Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr.

3/2009

POLUAREA PRODUS DE

POLLUTION GENERATED BY

INDUSTRIA PETROLULUI I

PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AND

PROTECIA FACTORILOR DE

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

MEDIU
Nicolae ILIA, prof.univ.dr.ing. Universitatea din Petroani
Angelica DRGHICI, dr. ing. cercettor
t. gr.III - INCD INSEMEX Petroani
Dan DRGUOIU, drd.ing. Universitatea din Petroani
Sebastian GHERLAGIU, drd. ing.
Universitatea din Petroani
Alina CORNESCU, drd. ec. Universitatea din Petroani
Rezumat: Ca parte a procesului de aderare la
Uniunea European, Romnia, s-a aliniat cerinelor
pe care dezvoltarea economic durabil le
presupune, corelnd dezvoltarea economic cu
luarea de msuri concrete de protecie a mediului, n
acest scop fcnd eforturi de a transpune acquis-ul
comunitar, la nivelul legislaiei naionale.
n lucrarea de fa ne-am propus ca, prin
corelarea abordrilor clasice cu cele moderne, s
cercetm aspectele principale ale impactului
industriei petrolului asupra mediului, cu precdere
pe domeniul rafinrii.
Cuvinte cheie: poluare, industrie, petrol, mediu

Nicolae ILIA, prof.univ. PhD, Eng. University of Petroani

Angelica DRGHICI, PhD, Eng.
researcher - INCD INSEMEX Petroani
Dan DRGUOIU, PhD Student, Eng. University of Petroani
Sebastian GHERLAGIU, PhD Student,
Eng. University of Petroani
Alina CORNESCU, PhD Student, ec. University of Petroani
Abstract: As part of the adhering process to the
European Union, Romania aligned to the
requirements involved by durable economic
development, correlating economic development to
concrete environmental measures taken, efforts being
made in this sense in transposing Community acquis
to the level of national legislation.
In this paper, we proposed to study,
correlating the classical approaches with the modern
ones, the main aspects of the impact of petroleum
industry on the environment, especially refining.
Keywords:
environment

pollution,

industry,

petroleum,

1. Pollution sources in petroleum

1. Surse de poluare din industria industry
petrolului
Surse de poluare a aerului
Emisiile de ageni de poluare a aerului
n rafinrii provin, n principal, de la
urmtoarele surse [2]: procese de
combustie; instalaii tehnologice; facle;
parcuri de rezervoare; turnuri de rcire i
bazine separatoare cu suprafa deschis;
utilaje dinamice, tuuri de prob, ventile,
flane, conducte; rampe de ncrcare descrcare; mijloace i reele de transport
auto i ci ferate.

Air pollution sources

Air pollution agent emissions in
refineries come mainly from the following
sources
[2]:
combustion
processes;
technological installations; flares; reservoirs
parks, cooling towers and open surface
separation basins; dynamic machines,
testing nozzles, valves, flanges, pipes,
charge-discharge ramps; means and
networks of road and railway transportation.
Pollutant release in atmosphere fall

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Emisiile de poluani n atmosfer sunt

de dou feluri:
- dirijate (evacuate prin couri de
dispersie sau tubulaturi metalice, guri de
ventilaie, guri de aerisire, evi de
eapament etc.);
- difuze (evacuare necontrolabil
nregistrat la manipulri de substane i
produse cu volatilitate diferit, ncrcare descrcare rezervoare, neetaneiti etc.).

into:
- directed (exhaust by dispersion
chimneys or metal tubing, ventilation holes,
exhaust pipes etc);
- diffused (uncontrollable exhaust
seen in manipulation of matter and products
of various volatilities, reservoir chargingdischarging, lack of tightness etc.).

Fig. 1.1 Petromidia, one of the two

Fig. 1.1 Petromidia, una dintre cele dou
rafinrii ale grupului Rompetrol (Emisii de refineries of Rompetrol group (Pollutant
emissions from fixed sources)
poluani de la surse fixe)
n condiiile de funcionare a
instalaiilor, emisiile de gaze rezult din
procesele de combustie i procesele
tehnologice.
Referitor la procesele de combustie,
fiecare cuptor dintr-o instalaie tehnologic
este o surs major de ageni de poluare
care se gsesc n gazele rezultate prin
arderea combustibililor (dioxid de carbon,
oxid de carbon, oxizi de sulf, oxizi de azot,
compui organici volatili, n principal
hidrocarburi, particule solide de diverse
dimensiuni). De asemenea, n rafinrii mai
au loc i alte procese de combustie dintre
care se pot meniona: regenerarea
catalizatorilor
de
cracare
catalitic,
producerea sulfului n sobe Claus, operaiile
periodice de decocsare a serpentinelor
cuptoarelor
din
diferite
instalaii
tehnologice, regenerarea periodic a

In the conditions of installation

functioning, gas emissions result from
combustion processes and technological
processes.
Regarding combustion processes,
each furnace in a technological installation
is a major source of pollution agents to be
found in gases resulting from fuel
burning(carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile
organic compound, mainly hydrocarbons,
solid particles various size). Other
combustion processes also take place in
refineries, of which we could mention:
catalyst regeneration of catalytic cracking,
sulphur production in Claus furnaces,
periodic catalyst regeneration of other
catalytic processes, mud incineration from
residual burning of acid tars.
Table 1.1. shows the technological

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catalizatorilor din alte procese catalitice, installations and released pollution agents:
incinerarea nmolurilor de la epurarea
apelor reziduale, arderea gudroanelor acide.
n tabelul 1.1.
sunt prezentate
instalaiile tehnologice i agenii de poluare
emii:
Tabel 1.1.
Instalaii tehnologice
Ageni de poluare
Distilarea atmosferic i n vid
Hidrocarburi, gaze necondensabile emise de
sistemul de vid;
Hidrofinarea fraciilor distilate
Hidrogen sulfurat de la purjare, aromatice inferioare;
i hidrotratarea distilatului de
vid
Cracarea catalitic
Gazele de la regenerator conin poluani (oxizi de azot,
oxizi de sulf, monoxid de carbon, pulberi);
Reformarea catalitic i
Benzen, toluen, xileni;
extracia aromaticelor inferioare
Alchilare
Acid fluorhidric;
Desulfurarea gazelor i
Hidrogen sulfurat i oxizi de sulf;
recuperarea sulfului
Cocsarea ntrziat
Particule de cocs, gaze din apa folosit la tierea
cocsului;
Solventarea uleiurilor
Furfurol din secia de recuperare a solvenilor;
Deparafinarea uleiurilor i
Amoniac din secia de rcire, metil-etil ceton,benzen,
dezuleiere
toluen din secia de filtrare i recuperare a solvenilor;
Oxidarea bitumului
Gaze evacuate din reactoarele de oxidare care conin
oxizi de carbon, oxizi de sulf, hidrogen sulfurat,
hidrocarburi, compui oxigenai;
Rafinarea cu chimicale
Oxizi de sulf, acid sulfuric;
Aditivi
Gaze de reacie care conin acid clorhidric i hidrogen
sulfurat.
Table 1.1.
Technological installations and released pollution agents
Technological installations
Pollution agents
Atmospheric distillation also in vacuum Hydrocarbons, incondensable gases released by
the vacuum system
Hydro fining of distilled fractions and
Hydrogen sulphide from purging, inferior
hydro treating vacuum distillate
aromatics;
Catalytic cracking
Gases from the regenerator contain
pollutants(nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides,
carbon monoxide, powders);
Catalytic reforming and extraction of
Benzene, toluene, xylems;
inferior aromatics
Alkylation
Fluorine hydric acid
Desulphuration of gases and sulphur
Hydrogen sulphide and sulphur oxides;
recuperation
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Delayed coking
Refining oils
Dewaxing oils and oil removal
Bitumen oxidation

Refining with chemicals

Additives

Coke particles, gases in the water used to cut

coke;
Furaldehyde in solvent recovering section;
Ammoniac in the cooling section, methyl-ethyl
cetone, benzene, toluene in the filtration and
solvent recovery section;
Gases exhausted from oxidation reactors
containing carbon oxides, sulphur oxides,
hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbons, oxygenated
compounds;
Sulphur oxides, sulphuric acid;
Reaction gases containing chlorhydric acid and
hydrogen sulphide

Surse de poluare a apei

Prin complexitatea proceselor de
prelucrare, printr-o activitate n flux
continuu i, mai ales, prin capacitile mari
ale instalaiilor, rafinriile utilizeaz
cantiti foarte mari de ap, fapt care
conduce la un volum mare de ape uzate. n
majoritatea proceselor, efluenii rezultai au
un grad mare de poluare ca urmare a
contaminrii apei cu gaze, lichide sau
solide.
Apele reziduale evacuate dintr-o
rafinrie sunt rezultatul nsumrii apelor
uzate provenite din multitudinea de procese
de prelucrare primar la care este supus
petrolul brut, ct i fraciunile supuse unor
procese de prelucrare secundar n scopul
unei valorificri superioare.
Poluarea apei folosite n rafinrii
depinde de calitatea ieiului i de modul de
prelucrare a acestuia n vederea obinerii
unor produse cu anumite caracteristici.
Dup sursele de provenien, apele
contaminate din rafinrii pot fi clasificate
astfel: ape tehnologice, ape de rcire, ape
meteorice i ape menajere.
Epurarea apelor uzate cuprinde
urmtoarele dou mari grupe de operaii
succesive:
- reinerea i/sau transformarea
substanelor nocive n produi nenocivi;
- prelucrarea substanelor rezultate din
prima operaie sub diverse forme (nmoluri,

Water pollution sources

By the complexity of processing
processes, by a continuous flow activity and
especially by high installation capacity,
refineries use large amounts of water, which
leads to large waste water quantities. In
most of the processes, the effluents resulted
are very polluting as a result of water
contamination with gases, liquids or solids.
Residual water in a refinery is the
result of summing up waste water coming
from a multitude of primary processing
processes to which crude petroleum is
submitted, as well as fractions submitted to
other secondary processing processes in
view of a superior use.
Water pollution used in refineries
depend on the quality of the petroleum and
on the way of its processing in view of
obtaining
products
with
certain
characteristics.
According to the sources of origin,
waste water in refineries can fall into:
technological water, cooling water, meteoric
water and household water.
Depuration of waste water includes
two large groups of successive operations:
- retaining and/or transforming
noxious matter in non-noxious products;
- processing matter resulted from the
first operation in various forms(mud,
emulsion, foam etc).
As a result of the depuration process

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emulsii, spume etc.).

n urma procesului de epurare rezult
produsul petrolier returnat n rafinrie,
nmol i apa tratat.
Surse de poluare a solului i a apelor
subterane
ntre factorii de mediu, solul are o
importan major, fiind un loc de
acumulare a elementelor poluante.
n ceea ce privete activitatea
desfurat n cadrul sectorului de explorare
i producie a ieiului, poluarea solului
poate avea drept surse conductele ce
alimenteaz parcurile schelelor, la care se
pot produce scpri accidentale de iei i
ap de zcmnt, cum este cazul Schelei
Poeni, Sucursala Videle a Petrom. De
exemplu, ca urmare a exploatrilor
tradiionale ale Schelei de Extracie Boldeti
- Scieni, solul a fost poluat cu iei i ap
srat de zcmnt.
Caracteristica principal a polurii
cauzate de rafinrii i combinate
petrochimice const din aceea c sursa de
poluare este activ, de cele mai multe ori, pe
o perioad scurt de timp, ns are o
intensitate important, agentul poluant fiind
constituit de regul din fracii petroliere
nguste. De asemenea, n cele mai multe
dintre cazurile de scurgeri accidentale de
produse petroliere, suprafaa de sol afectat
este mult mai mic dect suprafaa
contaminat a primului acvifer ntlnit de
frontul de poluare.
Produsele petroliere fiind nemiscibile
cu apa, se adun la suprafaa pnzei freatice
n straturi ce variaz de la civa milimetri
la zeci de centimetri sau, n anumite zone,
chiar la 2-3 metri. O alt parte din produsele
petroliere din sol se amestec cu apa
subteran, fcnd-o inutilizabil pentru
consum sau grdinrit. Stratul de produs
poluant se deplaseaz mpreun cu pnza
freatic, cu viteze i pe distane mari,
extinznd aria de poluare. Un alt pericol
este reprezentat de vaporii de produse
petroliere, care se pot acumula n subsoluri
de imobile, provocnd explozii sau

the petroleum product returned in the

refinery, mud and treated water result.
Source of pollution of the soil and
underground water
Among the environmental factors, soil
is essential, being a space where pollution
elements accumulate.
As far as activity in the petroleum
exploring and production is concerned, soil
pollution sources can be pipes feeding oil
field parks where accidental petroleum and
water leaks can occur, such as Schelei
Poeni, Videle branch of Petrom. For
instance, as a result of traditional
exploitations of Boldesti Scaieni
Extraction Oil field, soil was polluted with
petroleum and salted water from the seam.
The main characteristic of pollution
generated by refineries and petro-chemical
plants lies in the fact that pollution sources
are active most of the time, for a short
period of time, but intense, the polluting
agent being as a rule of narrow petroleum
fractions. In most of the cases of accidental
leaks of petroleum products, the soil surface
affected is much smaller than the
contaminated surface of the water layer
found in the way of the polluting front.
Petroleum products not being miscible
with water, gather at the surface of the water
layer in the range of a few millimetres to
tens of centimetres or even, in some areas,
2-3 meter high. Another part
of the
petroleum products in the soil mix with
underground water, being thus impossible to
be used for drinking or gardening. The layer
of polluting product moves along with the
underground water, with high velocities and
on long distances, extending the area of
pollution. Another danger is represented by
petroleum product vapours that could
accumulate in basements, generating
explosions or asphyxiation. In case of soil
pollution, most of them are caused by
problems in underground, such as fissures
of pipes or fuel deposit walls.
Soil pollution can be [3]:
- Direct, due to solid or semisolid residue

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axfixieri. ntre cazurile de poluare a solului,

majoritatea sunt cauzate de probleme
aprute n subsol, adic fisurri ale
conductelor sau ale pereilor depozitelor de
combustibili.
Poluarea solului poate fi [3]:
- direct, datorit depunerilor de reziduuri
solide sau semisolide provenite din
desfurarea proceselor tehnologice;
- indirect, din cauza agenilor de poluare
emii n atmosfer, purtai de vnt, care se
depun pe sol i sunt splai de precipitaii,
infiltrndu-se n subteran.
Surse poteniale de poluare direct a
solului i a subsolului pot fi parcurile de
rezervoare, separatoarele vechi din staiile
de epurare, bazinele de decantare, batalurile
de lamuri i gudroane, rampa C.F. de
ncrcare
i
descrcare,
conductele
subterane, reele de canalizare etc.
Reziduurile
solide,
nedepozitate
corespunztor, care pot polua solul, provin
din [4]: impuriti solide antrenate n iei,
nmoluri de la epurarea apei uzate i de la
tratarea apei brute, reziduuri solide
provenite din operaiile de ntreinere i
curire, cenu de la incineratorul de
nmoluri, cocs de la instalaiile de cocsare
sau de la decocsarea cuptoarelor, praf de
catalizator.
Rezervoarele de iei sau de produse
petroliere au o suprafa mare de contact cu
solul. La corodarea fundurilor rezervoarelor
pot aprea scurgeri de produse petroliere.
Scurgerile n cantiti mici nu pot fi puse n
eviden i ele pot impurifica solul. La
spargerea unui rezervor plin, produsul
deverseaz n incinta parcului n care este
situat recipientul. Produsul deversat este
colectat n sistemul de canalizare i
recuperat la instalaia de epurare a apelor
uzate, dar i n sol se poate infiltra o parte
din produs, datorit unor fisuri ale
canalizrii.

deposits coming from technological

processes;
- Indirect, caused by pollution agents
released in the atmosphere, carried by wind,
deposited on the soil and washed away by
precipitation, being infiltrated in the
underground.
Potential sources of direct pollution of
the soil and subsoil can be reservoir parks,
old separators in depuration stations,
decanting basins, slime and tar clearing
tanks, charging-discharging railway ramp,
underground pipes, sewage networks etc.
Solid residues, not deposited properly,
which can pollute the soil, come from[4]:
solid impurities engaged in petroleum, mud
from waste water depuration and treating
natural water, solid residues coming from
maintenance and cleaning, ash from mud
incinerator, coke from coking installations
or from furnace decoking, catalyst powder.
Petroleum or petroleum product tanks
have a large contact surface with the soil. In
case of tank bottom corrosion, petroleum
product leaks can occur. Small amounts of
leaks cannot be identified and they can
pollute the soil. When a full tank is broken,
the product is spilt in the park where the
tank is found. The spilt product is collected
in the sewage system and recovered at the
installation of used water depuration. But
also in the soil part of the product is
infiltrated, due to fissures in the sewage
system.

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2. Factorii care influeneaz

pierderile de hidrocarburi (iei i
gaze, ap-srat) cu impact major
asupra mediului.

2. Factors influencing hydrocarbon

(petroleum and gas, salted water)
leaks with major impact on the
environment.

Procesul
de
exploatare
a
zcmintelor de hidrocarburi este extrem de
complex, de unde se poate deduce o
multitudine de factori care influeneaz
pierderile i anume: tehnologiile utilizate,
avariile, erorile umane, factorii de mediu.
Sursele cauzatoare de pierderi
Analiznd literatura de specialitate,
dar si numeroasele cazuri concrete ntlnite
in PETROM se poate sistematiza
urmtoarea schema a surselor
care
genereaz pierderi de producie petroliere
(titei, gaze si apa srata).
a) Sistemele de extracie: construcie,
mentenanta, uzura, avarii
b ) Sistemele de colectare si transport:
construcie, mentenanta, uzura, avarii,
neetanseitati
c) Sistemul de separare: tipul sistemelor
(erupie libera, erupie artificiala(gaz-lift),
pompaj), tehnologie, mentenanta, uzura,
defeciuni, avarii
d) Statie de compresoare(pentru pierderile
de
gaze):
construcie,
mentenanta,
neetanseitati, avarii.
e) Statii de injectie apa reziduala in
zacaminte (pentru pierderile de apa sarata):
construcie, mentenanata, neetanseitati,
avarii
f) Sisteme de tratare si depozitare titei:
construcie, mentenanta, neetanseitati, avarii
g) Instalatii de procesare gaze (dezbenzinare
uscare gaze): tehnologie, gaze evacuate,
avarii, neetanseitatii.
h) Sistemul de vanzare distribuie gaze:
netanseitate, avarii, mentenanta
i) Tehnologii vechi utilizate: neetanseitati,
avarii, mentenanta
Analiznd aspectele analizate anterior
avem urmtoarele clasificri a tipurilor de
pierderi:
a) Pierderi accidentale:

Hydrocarbon exploitation process is

extremely complex, a multitude of factors
influencing losses, namely technologies
applied,
deficiencies,
human
error,
environmental factors being deduced from
here.
Sources causing losses
Analyzing the literature of speciality,
but also a multitude of concrete cases met in
PETROM the following scheme of
petroleum production(petroleum, gases,
salted water) loss generating sources can be
systemized
a)
Extraction
systems:
design,
maintenance, wear, deficiencies
b ) Collecting and transport systems:
design, maintenance, wear, lack of tightness
c) Separation system: system type(free
eruption,
artificial
eruption(gas-lift),
pumping), technology, maintenance, wear,
deficiencies, damages
d) Compressor station(for gas losses):
design, maintenance, lack of tightness,
damages
e) residual water injection stations in
seams(for salted water losses): design,
maintenance, lack of tightness, damages
f) Systems of petroleum processing and
deposit: design, maintenance, lack of
tightness, damages
g) Gas processing installations(gasoline
removal gas drying): technology,
exhausted gases, damages, lack of tightness
h) Gas distribution selling system: lack
of tightness, damages, maintenance
i) Old technologies used: lack of
tightness, damages, maintenance
The previous analysis gives the
following classification of loss types:
a) Accidental losses:
- pipe break, corrosion, lack of
tightness of pipes and installations

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- spargeri conducte, coroziuni

conducte, neetanseitati conducte si instalaii
- pori datorati calitii
materialelor conductelor
- blocri de supape de sigurana
- purjri colectoare pentru
eliminarea apei sau clorhidratilor.
b) Pierderi tehnologice:
- curatiri conducte de amestec,
colectoare pompare titei, colectoare gaze,
SRMuri, instalaii, batale,
rezervoare, revizii tehnice
- purjri conducte si instalaii:
nou construite, extinderi, reparatii
- refulari SOL-uri, conducte,
instalaii
- eliminri gaze neutralizate: CO2
, H2S etc.
- splarea SOT- urilor si SOBurilor.

3. Gestionarea deeurilor
industria petrolier

- pores due to pipe material

qualities
- blocking safety valve
- collecting purging to remove
water or hydrochloride
b) Technological losses:
- cleaning mixing pipes,
petroleum pumping collectors, gas
collectors, regulating and measuring
stations, installations, clearing tanks,
reservoirs, technical revisions
- purging pipes and installations:
newly built, extensions, repairs
- SOL exhaust, pipes,
installations
- neutralized gas removals: CO2 ,
H2S etc.
- SOT and SOB washing.

n 3. Waste management in petroleum

industry

Fig. 1.2 Platform petrolier

Fig. 1.2 Oil platform

Instrumentul de implementare in
Romnia
a politicii UE in domeniul
deeurilor este Planul Naional de
Gestionare a Deeurilor, ntocmit pentru o
protecie eficienta a mediului de lunga
durata.
Astfel sunt create condiii de:
- conservare a resurselor naturale ca
urmare a reducerii cantitilor de deeuri
generate (principiul aciunii preventive)

Implementation
instrument
in
Romania of EU policy in the field of wastes
is the National Plan of Waste Management,
drawn up for an efficient long term
protection of environment.
Conditions are thus created by:
- natural resources conservation as a result
of
reducing
generated
waste
amounts(principle of preventive action)
- diminution of the impact on the

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- diminuarea impactului asupra mediului

si sntii umane (principiul precauiei)
- accentuarea
responsabilitii
generatorilor
de
deeuri
(principiul
poluatorul pltete)
- realizarea unei reele integrate si
adecvate de instalaii si facilitai de
eliminare a deeurilor.
Organizarea gestionarii deeurilor de
producie este responsabilitatea celor care
le-au generat.
Productorii de deeuri industriale isi
folosesc facilitatile proprii de colectare/
transport/eliminare sau contracteaza servicii
respectiv cu firme specializate si autoriate
conform legii.
Strategia declarata oficial de ctre
managementul Petrom asupra activitii de
extracie si procesare a ieiului nu mai
include faciliti de depozitare finala a
lamurilor petroliere (fraciile lichide sau
inflamabile de deeuri periculoase) de tipul
batalurilor de slamuri existente, urmnd a fi
prevazute facilitai de procesare a lamului
direct la principala sursa de produceresondele de extracie, deversri accidentale
de produse petroliere, depozitele si parcurile
de rezervoare de produse petroliere.
Astfel
conform
declaraiilor
reprezentanilor Petrom, pe lng nchiderea
batalurilor menionate in HG. 349/2005
toate batalurile existente vor fi desfintate
progresiv pe perioada 2007-2009.
Materialele stocate in bataluri
urmeaz, sau sunt procesate prin separarea
in trei fracii principale respectiv: titei - care
este inclus in fluxul de producie curenta,
apa care este reinjectata mpreun cu apa
de sonda extrasa in mod curent si fracia
solida care este / urmeaz a fi supusa unui
proces de bio-remediere .
Prin prelucrarea ntregii cantitati de
lam depozitata si eliminarea implicit a
sursei poteniale active de poluare, Petrom
va asigura studii de teren detaliate pentru
amplasamentele batalurilor si va asigura
ntocmirea unor proiecte pentru remedierea
zonelor afectate de activitile anterioare.

environment and human health (principle of

precaution)
- emphasizing responsibilities of waste
generators(the principle polluter pays)
- developing an integrated and adequate
network of installations and waste removal
facility.
Organization of production waste
management is the responsibility of those
that generated it.
Industrial waste producers use their
own
collecting/transportation/removal
facilities or contract services with
companies according to legislation.
The strategy officially declared by
PETROM management regarding petroleum
extraction and processing does no longer
include final depositing facilities for
slimes(liquid or flammable fractions of
dangerous wastes) of such as existing
clearing tank type, slime processing
facilities being foreseen directly from the
main source of production extraction
wells, accidental spilling of petroleum
products, deposits and reservoir parks
Thus, according to the declarations of
Petrom representatives, besides closing up
the clearing tanks mentioned in Government
Order 349/2005, all existing clearing tanks
will be progressively taken out between
2007 and 2009.
The material stocked in clearing tanks
is processed by separation in three principal
fractions: petroleum which is included in
the current production flow, water which
is re-injected together with the well water
currently extracted and the solid fraction
which is/will be submitted to biorehabilitation process.
By processing the entire amount of
slime deposited and the implicit removal of
the potential active pollution source, Petrom
will provide detailed field study for clearing
tank placement and will provide projects for
the rehabilitation of the affected areas by
previous activities.
The affected soil will be thus
subjected to a similar bio-rehabilitation

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Astfel si solul afectat va fi supus unui

proces similar de bio-remediere.
In urma procesului de remediere
slamul va fi adus la un stadiu in care va
putea fi refolosit sau utilizat ca material de
umplutura .
In paralel pentru a se reduce slamurile,
Petrom a planificat implementarea unei noi
strategii de producie, plecnd de la
tehnologii ce au fost testate ncepnd cu
2007 i au drept scop prelucrarea slamurilor
chiar la locul de producere a lor (beciuri de
sonda, decantoare, rezervoare). Astfel
plecnd de la premisele de prelucrare
descrise anterior se testeaz tehnologii
pentru separarea slamului in trei
componente (titei, apa de sonda si fracie
solida)
In acest context, riscurile de mediu vor
fi reduse drastic, ntruct doar partea solida
din
lam
(decontaminata,
avnd
caracteristicile unui deeu inert utilizabil ca
material de construcie), urmeaz a fi
transportata pentru depozitare finala sau
valorificare ca materie prima in cadrul unor
activiti economice.

process.
Subsequent to the rehabilitation
process, the slime will be brought to a stage
where it could be reused or used as filling
material.
In parallel, to reduce slime, Petrom
planned an implementation of a new
production
strategy,
starting
from
technologies tested beginning with 2007
with the aim of slime being processed in the
very place they are produced(cellar,
decanter, reservoir). Thus, starting from the
previously described premises, technologies
are tested to separate slime in three
components(petroleum, well water and solid
fraction).
In this context, risks for the
environment will be seriously reduced,
since only the solid part of the slime
(decontaminated, with the characteristics of
an inert waste that might be used as
construction material) will be transported
for final depositing or to be used as prime
material in economic activities.

4. Concluzii

4. Conclusions

Emisiile de ageni de poluare a

aerului n rafinrii provin, n principal, de la
urmtoarele surse: procese de combustie;
instalaii tehnologice; facle; parcuri de
rezervoare; turnuri de rcire i bazine
separatoare cu suprafa deschis; utilaje
dinamice, tuuri de prob, ventile, flane,
conducte; rampe de ncrcare - descrcare;
mijloace i reele de transport auto i ci
ferate.
Reziduurile solide, nedepozitate
corespunztor, care pot polua solul, provin
din: impuriti solide antrenate n iei,
nmoluri de la epurarea apei uzate i de la
tratarea apei brute, reziduuri solide
provenite din operaiile de ntreinere i
curire, cenu de la incineratorul de
nmoluri etc.
Principalii poluani ai aerului

Air polluting agent in refineries

mainly come from the following sources:
combustion
processes;
technological
installations; flares; reservoir parks; cooling
towers and open surface separator basins;
dynamic machines, testing nozzles, valves,
flanges, pipes; charging-discharging ramps;
road and railway transportation means and
networks.
Solid residues, inadequately
deposited, which can pollute the soil, come
from: solid impurities engaged in
petroleum, mud from waste water cleaning
and treating crude water, solid residues
coming from maintenance and cleaning
operations, ash from mud incinerator etc.
The principal air pollutants
coming from petroleum refining are:
sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile

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provenii din rafinarea petrolului sunt:

dioxidul de sulf, oxizii de azot, compuii
organici volatili (fenoli, hidrocarburi etc.),
acizi, iei, monoxid de carbon, aldehide,
amoniac, pulberi.
Efectele poluanilor specifici
rafinrii petrolului degajai n atmosfer se
pot manifesta asupra: omului (deteriorri
serioase ale strii de sntate), vegetaiei
Poluarea produs de industria petrolului i
protecia factorilor de mediu (cloroze i
necroze, reducerea fotosintezei i a
transpiraiei), apei i solului (creterea
aciditii apei, a opacitii acesteia, afectarea
faunei i florei acvatice, a florei spontane i
de cultur etc.), construciilor (degradarea
accelerat a materialelor de construcie,
coroziunea, mtuirea, gurirea metalelor
etc.) i instalaiilor (apar probleme la
instalaiile electrice datorit corodrii
contactelor i a cablurilor etc.).
n urma diferitelor aciuni
omeneti, inclusiv a activitilor desfurate
n industria petrolului se modific, att
cantitativ, ct i calitativ, substanele care
ptrund n ape, producndu-se poluarea
apelor, ceea ce duce la un dezechilibru al
mediului ambiant. Substanele poluante
prezente n apele uzate provenite de la
diverse tipuri de instalaii din rafinrii sunt
impurificate cu iei, fraciuni petroliere,
acizi naftenici, fenoli, compui cu sulf,
oxigen, azot, sruri etc. Astfel, deversarea
de ctre rafinrii a unor ape uzate cu un
coninut mare de poluani poate afecta apele
receptoare, n special prin modificarea pHului, prin consumarea oxigenului dizolvat
sau printr-o toxicitate care afecteaz
calitatea apei receptorilor, respectiv flora i
fauna acestora.
Produsele petroliere poluante, n
special hidrocarburile, prezint risc de
nocivitate, afectnd calitatea apelor
subterane, care devine improprie utilizrii
pentru mult vreme (apa potabil, pentru
irigaii sau diverse utilizri industriale).
De asemenea, prezint riscuri
pentru sntatea uman, pentru mediul bio

organic compounds (phenols, hydrocarbons

etc.), acids, petroleum, carbon monoxide,
aldehydes, ammonia, powders.
The effects of pollutants specific
to petroleum refining released in the
atmosphere affect human health, vegetation.
Pollution generated by petroleum industry
and environmental protection (chlorozis,
necrosis, photosynthesis and transpiration
reduction), water and soil (increase water
acidity, it opacity, water flora and fauna,
spontaneous and cultivated flora etc.),
constructions, corrosion,, installation(cause
by corrosion of contacts and cables etc.)
Due to various human actions,
including activities in petroleum industry,
substances that go into water are modified
both from a quantitative and qualitative
point of view, leading to water pollution,
leading in its turn to an imbalance of the
ambient environment. Polluting substances
present in waste water coming from various
types on installations in refineries are
contaminated with petroleum, petroleum
fractions, naphtha acids, phenols, sulphur
compounds, oxygen, nitrogen, salts etc.
Thus, waste water spilling from refineries,
with high levels of polluters can affect
collecting water, especially by pH
modification, by consuming dissolved
oxygen or a toxicity affecting collecting
water quality, their flora and fauna,
respectively.
Polluting petroleum products,
especially hydrocarbons are noxious,
affecting underground water quality, which
becomes unusable for a long time (potable
water, water for irrigation or various
industrial use).
There are also risks for human
health, for bio environment and vegetation,
aromatic compound with mutagen and
cancer generating character and last but not
least, affect environment safety, with
explosion and fire risk, when petroleum
products floating on the water layer get in
the basement of buildings.

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i pentru vegetaie, compuii aromatici

avnd un puternic caracter mutagen i
cancerigen i, nu n ultimul rnd, afecteaz
securitatea mediului, prezentnd riscuri de
explozie i de incendiu, atunci cnd
produsele petroliere care plutesc pe pnza
freatic ajung n subsolul diverselor
construcii.

5. Bibliografie
1. Gherlagiu, S. - Impactul industriei
petrolului asupra mediului, Raport de
doctorat nr.2, 2009
2. Mady, Roca, Studiu pentru identificarea
surselor de poluare i nominalizarea
poluanilor din prelucrarea ieiului,
Contract I.P.I.P., Nr.653, 1992.
3. Gh., Neag, Depoluarea solurilor i
apelor subterane, Editura Casa Crii de
tiin, Cluj Napoca, 1997.
4. Rauta C., Carstea S.- Prevenirea si
combaterea poluarii solului, Ed. Ceres,
Bucuresti 1989.

5. References
1. Gherlagiu, S. - Impactul industriei
petrolului asupra mediului, Raport de
doctorat nr.2, 2009
2. Mady, Roca, Studiu pentru identificarea
surselor de poluare i nominalizarea
poluanilor din prelucrarea ieiului,
Contract I.P.I.P., Nr.653, 1992.
3. Gh., Neag, Depoluarea solurilor i
apelor subterane, Editura Casa Crii de
tiin, Cluj Napoca, 1997.
4. Rauta C., Carstea S.- Prevenirea si
combaterea poluarii solului, Ed. Ceres,
Bucuresti 1989.

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