Zo Lojen gnop nujued gzeanue as iouny o}s608 eAUOG, “iounwosiep ep n6 n'a> Sas nie aunts ony Op smnoan Peg 85“ = Se obeys op oesp etn 9 See san fi rive gem sens svat sind as or aD veby ‘6 win u 6 erewazexdas aso IolueLoze: eaIeEUDaA 4 (0) 1% (ou soquuEU © esd op eluspuedeg $/,1+ {0-%) oauy we Za py ol + fo-%) «0 ee weet fh) Smee lolw FRU] ese ‘mz = OW + "BlUEUOZA: ap jaifesind eaJEWRUIOGA Uy, + 12-2) owe (exe) ne e * ow 2hemt {297 2) owe (wee) —~-b av ba(o)y (0) is (0) nqued aysoxtxo ‘exeayuop! wud ‘eyrze (9/6) up “% punao}y exe) cuts ate bepaw ‘208 ote0d 90 {9 ofjoeuoi 9p afeoipu eau) eBe “eajeun Yeoep goUW jew yr aise ewgw iudoid sifesind eayeigupen ‘Blewoue e/s1odsiq “riquosqe 189 eudoid edesind y se 21 ‘9p ume eyep juns eiuavedsuex ep ayuniBey “wnjon ep eereyun wip “ur ese ep 8 * guoves ep yorgund op nspuinu @yse Wy epun (ee) uy fewowedx® geuMerep “AyoneD In) EwO} oy80 (14) eNeIOR (ce) Zeusu eayewpoude ejnuuoy sitsegd os ‘t>>" no ‘pase osiedsp op nuowop un nud fo Ow sg pes (ore) garpn 8 8 Gp tey v9 (oe) Buy. oe) Say=w i x oe) ae" # aeHo ino, goo (se) ay ed! wanzos ose anne) enorme 98 ‘On >>@ go nqued “(VJU=U esiedsip sm eam Bogs ewnu wey 2u gs quelayns @ ‘YhppudD 'B ROURIS Up BInutes B uy, %>0 wojeyeBouyIn cazul unei atenuisi slabe (<<), valorle corspunzitoae extreme sunt r ogee +t Pentru op, cuba do absorb n/a) prez un maxim pronutat (ig. 240) © curbs do acest tip se numeste lorenizand; ca esto Simatic n apo cu axa care ce pr maximul stata @= dy. Se observ largimea cubel la erie ate egal i 0, Semnifcata fzicd a parti legatd de absobja undelor In medi Intradevar, n acest caz k=8n= Sasi) (2.80) 51 alegind ca drectle de propagare axa Oz, cmpul electric asociat Unde se va scrie Ezj= Boon{—Qerzon{ Ste} (ast) Campul electric al fe exponential In timpul propagarit ‘In modiu, prin urmare 1 descrie amortizarea undei detorité absorbtiel Largimea Ao=T' a curbe! je arataIntinderea zone spectrale Tin jurul iu a, n care substanta absoarbe puteric radapia Exemplu, S& consideram un mediu care, Intr-un domeniu de absomje, re e149 fi jr= peru © pulse dala, 0, Pin TP 214 iy9 =209_ nen eta 8+ Kenge ta25¢+0707/2 mt Presupunem cd unda se propaga dupa Oz, iar ve 108 cu Ox. Atunct Barge M0 ga @07M0272 882/61) 5, vin Notand =f, calcu B= RE, Bulle oa, ed6a, Beda, @ ¢ © ‘Se observa cd ampltudinea undel scade exponential cu dstanta, lar inductia magneticd este defazatd fatd de cdmpul electric cu m6. In realtate, aga cum am mengonat deja, atom 3.2.3, Bilanful energie! absorbante ‘Vom demonstra cd in medi dielectice datorti fnomenului de Polarizare apare un curent suplimentar, numit curent de polarizare, avand denstatea Jp = 2. Int-un asl de medi, ecuatia Manwel- “Ampére este ‘medie cisipata in unitatea de volum este dPowe\ 15, e\- Ape (Za) (de )= 40d In-E) (289) Cates Jp=-ieB=-taegt4B=-inegl +E es Rezuts a, . (Fee) Secor (295)Prin urmare, energia cAmpulul este rocesul de pola ‘Separind patie eal s|imaginaré 18 = Har + for btnem of 1 Tor OF ge OIE ne eee Bin OE ge OO ae ou r w-y. & timpul relaxare Debye. In figura 3.5 sunt repr unctilor 5. §1 Zor de pulsatia (388) (3.89) (3.90) rezentate dependentole Puterea absorbits de mediu find proporfonala cu marimea or. dependenta de frecventa a sfera. Vom demonstra c& radiaja albastr& dectt radiata rgie: aceasta este motivul ru jpunem c& suntem Int-o regiune de transparent @ mult dferité de pulsatia proprie eoliata, Atunci ecuatia de migcare (3.92)ou ‘34 0008 = #1 no ‘ereos niued “Beise08 winjasedua; op opuldep osins [oun [@ ise ep insioods go eeu EzeensuoWeP souue) Lajeipel 2 gonuend euoay “(uageS ‘eBuex0 nfo.) ew gpun ap nun) no 1808 op osjua oieipes pBunfe es Ingag ze sojeriosgo 8 ‘oyeznyIo toads commie rngseqye e369 jn ees0e op ‘fou Cu) ypo0poqwOING EUs vo b ap mieneiduy sise paseqe eu) (66) fete WuolueD jepey to soppun (nuoutp tt go Buosqo 8g {Se By) open ele! hued ewxew puy 'envasqo eseoulun)fe;pe, e gpun ap eauuuny 9 epuidep uewn inji4co eDjeya|sUES ‘eed Fe ep og DOLOIS Tar ‘019-065: ‘a5ue10 ‘065-015 eae ‘015-005 pion ‘005-097 mse ‘OPr-008, aA ue BaveOIng) eqeL, 8 Ns YagreD 1 nyeooYOd ‘nos nUEWOP UIP fe ‘OBIPU! ‘yo1n optie;per awarnd eyeznyip jss69e WyoIvog “,nseqIe \nyrued obo), nes .YBloxKey oiznyp op eB}, sSaunu 9& (Q6'e) eIsaidx3 x (oe) Beg mes yo-g yalesind © ened ome (o6'e) (aa)yo- Bend 2udq0 08 (66) ees ul puso 6 (se) eey9s0 nquad ‘puny eeipes ‘gouowe o1eot) pipe guizexdar <> njoqu (woe) ‘oipaw easernd ‘guoies op ue. ‘uo gjesojeooe sveDSiu ub (eee) juz (29'¢) aenos ul punoo & 198009% = (1x 0 e¥esind no gooue eieqoso © eiuzeide: (yx wourwed wi6os U|densitatea spectrald de energie emis’ este maxima pentru radiata ‘galbena (ig. 3.7). enstte spect de energie Figura 3 ‘amiazd soarele este galben dator Radiatia lumina care ajunge la observator este rosie-portocalie. Apusul este cu tat mai og cu ct n amos sunt al mute parle ear ‘er emis de sursele poluante) contribue la observarea unor ‘rumoase (desi, In realtate, el consttuie 0 mare problema Figura 38 Difuzia Rayleigh se poate pune Tn evidenté si cu ajutorul care determina cresterea difuzie lumii gi dec a intenstati radiate} 114 albastre observate propagare. 1-0 directo perpendiculard pe irectia de Figura 39 In acelasi timp, pe ecran se observa imagines fa ut prin Impragtiere elbastul, iin cazul apus 3.3. Dispersia gi absobtia in medii conductoare Definim conductor ca find substanfele In care un cmp static poate crea o deplasare ordonaté de sarcini electrice (exemple: exstenta unor purtator a de electoni de conduct, tn plasma wal sus acjunea cbnpula eect af unde stecromagnetce val 8 im? mo =m! oF (3.100) unde j= -n% este forfa de rezistonta, care ian considerare dsipatia energie! prin’ ciocnir, + find timpul mediu dine doua cloenir consecutive ale electronulu, Sub acjiunea unei unde armonice Enkei (3.101) trebuie 8 urmareasc& variatile cémpulu, aga incat forma 115un eeirieba 9p soja, ‘8 gyeindise @ wionpuco ‘oreow Uy, weide y sieod munca rived ‘Ze injesBeed ul gieezald gardens “2/150 qhesind & pugs ul pwmrew 9189 ajejau ul eigiosg (ours) ‘rewind “ty 0b dB. ep oo + “ROW EE‘? = >> Shad acai fever fot at, ret ca rete eran mad es gris tarspren Pont Drude-Lorentz poate fi aplcat gi Tn cazul une plasme ‘este lonosfera, considerSnd ay =I =0. Plasma este un gaz ionizat, consténd din ion $i electroni liberi distrbuit Intro regiune din spatiu. lonastera ~ un strat superior al ‘atmosferel - este un exemplu de ast! de plasma. lonizarea unei ‘molecule de aer se produce prin absortfia unei cuante de lumin& tutravioleté emise de soare. Densitatea lonior si a electronilor liberi ‘este maxima de la circa 200 km pénd la 400 km deasupra suprafefei péméntului La indijimi mai mar, densitatea descreste pentru ca ‘ensitatea moleculelor neutre de aer care pot fionizate descreste. La Inti! mai mici densittea plasmei este mic, pent cA radiafia Uutravileté a fost deja absorbté Tn cea mai mare parte. 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(2) 280 urjon 9p soyyun uy edsipopoW Bei ‘ommT (ere) -g20)-=3°20)-3o=Pp+2p= 1p po wgaasqo (eave) @) a1+(0)2=(0)a UPION “soyonpudd ep oiligyeudoud e| e001 OS 0j0p [8 9p [2 ‘suna} op sided wreezvernee Vea ui eave) oma %=(oa Ininpau 8 eae eee eee o Hep Wain a0) 1 40- Gave) a PP oy. oy ay ‘ey08 weind (201"¢) edejeu puBZIIAN 1S jueULIa; IOP Feo NyUEd ‘9p 8 Wo. “go1q20}@ @anpuod ep ojesoDoId op ieie eieuIueIeD uns eqyepield weqiosge npew un-u ‘Ye10ue6 ImzeO UL 4 yuxgus oe ord uo Wns ep UNE O}RULN rage 2 (oz) {go s=(opeto) oft B x20) Intl ued vt ie a kin reiees)_[ ost [aa 210% [16.10 Semcon 19 [so [eves 0 Loa." ©) In eau ganeral, iran meds strat ple sunt iearnnate ait Se provacls Se wonucde veces. cit #02 Prlasarea nia Pr utare suscepti ers va eur E's ferent, unl coe desere pomraara sri’ ge 9 atl eplasarea stein Tear. Presupunom paramo (Wp) er arc dol tren ted eli (3.107) atom see ou gee x20 Puton dtc pemtutte crs feat a ed ta)melt+n= to)! 1) feu teman carcass propel de et, de ce ferare mw roeaoge cca tbe Taleo) ito, exe ein ct Jan = Ie y= 08 -iotge = iat. 124) Prin amar, pases ainsi eve Pa 1 ‘ecold ¢ | Ja] = Joo (12) Presipunem in medi dec cu pare cordutvata oleic ‘ial f consdra Yala peru un omens fg do Reset ‘y(e)= <0,, adica n >m (fig. 430) st tune! Unda reflectat este defazata cu x Cazuri particulare de incident ccazulincidentel normale (0, = 82 =0), tulle lui Fresnel (433) ce vectori A gi A, au o ciferents de faza egala cu n). Pi A, $1 A, sunt de semne contrare, prin urmare exista un defazaj de x 130 91 A, oscleaza tn fax ; au acelagl semn: intre vector De observat ci vectorul E; este Intotdeauna in faz8 2) Pent 0+ 02= 3, din fora (424) rez 8 r= 0; acd ‘nda incidenta este polarizata in planul de incidents, ea va fi in {nttegime transmis. Acesta este cazul incidents’ Brewster. Din conditile Og 0-5 91 nan = min, = 0088 (420) rezuta =% ta83= (sn 908 ny telajie numita legea lui Brewster. Exemple Pent iieraja er stil (a =1 mp = 15), unghiol Brewster este 05=arcig "© }=57-, in imp ce in cazul interteel } stica-aer, y= arcid 1 |= 94" is Apa cele 02 refractie Nagy =4/3 In domeni! ss or = arg 37°, In schimb, pentra pe suprafata unt Lunghi Brewster, cin conditaee 2380 Buqufog innucjaan e glexodwa} poy (sev) Tep7t ogpsd ‘outeres Uuud upow gnop eijeedes ep ejejedns e| (elueywisuen) 1 erswsueH 9p jnuojoe} 8 (ehuerzeye!) Y eMXeye! ep jni0}9e) OseUI9p &S ‘oioesyou — apxaysas op ajoseaoud ut 1o!GsoU0 woLenesu09 “Ey ‘ts o1- ("080470 S0)EN= 4 ‘aomen axe speek nteulny ‘pejusuesy epun nqued aseBedond ap rucyoon you eb 9360 un} © Bze} ap eZAYA "BONS U -qoe=% = 2=— =u & Zousu= o00= 9 = eras = Us «= FOUsU= ous ‘olloeyas ap mys 1.w ol-(Zago+*0280)=4 tuoujgo soveuny aon punoon zn 9s002.—*n 'que?=' 'n bso — Xn Haus = 9 vatesoog +n tousa='y ‘guns piejayeu 1S eqepiou! ejepun nujued BPUN ep \NO}IeA ‘srenyozou yy 1uoon ov0s 05 8 “gu ese apns ie sfDe4o! op asp gO PURE 00-19 eluepoul ans s/pes © pupre gojouBeWo11Pe(@ epun o 18 gjysuoe exevedes op ejeyeudns ep eS ZF ze Lobes e jsuisuen epun nnuod 0 “porene gigs teta ayes epun neg Ly Oh CO papa tH Hae eareojeh ae vepou pun eeopeuteu ofonpu aunty 2 watge=vI=¥ "gsqwsuey epun ngued Ayoedses 8 ‘wart = "ys = 4y ‘oye Deyo: fepun' fe oupere npdgo eoupmydue naued oqen eyNzoH (79+ tours ‘+ =T9s00%9use npodsou 6 cojsusuen ‘9p 18 ex@yes 9p thuomyaco einen jod eg “yLZEL=%9 epun op spzus ¢2= ous eynza: fous’ ="9usl refpeyes e20e) Uc (L orenjozau ig'Mtg' Mg “eouwsuen 6 topun je 8 siepoyes japun je aUDNIe nndugD jp sbenoje Wn 5 01 ys geppul fepun je oUDe!@ jniNdwRD eaUpMyde “eeq “02 8 yun Un ans 8e ‘no eleyoqu ed guepou aise epun @'2=u efpeuss ep eo‘ phn ego ay nypew un-sjui eBedoxd es ‘eluepioul ep inueld 4 seyrrpuedied glezuejod gogewo.DOUOW Buel BPLN © "La oydwoxapf e- za om ‘aga incat obfinem (4.40) (aan) Pentru cele doua tipuri de unde studiate se definesc factori R Ri.T, ait: 2 080 Ry=p sl 5 et (442) Aad si T= Mb : 17,0088, TTindind seama de relaile ui Fresnel se pot stabil ecuatile RyTy=ts A+, =4 (443) acd o; este unghiul de polarizare al undel incidente (unghiul format de vector & cu planude incidens) putem sere A= Rycos*a, +R, sia, T=Ty00s? a, +7, sin? a, ao aga inctt A+T=1. (4.45) ‘Aceasta este legea conservéini energiel In procesele de reffexie- In figura 4.6 este reprezentaté dependenta factonor de reflexie ip Fi, de unghiul de incidenja @;, pentru interaja aer-sticla in cole doua cazuri posible: n, m Se observa cd pentru 8,=85, In ambele situatil se objine Ryx0. Fig. 4.6 acd ny >n, rofleia este foarte slab’, exceplind cazul incidenterazante pe suprafaja Z, (0; ->x/2), cénd factor de reflexie Fy 81,1. Acest rezltat este ugor de vericat tn practics: 0 suprafata de stca (eau suprafafa apei cu np = 123) este aproape fransparents, exceptand inidenfa razanté unde se observa efectul de ogling in cazulincdentei ser - GaAs, la incidents normalé. A'=0319; vataia factorlor de reese, A, Fi,, cu unghul de inedenfa este reprezertaté tn fig 4.7 ort T as| Fig. 47. CObservaie. In iteraura de specaltate exist nota de und p (sau {nda TM) pons cazul E,,repectiv und s (sau unda TE) pentru 4.4, Polarizarea luminil in procesele de reflexie — refractio Definim gradul de polarizare al luinit 195= 9 raed ju puny“ ‘enoyos op rwveraya00 “potusuen yolduoo ese 'y euevoduco ‘oped eye op og er by 6 a wns oom oni ay eos ae ‘oqayes gWO.eD Up 926 feUnu exeWn uu “yO=H eeu rep ainojeo "gewiou eluepou e7 “(si=u) Bons ep ensear) o-nuud Ulu op 22s 0 WNW Jese2eU ejs9 a1eo uyeede Un weAe Woundnsaid gs uersniavg 1y8un w] 498] na3ued ex1s6010} 0180 Sxayei Uud eiezBod ep mmnuawioua & giueseieWy eenide O 2% L=% srezueiod 9p japei8 gwsuen eunny nued euigo os owsredsueN 22.9} eu} 0} 9p 88 un no “8p= 9 nued o Eleven} ey Oy ay89 syezUeyod sey HUNT] @ sxeUGo op elope! ngued se quapoUI eaxInd Up ‘pun uy exewin wd ‘eazo'o=(2)"e "edes0e reluepzou Inzeo uy, ‘nidwexe eq -eswsueR epun ul es-npuseBsr sjuepiuy lepun eI6:2u9 Up oued o7eus jeu eo ‘iu 6:89 gie=YeH aB10U8 ap many "89 ='9 rijuad go BSu1 BNESGO 98 @xeHe: ap JOWO}DE) ae aileUEA ap ojoqino ula “sz0'0=% ‘8a='9 18 gags - 498 elepoIL) nofeo un * Gy ~ 7( i) aeoep exews ew erse by urn) ‘epun ngued “0=!) go nqued 'L= “5 ave guejoeye) BpuN ‘veISMeIG inyBun qne eujaiepp inun elejeidns od gueppou! Eun nquEd4.8. Reflexia totala gi unghiul limita Daca und 1 = sin, D, + 0080. (449) Cu notatile din figura 4,2, relaia k= 2 ‘se poate sorie a (450) jaté din condita de continuitate pe sin, (ast) Ke =5(h- oh si?) 482) > sino = %. (453) 5 =A CcAmpul electric alu ) (454) ahora [one] foam ss) 1 a ‘In aceasta expresie, termenul | defineste amplitudinea unel unde ‘de-a_lungul axel Ox, cu viteza vp/sin®z Aen a Rom) (458) care se propaga in mediul 2) paralel cu suprafaja de separare s° ‘humeste unda evanescent Pentru cd intenstatea undel este proportonala cu patratul (a7) (4.58) (459) hen ee ‘Ordin de marime. Pentru interaja stclé-aer, cu m=15 $1 unghiul limita este 8 = arsine = 4322 ‘Atunci, pentru un cidenté 6, =45°> 0, valoarea adancimii de patrundere @ Pr interfetei poste fi ‘acestui mediu la valor foarte mici, de ori 139bt yseeoe euuuojep © navog ‘wren e/6joa Uw ezIIN ‘nu do no "ued eljeidne © (8 eoqooso.oU 2 se 418 ge 2A rm) (eee ‘eo onyes ze uy “oN UL uy eos80q 98 f610U0 op en oO ARAYA ZED UL ont Bb =JJ=u) Tot nivad go eurzoy | =P! eo eniieudoxd “igclg goea “b= 8 ty ue—logusl+'0s09 eo) Tots "0 8) —"9500 (ov) ‘pola us +10 ys —H0 4) Tqs0079 U8 — "0 gus —'0 zis om (os) fous= 22 ‘oust saeco! Prana Yo <9 hued mepeys! epun no wauR 98 62 unoe Lolo ke "Mo ‘nqued joun oe 9p sawed 260 un Bo yxep|UCO 4 e180 eIesISNy 27810) Jonoyes InzeD s0;sINoWeda!oW eje;oOSe sojepuN nzeD Uy IS ‘reajde 10d soueiwe eynuigo ojoyenzes 2}80,.rynuspauB_WwWO}29}e eoyoeds uns nu pow grop © efjeiedes ep elejesdns 8] epun jeun & ejsiusueH ep 1S aixsyes ep ojauewiove, “aenrosq puuer F ‘pun "y0, $i (4.63- 4.64) sub forma tatu (4.66) 1st si si sine) =1/n, (487) beers c& oe eit (468) on Be yee ade (400) unde 1, 9) sunt defazajele corespunzstoare numerelor complexe de la numaratori celor dou expresii (4:66) too. =u: toy =u? (470) Unda inciderté polarzstd tniar poate fi ob prin tp p, cealalta de tps, avand ie 10620 =0. DUPS are ampitucinea iar pentru unda s, A,,=Ae™"?*!, Dupa a doua Ine cele dovs unde devine egal cu 4 (oy - 94): in condija ca acest defazaj 8 fe egal cu 90" rez gy - 91 = 08. 143om -suoqny-vebe} suo) op eeu qnseyasouno ese SSIES auagre Seygeundeoiea eeo1X3 = ONOYD! 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In timpul zie, onizarea este, mai puternicé, in timp ce noaptea o parte dintre ionii recombin8. Concentraia de electron, N, variaza In timpul zilei (datonta raciatiet ‘solare). dar $1 cu alttudinea: creste pand la aproximatiy 150 km (In ppaturie DE ale lonosfere! ), stinge 0 valoare maxima In stratul F {intre 250-400 km), apoi descraste pentru c& degi radiata solard esto Jntens8, existé putin! atom de gaz care pot fi inizat (concentratia de molecule de g3z scade exponential cu inaifimea In atmosferd). Le Indi mic, concentrafia de elecironi este mic& pentru cé radiata alters de sar aot ea abso in patra ‘superioare ale atmosferet. ‘Sunt posible doua cazuri: 146 (4.89) | bi) o Up auso9z 0 1909p Olu ew ese eiejOs aepe: YeROKE ojauBeN dw I8BDy 1 p.0b-ve=0/%9= 99 se ute pu enor supra “wngo= a =%3 “ouyoo inde UBIEpISUOD yz01 = "d) "MIN01-6= P0 lunisaid joun gsndns y en 2ojezes eioeup ed sejropuedied greserd ‘epuyGo © “WHINY SEL=(S) 918@ eleI0s yelje\pes soypzuNdse100 voupmydwe engi wend ‘oued eojuoUNe (eluepine ul aund 0 & ep eajeynoyip #8 opur ‘eovejsouge wounjsoud ypoep golu jeuru un fascicul laser cu /=© = 23-108 Win? ee fee BE PROPAGAREA GHIDATA