Neurotiinele cognitive ale

memoriei.
Efectele emoiei asupra memoriei

NCA 2012

Memoria n psihologia exp. timpurie

Memoria n psihologia experimental timpurie

Memory: A Contribution to Experimental
Psychology (1885)
- reactualizare voluntar (we can call back
into consciousness, by an exertion of the will
directed to this purpose, this seemingly lost
state of previous sense experience)
- involuntar (mental states once present in
consciousness return to it with apparent
spontaneity and without any act of the will... in
the majority of cases we at once recognize the
returned mental state as one that has already
been experienced; that is, we remember it)
- implicit* (Most of these experiences remain
concealed from consciousness and yet
produce an effect which is significant and
which authenticates their previous
experience)
- metode introspective
- relearning and savings method azi,
amorsaj prin repetiie (engl., repetition priming)
* Termen introdus de Graf & Schacter (1985)

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

Memoria n neuropsihologia timpurie

Karl Lashley (1890-1958)
- aparent contrast ntre precizia
proieciilor neuroanatomice i
variabilitatea efectelor comportamentale
ale leziunilor corticale
- variabilitate efectelor leziunilor nu se
mpac cu un precablaj permanent al
circuitelor nervoase (engl., wiring
diagram)
- programul de cutare a engramei prin
leziuni corticale sistematice frustrat de
eec, a notat: I sometimes feel, in
reviewing the evidence on localization of
the memory trace, that ... learning is just
not possible. (In search of the engram,
1950)
- legile aciunii n mas (engl., mass
action) i echipotenialitii: performana
depinde de cortexul rmas integru, nu de
cel lezat; o arie cortical poate prelua
funcii diferite, dup necesiti

Cazul H.M.
Amnezie: deficit de memorie, de obicei dup o leziune
cerebral, fr alte deficite cognitive
Anterograd vs. Retrograd
Pacientul H.M. (Scoville & Milner, 1957) -- lobectomie
bilateral de lob temporal medial (n 1953)
Amnezie anterograd sever (dens) i persistent
(informaii episodice i semantice) memoria de scurt
durat este integr, cea de lung durat este absent
Consolidarea mnezic depinde de lobul temporal medial
(hipocamp)
Memorie implicit integr: achiziie de deprinderi vizuomotorii (mirror drawing test); amorsaj prin repetiie;
nvarea unor reprezentri topografice; nvare de
imagini (fee) nu depind de hipocamp, ci de structuri ca
i cortexul peririnal i parahipocampic, integre i la H.M.

Henry Molaison (1926-2008)

Cazul H.M.

The MRI studies indicated that the lesion was bilaterally symmetrical and included the
medial temporal polar cortex, most of the amygdaloid complex, most or all of the
entorhinal cortex, and approximately half of the rostrocaudal extent of the intraventricular
portion of the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus, and subicular
complex).
(Corkin et al., 1997)

Fee faimoase

William Beecher Scoville

Brenda Milner

Suzanne Corkin

Cazul H.M.

Corkin, 2002

Memoria implicit vs. explicit

Disocierea performanei mnezice n sarcini de

reproducere i recunoatere vs. completare de
rdcini de cuvinte (Warrington & Weiskrantz,
1968, 1970)

Shimamura (1986): toate sarcinile mnezice n

care performana amnezicilor este integr au
instruciuni care nu fac explicit legtura cu
itemii studiai anterior (de ex., ghicete,
completeaz cu primul cuvnt care i vine n
minte)

Distincie ntre completare de rdcini lexicale i

reactualizare cu indicii (engl., cued recall)

Stated most boldly, dissociations such as those

shown in Figure 1 indicate that implicit
measures of retention reflect unconscious
learning because amnesic patients are often
unaware that they know the material when
tested directly or explicitly, but perform at
normal levels on the implicit or indirect tests.
(Roediger, 1990)

Fee faimoase II

Elizabeth K. Warrington

Larry Weiskrantz

University of London

University of Oxford

Completare de rdcini lexicale la H.M.:

Experimentul granola jacuzzi
Cuvinte familiare vs.
neologisme
introduse n
dicionar dup
1965: H.M. (1953),
P.M. (1992)
amnezici vs. Control
(NCS, normal
control subjects)

Completare de rdcini lexicale la

H.M.

Postle & Corkin, 1998; Corkin, 2002

Memoria implicit vs. explicit

Perpectiva neuropsihologiei: sisteme
mnezice distincte (L. Squire, L.
Weiskrantz, E. Tulving, D. Schacter .a.)
Perspectiva psihologiei cognitive:
procesri de informaie diferite (L. Jacoby,
M. Moscovitch, H. Roediger)

Memorie explicit vs. implicit

Sistem declarativ vs.
procedural (Squire)
transfer-appropriate
processing: performana la
un test de memorie
depinde de similaritatea
dintre procesrile de la
encodare i cele de la
reactualizare; testele de
memorie explicit se
bazeaz pe procesri
semantice, iar cele de
memorie implicit pe
procesri perceptive
(Roediger)

Fee faimoase III

Larry Squire

Henry L. Roediger III