Unit 1 Building materials - Materiale de construcii vocabulary: - vocabular: Natural materials - Materiale naturale Rock- The hard substance

that forms the main surface of the Earth: Roca substan tare care se formeaz la suprafaa principal a Pmntului: Stone - a hard solid mineral substance; Piatr - o substan minerala solida grea; Marble - a type of hard rock that becomes smooth when it is polished, and is used for making buildings, statues; Marmura - un tip de roca tare care devine neteda atunci cnd este lustruita, i este utilizata pentru efectuarea cldiri, statui; Shale - soft rock made of hardened mud or clay which divides naturally into thin sheets; Marna, roca argiloasa - roci moi din noroi ntrite sau lut, care imparte in mod natural n foi subiri Sand - naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles; Nisip - material granular natural compus din roci fin divizate i particule minerale; Gravel - small stones usually mixed with sand and used to make a surface for paths, roads; Pietri - pietre mici, de obicei, amestecat cu nisip i folosite pentru a face o suprafata de poteci, drumuri; Pebble - a small roundish smooth stone esp, on the seashore or on the riverbed; Prundis - o mic piatr rotunjit buna , pe rmul mrii sau pe albia rului; Clay - heavy firm earth that is soft when wet, but becomes hard when baked at a high temperature, from which bricks, pots are made; Zgura, argila - pmnt firma grele, care este moale atunci cnd sunt ude, dar devine greu atunci cnd coapte la o temperatur ridicat, de la care crmizi, oale sunt fcute; Timber - 1) wood for building, 2) a woodwn beam, esp, forming part of a structure such as a ship or a roof. Cherestea, copaci taiati - 1) lemn pentru constructii, 2) un fascicul de lemn, , care fac parte dintr-o structur, cum ar fi o nav sau un acoperi. Synthetic materials - Materiale sintetice Brick - a hard block of baked clay used for building walls, houses; Caramida - un bloc greu de lut ars folosite pentru a construi ziduri, case; Lime - 1) a white substance obtained by burning limestone; 2) white powder made by adding water to this, used in making cement; Var nestins - 1) o substan alb, obinut prin arderea calcar; 2) pulbere de culoare alb fcute prin adugarea de ap la prezenta, folosite n fabricarea cimentului; Gipsum - a soft white substance that is used to make plaster of Paris; Ghips, ipsos - o substan moale, alb, care este folosit pentru a face ipsos de la Paris; Ceramics - 1) the making of pots, tiles, by shaping pieces of clay and baking them until they are hard, 2) articles produced in this way.

Ceramica - 1) de a face oale, dale, prin modelarea buci de lut i coacerea lor pn cnd acetia sunt greu, 2) articole produse n acest mod. Glass - a transparent solid substance used for making windows, bottles; Sticl - o substan solid transparent utilizat pentru efectuarea de ferestre, sticle; Cement - 1) a grey powder made from MMF and clay that becomes hard when it is mixed with water and allowed to dry that is used in building; 2) a thick sticky substance that becomes very hard when it dries and is used for filling holes or sticking things together; Ciment - 1) o pulbere gri fcute din lut FPM i care devine greu atunci cand este amestecat cu ap i se las s se usuce, care este utilizat in constructii; 2) o grosime de substan lipicioas, care devine foarte greu atunci cnd se usuca si este folosit pentru umplerea gurilor sau lipirea lucruri mpreun; Mortar - a mixture of lime, sand and water, used in building, for joining bricks together; Mortar, tencuiala - un amestec de nisip var, i ap, folosit n construcii, pentru aderarea la crmizi, mpreun; Concrete - a hard, strong construction material consisting of sand, conglomerate gravel, pebbles and water in a mortar or cement matrix. Beton - un material dur, de construcii puternic format din nisip, pietris conglomerat, pietricele i ap ntr-o matrice de ciment sau mortar. Reinforced concrete - stonelike material strengthened by metal rods placed in it before it hardens, and used in building. Beton armat - material stonelike consolidat prin tije metalice introduse n ea nainte de a se intareste, si folosite in constructii. Plaster - a substance used to cover walls and ceillings with a smooth, even surface. It consists of Lime, water and sand; Ipsos, tencuiala - o substan utilizat pentru a acoperi peretii si ceillings cu o suprafa neted, chiar i de suprafa. Se compune din var, nisip i ap; Tile - 1) a flat square piese of baked clay or other material, used for covering walls, floors; 2) a thin curved piece of baked clay used for covering roofs; Placuta de faianta - 1) un ptrat plat piese de lut ars sau alte materiale, folosite pentru acoperirea pereilor, podelelor, 2) o bucat subire de lut ars curbat utilizate pentru acoperirea acoperisuri; Slate - a heavy usually dark grey rock that can easily be split into thin pieces. Placa de ardezie placa grea, de obicei, gri nchis, care pot fi cu uurin mprit n buci subiri. Masonry - 1) stones from which a building, a wall is made ; 2) a part of construction made of stone; Zidarie - 1) constructie din pietre, o cldire, un perete este realizat; 2) o parte de construcie din piatr; Furnace - an apparatus in a factory, in which metals and other substances are heated to very high temperature in an enclosed space Cuptor - un aparat ntr-o fabric, n care metale i alte substane sunt nclzite la temperaturi foarte ridicate ntr-un spaiu nchis Kiln - a box-shaped heating apparatus far baking pots or bricks for drying wood. Cuptor - o cutie n form de vase aparate de nclzire departe de copt sau crmizi pentru uscare. Specialized verbs: - Verbe de specialitate: To extract from a mine - a extrage dintr-o min To burn clay- a arde zgura, argila To slake lime - a potoli var, a singe var To crush the rocks - a zdrobi pietrele, a sfarima roca To bind sand, gravel, clinker into a rock - a lega/ uni nisip, pietri clincher, ntr-o stnc, roca.

To mold, to shape a figure a da o forma To gravel a path a acoperi cu pietris To plaster a wall a tencui, a acoperi cu ghips un perete To paint a door white a vopsi usa in culoarea alba To whitewash the ceiling a varui tavanul. To lay - to set in proper order or position ( a aseza) Pentru a pune - pentru a seta n ordinea corect sau poziia To extrude - to push or force out by pressure, to shape by forcing through a die ( a scoate) Pentru a extruda - pentru a impinge sau fora de presiune, pentru a forma prin forarea printr-o moar To press - to push steadily and firmly ( a presa, a forta) Pentru apsai - pentru a mpinge n mod constant i ferm To squeeze - to press firmly together, from opposite sides ( a presa) Pentru a presa - s apsai ferm mpreun, din pri opuse To bind - to tie together, to fasten or hold together.( a intari, a lega) Pentru a lega - a lega mpreun, pentru a fixa sau s dein mpreun. Properties of Building Materials - Proprietile Materialelor de Constructii Porosity - the guality or state of being porous Porozitatea - calitatea sau starea de a fi poros Waterproof - that does not let water through easily; Rezistent la ap - care nu permite apei sa intre; Resistance - supporting well the changes of weather Rezisten - sprijinirea i schimbrile de vreme Water permiability - allowing water to pass through Permiabilitatea apei - permite apei s treac prin Frost resistance - not easily damaged by frost; Rezistena la nghe - nu este uor deteriorate de ger; Heat conductivity - able to conduct heat; Termoconductibilitate - capabil s efectueze de cldur; Fire resistance - not easily damaged by fire; Rezisten la foc - nu este uor afectate de incendiu; Refractoriness - making light change direction when it goes through at an angle. Refractare - efectuarea schimba direcia de lumin atunci cnd trece printr-un unghi. Building Materials Characterstics - Materiale de constructii Particulariti Building Material- materiale Advantages - avantaje Weaknesses - dezavantaje de constructii Being a dense building material, it is It is too heavy and it is very dificult Rock roca, piatra
very protective. It is one of the long lasting building materials known. Fiind un material de construcie dens, este foarte protector. Este unul dintre materialele de construcie de

to keep it warm. The weight and hardiness becomes a drawback when it comes to portability and molding. Este prea greu si este foarte precar s-l pstrai cald.Greutatea i

lung durat cunoscute.

Clay / Earth - Argila

Bricks - caramida

Earthen walls tend to be naturally warm in winter and cool in summer. Clay is cheap and plentiful and can be formed in to a variety of shapes and sizes. - Perei de lut tind s fie mai natural cald iarna si racoroase vara. Zgura este ieftin i din belug i poate fi format ntr-o varietate de forme si dimensiuni. Bricks are strong, hard and resistand to fire and damage to the weather. Bricks can be laid in many different ways. - Caramizile sunt puternice, greu i resistente la foc i deteriorare a vremii. Caramizile pot fi stabilite n mai multe moduri diferite.

robustetea devine un dezavantaj atunci cnd vine vorba de portabilitate si laminat. Earthen walls change temperature slowly. - Pereii de lut schimba incet temperatura.

Heavy, weak in tension. - Grele, slab n tensiune.

Thatch - Iarba (par des)

It is very cheap because grass Burns easily, decays. Arde cu is easily harvested and it is usurinta, se descompune. also good insulator. - Este foarte ieftin, deoarece iarba este usor de recoltat i este, de asemenea, bun izolator.
Wood obtained from certain plants is guite durable. It can be shaped easily, is strong but pliable. Wood can be changed to make it more useful, low guality wood is open to many extremities. - De lemn obinute din anumite plante este durabil comlet. Acesta poate fi modelat cu usurinta, este puternic, dar flexibil. Din lemn pot fi modificate pentru a face mai util, calitatea lemnului sczut este deschis la extremitati multe. For longevity of building, metal is a best building material. Metals are strong and tough. Metals are easy to shape. They are shiny. Metals can easily be reused or recycled. - Pentru longevitate de constructii, metalul este un material de cea mai bun construcie. Metale sunt puternice si dure. Fier sunt uor de form. Ele sunt strlucitoare. Metalele pot fi uor refolosite sau reciclate. Steel is one of the worlds cheapest and most useful metal. It is hard and durable. Steel is a strong metal yet it is light. - Otelul este un metal al lumi mai ieftine i cele mai utile. Este greu si durabil. Otelul este un metal puternic dar este lumina. Some features like longevity and formability made concrete the most common and important building material in this modern age. It is convenient to use for its portability and molding properties. - Unele caracteristici cum ar fi longevitate i formabilitatea fcut beton materialul de construcie cele mai frecvente i Vulnerable to fire, rots, swells. Vulnerabile la incendii, putrezeste, se umfl.

WOOD Lemn

Metal Fier, metal

Corrosion is the metals prime enemy. It is reguired much human labor to produce it . Weaker than steel in tension, breaks without warning. - Coroziune este inamicul metale prim. Este nevoie de fora de munc mult mai uman s-l produc. Mai slabe dect oelul n tensiune, ruptura fr avetizare.

Steel - Otel

Rusts, loses strength in extremely high temperatures. Rugineste, pierde din rezistenta la temperaturi extrem de ridicate. Tends to crack when bent. Tinde sa se crape atunci cnd ndoite.

Cement - Ciment

Concrete Beton

Foam Spuma

Glass Sticla

Plastics material plastic

importante n aceast epoca moderna. Este convenabil de a folosi pentru o portabilitate i proprietile aplicate. Concrete is very hard and resists squashing extremely well . To avoid concrete cracking sometimes i is reinforced by steel bars. These strengthen the concrete and help to stop it bending and breaking. Betonul este foarte greu i rezist la inghesuiala extrem de bine. Pentru a evita crparea de beton, uneori, i este ntrit de bare de oel. Aceste consolida betonul i de a ajuta pentru a opri o ndoire i de rupere. It is light weight, easily shaped and an excellent insulator. Este greutate redusa, usor de modelat i un izolator excelent. Glass is transparent . Glass is strong. Glass can be moulded or blown or coloured. - Sticla este transparent. Sticla este puternica. Sticla poate fi modelat , suflat sau colorate. Plastic is light weight. It is flexible, long-lasting.It can be shaped in to almost any form. Plastic can be coloured, opaque or transparent. Plastic is strong, it is a good insulator and is waterproof. - Din material plastic este greutatea uoar. Este flexibil, lung-lasting.It pot fi modelate n aproape orice form. Din plastic poate fi colorat, opac sau transparent. Din material plastic este puternic, este un bun izolator i este rezistent la apa.

Cracks with temperature changes, weak in tension. It is brittle and tends to crack when bent. - Fisuri cu schimbrile de temperatur, slab n tensiune. Acesta este fragil si tinde sa se crape atunci cnd este ndoit.

It can shatter. Se poate sparge.

Expensive scumpa.

costisitoare,

Exercises Exercitii 1. True or False exercise - 1. Adevrat sau Fals exerciiu 1. Concreteis frequently reinforced to make it stronger. 1. Betonul frecvent consolidat pentru ao face mai puternic. -adevarat 2. Plastics is a natural material that decompose quickly. 2. Materiale plastice este un material natural care se descompun rapid. -fals 3. For construction purposes any type of timber can be selected. 3. Pentru constructii orice tip de lemn poate fi selectat. - fals 4. Steel is an expensive but useful material. 4. Otelul este un material scump, dar util. - fals 5. Wood is not flexible. 5. Lemnul nu este flexibil. - fals 6. Clay is easily shaped. 6. Zgura este uor de form. - adevarat 7. Glass cannot be made into objects with different shapes.

7. Sticla nu poate fi fcut n obiecte cu forme diferite. - fals 8. Plastics can be transparent, translucent or opaque. 8. Materiale plastice pot fi transparente, translucide sau opace. -adevarat 9. Plastic is magnetic. 9. Materialul plastic este magnetic. - fals 10. Metal is strong, hard, shiny and easily shaped. 10. Metal este puternic, tare, stralucitor si usor de modelat. Adevarat 2. Match the terms on the left with meanings on the right. - 2. Potriviti termenii pe stnga cu sensuri pe dreapta. Clay argila - heavy firm earth that is soft when wet, but becomes hard when baked. pmnt ferm grele, care este moale atunci cnd sunt ude, dar devine greu atunci cind e uscat. Brick caramida - a hard rectangular piece of baked clay used for building. o bucat dreptunghiular grea de lut ars folosite pentru a construi. Slate - ardezie - a heavy usually dark grey rock that can easily be split into thin pieces. o piatr grea, de obicei, gri nchis, care pot fi cu uurin mprit n buci subtiri. Shale - marna, roca argiloasa - soft rock made of hardened mud or clay which divides naturally into thin sheets. roca moale din noroi ntrite sau lut care imparte firesc n foi subiri. Masonry zidarie - tones from which a building, a wall is made. pietre care se face o zidarie , un zid care se face. Concrete beton - hard strong construction material consisting of sand, conglomerate gravel and water. materiale de constructie greu si puternic format din pietri conglomerat nisip, i ap. Lime var - a white substance obtained by burning limestone. o substan alb, obinut prin arderea de calcar. kiln cuptor - a box-shaped heating apparatus far baking pots or bricks for drying wood. cuptor un aparat n form de cutie de nclzire oale departe de copt sau crmizi pentru uscarea lemnului. Ceramics ceramica the making of pots, tiles. efectuarea de oale, gresie. Mortar tencuiala - a mixture of lime sand and water used in building. un amestec de nisip i var de ap utilizate n cldire. 3. Make sentences with the new words.

II. Text A: Cement: man's miracle mix One of man oldest building materials is linding its way into a lot of new places these days. Concrete first discovered by the Romans is now more widely used in construction than all other materials tpgether. Una dintre cele mai vechi materiale de constructii omul este linding drum ntr-o mulime de noi locuri de aceste zile. Beton descoperit pentru prima data de catre romani este acum mai utilizat pe scar larg n construcii dect toate tpgether alte materiale. The magic ingredient that makes concrete possible is cement, about which, according to one expert, more has been learnt in the past three decades than in the preceding 2000 years. Concrete is a synthetic stone which can be formed while soft into practically any shape the builder wants. Portland cement mixed with water is the paste that binds sand, gravel, clinker into an artificial rock that becomes harder as the years pass. Portland cement does not come from a place of that name : it was called Portland because Joseph Aspdin, the English builder who invented the first dependable, scientifically made cement about 1824, thought it resembled the rock excavated on the Isle of Portland on the Dorset Coast. Ingredient magic care face posibil este din beton de ciment, despre care, n conformitate cu un expert, mai multe a fost nvat n ultimii trei decenii dect n ultimii 2000 de ani. Betonul este o piatr sintetice, care poate fi format n acelai timp moale n practic orice forma constructor vrea. Ciment Portland amestecat cu ap este pasta care se leaga de nisip, pietri clincher, ntr-o stnc artificial care devine tot mai greu cu trecerea anilor. Ciment Portland nu provin dintr-un loc de acest nume: a fost numit Portland, deoarece Iosif Aspdin, constructorul englez care a inventat prima de ncredere, a fcut punct de vedere tiinific cu privire la ciment 1824, gndit c semna cu roca excavate pe Insula Portland pe Coasta de Dorset . What s so new about cement after all these years? Several things. One item is squeezed concrete, known technically as pre-stressed concrete. By giving concrete a big squeeze after it has hardened, builders can increase its elasticity ten times, so that it will bend under a heavy load without breaking. This is imortand in building bridges, viaducts and floots of large buildings. Ce e att de nou despre ciment, dup toi aceti ani? Mai multe lucruri. Un element este de beton presat , cunoscut sub numele din punct de vedere tehnic beton precomprimat. Prin acordarea de beton o mai mare stoarce dupa ce sa intarit, constructorii poate crete elasticitatea de zece ori, astfel nct acesta va indoi sub o sarcin grea fr s se rup. Acest lucru este imortand n cldire poduri, viaducte i etaje de cldirile mari. The simplest way to pre-stress concreteis to put steel wires or rods in the concrete when it is poured. Cel mai simplu mod de beton precomprimat pentru a pune cabluri din oel sau tije din beton atunci cnd acesta este turnat. An unusual American use of reinforced concrete is the floating highway bridge across Lake Washington. The depth of the lake made piers too expensive, so engineers built the bridge on hollow concrete pontoons anchored in place by steel cables. It is the longest pontoon bridge structure on earth. O utilizare neobinuit din America este podul plutitor din beton armat, autostrada care traverseaz lacul Washington. Adancimea lacului fcut piloni prea scump, astfel nct inginerii construit podul de pe pontoanele de beton cu goluri ancorate n loc de cabluri de otel. Acesta este cel mai lung pod structura ponton de pe pmnt. Until recently, the aim of engineers was to make concrete with as few bubbles as possible. Now they have come up with a new concrete that has millions of microscopic bubbles per cubic foot. It is made by adding an agent which foams to form the bubbles when the concrete is mixed. This concrete doesn t crack when freezing. The first air bubble roads were built many years ago. They have stood up under winter freezes so well that today this concrete is used for new road construction. Pn de curnd, n scopul inginerilor a fost de a face beton cu cat mai putine bule posibil. Acum, ei au venit cu un nou beton care are milioane de bule microscopice pe picior cub. Aceasta se face prin adaugarea unui agent care spume pentru a forma bule atunci cnd betonul este mixt. Aceast fisur beton nu intelege cazul n care are loc congelarea. Primele drumuri bul de aer au fost construite muli ani n urm. Ei au stat n temeiul iarna nghea att de bine nct astzi, aceast din beton este utilizat pentru construcia de drumuri noi. Another discovery is soil cement. Several years ago road builders lacking funds found that they could mix cement with soil on the site of the road, wet it and compsct it then cover it with bitumen.The first road they built is still carring traffic. There are miles of soil-cement secondary roads and streeds in

thr US today. Construction goes so fast that with modern equipment a road builder can complete a mile of soil cement road in one day. O alt descoperire este ciment sol. Cu civa ani n urm constructori de drumuri lipsa de fonduri a constatat c acestea ar putea amestec de ciment cu sol pe santierul de drum, acesta umed i compsct-l, apoi se acopera cu bitum rutier . Primul ei este construit desfasoara inca de trafic. Exist mile de solciment drumurile secundare i strazile n SUA astzi. Utilaje constructii merge att de repede nct, cu echipament modern un constructor de drum poate finaliza un kilometru de drum de ciment sol ntr-o zi. Scientists are workihg on research into the behaviour of cement and concrete under all kinds of conditions. Collaborating with ehgineers they are developing new ways of using concrete. Cement is changing the face of the earth. Oamenii de stiinta sunt muncitori privind cercetarea n comportamentul de ciment si beton sub tot felul de condiii. Colaborarea cu ingineri acestea sunt n curs de dezvoltare noi modaliti de utilizare a betonului. Ciment schimb faa pmntului. III. Answer the following questions: Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri:

1. How do people make concrete? 1. Cum oamenii fac beton? Portland cement mixed with water is the paste that binds sand, gravel, clinker into an artificial rock that becomes harder as the years pass. Ciment Portland amestecat cu ap este pasta care se leaga de nisip, pietri clincher, ntr-o stnc artificial care devine tot mai greu cu trecerea anilor. 2. How do people increase the concrete elasticity? 2. Cum oamenii maresc elasticitatea de beton? One item is squeezed concrete, known technically as pre-stressed concrete. By giving concrete a big squeeze after it has hardened, builders can increase its elasticity ten times, so that it will bend under a heavy load without breaking. Mai multe lucruri. Un element este de beton presat , cunoscut sub numele din punct de vedere tehnic beton precomprimat. Prin acordarea de beton o mai mare stoarce dupa ce sa intarit, constructorii poate crete elasticitatea de zece ori, astfel nct acesta va indoi sub o sarcin grea fr s se rup. 3. What is the simplest way to pres-stress concrete? 3. Care este cel mai simplu mod a betonului precomprimat presiune din beton? The simplest way to pre-stress concreteis to put steel wires or rods in the concrete when it is poured. Cel mai simplu mod de beton precomprimat pentru a pune cabluri din oel sau tije din beton atunci cnd acesta este turnat. 4. How did engineers build the floating highway bridge across Lake Washington? 4. Cum au construit inginerii podul plutitor peste autostrada Lake Washington? An unusual American use of reinforced concrete is the floating highway bridge across Lake Washington. The depth of the lake made piers too expensive, so engineers built the bridge on hollow concrete pontoons anchored in place by steel cables. It is the longest pontoon bridge structure on earth. O utilizare neobinuit din America este podul plutitor din beton armat, autostrada care traverseaz lacul Washington. Adancimea lacului fcut piloni prea scump, astfel nct inginerii construit podul de pe pontoanele de beton cu goluri ancorate n loc de cabluri de otel. Acesta este cel mai lung pod structura ponton de pe pmnt. 5. What was the aim of engineers until recently? 5. Care a fost scopul inginerilor pana de curand? Until recently, the aim of engineers was to make concrete with as few bubbles as possible. Pn de curnd, n scopul inginerilor a fost de a face beton cu cat mai putine bule posibil. 6. What kind of concrete does not crack?

6. Ce fel de beton nu crap? Now they have come up with a new concrete that has millions of microscopic bubbles per cubic foot. It is made by adding an agent which foams to form the bubbles when the concrete is mixed. beton care are milioane de bule microscopice pe picior cub. Aceasta se face prin adaugarea unui agent care spume pentru a forma bule atunci cnd betonul este mixt. 7. What is soil concrete used for? 7. Ce este un ciment sol utilizat pentru drumuri? Another discovery is soil cement. Several years ago road builders lacking funds found that they could mix cement with soil on the site of the road, wet it and compsct it then cover it with bitumen.The first road they built is still carring traffic. Cu civa ani n urm constructori de drumuri lipsa de fonduri a constatat c acestea ar putea amestec de ciment cu sol pe santierul de drum, acesta umed i compsct-l, apoi se acopera cu bitum rutier . 8. What are scientists working on? 8. Cine sunt oamenii de stiinta care lucreaza la? Scientists are workihg on research into the behaviour of cement and concrete under all kinds of conditions. Collaborating with ehgineers they are developing new ways of using concrete. Oamenii de stiinta sunt muncitori privind cercetarea n comportamentul de ciment si beton sub tot felul de condiii. Colaborarea cu ingineri acestea sunt n curs de dezvoltare noi modaliti de utilizare a betonului. V. Evaluation exercises. Exercitii de evaluare 1. Write the text plan and the summary of the text A - 1. Scriei textul i planul de rezumat al textului A. Do you remember the summary writing requirements? Here they are? - i aminteti cerinele de scris rezumatul? Aici sunt? Writing a good summary demonstrates that you clearly understand a text and that you can communicate that understanding to your readers. Following the easy 8-step method, you will be able to summarize texts quickly and successfully. Scrierea unui rezumat bun demonstreaz c ai neles n mod clar un text i care se poate comunica aceast nelegere pentru cititorii dumneavoastr. n urma usor 8-pas metoda, va fi capabil de a rezuma texte rapid i cu succes. 1. First. Skim the text, you are going to summarize and divide it into sections. Focus on any headings and subheadings. 2. Read. At this point you don need to stop to look up anything that gives you trouble - just get a feel for the author tone style and main idea. 3. Reread. Rereading should be active reading. Underline topic sentences and key facts. The details should be avoided - though they may be interesting - are too specific. Identify areas that you do not understand and try to clarity those points. 4. Now Write down the main idea of each section in one well - developed sentence. 5. Write the introductory sentence. This is the key to any well-written summary. Reyiew the sentences you wrote in step 4. From them you should be able to create the one that clearly communicates what the entire text was trying to achieve. 6. Ready to write. At this point your first draft is almost done. Add some transition words ( then, however, also, moreover) that help with the overall structure and flow of the summary. And once you are actually putting pen to paper (or fingers to keys) remember these tips: 1. n primul rnd parcurge rapid textul, il vei rezumai i mprii-l n seciuni. Concentrai-v la rubrici si subrubrici.. 2. Citete. n acest moment nu avei nevoie pentru a opri pentru a cuta ceva care v ofer probleme doar simte stilul, tonul autorului i ideea principal. 3. Reciteste. Recitind ar trebui s fie lectur activ. Sublinieaza propozitii importante i factoricheie. Detaliile ar trebui s fie evitate -, dei acestea pot fi interesante - sunt prea specifice.

Identifica zonelor pe care nu le nelegi i ncearca s clarifici aceste puncte. 4. Notai acum ideea principal din fiecare seciune ntr-o propozitie - bine dezvoltata. 5. Scrie teza introductiv. Aceasta este cheia pentru orice rezumat bine scris. Revezi propozitiile care le-ai scris n pasul 4. De la ea ar trebui s fie capabila sa creezi un text ce clar comunic n ceea ce ntregul text a fost ncercarea de a realiza. 6. Gata de a scrie. n acest moment prima ta schita este aproape gata. Adaug cteva cuvinte de tranziie (pe atunci, cu toate acestea, de asemenea, de altfel), care ajuta sa structurezi textul in ansamblu i fluxul de sintez. i odat ce eti de fapt gata , asazate la scris si tine minte aceste sfaturi: Write in the prezent tense Scrie la timpul prezent. Make sure to include the author and title of the work. Include autorul si titlul in lucrare. Be concise: a summary should not be equal in length to the original text. Fii concis: Sumarul tau nu trebuie sa fie egal ca si opera. If you must use the words of the author cite them. Daca folosesti cuvintele autorului , citeazale. Don't put your own opinions ideas or interpretations into the summary. The purpose of writing a summary ist o accurately represent what the author wanted to say, not to provide a critique. Nu-ti scrie opinia personala, ideea ori interpretarea in sumar. Scopul scrierii unui sumar este ca exact sa reprezinti ce autorul a urmarit sa spuna, nu sa critici. 7. Check for accuracy. Reread your summary and make certain that you have accurately represented the author's ideas and key points. Also check to make sure that your text does not contain your own commentary on the piece. Punct pentru exactitate. Reciteste sumarul si fa sigur ceea ce tu precis reprezinti ideile autorului si punctele cheie. Deasemenea controleaza daca textul tau nu contin comentariile tale in bucati. 8. Revise. Once you are certain that your summary is accurate, you should revise it for style, grammar and punctuation. Recapituleaza. Asigura-te ca sumarul tau e ingrijit, revizuie stilul, gramatica si punctuatia.

Unit 2. House buiding - Casa de Construcie 1. Vocabulary: - Vocabular: Civil engineering - the planning, building, and repair of roads, bridges, large buildings. Inginerie civil - planificarea, construirea i repararea de drumuri, poduri, cladiri mari. A building - a structure such as a house, church, or factory, that has a roof and walss. O cldire - o structur, cum ar fi o casa, biserica, sau a fabricii, care are un acoperi i zid. Materials used in Building a House - Materialele folosite la construirea unei case Natural materials materiale naturale Wood - Lemn Stone rock piatra, roca Clay Mud - Zgura Noroi Sand nisip Marble - marmura Synthetic materials - materiale sintetice Glass de sticla bricks / tiles caramizi / tigle cement, concrete ciment, beton plastic - plastic

metal alloys aliaje metalice modern industry building products produse moderne industria constructoare de Specialists Involved - specialiti implicai Architect arhitect Designer proiectant, designer Structural engineer inginer constructor Project manager sef de proiect Foreman maistru Crane operator macaragiu Builder constructor Brick layer zidar Carpenter / joiner timplar Plumber instalator de apa si canal Plasterer tencuitor Painter zugrav Locksmith lacatus Electrician electrician Structural elements of a House - Elemente structurale ale unei case 1. Foundation is a structure that transfers loads to the earth: 1. Fundatia este o structur care transfer sarcini la pmnt: The word foundation is used to mean: Cuvntul fundatia este folosit pentru a nelege: Construction below grade, such as footings, cellar or basement. De construcie de mai jos grad, cum ar fi fundaii, pivni sau subsol. The compozition of the earth on which the building rests and Compozitie a pmntului pe care se bazeaz i construirea Special construction, such as pilihgs and piers used to support the building. Construcii speciale, cum ar fi armatura i pontoanele utilizate pentru a sprijini construirea. 2. Frame - the basic structure of a building that other parts are added onto: 2. Frame - structura de baz a unei cldiri care se adaug alte pri pe: Steel frame usually refers to a building technique with a skeleton frame of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. Schelet din oel, de obicei, se refer la o tehnica de cldire cu un cadru schelet de oel coloane verticale si orizontale I-grinzi, construit ntr-o gril dreptunghiular pentru a sprijini etaje, acoperis si pereti a unei cldiri, care sunt toate ataate la cadru. Light - frame construction (wood-frame) is a building technique where structural members, called studs, provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall coverings are attached. Lumina - Structura ramei (lemn-cadru) este o tehnica de construcie n cazul n care membrii structurale, numite butoni, ofer un cadru stabil de care interior i acoperitoare de perete exterior sunt ataate. Concrete frame consists of a concrete structure reinforced with steel bars poured on the site. Cadru de beton consta dintr-o structura de beton armat cu bare din otel turnat pe santier.

3. Roof - the covering that forms the top a building. There are two parts to a roof, its supporting structure rafters, trusses, roof sheathing and its outer skin, or uppermost weatherproof layer the wood shingles or tiles, slate, or metal. Acoperi - care acoper n partea de sus o cldire. Exist dou pri la un acoperis, sa cpriori sprijinirea structura, ferme, acoperi nveliuri i captuseala sa exterioara, sau stratul superior rezistent la intemperii sindrila din lemn sau gresie- tigle, ardezie, sau metal. 4. Wall - a vertical structure, often made of stone or brick, that divides space or surrounds something: 4. De perete - o structur vertical, de multe ori din piatra sau caramida, care imparte spatiul sau nconjoar ceva: Load - bearing wall is a wall that bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure . The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block or brick. De ncrcare - perete rulment este un perete care poart o sarcin ce i revine prin efectuarea de greutate ntr-o structur de fundatie. Materialele cel mai des utilizate pentru a construi perei portani n cldirile mari sunt din beton, caramida sau bloc. Interior Wall - is a wall that separates space within a house. Perete despartitor - este un perete care separ spaiul ntr-o cas. 5. Window - An opening in a building for admitting light and air.It usually has a pane or panes of glass and is set in a frame or sash that is generally movable for opening and shutting. 5. Fereastra - O deschidere ntr-o cldire pentru admiterea luminii i aerului. Ea are, de obicei un panou sau panouri din sticl i este situat ntr-un cadru sau cercevea, care este, n general, mobile pentru deschiderea i nchiderea. 6. Doors - There are doors both for exterior and interior use. Exterior doors must, in addition to offering privacy, protect the interior of the structure from the elements. Various parts of a door are the same as the corresponding parts of a window. 6. Usi - Sunt att usi pentru exterior cit si interior. Usile de exterior trebuie, n plus fa de oferirea de confidenialitate, a proteja interiorul structurii din elemente. Diferitelor pri ale unei ui sunt aceleai ca i prile corespunztoare din-o fereastr. Steps in Building a House - Pai n construirea unei case 1. Acquiring the plot for future construction. 1. Dobndirea unui teren pentru construcii de viitor. 2. Inviting specialists to examine the geology, landscape, legality. 2. Invitarea specialitilor s examineze geologie, peisaj, legalitate. 3. Making the house plan ( a set of construction drawings, sometimes called blueprints). 3. Realizarea planului de casa (un set de desene de construcie, numite uneori schie). 4. Getting construction authorization / permits from local authorities. 4. Obinerea autorizaiei de construire / permise de la autoritile locale. 5. Signing a contract with a specialized in construction company. 5. Semnarea unui contract cu o companie de constructii specializata. 1. Site preparation pregatirea santierului; 2. laying the foundation & setting the plumbing turnarea temeliei, instalarea retelelor ingineresti; 3. Constructing the framework constructia cadrului;

4. Raising load- bearing walls constructia peretilor portanti; 5. Installing the roofing instalarea acoperisului; 6. Building interior walls constructia peretilor despartitori; 7. setting doors & windows instalarea usilor si ferestrelor; 8. Insulating the house izolarea termica a casei 9. Wiring & plumbing instalarea cablurilor , retelelor; 10. 10. Installing heting & cooling system instalarea sistemelor de racire, conditionare; 11. Interior & exterior wall finishing finisarea peretilor interiori si exteriori. 12. Cleanup & landscape amenajarea si curatirea. Specialized Verbs - Verbe speciale pag. 3 to begin the construction of your new house - incepe constructia casei noi; to dig a hole for the foundation - se sapa groapa de fundatie; to pour concrete / the foundation - a turna betonul, sau fundatia; to lay the first brick - a pune prima caramida; to aplly asphalt coating to the foundation wall - a aplica un strat hidroizolator pe peretele de fundatie ( pe temelie); to prevent water from seeping in - a preveni patrunderea apei; to complete the first / second floor - a termina primul etaj; to insulate the lofts a izola mansandra; to raise the walls / roof - a ridica peretii, a pune acoperisul; to place roof trusses on top of the walls - a pune fermele pe acoperis; to install roof-covering - a instala stratul exterior a acoperisului; to install HVAC systems ( heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems) - a instala incalzirea, ventilarea si conditionarea; to insulate the home - a izola termic; to put up drywall or to nail your interior walls and ceilings - a construi peretii despartitori, a insuruba ghipsocarton pe pereti si tavan; to plaster, to pain, to wallpaper or to apply a textured effect to walls - a tencui, a vopsi, a incleia tapet, a aplica o textura pe pereti; to clean up around the house - a amenaja casa.

Text A: FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DWELLINGS DIN ISTORIA LOCUINTELOR UMANE Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built in the beginning depended upon the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the building materials at hand. The first houses in many parts of the world where made of wood, for in those days the greater part of the Earth was covered with leaves and grass. So a tent, or hut , was the first house of the primitive people who lived where there was much wood. In other regions the most convenient building material was stone. Man began building houses out of stone very long ago. Although they were built without cement,the remains of a few of them still exist. Omul a fost ntotdeauna un constructor.Un fel de Casa a construit la nceputul depindea climatice, pe dumanii si, i pe materiale de construcie la ndemn.Primele case n multe pri ale lumii n cazul n care din lemn, n acele zile cea mai mare parte a Pmntului a fost acoperit cu frunze i iarb. Deci, un cort, sau caban, a fost prima casa a oamenilor primitivi care au trait acolo unde a fost mult lemn. n alte regiuni materialul de construcie cele mai convenabile a fost piatra. Omul a inceput sa construiasca case din piatr foarte mult timp n urm. Dei au fost construite fr ciment, rmne de cteva dintre ele nc mai exist. The ancient Egyptians built very simple houses by present standards. Having dried the bricks in the sun, they put up four walls, and above these they placed a flat roof. The roof was flat because there was very little rain in Egypt. Although their buildings were simple in construction, the Egyptian art of building was very beautiful. Their pyramids and monuments, sphinxes and palaces arouse our wonder to this day. An important part in the history o building has been played by column, and it was the ancient Egypt that gave the world its first lessons in the art of making columns. The Greeks learned much from Egypt.But they did not borrow the flat roof. They built a slanting roof because there was much rain in their country. The Greeks made the roof slant in two directions from the middle. Also they improved on Egipts columns and soon became the teachers of the world in column making. Vechii egipteni au construit case foarte simplu de standardele actuale. Avnd n crmizi uscate la soare, au pus la patru perei, i mai presus de acestea au pus un acoperi plat. Acoperiul a fost plat, deoarece nu a existat ploaie foarte puine n Egipt. Desi cladirile lor erau simple in constructii, arta egipteana a cladirii a fost foarte frumos. Piramide i monumente, sfincsi si palate starni mirare noastr la aceast zi. Un rol important n istoria cldirii o a fost jucat de coloan, i a fost Egiptul antic care a dat lumii primele sale lectii n arta de a face coloane. Grecii au invatat mult de la Egypt.Deoarece acestea nu au mprumut acoperi plat. Ei au construit un acoperi nclinat pentru c nu era ploaie de mult n ara lor. Grecii au fcut panta acoperiului n dou direcii din mijloc. De asemenea, acestea au mbuntit pe coloane Egipts i n curnd a devenit profesori din lume n a face coloan. The Romans, in turn, leaned much from the Greeks. First of all, they borrowed the slanting roof and the columns. But they added the arch thus adding much strength and beauty to their buildings. In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster in both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-countryard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it. Romanii, la rndul su, au imprumutat mult de la greci. Mai nti de toate, le-au mprumutat acoperi oblici i coloane. Dar ei au adugat arcul adugnd astfel puterea si frumusetea de mult de cldirile acestora. n Roma au fost folosite crmizi pentru construirea de case au fost de multe ori i terminat cu ipsos n perei att n interiorul ct i n afara. Centrul vieii de familie a fost o tara a grdinilor, nconjurat de coloane i cu camere de deschidere afar n ea. The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was a hearth and light came in through a hole in the roof above in and through the door because there were no windows.

Cele mai vechi case din Marea Britanie au fost rotunde, construite din lemn sau locul de munc co de rchit tencuit peste cu lut. In centrul casei era o vatra si lumina a venit printr-o gaur n acoperi de mai sus i prin u, deoarece nu au existat ferestre. On the territory of Russia the most ancient homes were earthen houses. One such home was discovered near Voronezh in 1927. It consisted of a shallow hole of oval shape. The floor was convered with limestone slabs. The roof had been conical and stood on poles covered by branches or animal skins. Such dwellings existed in that part of the country in the Upper Paleolithic period (from 40000 to 12000years ago). Pe teritoriul Rusiei, case mai vechi au fost case de lut. Un astfel de cas a fost descoperit lng Voronej, n 1927. Acesta consta dintr-o gaur mic adncime de form oval.Podeaua a fost acoperita cu dale de calcar. Acoperisul a fost conic i se afla pe stalpi reglementate de sucursale sau piei de animale. Astfel de locuine au existat n acea parte a rii n perioada paleoliticului superior (de la 40000 pn la 12000 ani n urm). Once men learned to build simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first the difference was mainly in size the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up the difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in town were very narrow and there was not much place for building within the town walls and there fore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening in the street where the man his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above. Odat ce oamenii au nvat s construiasc case simple pentru familiile lor, au inceput sa simt nevoia de a avea un numr de diferite tipuri de case ntr-un singur loc. La nceput, diferena a fost n principal n mrime ef sau lider au avut-o colib mai mare sau cort dect restul oamenilor. Mult mai trziu, atunci cnd oamenii au nceput s construiasc orae, acolo a crescut diferena dintre case ora i case de ar. Strzile din ora au fost foarte nguste i nu era loc mult pentru construirea n interiorul zidurilor oraului i nu exist case de prim-plan a trebuit s fie construit mai mari dect au fost n ar. O cas de ora tipic consta dintr-un magazin de deschidere n strad n cazul n care omul operei sale sau a mrfurilor vndute su, cu o buctrie i un dormitor n spatele de mai sus. In the country ordinary people lived in simple one-storey cottages which did not differ much from the mud and stone huts of an earlier age. The rich people in the country , on the other Irland, built huge castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles were built not only as dweilings but also to stand up to enemy attack and to be strong bases in time of war. n ara oamenilor obinuii locuiau n simplu cu un singur etaj cabane, care nu difer cu mult de bordeie si de piatra de o varsta mai devreme.Oamenii bogai n ar, pe de alt Irland, construit castele imense, cu ziduri groase si ferestre nguste. Aceste castele au fost construite, nu numai ca dweilings, ci, de asemenea, s se ridice pentru a ataca inamicul i s fie baze puternice, n timp de rzboi.

Exercise 1. Using the information from the text fill in the following table:

Exerciiul 1. Folosind informaiile din textul completai n tabelul urmtor:

The name of the country numele tarii The type of the buildings -Tipul de constructie Their pyramids and monuments, sphinxes and palaces Piramide i monumente, sfincsi si palate building materials material de constructie Having dried the bricks in the sun crmizi constructional features
caracteristici de construcie

Egypt

uscate la soare

they placed a flat roof, Egipts columns and soon became the teachers of the world in column making. Egiptul antic care a dat lumii primele sale lectii n arta de a face coloane. au pus un acoperi plat, The Greeks made the roof slant in two directions from the middle. the slanting roof and the columns - Grecii au fcut panta acoperiului n dou direcii din mijloc, acoperi oblici i coloane The centre of family life was a garden-countryard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it. - Centrul vieii de familie a fost o tara a grdinilor, nconjurat de coloane i cu camere de deschidere afar n ea.

Greece

They built a slanting roof Ei au construit un acoperi nclinat

Roman state

First of all, they borrowed the slanting roof and the columns. But they added the arch thus adding much strength and beauty to their buildings. - Mai nti de toate, le-au mprumutat acoperi oblici i coloane. Dar ei au adugat arcul adugnd astfel puterea si frumusetea de mult de cldirile acestora.

In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster in both inside and outside walls. - . n Roma au fost folosite crmizi pentru construirea de case au fost de multe ori i terminat cu ipsos n perei att n interiorul ct i n afara. On the territory of Russia the most ancient homes were earthen houses - Pe teritoriul Rusiei, case mai vechi au fost case de lut.

Ancient Russia

Britain

The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work plastered over with clay. - Cele mai vechi case din Marea Britanie au fost rotunde, construite din lemn sau locul de munc co de rchit tencuit peste cu lut.

It consisted of a shallow hole of oval shape. The floor was convered with limestone slabs. The roof had been conical and stood on poles covered by branches or animal skins. Acesta consta dintr-o gaur mic adncime de form oval.Podeaua a fost acoperita cu dale de calcar. Acoperisul a fost conic i se afla pe stalpi reglementate de sucursale sau piei de animale. In the centre of the house was a hearth and light came in through a hole in the roof above in and through the door because there were no windows. - In centrul casei era o vatra si lumina a venit printr-o gaur n acoperi de mai sus i prin u, deoarece nu au existat ferestre.

HOUSE VOCABULARY - VOCABULARUL CASEI A house is a home, shelter, building or structure that is a dwelling or place for habitation by human beings. The term includes many kinds of dwellings ranging from rudimentary huts of nomadie tribes to free standing individual structures. In some contexts, "house" may mean the same as dwelling, residence, home, abode, lodging, accommodation, or housing, among other meanings. Englishspeaking people generally call any building they routinely occupy "home". O casa este o cas, adpost, cldire sau structur, care este o locuin sau un loc de locuit de fiine umane. Termenul include multe tipuri de locuine, de la cabane de rudimentar de triburi nomadie la structurile gratuit individuale n picioare. n anumite contexte, "casa" se poate referi la fel ca locuin, reedin, domiciliu, reedin, cazare, sau de locuine, printre alte semnificaii. Oamenii de limb englez numesc, n general, orice cldire pe care o ocup de rutina "acas". Anatomy of a House - Anatomia unei case Roof (s) acoperis Shutter (s) - obloane Wall(s) - perete Porch(es) - veranda Front door(s) - usa din fata Window(s) - fereastra Garage Door(s) - usa garajului Garage(s) - garaj Chimney (s) - hogeac Balcony (ies) - balcon. Types of dwelling - tipuri de locuinta Cottage - casuta taraneasca Detached house - casa separata Semi-detached house - casa semiseparata Bungalow - vila Block of flats - bloc cu apartamente Terraced house - casa cu terase

1. FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DWELLINGS 1. DIN ISTORIA DE LOCUINTE UMANE 1. Fiind nevoii s se protejeze de intemperii, oamenii si-au construit dintotdeauna adposturi. 1. The need to protect themselves from bad weather, people have always built shelters. 2. Modul de via din ce n ce mai sedentar, a condiionat construcia caselor din materiale gsite n natur i, mai trziu din materiale fabricate. 2. Way of life increasingly sedentary conditioned building houses materials found in nature and, later manufactured materials. 3. n Egiptul Antic se ridicau locuine din crmizi (chirpici) uscai la soare. 3. In ancient Egypt brick house stood (adobe) dried in the sun. 4. Europenii construiau case de lemn, nzestrate cu acoperiuri arpante. 4. Europeans built wooden houses, equipped with roof roof. 5. Casele circulare tipice pentru cultura britanic, aveau pereii din lemn sau nuiele mpletite, lipite cu lut. 5. British culture typical round houses, had walls of wood or wattle, plastered with clay. 6. Locuinele timpurii ale ruilor erau parial ngropate n pmnt, cu plci de piatr pe podea, iar acoperiul n form de con era acoperit cu pei de animale. 6. Early homes were partially buried in Russian soil, stone floor plate and cone-shaped roof was covered with animal skins. 7. Diverse culturi utilizeaz materiale de construcie diferite pentru ridicarea caselor: acestea pot fi materiale tradiionale, pe care oamenii le au la ndemn, sau cele moderne. 7. Different cultures use different building materials to raise the house: they can be traditional materials that people have at hand, or modern.

BUILDING A HOUSE STEP-BY-STEP - Construirea unei case PAS CU PAS 1. Procesul planificrii unei cldiri prevede luarea unor decizii pertenente asupra materialelor de construcii i a proiectului reeind din funcia pentru care va fi aceasta construit, gusturile beneficiarului i condiiile de mediu. 1. Planning process provides a building pertenente decisions on construction materials and project Taking into consideration the function for which it will be built, tastes beneficiary and environmental conditions. 2. Etapele premergtoare construciei casei includ planificarea casei i obinerea autorizaiei de construcie, precum i analiza solului pentru a determina rezistena acestuia. 2. Planning stages include pre-construction house construction house and obtaining and analyzing soil to determine its strength. 3. nainte de nceperea construciei unei case se invit personalul specializat n pregtirea terenului, care-l va curi de copaci, pietre, drmturi, i desigur, va nivela terenul, dac e necesar. 3.Before building a house invites the professional staff in preparing the ground, that it will cleanse the trees, rocks, rubble, and of course, will level the land, if necessary. 4. n construcia unei cldiri sunt parcurse dou etape principale: n prima etap , se toarn fundaia, pe care se ridic scheletul structurii, iar n a doua are loc executarea exteriorului, inclusiv al acoperiului. 4. The construction of a main building are two steps: first, pour the foundation, which raises the skeleton structure, and the second exterior of enforcement, including the roof. 5. Fundaia trebuie s suporte greutatea cladirii, s absoarb forele exercitante asupra cldirii i s le distribuie ctre sol fr a deforma structura subsolului. 5. Foundation to support the weight of the building, to absorb the forces exerted on the building and distribute them to the ground without distorting the structure of the subsoil. 6. Exteriorul cldirii este alctuit din scheletul de susinere i pereii de baz , pe care se pune acoperiul. 6. Outside the building skeleton is composed of basic support and walls, which put the roof. 7. Construcia interiorului cldirii implic poziionarea pereilor despritori, fr rol de susinere. 7. Involves positioning the building construction partitions without supportive role. 8. Casa poate fi conectat la reelele inginereti, gaz i apeduct dup nlarea pereilor i punerea acoperiului. 8. House can be connected to engineering networks, gas and water supply by putting walls and roof erection. 9. Casa este o structur complex care necesit parcurgerea anumitor etape de proiectare i construcie. 9. The house is a complex structure that requires completion of certain stages of design and construction. 10. Forele care exercit presiune asupra cldirii sunt greutatea proprie a cldirii i a oamenilor care vor locui sau lucra n ea, fora vntului, greutatea zpezii, forele rezultate din micarea Pmntului. 10. Pressure on the forces that are building their own weight of the building and the people who live or work in it, wind power, weight of snow forces from earth movement.

Unit 3. The Leaning Tower of Pisa - Turnul nclinat din Pisa VOCABULARY Vocabular Tower - 1. A tall narrow structure, often square or circular, which either forms part of a building or stands alone: There a clock on the church tower. 2. A tall, usually metal structure used for broadcasting. Turn - 1. O structur nalta ngusta, adesea ptrat sau circular, care face parte fie dintr-o cldire sau se afl n singura: Exista un ceas de pe turnul bisericii. 2. O structur nalt, de obicei de metal folosite pentru radiodifuziune. Inclined tower or leaning tower is a tower which, either intentionally, due to errors in design.construction or to subsequent external influence, does not stand perpendicular to the ground. Turn nclinat sau nclinat turn este un turn, care, n mod intenionat, din cauza unor erori n design.constructie sau de a influena externe ulterioare, nu se opune perpendicular pe sol. Masonry - 1. The bricks or stone from which a building, wall, has been made: Several people were buried under falling masonry. 2. The skill of building with stone. Zidarie - 1.Crmizi sau de piatr de la o cldire care, de perete, au fost realizate: Mai multe persoane au fost ingropati sub zidrie care se ncadreaz. 2.Abilitate de a construi cu piatr. Arch - 1. a structure with a curved top and straight sides that supports the weight of a bridge or building: 2. a curved structure above a door, window. Arc - 1. o structur cu un top curbate i paranteze drepte care suporta greutatea unui pod sau cldire: 2. o structura curbata deasupra unei ui, ferestre. Arcade - a covered passage at the side of a row of buildings with pillars and arctles supporting it on one side. Arcada - un pasaj acoperit de la marginea unui rnd de cldiri, cu stalpi si arctles sprijinindu-l pe o parte. Column - a tall solid upright stone post used to support a building or as a decoration. Coloana - un post de nalt masiv din piatr n poziie vertical utilizate pentru a sprijini o cldire sau ca un decor. Belfry - a tower for a bell, especially on a church. Clopotnia - un turn de un clopot, n special pe o biseric. Pillar - a tall upright round post used as a support for a roof or bridge. Pilonul - un post de nalt rund n poziie vertical folosit ca suport pentru un acoperi sau a unui pod. To tilt - to (cause to) move into a sloping position. He tilted his chair backwards and put his feet up on his desk. A se inclina - a (pentru a provoca) muta ntr-o poziie nclinat. El a nclinat scaunul pe spate i a pus picioarele pe biroul su. To slant - to lean in a position that is not vertical: to slope. Italic writing slants to the right. Pentru a nclina - s se aplece ntr-o poziie care nu este vertical: de panta. nclinat Cursiv scris la dreapta.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa - Turnul nclinat din Pisa One of the world most recognizable buildings is surely the Leaning Tower o Pisa. Go see it if youre so inclined. Una dintre cele mai cunoscute cladiri din lume este cu siguran Turnul din Pisa. Du-te si vezi dac este att de nclinat. Construction of the tower occurred in three stages across 177 years. Work on the first floor of the white marble campanile began on August 8, 1173, during a period of military success and prosperity. Much to the embarrassment of Pisans, however, their white marble tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the third floor in 1178. This was due to a mere there-meter foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning. Perhaps engineer Bonanno Pisano failed to consider the consequences of designing a 185-foot-tall tower with a stone foundation only about ten feet thick. And this thin base rests on soft sand, rubble, and clay - not firm underpinnings for an almost 16000 - ton tower. Construirea turnului a avut loc n trei etape n 177 ani. Lucrul la primul etaj al clopotnitei marmur alb a nceput pe 08 august 1173, n timpul unei perioade de succesul militar i prosperitate. Mult la ruinea de a Pisans, cu toate acestea, turnul lor de marmur alb nceput s se scufunde dup construcie au progresat la etajul al treilea, in 1178. Acest lucru sa datorat doar acolo-metru fundaie, stabilit n subsolul slab, instabil, cu un design care a fost greit de la nceput. Poate inginer Bonanno Pisano nu a reuit s ia n considerare consecinele de a concepe un turn de 185 metri, inalt, cu o fundaie doar aproximativ zece metri grosime piatr. i aceast baz subire se bazeaz pe nisip moale, moloz, i argil - nu bazele pentru o firma de aproape 16000 - sumedenie turn. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a centry, because the republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. In 1198 clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction. Constructia a fost oprit, ulterior, timp de aproape un centry, pentru c republica din Pisa a fost aproape continuu angajat n lupte cu Genova, Lucca i Florena. De data aceasta a permis pentru a solului care stau la baza pentru a soluiona. n caz contrar, turnul ar fi aproape sigur au rsturnat. n 1198 au fost ceasurile temporar instalat la etajul al treilea din construcie neterminat. In 1272 construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is actually curved. n 1272 construcia a fost reluat n conformitate cu Giovanni di Simone, arhitect al Camposanto. ntrun efort de a compensa pentru prelate, inginerii construit etajele superioare, cu o parte mai nalt dect celelalte. Din acest motiv, turnul este, de fapt curbat. The seventh floor was completed in 1319. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower. There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. The largest one was installed in 1655. The bellchamber was finally added in 1372. Podeaua a aptea a fost finalizat n 1319. A fost construit de Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, care a reuit n armonizarea elemente gotice ale clopot-camera cu stil romanic a turnului. Exist apte clopote, unul pentru fiecare act de amploarea muzicale.Cea mai mare a fost instalat n 1655.Clopot-camera a fost n cele din urm adaugata in 1372. Tower Profile: The height of the tower is 55.86m from the ground on the low side and 56.70m on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m and at the top 2.48m. Its weight is estimated at 16000 tons. The tower has 296 or 294 steps: the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase. Prior to restoration between 1990 and 2001, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees, but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees. The means that the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 meters from where it would be if the structure were perfectly vertical.

This first floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged with classical Corinthian capitals. Intricate carvings,columns, arches and other design elements are incorporated into the construction of the tower. For medieval Europe, these types of design themes and construction processes were way ahead of their time, resulting in a structure that has remained timeless in appearance through the ages. Turnul Profil: nlimea turnului este de 55.86m la sol de pe partea de joas i 56.70m pe partea de inalta. Limea a pereilor de la baza este de 4.09 m i la 2.48m de top. Greutatea sa este estimat la 16000 de tone.Turnul are 296 sau 294 pai: la etajul sapte are doua etape mai putine pe scara de nord-cu care se confrunt. nainte de restaurare ntre 1990 i 2001, turnul nclinat la un unghi de 5,5 grade, dar turnul se nclin acum la aproximativ 3.99 de grade.nseamn c partea de sus a turnului este deplasat pe orizontal 3,9 m, de unde ar fi n cazul n care structura au fost perfect vertical. Acest etaj este un arcade orb articulat de ctre angajat cu capiteluri corintice clasice. Sculpturi complicate, coloane, arcade si alte elemente de design sunt ncorporate n construcia turnului. Pentru Europa medieval, aceste tipuri de teme de proiectare i de procesele de constructie au fost cu mult naintea timpului lor, rezultnd ntr-o structur care a rmas atemporal n aparen a lungul secolelor. Tower Stabilization Works. On February 27 1964 the government of Italy reguested aid in preventing the tower from toplling. It was however, considered important to retain the current tilt due to the vital role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa. A multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilization methods. It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side. Many methods were proposed to stabilize the tower, including the addition of 800 metric tons of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base. Turnul de stabilizare Lucrrilor. Pe 27 februarie 1964, guvernul a ajutorului Italia reguested n prevenirea turn din toplling. A fost cu toate acestea, considerat important s se pstreze curente de nclinare datorit rolului vital pe care acest element a jucat n promovarea industriei turismului din Pisa. Un grup de lucru multinaionale de ingineri, matematicieni i istorici s-au adunat pe insulele Azore, pentru a discuta metode de stabilizare. Sa constatat c a fost n cretere prelate n asociere cu bazele mai moale pe partea de jos. Multe metode au fost propuse pentru a stabiliza turn, inclusiv adugarea de 800 de tone metrice de contragreutati duce la sfarsitul ridicat de baz. On January 7, 1990, after over two decades of stabilization studies, the tower was closed to the public. The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. The final solution to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten the tower to a safer angle, by removing 38 cubic meters of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower was straightened by 45 centimeters, returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and sabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001, and was declared stable for at least another 300 years. La data de 07 ianuarie 1990, dup peste dou decenii de studii de stabilizare, turnul a fost nchis pentru public. Clopotele au fost eliminate pentru a ameliora unele greutate, i cablurile au fost cinched n jurul valorii de-al treilea nivel i ancorate cteva sute de metri distan. Soluia final pentru a preveni prbuirea a turnului a fost de a ndrepta uor turn la un unghi mai sigur, prin eliminarea 38 de metri cubi de sol de sub sfritul ridicate.Turnul a fost indreptat cu 45 de centimetri, revenind la poziia 1838 sale. Dup un deceniu de reconstrucie corective i eforturile sabilization, turnul a fost redeschis pentru public pe 15 decembrie 2001, i a fost declarat stabil pentru cel puin nc 300 de ani. In May 2008, after the removal of another 70 metric tons of earth, engineers announced that the Tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history. They stated it would be stable for at least 200 years. From start to finish, the leaning tower of Pisa took over 800 years to be constructed-probably the longest construction time in the world. n mai 2008, dup ndeprtarea de un alt 70 de tone metrice de pmnt, ingineri a anunat c Turnul a fost stabilizat, astfel nct aceasta a oprit n micare, pentru prima dat n istoria sa. Acetia au declarat c ar fi stabil timp de cel puin 200 de ani. De la nceput pn la sfrit, turnul nclinat din Pisa a avut peste 800 de ani pentru a fi construite, probabil, cel mai lung timp de construcie din lume.

Sentences for translation

Exemple pentru traducere

1. nalt de 55,86 m cu o grosime a zidului la baz de 4,09 m i o greutate estimat la 14,500 tone, turnul a fost proiectat s stea vertical. 1. 55.86 m high with a wall thickness of 4.09 m based on an estimated weight of 14 500 tons, the tower was designed to stand vertically. 2. Datorit ns proastei caliti a solului, fundaia a nceput s se scufunde imediat dup nceperea construciei, n anul 1173, provocnd nclinarea turnului spre sud. 2. But due to poor soil, the foundation began to sink immediately after construction began, in 1173, causing the tower to the south slope. 3. De-a lungul timpului turnul a suferit mai multe operaii de consolidare, prin care s-a ncercat stoparea sau chiar reducerea nclinrii turnului. 3. Over time the tower building underwent several operations, which attempted to stop or even reduce the tower's tilt. 4. nclinaia turnului fa de axa vertical este de 5,5 grade, asta nsemnnd o deplasare a centrului de greutate la nivelul bazei cu 4,5 metri. 4. Tower about a vertical axis inclination is 5.5 degrees, meaning that the center of gravity shift to the base by 4.5 meters. 5. ntre cele 8 etaje, se afl coloane de marmura alb, ce servesc ca suport, iar ua este decorat cu diverse imagini representnd animale. 5. Between the 8 floors are white marble columns, which serve as support, and the door is decorated with various images Represent animals. 6. n 1992 n ncercarea de a stabiliza temporar cldirea , au fost construite n jurul turnului, pn la al doilea etaj, tendoane de fier, captuite cu plastic. 6. In 1992 in an attempt to temporarily stabilize the building, were built around the tower, up to the second floor, tendons iron, lined with plastic. 7. n anul 1993, o fundaie din beton a fost construit n jurul turnului, iar n partea nordic a acestuia au fost plasate contragreuti. Utilizarea acestor greuti au reuit s reduc nclinaia cu aproximativ doi centimetri. 7. In 1993, a concrete foundation was built around the tower, and in the north of it were placed counterweights. Using these weights have managed to reduce bias by about two centimeters. 8. n 1995 , comisia care supraveghea restaurarea a ncercat s nlocuiasc contragreutile inestetice cu cabluri subterane. Inginerii au ngheat pmntul cu azot lichid, ns acest fapt a cauzat o mrire dramatic a nclinaiei, iar proiectul a fost anulat. 8. In 1995, the committee overseeing the restoration of trying to replace the unsightly counterweights with cables underground. Engineers have frozen ground with liquid nitrogen, but this has caused a dramatic increase in the inclination, and the project was canceled. 9. n sfrit n 1999, inginerii au nceput un proces de extragere a pmntului de sub partea din nord, fapt care n cteva luni a nceput s prezinte efecte pozitive. 9. Finally in 1999, engineers began a process of removing the earth from under the north, which in a few months began to show positive effects. 10. Pmntul a fost ndreptat ntr-un ritm foarte lent, nu mai mult de civa metri cubi pe zi, iar un ham masiv din cablu a fost folosit pentru a susine turnul, pentru eventualitatea unei destabilizri brute a acestuia. 10. Earth was turned into a very slow pace, no more than a few cubic meters per day, and a massive cable harness was used to support the tower, in case of a sudden its destabilization.

11. Momentan s-a mai ncetinit nclinarea turnului prin lucrrile de consolidare care se executa periodic acolo. 11. Currently it works slower by tilting tower building there that run periodically. 12. Limea zidului de la baz este de 4,09m, iar n partea de sus de 2,48m. 12. Wall width is 4.09 m at the base and the top 2.48 m.

Unit 4

Traditional chinese architecture - Unitatea 4 arhitectura tradiional chinez vocabular elemente structurale Materials used - materialele folosite Wood - lemn Brick - caramida Masonry - zidarie Paint - vopsea Gloss - lac

Vocabulary

Structural elements

Wooden frame (posts, beams,lintels, joists) - cadru de lemn Load- bearing columns - coloane portante Upturned eaves - cornise rasucite in sus Massive tile foof - acoperis amplu de tigle Curtain walls - pereti despartitori Decoration - decorare Wood carving - sculptura in lemn Painting decoration - pictura decorare Gloss covering acoperit cu lac Principles of structure Principii de structur

1. Balance and symmetry. Office buildings, residences, temples, and palaces all follow the principle that the main structure is the axis. 1. Echilibru si simetrie. Cladiri de birouri, resedinte, temple, palate i urmai toate principiul c structura principal este axa. 2. Horizontal emphasis. Buildings should be long and low rather than tall. Plain walls cannot catch your eye. 2. Orizontale accent. Cldirile ar trebui s fie de lung i joas, mai degrab dect nalt. Pereii neteda nu pot prinde ochiul tu. 3. Massive, overhanging roof with upturned eaves. It comes as a hallmark of Chinese architecture. 3. Acoperi masiv, proeminene cu streasina rsturnate. Ea vine ca un semn distinctiv al arhitecturii chineze. 4. Roof held up by columns. Columns spaced at intervals provide support for the roof. Walls serve as the separation of rooms. 4. Acoperi susinut de coloane. Coloane distanate la intervale ofere sprijin pentru acoperi. Perei servi ca o separare de camere. 5. Enclosure - "open space" surrounded by buildings connected with one another either directly or through verandas. 5. Carcas - "spatiu deschis", nconjurat de cldiri legate ntre ele, fie direct, fie prin intermediul verande. 6. Hierarchical principle refers to strict placement of buildings in a property and family members inside the house: buildings with doors facing the front of the property are considered more important than those facing the sides: building in the rear is held in higher esteem and it is reserved for the elder members of the family. 6. Principiul ierarhic se refer la plasarea stricte de cldiri ntr-o proprietate i membrii familiei n interiorul casei: cladiri cu usi cu care se confrunt partea din fa a proprietii sunt considerate mult mai importante dect cele cu care se confrunt pri: cldirea n partea din spate este de apreciat mai mare si este rezervat pentru membrii de familie mai in virsta.. 7. Harmonious unity of human beings with nature. Chinese people don-t lay emphasis on self-expression but seek modesty and gentleness.

7. Unitate armonioas de fiine umane cu natura. Chinezii nu-t pune accentul pe auto-exprimare, dar cauta modestia i blndeea. 8. Geomancy concepts the use of certain colors, numbers and the cardinal directions. 8. Concepte superstitioase utilizarea de anumite culori, numere i direciile cardinale. Class activities activitati din clasa

1. Read the text "Chinese Architecture" in your book and do the exercises 1. Citii textul "Arhitectura chinezeti" n cartea ta i face exerciiile 2. Group work: read carefully the principles of traditional Chinese architecture and compare it with classical European one. Fill in the following columns: 2. Grupuri de lucru: citii cu atenie principiile arhitecturii tradiionale chineze i se compar cu un clasic european. Completai n urmtoarele coloane: Traditional Chinese ArhitectureArhitectura tradiional chinez 1. Horizontal emphasis 1. Accent orizontal 2. Bilateral symmetry 2. Simetrie bilaterala Classical European Arhitecture Arhitectura clasic Europeana 1. Buildings tend to grow in height and depth 1. Cldiri tind s creasc n nlime i adncime

Home work : to find information about modern Chinese architecture. Munca la domiciliu: pentru a gsi informaii despre arhitectura modern chinez.

Text: Chinese Architecture

Text: Arhitectura Chineza

Chinese arhitecture is most famous for the Great Wall of China. But there is so much more to Chinese Arhitecture than just huge wall. Their temples are large and extravagant. Their palaces are a pleasure to look at. Even their roofs are breakthtaking and detailed to the last drop of gloss or paint. Arhitectura chinez este cel mai faimos pentru Marele Zid din China. Dar exist mult mai mult dect Arhitectura chinez doar de perete imens. Templele lor sunt mari i extravagante. Palate lor sunt o plcere s te uii la. Chiar si lor acoperiurile sunt breakthtaking i detaliate pn la ultima pictur de lac sau vopsea. A Chinese structure is based on the principle of balance and symmetry. Office buildings, residences, temples and palaces all follow the principle that the main structure is the axis. The secondary structures are positioned as two wings on either side to form the main room and yard. The distribution of interior space reflects Chinese social and ethnical values. For example, a traditional residential building assigns family members based on the family hierarchy. O structur chinezeasca se bazeaz pe principiul echilibrului i a simetriei. Cladiri de birouri, resedinte, temple i palate urmeaza toate principiul c structura principal este axa. Structurile secundare sunt poziionate ca dou aripi, pe fiecare parte pentru a forma camera principal i curte.De distribuie a spatiului interior reflect valorile sociale i etnice din China. De exemplu, o cldire tradiional rezideniale atribuie membrii familiei bazate pe ierarhia familiei. One fabulous example of Chinese arhitecture is the Buddhist temple which can be found scattered around China. Unfortunately , there are not many of these temples left. The reason that most of them were torn down because the space was either needed for urban development or others just fell apart because of many years of neglect. One tower which still remains is nearly 400 feet high which was

erected in the Yung - ningssu dynasty. This temple is located at Toyang and was made at the beginning of the 6 century. However, there is not much information which can be found about these towers. Un exemplu de arhitectura fabuloas din China este templu budist, care pot fi gsite mprtiate n jurul valorii de China. Din pcate, nu sunt multe din aceste temple din stnga. Motivul pentru care cele mai multe dintre ele au fost demolate pentru ca spatiul a fost fie necesare pentru o dezvoltare urban sau altele doar sa destrmat din cauza de mai muli ani de neglijare. Un turn care rmne n continuare este de aproape 400 de metri de mare care a fost ridicat n Yung - dinastie ningssu. Acest templu este situat la Toyang i a fost fcut la nceputul secolului al 6. Cu toate acestea, nu exist multe informaii care pot fi gsite cu privire la aceste turnuri. Information which is available says that the most distinctive kinds of Buddhist buildings in China are the stupa or pagoda. The pagoda was mainly used to house sacred objects. As for the architecture, these temples can take the form of a storied tower or more, rarely a upturned bowl. As the centuries passed, however, the shape of these temples took new forms. In the second and third century, the structures were basically made out of wood. Their shape took the form of a tetragonal under Sung during the 10 Century. the next dynasty Tang decided to have their towers shaped into an octagon or diagonal. The number of stories varied with each of the buildings. The height demised regularly from the base to the summit but everything else remained the same. Informaiile care este disponibil spune c tipurile cele mai distinctive ale cldirilor budiste din China sunt stupa sau pagod.Pagod a fost folosit n principal pentru a gzdui obiecte sacre. n ceea ce privete arhitectura, aceste temple pot lua forma unui turn de etaje sau mai mult, mai rar un castron rsturnate. n ceea ce secole a trecut, cu toate acestea, forma acestor temple a luat forme noi. In secolul al doilea i al treilea, structuri au fost practic realizate din lemn. Forma lor au luat forma unei tetragonal sub Sung n secolul 10. n urmtorii dinastiei Tang a decis s aib form de turnuri lor ntr-un octogon sau diagonal. Numrul de povestiri variat, cu fiecare dintre cldiri. nlimea defunctului n mod regulat de la baza la virf, dar totul a rmas la fel. To protect each of these cities,all of the Chinese cities were surrounded by strong, high walls. Inside those protective walls were wealthy houses which were made of wood and had tiles which were either painted with paint or a gloss. These types of houses all had their own walls to protect them. Pentru a proteja fiecare din aceste orae, toate din oraele de chinezi au fost nconjurate de ziduri puternice nalte. n interiorul acestor ziduri de protecie au fost case de bogai care au fost fcute din lemn i au gresie care fie erau vopsite cu vopsea sau un lac. Aceste tipuri de case au avut toi pereii propriile lor pentru a le proteja. The merchants,peasants and poor did not have such luxuries. Most of their houses were made up of mud bricks and roofs of reeds. Unfortunately, these houses were almost always drafty and did not protect their residence from the harsh elements. Another down side of these houses is that most of them only had one room which would include the bathroom, bedroom, dining room, kitchen and any other room which was essential to life back then. Negustori, rani sraci i nu au avut astfel de luxuri. Cele mai multe dintre casele lor au fost fcute din crmizi, pamint si acoperisuri din stuf. Din pcate, aceste case au fost aproape ntotdeauna subrede i nu a protejat reedina lor de la conditiile aspre.. Alt dezavantaj a acestor case este c majoritatea dintre ei au avut o singur camer, care s includ baie, dormitor, sufragerie, buctrie, precum i orice alt camer, care a fost esenial pentru via napoi atunci. Even though it may not seem like roofs are an important part of Chinese architecture, they are very important. Roofs did not only protect residences from the elements, they also had a deeper meaning. For example, temple roofs were curved because the Buddhist believed that it helped ward off evil spirits which were believed to be straight lines. The temples roof is also made of glased ceramic tiles and has an overhanging cave distinguished by a graceful upward slope. The are at which the roof turns comes from the intricate fit of rafters. They used rods of short rafters that melt together. One perfect example of splendid roofs is located inside a wonderful palace. The Forbidden Palace. Chiar dac nu poate prea acoperiurile sunt o parte important a arhitecturii chineze, ele sunt foarte importante. Acoperisuri nu a protejat doar locuinte de elemente, au avut de asemenea un sens mai profund. De exemplu, acoperiurile au fost templu budist curbe, deoarece credea c a ajutat alunga

spiritele rele, care au fost considerate a fi linii drepte. Acoperiul este, de asemenea temple face din placi ceramice i are o peter proeminene distinge printr-o pant ascendent graios.Sunt la care acoperisul se vine de la potrivesc complicate de capriori. Ei au folosit tije de capriori scurt, care sunt uniti mpreun. Un exemplu perfect de acoperisuri Splendid este situat n interiorul unui palat minunat.Palatul Interzis.

Word house:

Exprima in cuvinte acasa:

Hierarchy - a sistem especially in a society or an organization in which people are organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest. Ierarhie - un Sistem mai ales ntr-o societate sau o organizaie n care oamenii sunt organizate n diferite niveluri de cea mai mare importan de la cel mai mic la. Scatter -to throw or drop things in different directions so that they cover an area of ground. Imprastia -a arunca sau scdere lucruri in directii diferite, astfel nct acestea s acopere o suprafa de teren. Reed - a tall plant like grass with a hollow stem that grows in or near water. Stuf - o planta nalt ca iarba, cu o tulpina care crete n gol sau n apropierea apei. Drafty - uncomfortable, because cold air is blowing through. schita - incomod, deoarece aerul rece este suflat prin intermediul. Harsh -1. Cruel, severe, unkind. 2. Very difficult and unpleasant to live in. 3. too strong and rough and likely to damage smth. Aspru -1. Crude, sever, nemilos. 2. Foarte dificil i neplcut de a tri inch 3. prea puternic i dur i care ar putea deteriora ceva. Ratter - one of the sloping pieces of wood that support a roof. Sprgtor de grev - una din piesele de lemn in panta care susin un acoperi.

2. Explain these words and word combinations and make your own sentences: 2. Explicai aceste cuvinte i combinaii de cuvinte i de a face Exemple de dumneavoastr: Breathtaking, detailed to the last drop of gloss, under-appreciated, to house sacred objects, overhanging, elaborate roofs, helped ward off evil spirits. i taie respiraia, detaliate pn la ultima pictur de lac, sub-apreciat, la casa de obiecte sacre, proeminene, acoperisuri elabora, ajutat alunga spiritele rele. 3. Find in the text nouns corresponding to the following words and translate them: 3. Gsii Substantive n textul corespunztor la urmtoarele cuvinte i le traduc: to decorate - pentru a decora to distribute - de a distribui to mean sa insemne to exemplify - pentru a exemplifica to design - pentru a proiecta to develop - sa se dezvolte wealthy - bogat reasonable - rezonabil

to inform to begin to paint shapeless to build to house to drop -

sa informeze pentru a incepe sa picteze inform pentru a construi la casa sa scada

4. Select the information that refers to the China arhitecture: 4. Selectai informaiile care se refer la arhitectura China: 1. monumentalism, gigantism 2. principle of balace and symmetry 3. use of round forms such as arch, vault, dome 4. rich carved decoration 5. rules of form and proportion, a classically ideal architecture. 6. overhanging eaves 7. lotus column, mastabas 8. tiles painted with paint or gloss 9. based on geometric arrangements 10. curved roofs. 1. monumentalism, gigantismului 2. Principiul de balace i simetrie - adevarat 3. utilizarea de forme rotunde, cum ar fi arc, bolta, dom 4. bogat sculptate decorare 5. normelor de form i proporie, o arhitectura clasic ideal. 6. streain proeminene 7. lotus coloan, piloni 8. placi vopsite cu vopsea sau lac 9. bazate pe aranjamente geometrice 10. acoperiuri curbe. 5. Match the beginning and the end of these sentences 5. Meci de la nceputul i la sfritul acestor Exemple Almost everyone has heard of the huge stone wall named the Great Wall of China. The Great Wall of China was built mainly to protect the Chinese Empire from invaders from the Mongolians. This huge wall stretches over 1500 miles and extends from Kansu in the west to the Yellow sea in the east. One problem is that we do not know the precise date in which the Great Wall was built. It is believed to be built between 246 and 209 B.C. Aproape toat lumea a auzit de imens piatr de perete numit Marele Zid din China. Marele Zid Chinezesc a fost construit n principal, pentru a proteja imperiul chinez de invadatori de la mongoli. Acest zid imens se intinde peste 1500 de mile i se extinde de la Kansu n vest la Marea Galbena in est. Una dintre probleme este c nu tim data exact n care a fost construit Marele Zid. Se crede a fi construite ntre 246 i 209 .Hr.