Dragi studeni V reamintesc cerinele pentru acest curs: 1.

Activitatea din timpul semestrului reprezint 50% din nota final. Se puncteaz: participarea la cursuri i seminarii! action plan-ul pentru "m#untirea comunicrii proprii cu termen limit de predare 1$ decem#rie %nu se mai primesc dup aceast dat& portofoliul cu e'erciii %gramatic! voca#ular! rezumatele articolelor pe teme de comunicare i afaceri citite "n lim#a englez! eseul& care se va preda "n $ ianuarie %nu se mai primesc dup aceast dat& i va

(. )'aminarea scris va avea loc "n a doua saptm*n din ianuarie consta din "ntre#ri din materia parcurs i redactarea unui te't.

Succes+

English Spelling Rules Word endings

No English word ends in v except spiv. Use ve instead. No English word ends in j. Use ge or dge instead. No English word ends in i. Use y instead. Exceptions: macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli !talian" and taxi short #or taxica$" %he word endings dge, tch, may only $e &sed a#ter a short vowel e.g. $adge, hedge, lodge, #etch, '&tch, catch. Exceptions to this r&le are: m&ch, s&ch, rich, which. (e do&$le l, #, s and ), a#ter a single vowel at the end o# a short word e.g. call, tell, toss, miss, sti##, st&##, #i)), ja)).Exceptions to this spelling r&le: &s, $&s, gas, i#, o#, this, yes, pl&s, nil, pal. %wo-sylla$le words that end with s. *any words that end with s have the stress on the #irst sylla$le, e.g, crisis, $on&s, croc&s, circ&s, litm&s and #&ng&s. %hese #ollow the r&le - only &se one s at the end o# the word. !# the stress is on the #inal sylla$le o# a disylla$ic word, the #inal s !+ do&$led, e.g. address, redress, disc&ss, &nless, dismiss, &ndress, remiss, amiss, recall, re$&##. ,lso, the letters re, dis and &n in the examples a$ove are pre#ixes, and the r&le when adding these pre#ixes is to -eep the $ase word the same and j&st add the pre#ix. %wo-sylla$le words that end with l. (ith regard to #inal l, and #inal #, the r&le concerning pre#ixes applies, e.g. re#ill, recall, re$&##. !n words where there is no pre#ix, the .&estion o# where the stress lies does not apply. /&l#il and &ntil have the stress on the #inal sylla$le and many words, e.g. pistol, petrol, petal, metal, lintel, lentil and pencil have the stress on the #irst sylla$le. %he letters c- are &sed at the end o# one-sylla$le $ase words that have a single short vowel, e.g, sac-, stic-, cloc-. Use only a single letter c at the end o# words li-e picnic, c&$ic, metric and arithmetic.

Dropping t,e -inal )

'rop the #inal e $e#ore a s&##ix $eginning with a vowel a, e, i, o, u" $&t not $e#ore a s&##ix $eginning with a consonant. Examples: ride 0 ing 1 riding g&ide 0 ance 1 g&idance

hope 0 ing 1 hoping entire 0 ly 1 entirely li-e 0 ness 1 li-eness arrange 0 ment 1 arrangement 23**3N E42E5%!3N+: tr&ly, noticea$le

Making plurals
6eg&lar pl&rals are made $y adding s. e.g. dogs, horses, mon-eys, cli##s. %o #orm pl&rals o# words with a hissing ending, add es. Use s&##ix es a#ter s, x, ), sh, ch, ss in words li-e $on&ses, $oxes, #i))es, wishes, ch&rches and misses. %o ma-e no&ns ending in a single # pl&ral change the # to v $e#ore adding es to #orm the pl&ral. e. g. loa#, loaves7 wol#, wolves, shel#, shelves. Exceptions to this r&le: dwar#s, roo#s, chie#s. (ords ending in an o preceded $y a consonant &s&ally end in s&##ix es to #orm the pl&ral e.g. potato-es, volcano-es, torpedo-es.+ome exceptions: pianos, solos, Es-imos.

Adding suffixes
+hort words ending in $oth a single vowel and a single consonant always do&$le the last consonant $e#ore adding a s&##ix ending" $eginning with a vowel. e.g. hop, hopped, hopping7 #lat, #latter, #latten7 win, winner, winning7 $it, $itty, $itten . (e sometimes re#er to these $ase words as 8,8,8 words $eca&se they have 3NE vowel, 3NE consonant a#ter the vowel, and 3NE sylla$le.Examples o# vowel s&##ixes are: ed, es, ing, en, y, al, a$le and i$le. 'o N3% do&$le the #inal consonant when the $ase word has two vowels or two #inal consonants, e.g. lea#, lea#y7 sho&t, sho&ting7 #ool, #oolish7 sel#, sel#ish7 mend, mending. 'rop the #inal e #rom a root word $e#ore adding a s&##ix $eginning with a vowel, $&t -eep it $e#ore a consonant s&##ix. e.g. love, loving, lovely7 taste, tasting, tasty7 ride, $&$$le, $&$$ling, $&$$ly: drive, driving, driver7 rattle, rattled, rattling. /&l is a s&##ix added onto the end o# a root or $ase" word. !t has only one l. e.g. hope#&l, &se#&l, cheer#&l. 9eca&se this s&##ix $egins with a consonant, j&st add it to the $ase root" word, witho&t changing the root word. Notice that we -eep the silent e in hope#&l and &se#&l a$ove. 3ther consonant s&##ixes #ollow the same r&le as a$ove. %hey incl&de ment, ly, ty, ness, less. %hey are &sed to ma-e words li-e statement, lonely, cr&elty, lateness and homeless. 6emem$er to -eep the #inal e o# thee $ase word in word spellings li-e this. !# a word ends in a consonant pl&s y, change the y to i $e#ore adding any s&##ix except ing. e.g. lady, ladies7 party, parties7 heavy, heavier, heaviest7 marry, married7 #&nny, #&nnily7 $&t there are some exceptions, e.g. cry, crying7 h&rry, h&rrying.

 !# a $ase word ends with the letters oy, ay, or ey, '3 N3% change the #inal y to i when adding any vowel s&##ix, e.g. annoying, played, displayed, s&rveyed, $oyish. Exceptions to this are the words said, paid and laid.

Adding prefixes
%he letters al are a pre#ix, #ollowed $y another sylla$le, in words li-e also, already, always, altho&gh. ,ltho&gh the word all has two lls, the pre#ix al has only one l. 3ther pre#ixes are: re, pre, de, in, im, &n, en, &nder, over, dis, and mis, as in rethin-, preset, deactivate, incapa$le, impossi$le, &ndecided, enslave, &nderachieve, overcoo-, discontin&e and misdeed.

Using soft and soft g

(hen c is #ollowed $y e, i, or y, it says s. 3therwise it says -. e.g. city, centre, ceiling, circle, cycle, receive, access. (hen g is #ollowed $y e, i, or y it says j. 3therwise it says g as in gold e.g. gentle, giant, gymnastic, gyroscope. Exceptions: get, $egin, girl, give, gear, geese, gi#t, girth.

Rules for using ! and "u

(hen w or .& comes $e#ore a it o#ten says wo" or -wa" as in wash, want, wander, wallet, .&arrel and .&ads. (hen w comes $e#ore or it o#ten says wer" as in worm, word, wor-, worth, worship. Exceptions incl&de worry, worried, wore, worn. (hen w or .& come $e#ore ar, it o#ten says wor" or .&or" as in war, ward, warden, .&arter, .&art, %he so&nd -w" is written as .&. !t never stands $y itsel#. %he letter & is a :silent; partner. !t is not a :so&nded vowel; when &sed a#ter the letter ..

Using i and e together to make one sound

i comes $e#ore e when it is prono&nced ee, except when it #ollows c, e.g. $rie#, #ield, priest, receive, deceive, ceiling. Use i $e#ore e, except a#ter c, or when so&nded as <ey< as in <neigh$or< and <weigh.< Examples: $elieve, chie#, piece, and thie#7 deceive, receive, weigh, and #reight E#$E%&'()S: e##icient, weird, height, neither, ancient, ca##eine, #oreign %he letters i and e are sometimes &sed together and so&nded as separate vowels, e.g. in diet, .&iet and client.

Using ti, i or si to make the sound *sh+

ti, ci, si, are three spellings most #re.&ently &sed to say sh at the $eginning o# all sylla$les except the #irst. e.g. nation, patient, torrential, in#ectio&s, spacio&s, ancient, optician, #inancial, tension, session, admission, pension, division.

,ou-ling l and t in multis.lla-i !ords -efore suffixes

!n words ending in a single l a#ter a single vowel, do&$le the l $e#ore adding a s&##ix regardless o# accent. e.g. cancelled, levelling, travelled, signalling, metallic. !# a word o# more than one sylla$le ends in a t, preceded $y a single vowel, and has the accent stress" on the last sylla$le, do&$le the #inal consonant. e.g. permit, permitted7 admit, admitted7 regret, regretted7 $&t do not do&$le the #inal t in words li-e visit, visited7 $ene#it, $ene#ited $eca&se the stress is on the #irst sylla$le o# the root or $ase word.

.,anging a -inal / to 0
2hange a #inal y to i $e#ore a s&##ix, &nless the s&##ix $egins with i. Examples: de#y 0 ance 1 de#iance party 0 es 1 parties pity 0 #&l 1 piti#&l try 0 es 1 tries try 0 ing 1 trying copy 0 ing 1 copying occ&py 0 ing 1 occ&pying E42E5%!3N: jo&rneying