a breaAfast dis),
>it) blackeyed bean gravy- 0iscuits, a Aind of small breadcake, are often made for breaAfast, as are french
toast Obread dipped in eggs t)en friedP, waffles Ofried batterP, Englis) muffins and bagels- T)ese breaAfast
are so delicious t)at in England and (merica ,ou >ill often see restaurants >it) sign outside sa,ing
V0reaAfast served all da,W-
9unc- and #inner
$f ,ou are liAel, to go to a cafO or PcafQ B;BP for breaAfast, for lunc) and dinner or supper O;BP t)e c)oice
is vastK brasseries, bistros, bars, pubs, steak houses and salad centres are legion in t)e cities, alongside t)e
curry houses, 8hinese and Mapanese restaurants and a c)oice of international food from 9ebanon to
6laska- Italian cuisine is ver, muc) in favour at t)e moment and )as overtaAen 7rench cuisine in terms of
popularit,- Fenus abound >it) terms from bot) &renc) and $talian cooAing, >it) &renc) being used more
for minimalist, nouvelle cuisine dis)es and $talian for t)e t,picall, (merican massive-portion pasta dishes
and meat=fish and salad combos-
!er, often t)e same restaurant >ill offer an international menu, >it) appetisers from exico Oa <uesadilla,
for exampleP, Spain Oceviche shrimps in a cucumber, tomato, chili, garlic and onion saladP and 3reece
Ohumus a chickpea paste kalamata olives, feta cheese, tomatoes, cucumber and pita breadP- $f ,ou #ust
>ant a snack, t)is >ill do or ,ou could go for an exotic soup liAe Fulligatawny or a slice of t)e ever.
popular <uiche- Slig)tl, more substantial snacAs mig)t include Italian sausage >it) roast peppers-
1outhern style barbecue pork in t)e ;S, or a burger made from naturally gra*ed beef, marinated chicken
or a veggieburger Oa vegetable burgerP for t)e non.meat.eaters- ?)en ,ou get onto t)e serious meals, expect
dis)es to be accompanied b, ample sauces and toppings p)rases liAe Vwith a roasted garlic !i)on
mustard butter sauceW or Vserved with whipped herb potatoes and topped with orange demi glaceW are
common no>ada,s-
1D6
!esserts are not usuall, designed for t)e diet-consciousK alongside t)e standard creme caramel, cheesecake
and apple and blackberry pie, t)ere is a return to traditional fare liAe bread pudding >it) a modern touc)
served, for example, >it) whisky custard sauce and whipped cream-
(ll of t)is and muc), muc) more is t)ere for ,ou to en#o,, but a >orld of >arningK Aeep a >ar, e,e on ,our
>alletX and ,our >aistlineR
9;A%876A 9/AG;/G7
(n (merican lunch counter is small, informal restaurant >)ere ,ou can get simple, ZuicAl,.cooAed meals-
$t mig)t also be called a lunch stand or luncheonette; if it@s an old rail>a, carriage, t)en it@s a diner- T)e
language used b, t)e staff at t)ese lunc) counters to describe t)e orders is vivid and idios,ncratic- Some
terms, suc) as H9? Obacon, lettuce and tomato sandwichP )ave passed into ever,da, speec)- +ere are some
examplesK
68 a sand>ic) >it) (merican c)eese
6dam and ;ve on a raft t>o poac)ed eggs on toast
6xle grease butter
Helch water seltzer or soda >ater
Hottom ice cream added to a drinA
How bow a )ot dog
Hreath an onion
Hurn one put a )amburger on t)e grill
8H c)eeseburger
8ity )uice >ater
8rowd t)ree of an,t)ing OVT>o@s compan,, t)ree@s a cro>dWP
.ith cow to cover buttered toast
/old the hail no ice
Moe coffee
Goah"s boy )am O+am >as =oa)@s second sonRP
@M orange #uice
@ver easy fried eggs turned over >)en cooAing
Go cow >it)out milA
1inkers and studs doug)nuts and coffee
1<uee*e one orange #uice
1tack a pile of pancaAes
.arts olives
WWV. S86??IAG
Basic Vocabulary
S-o! magazin
S-o!5'indo' vitrin
S-o!5assistant v5nztor
S-o!!ing cumprrturi
S-o!!ing5area zon comercial
S-o!!er cumprtor
%ustomer cumprtor, client
#e!artment raion
#e!artment5store magazin universal
%-ain store filial a unei firme de magazine
7lectrical e0ui!ment aparate electrice
%amera(s) aparatOeP de fotografiat
@ecord de!artment raionul de discuri
%-inaT !orcelain porelan
Glass'are sticlrie
?ottery ceramic
=abrics esturi
1D2
%ounter te#g)ea, raion
%as-5des+ cas O'ntr.un magazinP
%-ec+5out !oint cas O'ntr.un magazin universalP
7scalator scar rulant
72it ieire
Self5serice autoservire
Bargain cumprtur avanta#oas, c)ilipir
Sale(s) v5nzare Ocu reducere de preuriP, solduri
=as-ion mod
$rend curent, direcie, tendin
Gift cadou
/ccessories accesorii
#ra!erHs galanterie, textile
$obacconistHs tutungerie
GrocerHs bcnie, alimentar
GreengrocerHs aprozar, legume i fructe
Bac+erHs brutrie, p5ine
Butc-erHs mcelrie
=is-mongerHs pescrie
6ff5licence local unde se v5nd buturi i pentru acas
#ry5cleanerHs curtorie c)imic
$oy5s-o! magazin de #ucrii
Boo+5s-o! librrie
%onfectionery T s'eet5s-o! magazin de dulciuri, cofetrie
#airy magazin de produse lactate
S-o!+ee!er negustor, comerciant Ocu magazinP
$ailor croitor Opentru brbaiP
#ressma+er croitor de dame, croitoreas
8atter plrier
>illiner modist
S-oema+er cizmar, pantofar
%obbler cizmar Ocare face reparaiiP
S!orts outfitter furnizor de ec)ipament sportiv
Barber frizer
8airdresser coafor, coafez
Boo+seller librar
Ae'sagent v5nztor de ziare Ola c)iocP
Ironmonger negustor de articole de fierrie
=urniture dealer negustor de mobil
:atc-ma+er ceasornicar
:atc- re!airer reparaii de ceasuri
=lorist florrie
>ar+et pia
Su!ermar+et magazin universal Ode obicei cu autoservireP
=oodstuffs alimente
Groceries coloniale
#airy !roduce produse lactate
$in cutie de tabl, conserv
$ube tub
Bottle sticl
Bag pung
#ozen duzin
Var borcan
Bo2 curtie
Bar baton
8ouse-old goodsT articles T effects articole de uz casnic
8ard'are de!artment T s-o! raion T magazin de articole de uz casnicT fierrie
1<H
Sauce!an crati
=rying5!an tigaie
`ettle ceainic, ibric
%asserole tigaie Ocu toartP, crati Ode argil ars i smluitP
Scre' urub
#oor -andle clan
Gardening tools unelte de grdinrit
S!are !arts piese de sc)imb
Ve'ellery Oraionul deP bi#uterii
@ing inel
7ar5ring cercel
:edding5ring verig)et
Bracelet brar
Aec+lace colier
Brooc- bro
%osmetics Oraionul deP cosmetice
8and cream crem de m5ini
9i!stic+ ru#
Scent parfum, mireasm
?erfume parfum
Varnis- o#, lac de ung)ii
?o'der pudr
7ye5s-ade fard de oc)i
>ascara rimel
>a+e5u! fard, mac)ia#
8aberdas-ery mercerie, mruniuri
?in ac de gmlie
Safety5!in ac de siguran
Aeddle ac de cusut
`nitting5neddle andrea
$-read fir, a
$a!e panglic Ode p5nz, bumbacP
@ibbon panglic, band
Stationery papetrie
%-emistHs farmacie
>edicine(s) medicamentOeP
:ra!!ing !a!er )5rtie de ambala#
$oilet su!!lies articole de toalet
`nitted goods tricota#e
Vum!er tricou
?ull5oer pulover, flanel
%ardigan #ac)et tricotat
%lot-es )aine, 'mbrcminte
@eady5made T ready5to5'ear T off5t-e5!eg clot-es )aine de gata, confecii
%lot-es made5to5measure T made5to5order )aine de comand
=itting room cabin de prob
Garments 'mbrcminte, veminte
#ress 1- Ioc)ie 4- :mbrcminte
7ening5dress 'mbrcminte de sear
=ancy5dress costum de bal
Go'n roc)ie Ode ocazieP, rob
#ressing5go'n )alt de cas
Blouse bluz
S+irt fust
S-irt cma
$rousers pantaloni
Vac+et sacou
1<1
#inner5(ac+et smoc)ing
Suit costum
9ounge5suit )aine T costum de strad
Bat-ing5suit costum de baie
Beac-'ra! )alat de pla#
;niform uniform
/nora+ )anorac
6eralls )ain de protecie
>ourning doliu
#isguise costum, masc
Bridal eil vl de mireas
%oat )ain
:inter5coat palton
=ur5coat )ain de blan
@ain5coat impermeabil, balonzaid, )ain de ploaie
>ac+intos- impermeabil, manta de cauciuc
Scarf earf, basma
S-a'l al, broboad
>uffler fular
Gloes mnui
>ittens mnui cu un singur deget
%ollar guler
Sleee m5nec
%uff manet
Braces bretele
Belt curea
Soc+s osete
Stoc+ings ciorapi OlungiP
$ig-ts ciorap pantalon, dres
S-oes pantofi
6ers-oes galoi
Boots cizme
@ubber5boots cizme de cauciuc
Sli!!ers papuci de cas
Glasses oc)elari
Sunglasses oc)elari de soare
Bra sutien
?anties c)iloi de dam
Vest maiou, flanel de corp
?ants indispensabili
$o do oneHs s-o!!ing a face cumprturi
$o go s-o!!ing a merge dup cumprturi
$o sell a vinde
$o buy a cumpra
$o su!!ly a furniza
$o delier a livra
$o dis!lay a etala
$o be out of stoc+ a nu mai avea O'n magazin, depozitP
$o try on a 'ncerca Oo )ainP
$o fit a se potrivi
$o matc- a se asorta
$o nail (do'n) a bate 'n cuie, a fixa
$o follo' ne' fas-ions a ine pasul cu moda
$o bro'se a scotoci, a cuta Oprin magazinP
$o leae a de!osit a lsa un acont
$o be on t-e loo+out forG . a fi 'n cutareaX
$o be on dis!lay a fi expus
$o 'al+ u!stairsTdo'nstairs a urcaTa cobor' pe scri
1<4
$o bargain a se tocmi
$o go u! by lift a urca cu ascensorul
$o sell by t-e !riceTby t-e 'eig-t a vinde la bucatTla c5ntar
Budget #resses roc)ii ieftine
>ot-er5to5be T mot-ercare T lady5in5'aiting magazinT raion aterna
9ayette T baby 'ear articole pentru nou nscui
;nise2 articole potrivite pentru ambele sexe
>antles T coats )aine, paltoane
Go'ns roc)ii
7arnest money T de!osit acont
:ell5stoc+ed bine aprovizionat
%onsumer goods T commodities bunuri de larg consum
%as-ier casier, casieri
$rolley T bas+et coT crucior pentru trasportat cumprturile
S-ort5'eig-t lips la c5ntar
?rice tag etic)et cu preul
Gross 'eig-t T net 'eig-t greutate bruto T greutate neto
S-o!!ing list list de cumprturi
#rie5in de!artment store magazin 'n care se intr cu maina
?ac+etT !arcel pac)et
8ire5!urc-ase plat 'n rate
Size msur, mrime
;n'ra!!edT'ra!!ed neambalatTambalat
=i2ed T firm !rices preuri fixe
9ooseG . vrsat Opentru lic)ideP
:-at can I do for you_ ce doriiS
Is anyone attending to you_ v servete cinevaS
/re you being sered_ suntei servitS
IHll attend to you in a moment v servesc imediat
$-e goods are !ut u! for sale mrfurile sunt expuse pentru v5nzare
7eryt-ing -ere is sold ready5'eig-ed and ready5!ac+ed aici totul se vinde gata c5ntrit i gata
'mpac)etat
Sou can !lace your orders by !-one or calling in !erson putei face comenzi prin telefon sau venind
personal
IHll see t-at t-e goods are broug-t by our first deliery voi avea gri# ca mrfurile s fie livrate cu
primul transport
Sour bill comesTamounts toG . nota %vs- de plat se ridic laX
SouHll find t-e ordered good 'ra!!ed u! and 'aiting for you vei gsi mrfurile comandate, ambalate
i 'n ateptarea %vs-
/t '-at time does t-e s-o! o!enTclose_ la ce or se desc)ideTse 'nc)ide magazinulS
%an I get -ereG_ pot gsi aiciXS
S-o' me !leaseG . artai.mi, v rogX
$-isG is only for s-o'T itHs not for sale acestX este numai pentru decorT nu este de v5nzare
:-at is t-e !rice of t-isG_ ce pre areXS
IsnHt it rat-er dear_ nu este cam scumpS
8ae !rices gone u! again_ s.au ma#orat iar preurileS
It is not 'ort- nu merit, nu face
S-o' me somet-ing different artai.mi altceva
:ill you gie meT 'eig- for meT 'ra!! it u!T ma+e out t-e bill_ vrei s.mi daiXT s.mi c5ntriiXT s
ambalai astaXT s facei bonulS
%an you send t-eseG to my address_ putei trimite acesteX la adresa meaS
Aeed I !ay in cas-_ trebuie s pltesc 'n numerarS
I s-ould li+e to !ay by c-e0ue a vrea s pltesc cu un cec
8ae you c-ange forT can you c-ange t-is ban+note putei s.mi sc)imbai bacnota aceastaS
I -ae no (small) c-ange about me nu am mruni la mine
%an I e2c-ange t-isG_ pot s sc)imb aceastXS
#o you sell also by instalmentsT -ire5!urc-aseS vindei i 'n rateS
1<D
:-at sorts of (am -ae you got in_ ce gemuri ai primitS
/nyt-ing else) >adam_ altceva, doamnS
Ao) t-an+s) t-atHs allTt-atHll do nu, mulumesc, asta.i tot
:-at -ae I !ay to_ c5t am de platS
#o you +ee! mineral 'ater_ inei ap mineralS
8o' muc- is a bottle of 'ine_ c5t cost o sticl de vinS
8ae you got any @omanian 'ine_ avei vin rom5nescS
IHm afraid itHs sold out 'mi pare ru, s.a v5ndut tot
=or t-e moment 'e -ae onlyG . momentan mai avem doarX
$-at !iece is too fat) IHd li+e somet-ing lean bucata aceea este prea gras, a dori una mai slab
$-at one 'ill do aceea e bun
$-e c-oice is not too 'ide today azi sortimentul nu este prea bogat
?ut on t-e scales -alf a goose c5ntrii #umtate de g5sc
:-at sorts of !ies -ae you got today_ ce sortimente de plcint avei astziS
=or todayHs dinner I needG . pentru masa de azi am nevoie deX
%all at t-e greengrocerHs and see if t-ere are any gra!efruits treci pe la aprozar i vezi dac au grepuri
$-e s-o! ne2t door +ee!s a 'ide assortment of fres- egetables magazinul de alturi este bine
aprovizionat cu legume
:-at about t-eseG_ ce spunei de acesteXS
/re t-eG sold by t-e !ound or by t-e !iece_ se v5nd la Ailogram sau la bucatS
:ill you cutT'eig- for meG some ten ras-ers of bacon_ vrei s.mi tiai X vreo zece felii de costiS
Strea+y_ Ao) as lean as !ossible . grasS nu, c5t mai slab posibil
9etH dro! in at t-e Victoria de!artment store s intrm la magazinul !ictoria
It saes you many calls te scutete de multe drumuri
Is t-ere -ereG . exist aici X
:-at can I !resent a friend 'it- on -is 'edding day_ ce 'i pot drui unui prieten de ziua cstoriei luiS
:e -ae nice t-ings to suit all tastes and !urses avem lucruri care satisfac toate gusturile i pungile
8ere is a nice ring iat un inel drgu
9et me see t-at gold 'atc- artai.mi ceasul acela de aur
Is t-is brilliant genuine_ briliantul este veritabilS
I decided on t-isG . m.am )otr5t la acestX-
By t-e 'ay) do you mount !recious stones_ apropo, montai pietre preioaseS
7W$@/ V6%/B;9/@S
S-o!s. T)ere are some s)ops >)ere >e bu, t)ings to eat and ot)er >)ere >e bu, t)ings to >ear- T)e tailor,
for instance, maAes clot)es to measure for men, and t)e dressma&er does t)e same for >omen- T)e hatter
sells gentlemen@s )ats or cleans old ones; t)e milliner maAes and sells ladies@ )ats- T)e draper sells tig)ts,
stocAings, socAs and under>ear- T)e shoema&er maAes and sells s)oes and boots, and, if )e is a cobbler too,
)e repairs t)em- T)e sports outfitter sells articles used in various sports-
*t)er shop&eepers suppl, articles for use- T)ere is, for example, t)e boo&seller, >)o sells booAs and
magazines; t)e ne)sagent, >)o sells ne>spapers; t)e tobacconist, >)o sells tobacco, cigarettes and cigars;
t)e ironmonger, >)o sells iron goods or )ard>are saucepans, Aettles, fr,ing.pan, gardening.tools; t)e
furniture dealer, >)o supplies articles of furniture- *t)er important s)ops areK t)e stationer*s, t)e
haberdasher*s, t)e chinaAshop, t)e )atchma&er*s and t)e je)eller*s, t)e chemist*s and t)e photographer*s-
S86??IAG IA 96A#6A
62ford Street is probabl, t)e most famous s)opping street in /ondon and is divided into t>o parts, east and
>est- T)e busiest section of *xford Street runs from *xford "ircus to arble (rc)- $t is )ere t)at most of
t)e ma#or departments stores are grouped, t)e biggest being 1elfridges, t)e second largest department store
in /ondon- T)e large food )all, restaurants, Aitc)en>are and cosmetics departments are ver, popular-
T)e largest branc) of t)e Farks R 1pencer c)ain is also situated near arble (rc)- T)is open.plan store
specializes in read,.to.>ear clot)es for all t)e famil,, food and )ouse)old effects-
&at)er along *xford Street is Mohn 9ewis, an excellent s)op for )ouse)old eZuipment and fabrics-
*xford Street is also reno>ned for its vast selection of s)oe s)ops, as >ell as fas)ion-
Fust outside *xford "ircus ;nderground station, ,ou >ill find t)e .edgwood potter, s)op, >orld.famous
for its fine potter,, porcelain, glass and gifts- ( lovel, s)op in >)ic) to bro>se for gift ideas-
1<<
(not)er famous s)opping area is $otten-am %ourt @oad, reno>ned for its )ig).class furniture s)ops and
radio and electrical eZuipment- T)e largest furniture s)op is /eal R 1on 9td-
*t)ers specializing in t)is field are /abitat, a ver, popular s)op >it) ,ounger people as it sells ultramodern
functional furniture and accessories at ever,da, prices; and Lyman >)o specialize in modern office
furnis)ings and eZuipment-
Totten)am "ourt Ioad is also reno>ned for its )i.fi eZuipment- +ere ,ou >ill find an,t)ing from spare parts
to t)e ver, latest in stereo and Zuadrap)onic s,stem- 9yon /ouse and 9asky are t>o largest )i.fi and
electrical eZuipment suppliers-
(not)er s)op specialize, but in a different field, is 4aperchaseK a delig)tful s)op dealing in beautiful
>rapping paper, uniZue greeting cards, posters and ot)er paper items and a lovel, s)op in >)ic) to bro>se-
:79%6>7 $6 B9;7:/$7@
$t@s a s)rine, t)e biggest s)opping complex in t)e >)ole of Europe- $t@s got D4H different s)ops covering
1HH,HHH sZuare metres of retail space in t)ree different interconnected malls- T)ere are 1D,HHH parAing
spaces, 1,HHH trees, EH,HHH daffodilsX it@s a s)opping experience liAe ,ou@ve never )ad before- $t is
0lue>ater, t)e model for future s)opping centres- 0uilt in a former c)alA Zuarr, in nort).>est Bent,
0lue>ater resembles a moonbase, >it) glass and steel forming a structure t)at looAs oddl, liAe a vast
3ot)ic cat)edral- $t opened in arc) 1222 and is alread, establis)ing itself as a model of s)opping to
come- T)e centre >as built follo>ing an intense period of researc) into >)at modern s)oppers >ant, and
it attempts to satisf, all t)eir demands-
People said t)e, liAed natural lig)t so 0lue>ater lig)t is filtered in from outside and c)anged
electronicall, over t)e da,, going from da,lig)t to sunset to a nig)t.time darAness in order to simulate
realit,-
People liAe fres) air, so giant rotating ventilation units )ave been installed in t)e roofs to Aeep it
circulating-
&eel insecure in public placesS 0ule>ater )as its o>n in.)ouse police station-
%o ,ou )ave c)ildrenS T)e 0lue>ater (cadem, is a crlc)e for up to 4HH ,oung c)ildren-
T)ere is no more Zueuing for t)e toilets- T)ere >ill al>a,s be a luxurious one >it)in EH metres of >)ere
,ou are s)opping-
T)ere are also ample cafes and restaurants- 0lue>ater boasts t)at ,ou are never more t)an 7H paces from
a cappuccino- (nd if ,ou >ant to avoid t)e s)ops altoget)er t)ere are breaAout areas, >)ere ,ou can
calm ,ourself, )ave a meal or go for a >alA b, t)e laAe- Gou can >atc) performance artists in t)e
Performance Iotunda >it) its revolving stage, visit t)e 14.screen +o,ts "inema or go c,cling- *r if t)e
mood taAes ,ou, ,ou can even visit 0lue>ater@s Zuiet room and talA to t)e centre@s o>n c)aplain-
&rom t)e moment ,ou arrive ,ou Ano> t)e place is different- T)e 4EH trained )osts )ave been taug)t to
see ,ou as guests rat)er t)an s)oppers and treat ,ou accordingl,- T)ere@s valet parAing, if ,ou >ant it,
and a team of mec)anics to )elp fix a flat batter, or t,re for free-
Gou enter t)roug) one of five >elcome )alls t)at resemble )otel lobbies- T)en t)ere is an information
point >it) concierge desAs >)ere ,ou can )ire a bugg,, a >)eelc)air, a pram or a locAer, as >ell as
some>)ere to relax >it) a cup of coffee on a comfortable sofa-
(nd t)en ,ou can start looAing at t)e s)ops- (nd even t)ese are different- 0lue>ater s)ops are not t)e
Aind usuall, associated >it) s)opping centres- $nstead, t)e, are t)ose a consumer mig)t expect to find in
t)e up.marAet environs of /ondon@s "ovent 3arden, 0ond Street or Bings IoadK /B 0ennett, &iorelli,
Faeger, Space =B, I ?illiams and Cugi-
(nd )ere ,ou are not a s)opper an,more, ,ou are a guest- 0lue>ater needs to attract DH million guests a
,ear if t)e, are to en#o, success and, #udging from t)e 14H,HHH >)o teamed into it on its opening da,,
t)e, are >ell on target to ac)ieve it-
*f course, it@s all a clever tricA to maAe ,ou spend more- T)roug)out t)e centre t)ere are beautiful
sculptures and plants t)at )elp ,ou relax- /ines of poetr, from Bipling, Beats and ?ords>ort) are
carved into t)e >alls and maAe t)e experience seem cultural- $t all maAes t)e place looA lovel,, but it
also sends out an effective subliminal messageK VEn#o, ,our s)opping experience, and bu,, bu,, bu,W-
(nd it >orAs-
+o>ever inviting 0lue>ater is as a leisure destination, it is almost impossible to visit t)e place >it)out
spending mone,, and usuall, a great deal more mone, t)an ,ou )ad intended, too- (fter all, t)e researc)
on >)ic) t)e building >as constructed >asn@t simpl, asAing people >)at t)e, liAed or disliAed about
conventional s)opping- $t >as finding out )o> t)e, could be tempted to spend more-
1<E
/ %8/?$7@ 6= /%%I#7A$S
?)ere )ave ,ou been, Fo)nS 3oodness me, )o> smart ,ou looAR Gour )air@s lovel,, and >)at )ave ,ou
done to t)e rest of ,our clot)esS
?ell, $ >as doing t)e s)opping, as ,ou asAed me- $ got t)e leg of lamb from t)e butc)er@s, t)e bacon and
eggs from t)e grocer@s, t)e bread and caAes from t)e baAer@s and t)e beer from t)e off.licence, >)en $
remembered $@d promised to bu, ,ou a bottle of perfumeX
So ,ou >ent to t)e c)emist@s
T)at@s rig)t- $ got a bottle of perfume, put it in m, pocAet, and, as t)e sun >as ver, brig)t, $ t)oug)t $@d get a
pair of sunglasses as >ell, onl, as $ left t)e s)op
Gou couldn@t see,
(nd $ >alAed into a man >)o >as delivering inA to t)e stationer@s-
So ,ou >ere scared of >)at $ >ould sa,, and >ent to )ave ,our trousers cleaned-
T)at@s rig)t- ?ell, after $ left t)e dr,.cleaner@s, $ tripped over
0ecause ,ou >ere too laz, to )ave t)e loose sole repaired on ,our rig)t s)oe-
(nd $ broAe one of t)e eggs, >)ic) >ent on m, #acAet-
So ,ou )ad to go bacA to t)e cleaner@s-
Ges, and t)en, after $@d left m, #acAet and t)e bag of groceries t)ere, $ >ent to t)e ironmonger@s for t)at ne>
door.)andle >e need and a bag of scre>s an,>a,, as $ >as going out of t)e door, $ tripped again
(nd broAe
, >atc)- 0ut first of all $ >ent to t)e cobbler@s, and )ad m, sole nailed do>n, t)en $ tooA t)e >atc) to t)e
>atc) repairer@s and )ad a ne> glass fitted, t)en $ >ent to t)e ironmonger@s and b, t)e time $ came bacA,
t)e,@d cleaned and pressed m, #acAet for me-
T)at >as all rig)t t)en
Ges, but >)en $ put t)e t)ings $@d boug)t from t)e ironmonger@s into t)e s)opping bag
Gou put t)em on t)e top of t)e eggs
$ looAed in t)e bag and tooA out t)e t>o $@d broAen, but $ >as so upset $ put m, )ands to m, )ead
(nd ,ou got egg all over ,our )air
So $ >ent to t)e barber@s and )ad a s)ampoo-
?ell, all@s >ell t)at ends >ell, and ,ou did need smartening up- Gou boug)t me some perfume, too >)at
sort of scent )as it gotS
?ell, smell m, rig)t.)and #acAet pocAet, but don@t put ,our )and in, because it@s full of broAen glassR
1<9
87/9$8 S7@VI%7
Basic Vocabulary
6rgan organ
8ead cap
7ye oc)i
7yesig-t vedere, vz
7ar urec)e
Aose nas
$oot-, pl- teet- dinte
>out- gur
$ongue limb
$-roat g5t
$onsils amigdale
Bronc-ial tubes bron)ii
9ung plm5n
%-est piept
Bac+ spate
8eart inim
Stomac- stomac
9ier ficat
`idney rinic)i
/!!endi2 apendice
8and m5n
/rm bra
9eg picior
=oot, pl- feet laba piciorului
/n+le glezn
S+in piele
Blood s5nge
8aemoglobin )emoglobin
%ilia cili
#iseases boli
a of t-e eye boli de oc)i
a of t-e ear) nose and t-roat boli de nas, g5t i urec)i
a of t-e s+in boli de piele
Illness boal, ru, maladie
$rouble T com!laint afeciune, suferin
/ilment indispoziie, suferin
?ain durere, suferin
/c-e durere Ode cap, dini, stomac etc-P
8eadac-e durere de cap
Bac+ac-e durere de spate
Stomac-5ac-e durere de stomac
$oot-ac-e durere de dini
%ram! cramp, c5rcel, #ung)i
Aeuralgia nevralgie
S!lee!lessness T insomnia insomnie
/ttac+ T fit criz, atac
Indigestion indigestie
%ut tietur
Sym!tom simptom
?rescri!tion reet
$reatment tratament
1<7
7!idemic epidemie
%ure 1- Iemediu, leac, 4- Tratament, cur
%are 'ngri#ire
72ercise exerciii OfiziceP, micare
@ecreation recreere, odi)n
@est odi)n
7mergency caz urgent, urgen
/mbulance ambulan, salvare
Stretc-er targ
Stet-osco!e stetoscop
Aeedle ac
In(ection in#ecie
Surey studiu, statistic
8azard risc, pericol
:arning avertisment
9ongeity longevitate
%-ill T s-iers rceal, frisoane, friguri
%old rceal, guturai
=lu grip
$onsilitis amigdalit
?-aryngitis faringit
Bronc-itis bronit
Scarlet feer scarlatin
>easles po#ar
>um!s oreion
:-oo!ing coug- tuse convulsiv
%-ic+en !o2 vrsat de v5nt, varicel
/rteriosclerosis ateroscleroz
Gastritis gastrit
;lcer ulcer
/naemia anemie
#iabetes diabet
/st-ma astm
$uberculosis tuberculoz
7m!-ysema emfizem
@-eumatism reumatism
Sciatica sciatic
Aerous brea+do'n nevroz, astenie
%ancer cancer
>alaria malarie
$y!-oid feer febr tifoid
%-olera )oler
Small5!o2 variol, vrsat
?lague cium
/bscess abces
Giddiness ameeal
/!o!le2y apoplexie
/rt-ritis artritism
/st-enia astenie
%ataract cataract
%risis T -eart attac+ T fit of neres T -ysteria criz
#iarr-oea diaree
#i!-teria difterie
#ysentery dizenterie
9ier com!laint T sore eyes durere de ficat T de oc)i
7czema eczem
7!ile!sy epilepsie
Gout gut
1<6
8e!atitis )epatit
8ernia T ru!ture . )ernie
Infection infecie
Sun5stro+e insolaie
9umbago lumbago
9u2ation luxaie
>igraine migren
Boil furuncul
?alsy T !aralysis; !olio paralizie; paralizie infantil
?leurisy pleurezie
?neumonia pneumonie
?rostatitis prostatit
?us puroi
@ic+ets ra)itism
Itc- r5ie, m5ncrime
Sciatica sciatic
Sy!-ilis sifilis
8iccu! sug)i
$y!-us tifos
$uberculosis T consum!tion tuberculoz
Varicose ein varice
Veneral disease boal veneric
Surgery 1- "abinet medical 4- ")irurgie
%-ildrenHs surgery cabinet medical pentru copii
8ealt- centre dispensar
8ealt- resort staiune climateric
8os!ital spital
>aternity -os!ital maternitate
%linic clinic
Sanatorium sanatoriu
:ard salon Ode spitalP
%asualty de!artment secia de urgen
6!erating t-eatre sal de operaii
#is!ensary dispensar
Visiting -ours ore de vizit OspitalP
?atient . pacient
In5!atient T out5!atient pacient intern T extern
?lastic surgery c)irurgie plastic
/nalysis T blood test analiz T analiz de s5nge
(9ocal) anaest-etic anestezie OlocalP
Bloods-ot coongestionat
%ontagious T catc-ing contagios, molipsitor
%onalescence convalescen
%urable T incurable curabil T incurabil
Sensation of nausea senzaie de grea
Bleeding T -aemorr-age )emoragie
Infirm T infirmity infirm T infirmitate
Inalid T inalidity invalid T invaliditate
=aint lein
In(ury leziune, ran
>assage masa#
>etabolism . metabolism
>ad T insane B madness T insanity nebun . nebunie
?oisoning . otrvire
?al!itation T t-robbing palpitaie
%oncussion of t-e brain comoie cerebral
=irst aid primul a#utor
W5rays raze ]
1<2
=irst5aid man sanitar
Sym!tom simptom
Blood transfusion transfuzie de s5nge
Vaccine T accination vaccin T vaccinare
Virus virus
8ealt- serice asisten medical
#rainage canalizare
Sanitation igien, salubritate public
:ater5su!!ly alimentare cu ap, sistem de distribuire a apei
#octor medic, doctor
?-ysician doctor 'n medicin, persoan autorizat s practice medicina Odar nu c)irurgiaP
%-ildrenHs doctor T !ediatrician doctor de copii
General !ractitioner T G.?. medic generalist
Senior !ractitioner medic cu experien
S!ecialist (doctor) medic specialist
Aere s!ecialist T neurologist specialist 'n boli de nervi
$-era!eutist medic internist
Stomatologist medic stomatolog
#entist dentist
6culist T eye5s!ecialist T o!-t-almologist oculist, specialist de oc)i
6!tician optician
Gynaecologist ginecolog
;rologist . urolog
9ocum doctor care ine locul unui coleg
Surgeon c)irurg
>id'ife moa
Aurse asistent medical
Sister asistent principal
>atron asistent ef
>edical officer doctor de salon
Su!erintendent medic ef
#is!ensing c-emist farmacist autorizat s execute reete
>edicine 1- edicin 4- edicament
#rug 1- edicament 4- %rog
?ain5+iller sedativ, calmant
#ro!s picturi
?ill pilul
$ablet tablet
?o'der praf
$onic T !ic+5me5u! tonic
>i2ture mixtur, poiune
6intment alifie, pomad
%ream crem
8erb plant medicinal
%otton vat
?ad of cotton'ool tampon de vat
#ressing pansament
62ygen su!!ly cantitate de oxigen
/!!liance aparat, instrument
?laster g)ips
Soot-ing effect efect calmant
9ac+ of itamines lips de vitamine
#ental !late) denture protez dentar
#ental bridge punte OprotezP dentar
Good T bad) !oor T feeble) uncertain -ealt- sntate bun T ubred T precar
8ealt-y sntos
Sic+ bolnav Ofolosit atributivP
1EH
Ill bolnav Ofolosit predicativP
%ommon obinuit, frecvent
>ild uoar
Serious grav
%-ronic cronic
%urabile disease boal curabil
Incurable incurabil
%ontagious contagioas
Infectious infecioas
?ulmonary pulmonar
@es!iratory respiratorie
#igestie digestiv
Surgical . c)irurgical
:-olesome Od- m5ncareP )rnitor, nutritiv
@egular Od- via, meseP regulat, ordonat
Strict Od- regimP sever, strict
$-oroug- minuios, amnunit, serios
;rgent urgent
9ong5sig-ted prezbit
S-ort5sig-ted miop
%ross5eyed saiu
Blind orb
%olour5blind suferind de daltonism, daltonist
#eaf surd
#umb mut
#eaf and dumb surdomut
9ame c)iop
8unc-bac+ cocoat
>entally deficient deficient mintal
6ne5armed ciung
6ne5eyed c)ior
$o sit in a draug-t a sta 'n curent
$o catc- a cold a rci
$o -ae a sore t-roat a avea dureri 'n g5t; a.l durea g5tul
$o -ae a running nose a.$ curge nasul
$o -ae a clogged nose a avea nasul 'nfundat
$o -ae T run a -ig- tem!erature T to feel feeris- a avea temperatur T febr
$o feel giddy a avea ameeli
$o coug- a tui
$o sneeze a strnuta
$o s'eat a transpira
$o be seized by cram! a fi apucat de, a avea crampe T c5rcei T un #ung)i
$o feel a se simi
$o feel 'ell a se simi bine
$o feel un'ell a nu se simi bine
$o feel slig-tly un'ell a nu se simi prea bine
$o suffer from a suferi de
$o die of a muri de
$o afflict a face s sufere, a afecta
$o be liable to a fi predispus la
$o cut (oneHs arm) a.i tia T a se tia la ObraP
$o s!rain a suci, a.i scr5nti Oo 'nc)eietur, gleznaP
$o brea+ (oneHs leg) an+le) a.i fractura Opiciorul, gleznaP
$o sli! a aluneca
$o fall T to be ta+en ill a se 'mbolnvi
$o register 'it- a G? a se 'nscrie, a fi luat 'n eviden Ola o policlinic, doctor etc-P
$o ma+e an a!!ointment a fixa o or de consultaie
$o go to t-e doctorHs surgery a merge la cabinetul medical
1E1
$o send for t-e doctor a trimite dup doctor, a c)ema doctorul
$o get medical -el! a primi a#utor medical
$o e2amine a examina, a consulta
$o ta+e T to feel somebodyHs !ulse a lua pulsul cuiva
$o sound somebodyHs c-est a asculta plm5nii cuiva
$o ta+e somebodyHs blood !ressure a lua cuiva tensiunea
$o be o!erated on forG . a fi operat deX
$o undergo an o!eration a fi supus unei operaii
$o !erfom an o!eration T to o!erate (on somebody) (for somet-ing) a opera Ope cinevaP Ode cevaP
$o clean u! T to dress a 'ound a cura T a pansa o ran
$o be in(ured in an accident a fi rnit 'ntr.un accident
$o dro! T t-e tem!erature is dro!!ing a scdea temperatura
$o be treated forG a fi tratat deX
$o !ers!ire a transpira
$o accinate) to inoculate a vaccina
$o cure T to be cured a OseP vindeca
$o -ae a toot- filled a.i plomba un dinte
$o -ae a toot- !ulled out a.i scoate un dinte, a face o extracie
$o -ae (somet-ing) out a se opera de, a.i scoate
$o recommend a recomanda
$o !rescribe a prescrie
$o 'rite a !rescri!tion a scrie o reet
$o ma+e u! a !rescri!tion a prepara o reet
$o stay in bed a sta 'n pat
$o go to t-e -os!ital a merge la spital
$o ta+e medicine a lua medicamente
$o gargle a face gargar
$o in-ale a face in)alaii
$o +ee! oneself 'arm a sta la cldur
$o get oer'or+ed T oertired a se surmena, a se extenua
$o get oer5e2cited a avea emoii puternice
$o +ee! a diet a ine regim
$o +ee! t-e 'eig-t do'n a.i menine greutatea, a nu se 'ngra
$o lead a regular life a duce o via regulat
$o recoer a i reveni, a se 'nsntoi
$o su!erise a supraveg)ea
$o loo+ after a avea gri#, a 'ngri#i
$o go on oneHs rounds a face vizita O'n spitalP
$o re!ort on a !atient a raporta despre starea unui pacient
$o gie an in(ection a face o in#ecie
$o -ae an W5ray ta+en a face o radiografie
$o stitc- a coase
$o smo+e a fuma
$o gie u! smo+ing a renuna la fumat
$o !ollute a polua
$o !aralyse a paraliza
$o lig-t (u!) (a cigarette) a aprinde o igar
$o !uff a pufi
@outine e2amination T c-ec+5oer examen OmedicalP obinuit
>edical certificate certificat medical
Sic+ T maternity T rest leae concediu de boal T de maternitate T de odi)n
;m!teen cures nenumrate leacuri
8o' are you_ cum te simiS "e mai faciS
:-atHs t-e trouble_ ce s.a 'nt5mplatS "e te doareS "e aiS
8o' are you getting on_ cum te simiS
8e -as !oor eyesig-t are vederea slab
$o en(oy good -ealt- . a se bucura de o sntate bun
1E4
B@I$/IAHS A/$I6A/9 87/9$8 S7@VI%7
&or t)irt, ,ears no> t)ere )as been a national )ealt) service in 0ritain-
T)e aim of t)e =ational +ealt) Service is to give free medical advice and treatment to an,bod, and
ever,bod, >)o needs it-
T)e care and t)e advice provided is compre)ensive; it covers t)e services of a general practitioner,
)ospital specialists, )ospitals for t)e c)ronicall, and t)e mentall, ill, opticians, mid>ives, dentists also t)e
drugs and appliances prescribed-
0ut t)e general practitioner t)e famil, doctor is t)e Aing pin- $t is on )im t)at t)e >)ole s,stem
pivots-
Ever, person of sixteen ,ears of age and over can register >it) a general practitioner Oparents and
guardians register for t)e undersixteensP-
=o> let@s looA at a t,pical patient- r Smit) is feeling slig)tl, un>ell >it) a )eadac)e, but is not ill
enoug) to sta, in bed- +e decides to go to see t)e doctor-
r Smit) can eit)er p)one t)e doctor@s receptionist to maAe an appoinment to see t)e doctor at a
particular time during t)e da, or, if t)e doctor doesn@t operate an appoinment s,stem, )e #ust turns up at t)e
doctor@s surger,-
$f r Smit) >as so ill t)at )e )ad to sta, )ome in bed, )e >ould telep)one t)e doctor@s receptionist
and arrange for t)e doctor to come and see )im at )is )ome Vafter surger,W, >)en t)e doctor goes Vout on )is
roundsW-
$f r Smit)@s ailment is a minor one, t)e doctor >ill prescribe accordingl,, sign a medical certificate
for r Smit) if )e is too ill to go to >orA, and probabl, arrange to see )im again-
r Smit) taAes t)e prescription to t)e nearest c)emist- (t t)e c)emist )e >ill for t)e first time bring
out )is mone,- +e >ill pa, 7E pence per item on t)e prescription, no matter )o> expensive t)e item-
+o>ever, people under t)e age of fifteen or over sixt,Tfive or pregnant >omen are exempt from pa,ment-
*t)er people >)o are also exempt from pa,ment include some people >)o )ave ver, lo> incomes or >)o
are suffering from a c)ronic illness-
$f it is a Zuestion of a serious operation andTor )ospital treatment, r Smit) >ill be >ell provided
for-
ost 0ritis) )ospitals are o>ned b, t)e State and maintaned b, contributions from t)e =ational
+ealt) Service-
0esides 3eneral +ospitals for in#ured persons and t)ose suffering from different diseases, t)ere are
maternit, )ospitals for expectant mot)ers; and special )ospitals, for diseases of t)e e,e, diseases of t)e ear,
nose and t)roat; diseases of t)e sAin; as >ell as for pulmonar, tuberculosis OT0P and cancer-
3eneral +ospitals provide accommodation and treatment for in.patients, >)o all t)e time t)e, are ill
remain >it)in t)e )ospital and >)o are allo>ed to see t)eir relatives and friends onl, at fixed )ours- (t t)e
same time t)e, provide for out.patients, >)o attend for treatment at stated times and at regular intervals-
T)e rooms in a )ospital in >)ic) t)e patients sta, are called >ards- ( sister is in c)arge of t)e nurses
and patients in a >ard, and looAs after ever,t)ing in it including its proper ventilation and )eating- S)e goes
>it) t)e medical officer on )is rounds of t)e >ard, and reports on eac) patient- S)e notes t)e doctor@s
instructions and taAes subseZuent action- $n all )er >orA s)e is )elped b, a staff of da,.nurses and nig)t.
nurses- T)e >)ole of t)e )ospital nursing staff is in t)e c)arge of t)e matron-
T)e superintendent )as c)arge of t)e >)ole )ospital- +e is a senior practitioner of >ide experience-
+e taAes special care of t)e operating t)eatre, >)ere surgical operations are performed- +e is )elped b, a
staff of p),sicians and surgeons-
#I/96G;7S /$ $87 #6%$6@HS
$t looAs as if ,ou >ere going to faint-
Gou oug)t to see T consult a doctor-
%r- 0 sees )is patients on Tuesda, and &rida, bet>een < p-m- and 7 p-m-
/et@s call T )ave t)e doctor in-
( doctor must be sent for- Otrebuie s chemm doctorulP
Iing for t)e ambulance-
TaAe a seat in t)e >aiting.room, t)e doctor >ill see ,ou directl,- Olua'i loc n sala de a!teptare+ $l.
$octor v prime!te imediatP
1ED
+o> long do ,ou t)inA $ am liAel, to >aitS $t all depends- $t ma, taAe an )our-
=o> it@s ,our turn- ?ill come into t)e surger,Tconsulting roomS
?)at do ,ou complain ofS Oce v supr:P
$ )aven@t been feeling at all >ell t)e last da,s-
$ often )ave gidd, turns- Oam adesea ame'eliP
$ coug) at times- $ )ave got a fit of sneeze-
, nose is all clogged up- Onasul este nfundat de totP
$ )ave freZuent )eadac)es- ?)at can $ do to get rid of m, )eadac)eS
$ )ave a sore t)roat; $ am Zuite )oarse- Om doare gtul+ sunt tare rgu!itP
$ got c)ilblains on m, )andsTfeet- Oam degerturi la mini1picioareP
$ )ave spoiled m, stomac)- OmiAam stricat stomaculP
$ )ave got a stomac) ac)e- $ feel a pain in m, bell,-
$ feel a pain in t)e c)est >)en $ breat)e-
$ )ave s)arp pains in t)e bacA- Oam dureri violente n spateP
T)e loins )urt me- Om dor !aleleP
$ often suffer from )eart troubles-
, ears tingle- Omi 'iuie urechileP
$ am badl, )urt- T)e >ound is still bleeding-
$ )ave sprained m, anAle; it is s>ollen- OmiAam scrntit glezna; este umflatP
$ )ave cut m, finger >it) a s)arp Anife- $ )ope it@s not a serious in#ur,- =o it@s onl, a scratc)-
$ )ave got a burnT a scald- "an ,ou prescribe somet)ing for me to cure t)e >oundS OmAam oprit1 ars+
mi pute'i prescrie ceva pentru aAmi vindeca rana:P
$ am losing m, )air- $ am getting bald-
?)at@s >rongS +o> long )ave ,ou been illS ?)en >ere ,ou taAen illS +o> long )as it been )urtingS
S)o> meTsticA out ,our tongue- Fust as $ t)oug)t- $t is Zuite furred-
*pen ,our mout)- T)e uvula is s>ollen- (nd >)at a state ,our teet) are inR O$eschide'i gura. Fmu!orul
este inflamat. Ni n ce stare sunt din'ii dv.!P
TaAe off ,our coat- ;ndo t)e buttons of ,our s)irt- OScoate'iAv haina. $eschide'i nasturii de la cma!P
Strip to t)e >aist- Odezbrca'iAv pn la mijlocP
0reat) in and out deepl,- +old ,our breat)-
$@ll taAe ,our temperature- Beep t)e t)ermometer under ,our armpit- Om s v iau temperatura. Oine'i
termometrul la sub'ioarP
%oes it )urt ,ou >)en $ press )ereS OH doare cnd aps aici:P
+ave ,ou ever suffered from XS
$ )ad m, tonsils removed- OmiAau fost scoase amigdaleleP
Gou seem to be ver, sensible toX
&or t)e time being $ am not prescribing ,ou an, medicineTtreatment- TaAing t)ose pills >ill do more
)arm t)an good- ODentru moment nu v prescriu nici un medicament1tratament. 7edicamentele acelea
v fac mai mult ru dect bineP
( c)ange of air >ill do muc) good- OF schimbare de aer v va face mult bineP
Beep indoors for a fe> da,s- OSta'i n cas pentru cteva zileP
TaAe t)is medicine t)ree times a da, after meals-
%rinA t)is on an empt, stomac)-
Smear t)e bruiseT>ound >it) t)is antiseptic ointment- O5nge'i vntaia1rana cu acest unguent
antisepticP
")ecA up ,our blood pressure and )ave t)e )aemogram made- O2ontrola'iAv tensiunea arterial !i
face'iAv hemogramaP
T)a pains mig)t be due to aOnPX as >ell as to aOnPX Odurerile sAar putea datora unui1unei/ ca !i
unui1unei/P
$ cannot deal >it) ,our case, $@ll recommend ,ou to a specialist inX O8u m pot ocupa de cazul dvs. H
voi recomanda unui specialist n/P
Gou@ll be completel, restored provided ,ou sticA to t)e treatment $@ve prescirbed for ,ou- OH ve'i
vindeca numai dac ve'i urma cu stricte'e tratamentul ce vi lAam prescrisP
"ome and see me in a >eeA@s time if ,ou don@t feel an, better-
$@m sorr,, doctor, but t)e medicine )asn@t done me an, good-
1E<
$ feel muc) relieved- "an ,ou give me a certificate to sa, t)at $@m fit to >orA T $ can get t)e situation $
am appl,ing forX O7 simt mult mai u!urat. Dute'i sAmi da'i un certificat care s ateste c sunt apt
pentru munc 1 pot ocupa serviciul pe care l solicit/P
?)at@s t)e matter >it) ,ouS Gou looA rat)er seed,- O2e sAa ntmplat: r'i cam indispusP
See, m, c)eeA is s>ollen- O5ite+ mi sAa umflat mseauaP
Sit do>n on t)is c)air and lean ,our )ead bacA- O;ua'i loc pe scaun !i lsa'i capul pe spateP
Sit still, please- ?)at toot) is it t)at )urts ,ouS OSta'i lini!tit+ v rog. 2are dinte v doare:P
Gou )ave also a )ollo> molar in t)e upper #a>- O7ai ave'i o msea cariat n ma(ilarul superiorP
T)e fillingTstopping )as come out- O czut plombaP
$ s)all clean out t)e cavit, and fillTstop it- OHoi cur'a !i plomba cavitateaP
Iinse ,our mout) >it) t)is antiseptic mout) >as)- O2lti'iAv gura cu antisepticP
S)ould ,ou )ave an, troubles, put a little cotton dipped in et)er into t)e )ollo> of t)e toot)- O$ac ve'i
avea vreo suprare+ pune'i pu'in vat nmuiat n eter n cavitatea dinteluiP
$f t)e toot) Aeeps ac)ing come again- $@ll )ave to Aill t)e nerve- O$ac dintele continu s v doar+
reveni'i. Ha trebui s omor nervulP
(void sitting in a draug)t or ,ou@ll be )aving an earac)e on t)e top of t)at- O#vita'i s sta'i n curent ca
s nu cpta'i pe deasupra !i o durere de urechiP
WWVI. ?6S$/9 /A# $797?86A7 S7@VI%7S
Basic Vocabulary
9etter scrisoare
6rdinary letter scrisoare simpl
@egistered letter scrisoare recomandat
7nelo!e plic
?ostcard carte potal
?icture card ilustrat
Stam! timbru
$elegram T 'ire telegram
Inland telegram telegram intern
Greetings telegram telegram de felicitare
>oney5order T !ostal order mandat potal
?arcel pac)et, colet
Scales balan, c5ntar
?rinted matter imprimate
@adio licence abonament radio
$eleision licence abonament T!
6ld5age !ension pensie de btr5nee
/llo'ance pensie OalimentarP, a#utor Ode boal etc-P
?ostmar+ tampila potei
=orm formular
@ecei!t c)itan, recipis
%-e0ue cec
?ost5office oficu potal
8ead !ost5office pota central
Branc- !ost5office oficiu potal secundar, filial
#ead5letter office servicul scrisorilor fr adres
$elegra!- office oficiu telegrafic
Inland !ostal serice servicii potale 'n interiorul rii
Saings account cont de depuneri
9etter5bo2 cutie de scrisori
?illar bo2 cutie de scrisori O'n (ngliaP
>ail pot, scrisori
>ail collection ridicarea scrisorilor
>ail deliery distribuirea scrisorilor
1EE
>ail an furgonet potal
?ostman . pota
?ost5office cler+ funcionar la pot
?ostmaster diriginte de pot
6!erator telefonistOP
Sender expeditor
/ddressee destinatar
/ddressee un+no'n adresantul necunoscut
@eturn address adresa expeditorului
?.6. Bo2 T ?.6.B. csu potal
;nder!aid francat insuficient
S!ecial issue marc emisiune special
@e!ly !re5!aid rspuns pltit
9o'er rateT reduced c-arge tax redus
#eclared alue valoare declarat
72!ress deliery expediie express
?ayee primitorul unui mandat potal
Subscriber abonat
$ele!-one telefon
?riate line tele!-one telefon necuplat
?arty5line tele!-one telefon cuplat
@esidential T -ome tele!-one telefon la domiciliu T acas
Business tele!-one telefon la serviciu
$ele!-one e2c-ange central telefonic
$ele!-one bo2 T call5bo2 T boot- cabin telefonic
72tension interior
$ele!-one directory carte telefonic
%all convorbire telefonic
9ocal call convorbire local
$run+ call T long5distance call convorbire interurban
$ransferred c-arge call convorbire cu tax invers
/larm call apel la ora indicat de abonat
7mergency call convorbire 'n caz de urgen
=i2ed5time call convorbire cu 'nelegere
=igure cifr
%ode number prefixul telefonic al unei localiti
#ial disc de telefon
@eceier receptor
?ay tone ton dup introducerea monedei
?i! semnal intermitent
?urring semnal continuu
7n0uiries $nformaii
>aintenance #e!artment %erana#amente
%all5serices servicii telefonice
=ee tax Opentru un serviciuP
%-arge pre, cost, tax
72tra c-arge T additional c-arge tax suplimentar
%-ange rest
9oss pierdere
#amage stricciune
%om!ensation compensaie
@ecord eviden, dovad
?articulars detalii
$o send by surface mail a trimite simpl
a letter by air mail o scrisoare par avion
by registered !ost recomandat
by recorded deliery cu confirmare de primire
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$o !ost a trimite, a expedia Oprin potP
$o carry a duce
$o reac- T to arrie at a a#unge la
$o return a trimite 'napoi
$o 'rite T to send -ome a scrie T a trimite acas
$o delier a distribui
$o collect a str5nge, a ridica
$o sort a sorta
$o stam! a timbra
$o stic+ a stam! a lipi un timbru
$o cost a costa
$o seal a sigila
$o 'ire T to cable a telegrafia; a telegrafia peste ocean
$o ta+e a letter to t-e !ost5office a duce o scrisoare la pot
$o 'eig- a c5ntri
$o claim !ayment a pretinde T cere despgubiri
$o sae a economisi
$o de!osit a depune Obani etc-P
$o 'it-dra' a scoate, a retrage Obani etc-P
$o (tele)!-oneT ring u!T call (u!)T to ma+e a (tele!-one) call a suna T a c)ema la telefon, a telefona
$o loo+ u! t-e number a cuta numrul
$o dro! T !ress T !ut t-e coin in(to) t-e slot a introduce moneda
$o dial a forma numrul
$o connect T to !ut t-roug- . a face T a da legtura
$o lift T to !ic+ u! t-e receier a ridica receptorul
$o -ang u! t-e receier a pune receptorul 'n furc
$o gie T to coney a message a transmite un mesa#
$o call T ring bac+ a suna mai t5rziu
$o get t-e 'rong number a grei numrul
$-e !erson re0uired persoana cutat
$-e directory concerned cartea de telefon respectiv
$-e line is busy T engaged firul este ocupat
$-e line is free T clear firul este liber
8old t-e line) !leaseN rm5nei la aprat, v rog
$-ereHs somet-ing 'rong 'it- our !-one T our !-one is out of order telefonul nostru este deran#at
:rong number ai greit numrul
:-o is t-at s!ea+ing_ cine e la telefonS
>ary s!ea+ing la telefon ar,
Sou are 'anted on t-e !-one v caut cineva la telefon
=orgie my troubling you iart.m c te deran#ez
>ay I ma+e use of t-is tele!-one_ pot s folosesc telefonulS
I donHt +no' -o' to manage t-is automatic tele!-one- nu tiu cum s m5nuiesc acest telefon automat
/ll you -ae to do is to !ic+ u! t-e receier) dro! t-e coin into t-e slot) lift it to your ear) 'ait for t-e
toneTsignal) dial your numberG . tot ceea ce trebuie fcut este s ridici receptorul, s introduci fisa 'n
aparat, s.l duci la urec)e, s atepi tonul, s formezi numrulX
?ut t-e receier do'n pune receptorul #os
?ress t-is button to get your money bac+ apas pe acest buton pentru a primi banii 'napoi
$-e coin 'ill be returned fisa va fi 'napoiat
$ryT dial again 'ncearcT formeaz numrul din nou
I -ear a !rolonged buzzling aud un b5z5it prelungit
$-atHs all rig-t. 8old t-e line) your number 'ill ans'er in a moment (if t-ere is anybody in t-ere)
foarte bine- Iam5i la telefon, persoana va raspunde imediat Odac acolo este cinevaP
$-e !-one is out of orderTdead telefonul este deran#atTWmortW
:-at if t-ere is a non5automatic !-one_ cum procedez dac nu este un telefon automatS
$-e !rocedure is almost t-e same but instead of t-e buzzzing youHll -ear t-e o!erator calling:
\Aumber !leaseH) instead of dialling t-e numerals you -ae to as+ for your number procedeul este
aproape acelai dar 'n locul b5z5itului vei auzi operatoarea spun5ndK [=umrul v rog@, 'n loc de a forma tu
numerele trebuie s ceri s i se dea numrul-
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$-e moment you -ear t-e o!eratorHs oice (ust gie t-e number you 'ant to call 'n momentul 'n care
auzi vocea telefonistei indici numrul
?lease connect me 'it- numberG . dati.mi, v rog, numrulX
%an you !ut me t-roug- to >r ?Hs office_ 72tension one5seen !lease 'mi putei da legtura cu biroul
%.lui PS $nterior 17, v rog-
:ill you boo+ t-e call_ doreti s dai un aviz telefonicS
:-at is t-e rate for a t-ree5minute call to ?aris_ care este taxa pentru o convorbire de trei minute cu
ParisulS
I s-ould li+e to !ut t-roug- a trun+5call toG . a dori s efectuez o convorbire interurban cuX
IHm !utting your call t-roug- rig-t no' v fac legtura c)iar acum
Berlin is on t-e line. Go a-eadN avei legtura cu 0erlinul- !orbiiR
:-en can I get you oer t-e !-one_ c5nd te pot gsi la telefonS
:ill you ta+e do'n my number_ vrei s.i notezi numrul meuS
By t-e 'ay) '-en you ring t-roug- to my office) as+ t-e o!erator e2tension four5si2 apropo, dac 'mi
telefonezi la birou, cere.i telefonistei interior <9
8ello) is t-at >r. Vo-nson_ Ses) '-o is s!ea+ing_ A.A. s!ea+ing (lo, %.ul F-S %a, cine e la telefonS
=-=- la aparat
I canHt -ear youG I canHt understand youG I canHt understand a 'ordG nu v aud bineX- =u v
'nelegX nu 'neleg nici un cuv5nt
Someone is interferingG someone else cut inG e cineva pe firX a intrat altcineva pe fir
:ould you li+e leae a message_ dorii s lsai un mesa#S
$87 ?6S$56==I%7
T)e Post.*ffice )as man, duties and )as )undreads of t)ousands of officialsK postmasters >)o are
in c)arge of post.offices, postAoffice cler&s and man, postmen- $t is t)e postman >)o brings man, items of
ne>s to ever,bod,, going round from )ouse to )ouse, and droppping t)e letters into our letterAbo(es-
T)e Post.*ffice not onl, delivers and sends letters and ot)er mail, but also controls the telegraphs
and telephones, issues television and radio licences and registers t)em, and pays out pensions and
allo)ances-
%o ,ou >ant to send a telegramS Fust asA for a telegram form at t)e counter and fill it in- ( telegram
reac)es t)e addressee in t>o or t)ree )ours- IememberK t)e charge depends on t)e number of >ords; so tr,
to conve, ,our message in as fe> >ords as possible- Gou can also dictate a telegram over t)e telep)one-
$f ,ou >ant to post an ordinary letter, a postcard or a small parcel, ,ou needn@t go to t)e post.office,
,ou can drop it into t)e nearest letterAbo(-
$n 0ritain t)ese boxes are eit)er fixed in t)e >all, or t)e, are iron c,linders painted red, called
pillarAbo(es, standing b, t)e Aerbstone- T)e time of t)e next collection is indicated on a little plate, >)ic) is
c)anged b, t)e postman ever, time )e comes to collect letters- $n cities pillar.boxes are emptied several
times a da, , but in villages t)ere ma, be onl, one or t>o collections-
T)e letter >)ose receivers are unAno>n are eit)er returned to the sender or carried to the deadA
letter office-
$f ,ou >ant ,our letter to arrive more ZuicAl, t)an b, ordinary post, ,ou can send it by ir 7ail-
?)en ,ou send a parcel, ,ou )and it to t)e assistant, >)o )eights it on the scales- Gou pa,
according to t)e >eig)t of t)e parcel and t)e clerA gives ,ou a receipt- T)en, if t)e parcel is lost or stolen,
,ou can claim pa,ment from t)e post.office-
%o ,ou >ant to )ave a conversation >it) a friend of ,ours >)o lives in anot)er to>nS T)en ,ou
maAe a longAdistance call- Gou eit)er asA t)e operator to connect ,ou, or, if ,our friend lives in a bigger
to>n ,ou ma, dial t)e call ,ourself- Gou dial first t)e code number for t)e to>n t)at ,ou are calling and t)en
the number of the subscriber-
$f ,ou ma&e a local call, ,ou go into t)e telephoneAbo( and lift the receiver- ?)en ,ou )ear t)e
dialling tone indicating t)at not)ing is >rong on t)e line, dial the number ,ou >ant- ?)en ,ou )ear rapid
pips, ,ou press in t)e coin, and t)en ,ou can speaA-
72tra
9etters- $n 0ritain letters are broug)t from pillarAbo(es to a -ead or 0ranch DostAFffice >)ere t)e, are
sorted- T)en t)e, are carried to their destination and delivered- $n to>ns t)ere are several collections and
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deliveries a da,- T)e letters >)ose receivers are unAno>n are eit)er returned to the senders or carried to t)e
deadAletter office- T)ere are also registered letters and printed matter-
/etters arrive more ZuicAl, b, registered post and compensation is offered in case of loss or damage-
%ocuments and papers of little or no monetar, value ma, be sent b, recorded delivery- Iecorded
deliver, is particularl, suitable >)en a record of posting and deliver, is needed rat)er t)en compensation for
loss-
$ele!-one. ?)en ,ou are not a telephone subscriber, ,ou must go to a callAbo(- $f ,ou cannot use t)e
dial telephone, t)e e(change puts you through to your correspondent, but ,ou must not forget to sa, ,our
number figure b, figure and remember t)at t)e figure o Onoug)tP is read as t)e letter [o@-

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