ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

CURSUL I.

INTEGRALA NEDEFINIT.

1. Primitive. Proprieti.
Pe parcursul cursului, I este un interval;
Definiia 1. Fie f: I R. Se spune c f admite primitive pe I dac

a) F este derivabil pe I;
b) F(x) =f(x), x I.

F : I R astfel nct

F se numete primitiva lui f. ( I poate fi i o reuniune finit disjunct de intervale).

Teorema 1.1
c

Fie f : I R. Dac

R astfel nct

F ( x) F
F ,F
1

Demonstraie : Dac

xI

F F ) ( x) F

'

'

F ,F
1

: I R sunt dou primitive ale funciei f, atunci exist o constant

( x) c, x I.

sunt primitive atunci

'
,
sunt derivabile F ( x )
F1 F 2
1
F ' 2 ( x) f ( x)

( x) F ' ( x) 0 , x I.
2

F ( x) F ( x) c
1

, c= constant

a unei funcii atunci orice primitiv F a lui f are forma F = F0 + c , c= constant

0
f admite o infinitate de primitive.
OBS 2. Teorema nu mai rmne adevrat dac I este o reuniune disjunct de intervale Expl: f: R- 0 , f(x) = x
OBS 1. Fiind dat o primitiv

F=

x3
, G=
3

x3
1
3
3
x 2
3

F, G sunt primitive ale lui f dar F-G nu e constant . Contradicie cu T 1.1

OBS 3. Orice funcie care admite primitive are Proprietatea lui Darboux.
Se tie c derivata oricrei funcii are P. lui Darboux , rezult c f are P lui Darboux. F =f.

F
P.D

OBS 4. Dac I este interval i f(I) def f ( x ) / x I nu este interval atunci f nu admite primitive.
Dac presupunem c f admite primitive atunci din OBS 3 rezult c f are P lui Darboux, rezult f(I) este interval ceea ce
este o contradicie.
OBS 5. Orice funcie continu definit pe un interval admite primitive.

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

Definiia 2. Fie f: I R o funcie care admite primitive. Mulimea tuturor primitivelor lui f se numete integrala
nedefinit a funciei f i se noteaz prin simbolul f ( x ) dx. Operaia de calculare a primitivelor unei

funcii(care admite primitive ) se numete integrare.

a fost propus pentru prima dat de Leibniz, n 1675.

Simbolul

Fie F(I)= f : I R Pe aceast mulime se introduc operaiile :

(f+g)(x) =f(x)+ g(x) ,
(f)(x)=.f(x) x R , constant
C== f : I R / f R
f ( x) dx = F F ( I ) / F primitiv a

lui

Teorema 1.2 Dac f,g:I R sunt funcii care admit primitive i R, 0, atunci funciile f+g, f
admit de asemenea primitive i au loc relaiile:(f+g) =f +g, f=f, 0, f =f +C

2. PRIMITIVELE FUNCIILOR CONTINUE SIMPLE

1.

cdx c x C ,

2.

x n dx

4.

x
a dx

5.

8.

cos

11.

12.

13.

x a

14.

x a

dx

Ex

ax
C
ln a

Ex

x
2 dx

dx tgx C

1
1
x
dx arctg C
a
a
a2

Ex

1
1
xa
dx
ln
C
2
a
2a
xa
1
2

1
2

1
3

x 11
C
11

10
x dx

Ex.

dx e x C

6dx 6 x C

Ex

x n 1
C
n 1

3.

cR

x dx x dx

1
1
3

4
3

x
x
3
C
C 3 x4 C
1
4
4
1
3
3

2x
C
ln 2

6.

x dx ln x C

7.

9.

sin xdx cos x C

10.

x
Ex

dx ln x x 2 a 2 C

Ex

dx ctgx C

cos xdx sin x C

1
1
x
dx arctg C
2
5
5
5

dx ln( x a 2 x 2 ) C Ex

sin

1
1
x5
dx
ln
C
25
10
x5

1
x 42
2

dx ln( x 4 2 x 2 ) C

1
x 49
2

dx ln x

x 2 49 C

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

15.

16.

1
a x
2

19.

x a

20.

a x

x a
2

x
2

x
2

x2 a2 C

dx

x2 a2 C

dx a 2 x 2 C

16 x

17.

Ex

Ex

x
x 25

dx

x
x 36
2

x
C
4

ctgxdx ln sin x C

Ex

dx arcsin

x 2 52 C

dx

x
25 x

x 2 36 C

dx 25 x 2 C

x
a2
2
2
x

ln x x 2 a 2 C

2
2
x
7
x 2 7 dx
x 2 7 ln x x 2 7 C
2
2

Ex

x
a2
x2 a2
ln x x 2 a 2 C
2
2
9
x 2 9 ln x x 2 9 C
2

x 2 a 2 dx

x 2 9dx

23.

dx

Ex

x 2 a 2 dx

22.

x
C
a

tgxdx ln cos x C

18.

21.

dx arcsin

x
2

a 2 x 2 dx

x
a2
x
a2 x2
arcsin C
2
2
a

Ex

Ex

a 2 x 2 dx

x
a2
x
a2 x2
arcsin C
2
2
a

I. S se calculeze primitivele urmtoarelor funcii.

1. (3x 5 2 x 3 3x 2) dx
3.
5.

( x 1)( x

7. x

x 3 x 45 x dx
( x 1) 3 dx

x
9. ( e

1
)dx
ex

5 4x
11.

13.

x 1)dx

2. x(x-1)(x-2)dx
1
3
4. ( x 3 )dx
x x
5
3
2
dx
6. 5 3
x
x
x
5 3

8. 2 x 2 dx
x x

10. (x 5 5 x ) dx

dx

x 2 4dx

12.

x 2 3 dx

14.

x3

x 2 9dx

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

15.

x2 3

17*.

19*.

sin

21*.

x2 2
2

16*.

4 x 2 dx

dx

18*.

1
dx
x. cos 2 x

20*.

x2 1

x2 2
x2 3

dx

dx

sin x. cos x dx

1 x
dx
1 x

3. PRIMITIVELE FUNCIILOR CONTINUE COMPUSE

1.

' ( x) dx ( x) C ,

2.

( x) ' ( x)dx

3.

n
( x) ' ( x)dx

4.

( x)

( x) R

( x) 2
C
2

Ex

( x) n 1
C
n 1
Ex

6.

( x) dx ln ( x) C

Ex

' ( x)
1
1
dx
n 1
C
n
n 1 ( x)
( x)

8.

9.

2 x4

' ( x)
1
( x)
dx arctg
C
2
a
a
( x) a

3x
4 3dx

43x
C
ln 4

12

12 x 7dx ln 12 x 7 C
6

16 x

Ex

Ex

2dx e 2 x 4 C

' ( x)
1
( x) a
dx
ln
C
2
2a ( x ) a
( x) a

( 2 x 4)

Ex

5 x 2
7
5 x 2 5dx

Ex

' ( x)

7.

a ( x)
C
ln a

( x)
a ' ( x)dx

4 x 3
4 x 3 4dx

Ex

' ( x ) dx e ( x ) C

5.

5 x 1 ' dx 5 x 1 C

Ex

25 x

dx

4
2

1
1

C
5 2 x 4 5

dx

1
4x 3
ln
C
6 4x 3

1
5x
dx arctg
C
2
2
4

4 sin(4 x 5)dx cos(4 x 5) C

10.

' ( x) sin ( x)dx cos ( x) C

11.

' ( x) cos ( x )dx sin ( x) C

12.

' ( x) tg ( x)dx ln cos ( x)

Ex

5 tg (5 x 7)dx ln cos(5 x 7) C

13.

' ( x) ctg ( x)dx ln sin ( x)

Ex

8 ctg (8 x 6)dx ln sin(8 x 6) C

Ex
Ex

6 x cos(3x

7)dx sin(3 x 2 7) C

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

' ( x)
dx tg ( x ) C
2
( x)

14.

cos

15.

sin

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

( x) 2 a 2 dx

( x)
a2
( x) 2 a 2
ln ( x ) ( x ) 2 a 2 C
2
2

23.

( x) 2 a 2 dx

( x)
a2
( x) 2 a 2
ln ( x ) ( x ) 2 a 2 C
2
2

24.

a 2 ( x ) 2 dx

( x)
a2
( x)
a 2 ( x) 2
arcsin
C
2
2
a

' ( x)
dx ctg ( x ) C
2
( x)

( x) ' ( x)
( x) a
2

( x) a
2

a ( x)
2

' ( x)
( x) a
2

' ( x)
( x) a
2

a ( x)

3x 3

Ex

dx tg 6 x C

5
dx ctg (5 x 9) C
(5 x 9)

9x 4
2

Ex

dx ln( ( x ) ( x ) 2 a 2 ) C

dx ln ( x) ( x) 2 a 2

dx arcsin

( x)
C
a

Ex

16 x 25
2x 2

9 4x

5 4x
2

dx 9 4 x 2 C

25 x 7
2

Ex

dx 16 x 2 25 C

9x 2 4 C

Ex

dx

4x 4

Ex

dx a 2 2 ( x ) C

' ( x)
2

6x

sin

dx 2 ( x) a 2 C

( x ) ' ( x)
2

Ex

dx 2 ( x) a 2 C

( x) ' ( x)

cos

Ex

3
9x 4
2

dx ln(5 x 25 x 2 7 2 ) C

dx ln 3 x 9 x 2 4 2

dx arcsin

2x
C
5

II.S se calculeze primitivele urmtoarelor funcii compuse.

1.

5 2

5.

5 x 3 dx

5x

2. 3

dx

9.

1
dx
cos 2 3 x

13.

6.

1
16 x 4
2

dx

4x

dx

4x 9
2

dx

10.

sin

14.

5x

dx

1
9 16 x 2

3.

4 sin 4 xdx

4.

3 cos 3xdx

7.

4x

8.

25 9 x

11.

1
dx
16

tg 4 xdx

12.

dx

2ctg 2 xdx

dx

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

III. S se arate c urmtoarele funcii nu admit primitive.

1. f: R R, f(x) =

1, x0

1, x 0

3. f: R R, f(x) =

1, x0

0, x 0
1, x0

5. . f: R R f(x) =

1, x (,0]

x 1, x (0,)

2. f: R R , f(x) = [x] ( partea ntreag din x)

4. f: R R , f(x) = [X] +X

6. f: R R , f(x) =

sin x, x 0

2, x 0

IV. S se determine a,b numere reale astfel nct F s fie primitiva unei funcii f.

ln ax b, x1

1*. F(x) =
x 1
x 2 1 , x 1
3*. F(x) =

2a e3x b, x 0

2x 2 4x 1, x0

2*. F(x) =

1 ln 2 x, x [1, e)

(2a 3) x b 2 , x [e, e 2 ]

ax b
x2 1 , x 0
4*. F(x) =
x 2 6 x 9 , x 0

a e 2 x 2bx 1, x 0
5*. F(x) =

3x a
2 , x 0
x 2

6*. F(x) =

x 2 ax b, x0

sin x 3 cos x, x 0
6

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

V. S se verifice dac urmtoarele funcii admit primitive i n caz afirmativ s se determine o primitiv.

1. f: R R, f(x) =

x 2 3, x0

1
x 2 4 , x 0
2. f: R R, f (x) =
1 x , x 0
4

e 2, x 0
x

x3 2 x
,x 0

3
4*. f:[-2,)R, f(x) =
1 , x [2,0)
9 x 2

x x , x [0,1)

3*.f:[0,)R, f(x) = 1
1

,x 1

3
x x
3

DERIVATE
Nr

FUNCTIA

DERIVATA

MULTIMEA PE CARE FUNCTIA

ESTE DERIVABIL

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C
x
xn
xa

0
1
nxn-1
axa-1

R
R
R

1
x

1
x2
n
- n 1
x

6.

1
xn

7.
8.

2 x
1
n

n x
sin x
cos x
tg x

12.

ctg x

13.

arcsin x

R*

u
un
ua

n 1

R*+,n par
R*,n impar

cosx
-sinx

R
R

1
cos 2 x
1
sin 2 x

R\{k | k
(-1,1)

1
1 x

R\{(2k+1)

| k Z}

Z}

DERIVATA

u
n.un-1.u
aua-1.u

1
u

1
un

-n/un+1u

R*+

9.
10.
11.

[0, ]
R*

FUNCTIA COMPUS

1
.u
u2

2 u
1

n n u n 1
sin u
cos u
tg u
ctg u
arcsin u

ucos u
-usin u

1
u'
cos 2 u
1
u'
sin 2 u
1
1 u2

u'

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

14.

arccos x

15.

arctg x

16.

arcctg x

17.

ax

18.

ex

19.

lnx

20.

log a x

21.

uv

(-1,1)

1
1 x

arccos u

1
1 u2

u'

arctg u

arcctg u

au

eu

eu.u

1
x
1
x ln a

R*+

lnu

R*+

logau

1
.u '
u
1
u'
u ln a

1
1 x2
1
1 x2
a

lna

(uv) =

1
u'
1 u2
1
u'
1 u2
au.lna.u

v. uv-1.u + uv.v.lnu

LIMITE DE FUNCTII
P(X)=a0xn + a1xn-1 + ..+an ,a0 0
Q(X)=b0xm + b1xm-1 + ..+bn ,b0 0
0

P( X )
Q ( X )

lim

lim

lim

n<m
n=m

a0
b0
a0

b0

a0

b0

( ) n-m

P ( x) a0 ( ) n
0,
1,

dac
dac

q 1,1
q=1

qx =

nu exist,

dac
dac

q>1
q 1

n>m,

n>m,

a0
0
b0
a0
0
b0

a0

b0

n>m,

n-m par

a0

b0

n>m,

n-m impar

( )

lim tgx

x>

lim tgx

X<

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

sin u x
tgu x
sin x
tgx
1
1
1
1
lim
lim
x 0 x
u x 0 u x
u x 0 u x
x

lim

lim

lim

lim 1 x
0

1
x

arctgx
1
x

lim

lim

lim

ln 1 x
1
x

lim

lim

arcsin x
1
x

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

u x

lim 1 u x u x
u x 0

a x 1
ln a
x

ln1 u x
1
u x
0

lim

u x

1 u x r 1 r
lim
u x
u x 0

xk
lim x 0
x a

arcsin u x
1
u x
0

lim

arctgu x
1
u x
0

lim

u x

lim

u x

u x

u x

au 1
lim u x ln a
u x 0
u x
0
lim
u x
u x a
k

1 x r 1 r
x

lim

lim a

a>1

ln u x

ln x
0
xk
x

lim u x

u x

a (0,1)

lim log

lim log

a (0,1)

lim a

lim a

CURSUL II.

lim log

x 0

lim a

lim log

x 0

METODE DE CALCUL AL INTEGRALELOR.

1. Formula de integrare prin pri.

Teorema 1.1 Dac f,g:RR sunt funcii derivabile cu derivatele continue, atunci funciile fg,
fg, fg admit primitive i are loc relaia: f(x)g(x)dx =f(x)g(x)- f(x)g(x)dx
Demonstraie: f,g derivabile f,g continue fg,fg,fg continue i deci admit primitive.
Cum (fg)=fg+gf rezult prin integrare ceea ce trebuia de demonstrat.
S se calculeze integralele:
1.

ln xdx

5.

9*.

2.

ln xdx

6.

ln 3 x
dx
x2

10.

1
2

ln xdx

ln(ln x)
dx
x
ln 2 x
dx
x2

3.

x
7.

ln xdx

ln

xdx

11. cos(ln x)dx

4.

x
8.

ln xdx
2

ln(1 x )dx

12. sin(ln x) dx

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

13.

(x

16*.

2 x 3) ln xdx

14.

x 1

x ln x 1dx
x 2 x e dx

x ln( x 1)dx

17.

e x dx

21.

x 2 e x dx

24*.

3
2
2x
22*. ( x 5 x 2) e dx

23.

e
e
31. x
34*. x

26. e cos xdx

29. x sin xdx

25.
28.

3x

sin xdx

cos 2 xdx

sin xdx

cos 2 xdx

x
cos 2 x dx
arcsin x
dx
40.
x2
43*. x x 2 9dx

37.

46.

x cos xdx
x sin xdx
x
sin 2 x dx
x

44*. x
47*.

x ln xdx

x e x dx
2

e 2 x dx

3 2x 2 ex
dx
2x

41*. e

x 2 1) dx

33*. x sin 2 xdx

2
36. x cos xdx

38.

ln(1

x
27. e sin 2 xdx
30. x cos xdx

32.
35.

x 1
2

1 e x dx

18.

20.

19.

15.

39.

x arcsin x
1 x2

dx

2
42*. cos (ln x)dx

sin 2 xdx

45*. x

x 2 16dx

4 x 2 dx

x 2 2x 5
dx
ex

Rezolvri:
1.

ln xdx x' ln xdx x ln x x x dx x ln x dx x ln x x C

x2
2. x ln xdx
2
4.

'

ln xdx

x2
x2 1
x2
1
x2
1
ln x
dx
ln x xdx
ln x x 2 C
2
2 x
2
2
2
4

x ln xdx ln x ' ln xdx ln x

ln x

1
1
1
1
2
2
dx 2 ln x dx ln x ln xdx ln x C
x
x
x
2

Observaie: La integralele care conin funcia logaritmic nu se umbl la ea ci se scriu celelalte funcii ca f
20.

e x dx

x e dx x
2

x '

e x 2 x e x dx x 2 e x 2 x e x dx x 2 e x 2[ x e x e x dx]
'

x 2 e x 2 x e x 2e x C e x x 2 2 x 2 C

25. e x sin xdx e x

Notnd cu I integrala

'

sin xdx e x sin x e x cos xdx e x sin x [e x cos x e x ( sin x)dx ]

sin xdx

1
2

rezult: I e x sin x e x cos x I I e x (sin x cos x) C

10

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

Observaie: La integralele unde apare funcia exponenial , se va scrie aceasta ca f

29.

x sin xdx x cos x

32.

37.

cos xdx

cos

dx x cos x cos xdx x cos x sin x C

'

x sin x dx x
'

sin x 2 x sin xdx x 2 sin x 2( x cos x sin x) C , vezi 29

dx tgx xdx x tgx tgxdx x tgx ( ln cos x ) x tgx ln cos x C

'

Observaie: La integralele care conin funcii polinomiale i funcii trigonometrice nu se va umbla la funciile polinomiale
ci doar la funciile trigonometrice care se vor scrie ca f

2
2
41*. Se tie c: cos 2 x 1 2 sin x sin x
x
2
e sin xdx

1 cos 2 x

1
1
ex 1
1 cos 2 x
x
x
I
dx e dx e cos 2 xdx
2
2
2
2
2

x
e

'

1 x
1
1
sin 2 x
x sin 2 x
dx e x sin 2 x e x sin 2 xdx
dx e sin 2 x e
2
2
2
2
2

x
x
e cos 2 xdx e

'

1 x
1
1 x
e x cos 2 x 1
cos 2 x
e sin 2 x e x
e x cos 2 xdx
dx e sin 2 x
2
2
2
2
4
4

1 x
e x cos 2 x 1
4 1
e x cos 2 x
e sin 2 x
I I ( e x sin 2 x
)C
2
4
4
3 2
4

11

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

CURSUL III. METODE DE CALCUL AL INTEGRALELOR

2. FORMULA SCHIMBRII DE VARIABIL (SAU METODA SUBSTITUIEI).
Teorem: Fie I,J intervale din R i : I J , f : J R, functii cu proprietat ile :

1) este derivabil pe I;
2) f admite primitive. (Fie F o primitiv a sa.)
Atunci funcia (f o ) admite primitive, iar funcia F o este o primitiv a lui (f o ) adic:
'
f t t dt Fo C
S se calculeze integralele:

ax b dx
4. x 5 x 3 dx
n

1.

7.

x
x 7 dx
2

x
10. e dx

13.

2 x 1 dx
5. x x 1 dx

e3x
e 2 x 1dx

16. x 1 x 2 dx
19. 3 2 x 5dx

2.

ex
e x 1dx

8.
11.

dx

x 1dx

17. x 3
20. x 2

1 x 4 dx

14.

6 x 7 dx

x 2 x 1 dx
6. x x 1 dx
9

3.

k 1

ex
e 2 x 1dx
e2x
12. x
dx
e 1

9.

2 x 5dx

x 3 2dx

15.
18.
21.

25

x 2 x 2dx

12

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

22.

25.

28.

ln x
dx
x
x2 x
dx
3
x
1

ln

dx
x
1 x 2 dx
26.
x x

x 3x 4
1
dx
4
x 1 ln x
2

dx

29.

32.

x ln x dx

35.

x(2005 ln x)

23.

2006

dx

38.

dx
x 1
1
dx
2
x ln x 8
4

1 ln x
dx
x
1
dx
x x2 1

24.

27.

x ln xdx

4x 2 2x 3
x
dx
30.
x2 1
1
dx
33.
x 3 ln 2 x

36 . x 3

dx

31.
34.
37.

x 2 2dx

Rezolvri:
1.

n
n dt
ax b dx t

1 t n 1
( ax b) n 1
C
C
a n 1
a ( n 1)

unde ax+b=t adx=dt dx=

dt
a

10

2.
3.
4.
7.
8.
15.

dt t 10
(2 x 1)
unde 2x-1=t 2dx=dt

2
x

1
dx

2 20 C 20 C
t 1 9
1
t 11 t 10
(2 x 1)11 (2 x 1)10
9
10
9

x
2
x

1
dx

t
dt

(
t

t
)
dt

2
2
22 20
22
20
7
1 t8
(5 x 2 3) 8
2
7 dt
x

5
x

dx

C , unde5 x 2 3 t 10 xdx dt

10 10 8
80
2
1 7t
1 7x
x2
t dt
2
x 7 dx 7 2 2 ln 7 C 2 ln 7 C , unde x t , 2 xdx dt
ex
ex
1
x
x
x
dx
Notm:
e

e
dx

dt

ex 1
e x 1dx t dt ln t C ln(e 1) C
9

2 x 5dx

t3
2 x 5dx t tdt
C
3

Notm:

2 x 5 t sau 2 x 5 t 2 2dx 2tdt dx tdt

3

2x 5
C
3

13

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

20. x 2 6 x 7 dx x 3 2

deoarece:

2
b

ax bx c a x
2a 2a

x 2 6x 7 C

daca 0 sau
2

daca 0

2
ln x
ln t
ln t
1
dx 2 2tdt 2
dt 2 zdz deoarece x t dx 2tdt , ln t z dt dz
x
t
t
t
2
ln x
z2
2
x dx 2 2 ln t ln x C

28

x3
16
x 2 6x 7
ln x 3
2
2

2
b

2
ax bx c a x
2 a 2a
2

23.

1
x 2 3x 4

dx

1
5

2

3
x
2

2x 3
2x 3
2x 3
dx arcsin 2 C arcsin
C , puteam nota
cu t
5
5
2
2

INTEGRAREA FUNCIILOR TRIGONOMETRICE

Calculul integralelor trigonometrice se poate face fie folosind formula integrrii prin pri, fie
metoda substituiei. n acest caz se pot face substituiile:
1. Dac funcia este impar n sin x, R(-sin x,cos x)=-R(sin x,cos x) atunci cos x=t.
2. Dac funcia este impar n cos x, R(sin x,-cos x)=-R(sin x,cos x) atunci sin x=t.
3. Dac funcia este par n raport cu ambele variabile R(-sin x,-cos x) atunci tg x=t.
4. Dac o funcie nu se ncadreaz n cazurile 1,2,3,atunci se utilizeaz substituiile universale:
sin x

2t
1 t2
x
,
cos
x

unde t tg
2
2
2
1 t
1 t

5. Se mai pot folosi i alte formule trigonometrice:

2
sin 2x=2sin x .cos x, sin x

1 cos 2 x
2

cos 2 x

1 cos 2 x
2

S se calculeze:
3
1. sin x cos xdx
3
2
4. sin x cos xdx

7.

sin 3 x
cos x dx

3
10. sin xdx

2.

cos

5.

tgx tg x dx

8.

x sin 2 xdx
3

1
cos
x

3
11. cos xdx

x dx

3. sin(2 x 5) dx
cos x
dx
6.
1 sin 2 x
9.
12.

1 cos x dx

arcsin x
1 x2

dx

14

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

13.

sin x
dx
cos 2 x 4

14.

16.

1
dx
sin x

17.

sin 2 x

1 cos x

1 x 2 (2005 arcsin x) 2006

15.

dx

1
dx
cos x

19.

1 x 2 arcsin 2 x

dx

10
3
18. sin x cos xdx

dx

20.

arctgx 2006 dx
1 x2

Rezolvri:

1. Notm sin x=t cosx dx= dt sin 3 x cos xdx t 3 dt

2. Notm cos x=t -sin x dx=dt

t4
cos 4 x
C
C
4
4

t5
2
cos
x

sin
2
xdx

cos
x

2
sin
x
cos
xdx

2
cos
x
sin
xdx

2
t
dt

cos 5 x C

5
5
3

10.

sin
12.

t3
cos 3 x
C cos x
C
3
3
1
1

dx dt
Notm cu t pe arcsin x arcsin x '
2
1 x
1 x2

xdx sin x sin 2 xdx sin x(1 cos 2 x)dx (1 t 2 )dt t

arcsin x
1 x2

arcsin x
1 x2

dx

dx tdt

arcsin x C
t2
C
2
2
2

CURSUL IV. INTEGRAREA FUNCIILOR RAIONALE

f ( x)
, g ( x) 0, x I ,
g ( x)

Definiie: O funcie f:IR , I interval, se numete raional dac R(x)=

unde f,g sunt funcii polinomiale.

Dac grad f grad g, atunci se efectueaz mprirea lui f la g f=gq+r, 0 grad r<grad g i
deci R ( x)

f ( x)
r ( x)
q( x)
. Pentru
g ( x)
g ( x)

1.

ax b dx a ln ax b C

2.

(ax b)

3.

4.

5*

1
1
( x 2 a 2 ) 2 dx a 2

R ( x) se face scrierea ca sum de functii rationale simple.

dx

1
1
C
(n 1)(ax b) n 1 a

1
1
x
dx arctg C
2
a
a
a

Ex

1
1
xa
dx
ln
C
2
a
2a
xa
x2 a2 x2

a2

1
C 2
a

Ex.

2 x 7 dx 2 ln 2 x 7 C

Ex

(3x 8)

dx

1
1
C
6
6(3 x 8) 3

1
1
x
dx arctg C
2
5
5
5

Ex

1
1
x5
dx
ln
C
25
10
x5

1
1
dx 2
2
2
x a
a

1
x 2 x 2 a 2

'

dx

15

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

1
x 2 16 x 2
1
1
1
1
dx

( x 2 16) 2
x 2 16 2 C 16 x 2 16 dx 16 x 2 x 2 16
Ex.
1 1
x 1
x
1
arctg [

]
16 4
4 16 2 x 2 32 2( x 2 4 2 )

6.

'

dx

b dx, 0
a[(x )2 ( )2 ]
1 2a 2a
ax 2 bx c dx 1

b 2 2 dx, 0
a[(x ) ( ) ]
2a 2a

1
dx
Ex. 4 x 2 5 x 1

Ex.

7.

ax

8*.

ax

1

5
4 x
8

5 3
x
1 1
8
8 C 1 ln 8 x 8 C
dx
ln
2
3
5
3
4
3 8x 2

2
x

8
8 8

1
1
dx
dx arctg x 1 C
4x 5
x 2 2 1

2ax b
dx ln ax 2 bx c C
2
bx c

Ex.

4x

8x 6
dx ln 4 x 2 6 x 7 C
6x 7

Ax B
m(2ax b) n
1
dx
dx m ln ax 2 bx c n 2
dx
2
bx c
ax bx c
ax bx c

16

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

Ex.

3x 4
2 x 2 5 x 4dx

3
15
4 x 5 4
1
4
4 dx 3 ln 2 x 2 5 x 4 1
dx
2
2

4
4 2 x 5x 4
2 x 5x 4

3
1
1
ln 2 x 2 5 x 4
2
4
4

5
2 x
4

dx

57

3
1
ln 2 x 2 5 x 4
4
2

1
57
2
4

ln

4 x 5 57
4 x 5 57

S se calculeze:

3x 5 dx

1.

5.

9.

2 x 3

2005

dx

x2
dx
x2 1
1

13.

x x 2 dx

17.

1
dx
2x 5

5x 2
dx
21. 2
x 4

25.

2x
1 x 4 dx

29.

x2
dx
x6 4

2x 3

2 x 1 dx

2.

3.

x 4 dx
1
dx
2
x 4

1
x 2 9 dx

7.

10.

1
3x 5 dx

11.

x 1 x 2 dx

14.

18.

2x

6.

22.
26.

1
dx
3x 2

x2
dx
x2 2

x 1 x 2 dx

16.

3x

20.

23.

x2
dx
x6 3

24.

27.

x3
x 1 12 dx

28.

x 1

15.

4x 3
dx
3x 1

2x

19.

x 1
dx
2
x 2 x 10

8.

12.

1 3x

2 x 3 dx

4.

x3
1 x 8 dx

3x

1
dx
x3
6x 2
dx
2x 5

1
dx
x 1
3x 2
dx
5x 6

x
x4

1
4

dx

10

dx

Rezolvri.
23. Notm x 3 cu t 3 x 2 dx dt

x2
dx
x6 3

1
dt
1
1
t
t 2 3 3 3 2 3 ln t

3
3

1
6 3

ln

x3

26. Notm pe x 4 cu t 4 x 3 dx=dt

x3
1 dt 1
1
4
1 x 8 dx t 2 1 4 4 arctg t C 4 arctg x C
27. Notm pe x-1 cu t x=t+1 dx=dt

17

ANALIZA MATEMATIC CLASA A XII-A

PROF. STAN ADRIAN

CURS RAPID DE APROFUNDARE LA MATEMATIC

x 1
=

dx

12

t 1 3
t 12

dt

t 3 3t 2 3t 1
t 8
t 9
t 10
t 11
9
10
11
12
dt

(
t

3
t

3
t

t
)
dt

8
9
10 11
t 12

1
1
3
1

C
8
9
10
8( x 1)
3( x 1)
10( x 1)
11( x 1)11

28. Notm pe x-1cu t

x
x 1 10 dx

t 1
t 8 t 9
1
1
9
10
dt

t
dt

t
dt

C
8
t 10

8 9
8( x 1)
9( x 1) 9

S se calculeze integralele folosind descompunerea n fracii raionale simple.

30.

x4

x 2 x 3 dx
x3
dx
x2

34.

37.

1
dx
4x

31.

x 2 x 5 dx
x2 1
dx
x 1

34.

38.

x
dx
6x 5

x 2 5x 7
dx
x3

35.

x4 x 1
dx
x 1

32.

6x

39.

1
dx
7 x 2 3x

33.

36.

x 1 3 dx
x2 x

1
dx
2x

40.

x x 1 x 2 dx
x2 x 2
x 1 x 2 1 dx 42.
x
dx
45.
x 1 x 3 x 5

41.

x 2 3x 2
dx
x3 2x 2 x

43.

x3 2x 2 4
dx
2
x 2 x 2

44.

1
dx
x2

18