Studierea performanelor dinamice

i calitile de stabilitate ale autovehiculului

Volkswagen Golf
Caracteristicile tehnice ale autovehiculului sunt:
1.Motorul
-cilindreea:
1598 [cm3]
-puterea maxim:
55 [KW]
-turaia la puterea maxim: 5200 [rot/min]
-momentul maxim:
128
[Nm]
-turaia la moment maxim: 2600 [rot/min]
2.Transmisia
-tipul cutiei de vitez:
manual
-tipul ambreiajului:
monodisc
-raportul de transmitere al transmisiei principale:
i0=3.875
-raportul de transmitere al cutiei de viteze
icv1=3.455
icv2=1.955
icv3=1.250
icv4=0.891
icv5=0.74
3.asiul
-tipul asiului:
autoportant
-frne -fa:
disc
-spate:
tambur
-direcie:
cremalier
4.Dimensiuni i greutate
-dimensiuni de gabarit
-lungimea:
-limea:
-nlimea:
-ampatamentul:
-ecartamentul: -fa:
-spate:
-pneuri:
-greutate proprie:

4,02 [m]
1,695 [m]
1.425 [m]
2,475 [m]
1,47 [m]
1,46 [m]
195/55 R 15 H
1015 [Kg]

5.Performane
-viteza maxim:
168
[Km/h]
-demarajul (0100 [Km/h]): 14 [s]
-consum mediu pe 100 [Km/h] la -60 [Km/h] :
-90 [Km/h] :

6.8 [litrii]
7.5 [litrii]

2.2.1. Caracteristica exterioar a motoarelor cu combustie intern

Parametrii de funcionare ai motorului cu ardere intern cu piston sunt exprimai cu
ajutorul caracteristicii de turaie exterioar .
Prin caracteristica de turaie exterioar sau pe scurt caracteristica exterioar se inelege
funcia de dependen a momentului motor i a puterii motorului fa de viteza unghiular de
rotaie a arborelui cotit la admisiune total , reglajele motorului i temperature de funcionare
fiind cele optime.
Pentru motoarele a cror caracteristic nu este determinat experimental cum este cazul
cnd se proiecteaz un motor nou , se folosete o exprimare analitic a caracteristici exterioare de
forma P=P(n) , M=M(n).
Pentru ridicarea caracteristicii exterioare se folosesc relaiile :
nmin=0.5 x n P [rot/min]

(1.1)

nmax=1,2x n P [rot/min]

(1.2)

9554 Pmax
[Nm]
nP

(1.3)

MP=

M= M max

( M max M P ) ( n nM ) 2
n P nM
P=

unde:
n
nmin
nmax
MP
Pmax
M
P

[Nm]

nM
[KW]
9554

(1.4)

(1.5)

- variaia turaiei
- turaia minim
- turaia minim
- momentul la puterea maxim
- puterea maxim
- variaia momentului
- variaia puterii

Cu ajutorul acestor formule se obine variaia momentului si a puterii n funcie de turaia

motorului.

n
Pe
1300
16.5
1400
17.9
1500
19.3
1600
20.8
1700
22.2
1800
23.6
1900
25.1
2000
26.5
2100
27.9
2200
29.3
2300
30.7
2400
32.1
2500
33.5
2600
34.8
2700
36.2
2800
37.5
2900
38.7
3000
40.0
3100
41.2
3200
42.4
3300
43.5
3400
44.6
3500
45.7
3600
46.7
3700
47.7
3800
48.6
3900
49.5
4000
50.3
4100
51.1

Me

128.0

n
Pe
4100
51.1
4200
51.8
4300
52.4
4400
53.0
4500
53.5
4600
54.0
4700
54.3
4800
54.6
4900
54.8
5000
55.0
5100
55.0
5200
55.0
5300

128.0

121.3
122.3
123.2
124.0
124.8
125.4
126.0
126.6
127.0
127.4
127.6
127.8

Me
119.0
117.8
116.5
115.1
113.6
112.1
110.4
108.7
106.9
105.0
103.1
101.1
98.9

54.9

5400

96.7

54.7

128.0

5500

94.5

54.4

127.8

5600

92.1

54.0

127.6

5700

89.7

53.5

127.4

5800

87.2

52.9

127.0

5900

84.6

52.2

126.6

6000

81.9

51.4

126.0

6100

79.2

50.5

125.4

6200

76.3

49.5

124.8
124.0
123.2
122.3
121.3
120.2
119.0

Caracteristica
de traciune al

autovehiculului reprezint echilibrul tuturor forelor care acioneaz asupra acestuia la micarea
rectilinie, pe un drum oarecare avnd admisiunea plin a motorului, respectiv fora total la roat
FR obinut prin nsumarea forelor tangeniale de la toate roile motoare echilibreaz suma
tuturor rezistenelor la naintare, adic rezistena la rulare Rr, rezistena la urcare a pantei Rp,
rezistena aerului Ra, inclusiv rezistena la demarare Rd.
FR = Rr + R p + Ra + Rd

(1.6)

Variaia parabolic a forei la roat este determinat de caracterul variaiei momentului

motorului n funcie de turaie.
Caracteristica de traciune numit i fora la roat se determin n condiiile funcionrii
motorului la sarcin total cu reglaje la valorile optime. Aceasta reprezint graficul de variaie al
forei tangeniale la roat dezvoltat de motor n funcie de viteza de deplasare pentru fiecare
treapt de vitez selectat FR=f(va).

FR =

M i0 icv tr
[N]
rr

(1.7)

unde:
rr raza de rulare;
tr randamentul total al transmisiei;
i0 raportul de transmitere al transmisiei principale;
icv raportul de transmitere al treptelor de vitez;
Viteza teoretic se calculeaz cu relaia:
r n
va = 0.377 r
i0 icv
Rr = Ga f
v2
1
Ra = C x A a
(2.0)
2
13
unde:
f rezistena la rulare;
f = (0.018...0.024) se adopt f = 0.0.20;
densitatea aerului;
= 1.226 [kg/m3];
Cx coeficient de rezisten al aerului;
Cx = 0.3030 ;
A = CF B H
(2.1)
unde:
CF coeficient de corecie;
CF = 0.98;
B ecartamentul autovehiculului;
H nlimea autovehiculului;

2.2.1.1. Caracteristica de tractiune

(1.8)
(1.9)

N
V_A1
F_R1 V_A2 F_R2 V_A3
1.3000 0.0124 4.3944 0.0220 2.4866
1.1333 0.0581
1.4000 0.0134 4.4305 0.0237 2.5070
1.1426 0.0626
1.5000 0.0144 4.4637 0.0254 2.5258
1.1511 0.0670
1.6000 0.0153 4.4941 0.0271 2.5430
1.1590 0.0715
1.7000 0.0163 4.5215 0.0288 2.5585
1.1660 0.0760
1.8000 0.0172 4.5461 0.0304 2.5724
1.1724 0.0804
1.9000 0.0182 4.5678 0.0321 2.5847
1.1780 0.0849
2.0000 0.0191 4.5865 0.0338 2.5953
1.1828 0.0894
2.1000 0.0201 4.6024 0.0355 2.6043
1.1869 0.0938
2.2000 0.0211 4.6154 0.0372 2.6116
1.1903 0.0983
2.3000 0.0220 4.6255 0.0389 2.6173
1.1929 0.1028
2.4000 0.0230 4.6328 0.0406 2.6214
1.1947 0.1072
2.5000 0.0239 4.6371 0.0423 2.6239
1.1958 0.1117
2.6000 0.0249 4.6385 0.0440 2.6247
1.1962 0.1162
2.7000 0.0258 4.6371 0.0457 2.6239
1.1958 0.1207
2.8000 0.0268 4.6328 0.0474 2.6214
1.1947 0.1251
2.9000 0.0278 4.6255 0.0491 2.6173
1.1929 0.1296
3.0000 0.0287 4.6154 0.0507 2.6116
1.1903 0.1341
3.1000 0.0297 4.6024 0.0524 2.6043
1.1869 0.1385
3.2000 0.0306 4.5865 0.0541 2.5953
1.1828 0.1430
3.3000 0.0316 4.5678 0.0558 2.5847
1.1780 0.1475
3.4000 0.0325 4.5461 0.0575 2.5724
1.1724 0.1519
3.5000 0.0335 4.5215 0.0592 2.5585
1.1660 0.1564
3.6000 0.0345 4.4941 0.0609 2.5430
1.1590 0.1609
3.7000 0.0354 4.4637 0.0626 2.5258
1.1511 0.1653
3.8000 0.0364 4.4305 0.0643 2.5070
1.1426 0.1698
3.9000 0.0373 4.3944 0.0660 2.4866
1.1333 0.1743
4.0000 0.0383 4.3554 0.0677 2.4645
1.1232 0.1787
4.1000 0.0392 4.3135 0.0693 2.4408
1.1124 0.1832

F_R3 V_A4
0.0344 1.5899

F_R4 V_A5
0.0482

F_R5
0.9412

0.0370

1.6029

0.0520

0.9489

0.0397

1.6150

0.0557

0.9561

0.0423

1.6259

0.0594

0.9626

0.0450

1.6359

0.0631

0.9684

0.0476

1.6447

0.0668

0.9737

0.0503

1.6526

0.0705

0.9783

0.0529

1.6594

0.0742

0.9824

0.0556

1.6651

0.0779

0.9858

0.0582

1.6698

0.0816

0.9885

0.0608

1.6735

0.0854

0.9907

0.0635

1.6761

0.0891

0.9923

0.0661

1.6777

0.0928

0.9932

0.0688

1.6782

0.0965

0.9935

0.0714

1.6777

0.1002

0.9932

0.0741

1.6761

0.1039

0.9923

0.0767

1.6735

0.1076

0.9907

0.0794

1.6698

0.1113

0.9885

0.0820

1.6651

0.1151

0.9858

0.0847

1.6594

0.1188

0.9824

0.0873

1.6526

0.1225

0.9783

0.0899

1.6447

0.1262

0.9737

0.0926

1.6359

0.1299

0.9684

0.0952

1.6259

0.1336

0.9626

0.0979

1.6150

0.1373

0.9561

0.1005

1.6029

0.1410

0.9489

0.1032

1.5899

0.1447

0.9412

0.1058

1.5758

0.1485

0.9328

0.1085

1.5606

0.1522

0.9239

4.2000 0.0402
1.1008 0.1877
4.3000 0.0412
1.0886 0.1922
4.4000 0.0421
1.0755 0.1966
4.5000 0.0431
1.0617 0.2011
4.6000 0.0440
1.0472 0.2056
4.7000 0.0450
1.0319 0.2100
4.8000 0.0459
1.0159 0.2145
4.9000 0.0469
0.9991 0.2190
5.0000 0.0479
0.9816 0.2234
5.1000 0.0488
0.9634 0.2279
5.2000 0.0498
0.9444 0.2324
5.3000 0.0507
0.9246 0.2368
5.4000 0.0517
0.9041 0.2413
5.5000 0.0526
0.8829 0.2458
5.6000 0.0536
0.8609 0.2502
5.7000 0.0546
0.8382 0.2547
5.8000 0.0555
0.8147 0.2592
5.9000 0.0565
0.7905 0.2636
6.0000 0.0574
0.7656 0.2681
6.1000 0.0584
0.7398 0.2726
6.2000 0.0593
0.7134 0.2771

4.2687

0.0710

2.4154

0.1111

1.5444

0.1559

0.9143

4.2211

0.0727

2.3885

0.1138

1.5272

0.1596

0.9041

4.1705

0.0744

2.3599

0.1164

1.5089

0.1633

0.8932

4.1170

0.0761

2.3296

0.1190

1.4895

0.1670

0.8818

4.0607

0.0778

2.2977

0.1217

1.4691

0.1707

0.8697

4.0015

0.0795

2.2642

0.1243

1.4477

0.1744

0.8570

3.9393

0.0812

2.2291

0.1270

1.4252

0.1781

0.8437

3.8743

0.0829

2.1923

0.1296

1.4017

0.1819

0.8298

3.8064

0.0846

2.1539

0.1323

1.3772

0.1856

0.8153

3.7357

0.0863

2.1138

0.1349

1.3515

0.1893

0.8001

3.6620

0.0880

2.0721

0.1376

1.3249

0.1930

0.7843

3.5854

0.0896

2.0288

0.1402

1.2972

0.1967

0.7679

3.5060

0.0913

1.9838

0.1429

1.2684

0.2004

0.7509

3.4236

0.0930

1.9372

0.1455

1.2386

0.2041

0.7333

3.3384

0.0947

1.8890

0.1481

1.2078

0.2078

0.7150

3.2503

0.0964

1.8392

0.1508

1.1759

0.2115

0.6961

3.1593

0.0981

1.7877

0.1534

1.1430

0.2153

0.6767

3.0654

0.0998

1.7345

0.1561

1.1090

0.2190

0.6565

2.9686

0.1015

1.6798

0.1587

1.0740

0.2227

0.6358

2.8689

0.1032

1.6234

0.1614

1.0379

0.2264

0.6145

2.7663

0.1049

1.5653

0.1640

1.0008

0.2301

0.5925

2.2.1.2. Bilanul de traciune

v_a
0
0.0050
0.0100
0.0150
0.0200
0.0250
0.0300
0.0350
0.0400
0.0450
0.0500
0.0550
0.0600

R_a R_r+R_a
0
0.0003
0.0012
0.0026
0.0046
0.0073
0.0105
0.0142
0.0186
0.0235
0.0290
0.0351
0.0418

v_a

0.3054
0.3056
0.3065
0.3080
0.3100
0.3126
0.3158
0.3196
0.3239
0.3289
0.3344
0.3405
0.3472

0.1400
0.1450
0.1500
0.1550
0.1600
0.1650
0.1700
0.1750
0.1800
0.1850
0.1900
0.1950
0.2000

R_a R_r+R_a
0.2276
0.2442
0.2613
0.2790
0.2973
0.3162
0.3356
0.3557
0.3763
0.3975
0.4193
0.4416
0.4645

0.5330
0.5495
0.5667
0.5844
0.6027
0.6215
0.6410
0.6610
0.6816
0.7028
0.7246
0.7470
0.7699

0.0650
0.0700
0.0750
0.0800
0.0850
0.0900
0.0950
0.1000
0.1050
0.1100
0.1150
0.1200
0.1250
0.1300
0.1350

0.0491
0.0569
0.0653
0.0743
0.0839
0.0941
0.1048
0.1161
0.1280
0.1405
0.1536
0.1672
0.1815
0.1963
0.2117

0.3544
0.3623
0.3707
0.3797
0.3893
0.3994
0.4102
0.4215
0.4334
0.4459
0.4589
0.4726
0.4868
0.5016
0.5170

0.2050
0.2100
0.2150
0.2200
0.2250
0.2300
0.2350
0.2400
0.2450
0.2500
0.2550
0.2600
0.2650
0.2700
0.2750

0.4881
0.5122
0.5368
0.5621
0.5879
0.6144
0.6414
0.6689
0.6971
0.7259
0.7552
0.7851
0.8156
0.8466
0.8783

0.7934
0.8175
0.8422
0.8675
0.8933
0.9197
0.9467
0.9743
1.0025
1.0312
1.0605
1.0904
1.1209
1.1520
1.1836

2.2.2.Caracteristica dinamic a autovehiculelor

Fora de traciune disponibil, excedentar Fe = FR-Ra, care se utilizeaz la nvingerea
rezistenelor drumului i rezistenei la demarare, caracterizeaz dinamicitatea autovehiculului,
dar nu poate fi folosit ca indice de comparaie pentru autovehiculele de greuti diferite
deoarece la valori egale ale forei excedentare Fe, calitile dinamice ale unui autovehicul cu
greutate total mai mic sunt superioare celor ale unui autovehicul cu greutate total mai mare.
De aceea, aprecierea calitilor dinamice ale autovehiculelor se face cu ajutorul factorului
dinamic D, care este o for excedentar specific, deci un parametru adimensional dat de
raportul dintre fora de traciune excedentar Fe i greutatea total a autovehiculului Ga respectiv:
F
F Ra FR k A v 2
D= e = R
=
(2.2)
Ga
Ga
Ga

Curbele de variaie ale factorului dinamic n funcie de viteza autovehiculului, pentru

toate treptele cutiei de vitez, reprezint caracteristica dinamic a autovehiculului prezentat n
fig. 3.1.
v_a1
R_a1
F_R1
D1
0.0124 0.0018 4.3944
0.0003
0.0137 0.0022 4.4425
0.0003
0.0150 0.0026 4.4853
0.0003
0.0163 0.0031 4.5229
0.0003
0.0176 0.0036 4.5551
0.0003
0.0189 0.0042 4.5822
0.0003
0.0202 0.0047 4.6039
0.0003
0.0215 0.0054 4.6204
0.0003
0.0228 0.0060 4.6316
0.0003
0.0241 0.0067 4.6375
0.0003
0.0254 0.0075 4.6382
0.0003
0.0267 0.0083 4.6336
0.0003
0.0280 0.0091 4.6237
0.0003
0.0292 0.0099 4.6086
0.0003
0.0305 0.0108 4.5881
0.0003
0.0318 0.0118 4.5625
0.0003
0.0331 0.0127 4.5315
0.0003
0.0344 0.0138 4.4953
0.0003
0.0357 0.0148 4.4538
0.0003
0.0370 0.0159 4.4070
0.0003
0.0383 0.0170 4.3550
0.0003
0.0396 0.0182 4.2977
0.0003
0.0409 0.0194 4.2351
0.0003
0.0422 0.0207 4.1673
0.0003
0.0435 0.0219 4.0942
0.0003
0.0448 0.0233 4.0158
0.0003
0.0460 0.0246 3.9321
0.0003

v_a2
R_a2
F_R2
D2
0.0220 0.0056 2.4866
0.0002
0.0243 0.0068 2.5138
0.0002
0.0266 0.0082 2.5380
0.0002
0.0288 0.0097 2.5592
0.0002
0.0311 0.0113 2.5775
0.0002
0.0334 0.0130 2.5928
0.0002
0.0357 0.0148 2.6051
0.0002
0.0380 0.0168 2.6144
0.0002
0.0403 0.0188 2.6208
0.0002
0.0425 0.0210 2.6241
0.0002
0.0448 0.0233 2.6245
0.0002
0.0471 0.0258 2.6219
0.0002
0.0494 0.0283 2.6163
0.0002
0.0517 0.0310 2.6077
0.0002
0.0540 0.0338 2.5962
0.0002
0.0563 0.0368 2.5816
0.0002
0.0585 0.0398 2.5641
0.0002
0.0608 0.0430 2.5436
0.0002
0.0631 0.0463 2.5202
0.0002
0.0654 0.0497 2.4937
0.0002
0.0677 0.0532 2.4643
0.0002
0.0700 0.0568 2.4318
0.0002
0.0722 0.0606 2.3964
0.0002
0.0745 0.0645 2.3580
0.0002
0.0768 0.0685 2.3167
0.0001
0.0791 0.0727 2.2723
0.0001
0.0814 0.0769 2.2250
0.0001

10

v_a3
R_a3
F_R3
D3
0.0344 0.0137 1.5899
0.0001
0.0380 0.0167 1.6073
0.0001
0.0415 0.0200 1.6228
0.0001
0.0451 0.0236 1.6363
0.0001
0.0487 0.0275 1.6480
0.0001
0.0523 0.0317 1.6578
0.0001
0.0558 0.0362 1.6657
0.0001
0.0594 0.0410 1.6716
0.0001
0.0630 0.0461 1.6757
0.0001
0.0665 0.0514 1.6778
0.0001
0.0701 0.0571 1.6781
0.0001
0.0737 0.0631 1.6764
0.0001
0.0773 0.0693 1.6728
0.0001
0.0808 0.0759 1.6673
0.0001
0.0844 0.0827 1.6600
0.0001
0.0880 0.0899 1.6507
0.0001
0.0916 0.0973 1.6395
0.0001
0.0951 0.1051 1.6264
0.0001
0.0987 0.1131 1.6114
0.0001
0.1023 0.1215 1.5944
0.0001
0.1058 0.1301 1.5756
0.0001
0.1094 0.1390 1.5549
0.0001
0.1130 0.1483 1.5322
0.0001
0.1166 0.1578 1.5077
0.0001
0.1201 0.1676 1.4812
0.0001
0.1237 0.1777 1.4529
0.0001
0.1273 0.1881 1.4226
0.0001

v_a4
R_a4
F_R4
D4
0.0482 0.0270 1.1333
0.0001
0.0533 0.0329 1.1457
0.0001
0.0583 0.0394 1.1567
0.0001
0.0633 0.0465 1.1664
0.0001
0.0683 0.0542 1.1747
0.0001
0.0733 0.0624 1.1817
0.0001
0.0783 0.0712 1.1873
0.0001
0.0833 0.0806 1.1915
0.0001
0.0883 0.0906 1.1944
0.0001
0.0934 0.1012 1.1960
0.0001
0.0984 0.1124 1.1961
0.0001
0.1034 0.1241 1.1949
0.0001
0.1084 0.1364 1.1924
0.0001
0.1134 0.1494 1.1885
0.0001
0.1184 0.1629 1.1832
0.0001
0.1234 0.1769 1.1766
0.0001
0.1284 0.1916 1.1686
0.0001
0.1335 0.2068 1.1593
0.0001
0.1385 0.2227 1.1486
0.0001
0.1435 0.2391 1.1365
0.0001
0.1485 0.2561 1.1231
0.0001
0.1535 0.2737 1.1083
0.0001
0.1585 0.2918 1.0922
0.0001
0.1635 0.3106 1.0747
0.0001
0.1685 0.3299 1.0558
0.0000
0.1736 0.3498 1.0356
0.0000
0.1786 0.3703 1.0140
0.0000

v_a5
R_a5
F_R5
D5
58.0921 39.1925 941.2038
0.0591
64.1270 47.7586 951.5039
0.0592
70.1619 57.1705 960.6754
0.0592
76.1969 67.4285 968.7182
0.0590
82.2318 78.5323 975.6323
0.0588
88.2667 90.4821 981.4178
0.0584
94.3016 103.2779 986.0746
0.0578
100.3365 116.9196 989.6028
0.0572
106.3715 131.4072 992.0023
0.0564
112.4064 146.7408 993.2732
0.0554
118.4413 162.9204 993.4154
0.0544
124.4762 179.9458 992.4289
0.0532
130.5111 197.8173 990.3138
0.0519
136.5461 216.5346 987.0701
0.0505
142.5810 236.0979 982.6976
0.0489
148.6159 256.5072 977.1966
0.0472
154.6508 277.7624 970.5668
0.0454
160.6857 299.8635 962.8084
0.0434
166.7206 322.8106 953.9214
0.0413
172.7556 346.6037 943.9057
0.0391
178.7905 371.2426 932.7613
0.0368
184.8254 396.7276 920.4883
0.0343
190.8603 423.0584 907.0866
0.0317
196.8952 450.2353 892.5563
0.0290
202.9302 478.2580 876.8973
0.0261
208.9651 507.1267 860.1097
0.0231
215.0000 536.8414 842.1934
0.0200

11

Valoarea
forei la roat
de
roilor pe
drumului i
superioar a
este:

maxim a
este limitat
alunecarea
suprafaa
atunci limita
acestei fore

FRmax = Z m
Zm =

Unde:

(2.3)

b
Ga
L

(2.4)

Zm - reaciunea normal la puntea motoare.

b este distana de la centrul de greutate la puntea spate;
coeficient de aderen i ia valorile 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6;
Introducnd FRmax n expresia factorului dinamic se obine factorul dinamic sau factorul
de propulsie D:
Zm k A v2
D =
(2.5)
Ga
Parametrii principali ai calitilor dinamice de traciune sunt: raportul dintre puterea
maxim i greutatea autovehiculului, factorul dinamic maxim la prima treapt de vitez i priza
direct, precum i viteza maxim pe drum orizontal de calitate bun cu ncrctur nominal.
v_a
D_fi_us
D_fi_um
0 0.4004
0.1868
5.0000 0.4003
0.1868
10.0000 0.4003
0.1868
15.0000 0.4002
0.1867
20.0000 0.4001
0.1865
25.0000 0.3999

v_a
D_fi_us
D_fi_um
110.0000 0.3912
0.1776
115.0000 0.3903
0.1768
120.0000 0.3894
0.1759
125.0000 0.3885
0.1749
130.0000 0.3875
0.1740
135.0000 0.3865

12

0.1864
30.0000
0.1861
35.0000
0.1859
40.0000
0.1856
45.0000
0.1853
50.0000
0.1849
55.0000
0.1845
60.0000
0.1841
65.0000
0.1836
70.0000
0.1831
75.0000
0.1826
80.0000
0.1820
85.0000
0.1813
90.0000
0.1807
95.0000
0.1800
100.0000
0.1792
105.0000
0.1784

0.3997
0.3994
0.3991
0.3988
0.3985
0.3981
0.3976
0.3971
0.3966
0.3961
0.3955
0.3949
0.3942
0.3935
0.3928
0.3920

0.1730
140.0000
0.1719
145.0000
0.1708
150.0000
0.1697
155.0000
0.1686
160.0000
0.1674
165.0000
0.1661
170.0000
0.1649
175.0000
0.1635
180.0000
0.1622
185.0000
0.1608
190.0000
0.1594
195.0000
0.1579
200.0000
0.1564
205.0000
0.1549
210.0000
0.1533
215.0000
0.1517

0.3854
0.3844
0.3832
0.3821
0.3809
0.3796
0.3784
0.3771
0.3757
0.3743
0.3729
0.3714
0.3699
0.3684
0.3668
0.3652

mbuntirea
performanelor
autovehiculelor
prin creterea
dinamic, care se
prin mrirea
motorului, prin
raportului de
din transmisia
prin reducerea
proprii i prin
unor caroserii
aerodinamice.

se obine
factorului
poate realiza
cuplului
mrirea
transmitere
principal,
greutii
construirea
mai

2.2.3. Stabilitatea autovehiculului

13

Forele ce acioneaz asupra autovehiculelor pot fi grupate n dou categorii mari.

n prima categorie se includ forele care se pot modifica nemijlocit prin comenzile
executate de ctre conductor.
n a doua categorie se includ forele care se manifest ntmpltor, deci care nu pot fi
modificate n mod nemijlocit de ctre conductor.
Dup modul cum se produc micrile n raport cu axele principale ale autovehiculului se
deosebesc stabilitatea longitudinal i stabilitatea transversal, fiecare dintre ele putndu-se
referi la atingerea limitei de aderen sau la rsturnare.
2.2.3.1. Stabilitatea longitudinal a autovehiculelor cu roi
Stabilitatea longitudinal a autovehiculelor este capacitatea autovehiculului de a se opune
alunecrii sau patinrii longitudinale precum i rsturnrii n raport cu o ax transversal.
2.2.3.2. Stabilitatea longitudinal la rsturnare a autovehiculelor
Pentru un regim de micare dat exist un unghi limit de rsturnare r, la care ncepe s se
produc rsturnarea i este dat de relaia:
r = arctg

b
hg

(2.6)

r = 49.5062

(2.7)

2.2.3.3.Stabilitatea longitudinal la alunecare a autovehiculelor

a = arctg

b
L + hg

0,7
17.639

(2.8)
0,35
9.4631

0,15
4.3533

Viteza de rsturnare datorat rezistenei aerului este dat de relaia:

Vr =

b Ga

ha

[km/h]
kA
+ 0.00471 C z b A
13
vr=2111 [km/h]

unde:
Cz coeficient de portan;
Cz = 0,4;

14

(2.9)

2.2.3.4. Stabilitatea transversal a autovehiculelor

Stabilitatea transversal este capacitatea autovehiculului de a se opune deraprii sau
rsturnrii transversale n raport cu dreapta care unete centrele petelor de contact ale roilor de
pe aceeai parte a autovehiculului
Pierderea stabilitii transversale este provocat de aciunea forelor transversale. Acestea
sunt determinate de deplasarea n curb, nclinarea transversal a cii de rulare, vntul lateral i
neregularitile cii de rulare. Efectele cele mai mari sunt date de forele ineriei care iau natere
la mersul n curb.
- viteza limit de rsturnare pe cale de rulare cu nclinare transversal sau curb la vitez
constant
0,5 E
+ tg
hg
vr = 11,3
Rv
0,5 E
1
tg
hg
[Km/h]
(3.0)
V_ar_0

V_ar_4

V_ar_6

47.6450
58.3529
67.3802
75.3333
82.5235
89.1356
95.2900
101.0703
106.5374
111.7374
116.7059
121.4714
126.0568
130.4812
134.7604
138.9078
142.9350
146.8517
150.6667
154.3874
158.0205
161.5720
165.0471
168.4505

51.0971
62.5809
72.2622
80.7916
88.5027
95.5939
102.1941
108.3932
114.2565
119.8332
125.1617
130.2725
135.1901
139.9351
144.5243
148.9723
153.2912
157.4917
161.5831
165.5734
169.4698
173.2786
177.0054
180.6554

52.9156
64.8081
74.8339
83.6669
91.6525
98.9960
105.8311
112.2509
118.3228
124.0980
129.6162
134.9088
140.0014
144.9153
149.6678
154.2741
158.7467
163.0967
167.3337
171.4661
175.5011
179.4454
183.3049
187.0848

15

171.7864
175.0588
178.2712
181.4267
184.5282

184.2331
187.7426
191.1877
194.5718
197.8981

190.7898
194.4242
197.9919
201.4965
204.9411

- pentru cale orizontal

vr = 11,3

E
Rv [Km/h]
Z hg
V_ar_oriz

(3.1)
V_ar_oriz
2.1760
2.2391
2.3005
2.3602
2.4185
2.4754
2.5311
2.5855
2.6388
2.6911
2.7423
2.7927
2.8421
2.8907

0.7464
0.9141
1.0555
1.1801
1.2927
1.3963
1.4927
1.5833
1.6689
1.7504
1.8282
1.9029
1.9747
2.0440
2.1110

16

- viteza limit de derapare

vd = 11,3
R_v
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240

y + tg
Rv [Km/h]
1 y tg
V_ad_1
39.1443
47.9418
55.3585
61.8926
67.8000
73.2324
78.2887
83.0377
87.5294
91.8016
95.8837
99.7989
103.5662
107.2012
110.7169
114.1244
117.4330
120.6510
123.7853
126.8422
129.8271
132.7449
135.6000

V_ad_2
pentru
beta=0
26.7407
32.7505
37.8170
42.2807
46.3162
50.0272
53.4814
56.7255
59.7940
62.7125
65.5010
68.1756
70.7492
73.2324
75.6341
77.9618
80.2220
82.4203
84.5615
86.6497
88.6888
90.6821
92.6324

17

(3.2)
V_ad_3
pentru beta=0
17.5059
21.4402
24.7571
27.6792
30.3211
32.7505
35.0118
37.1356
39.1443
41.0549
42.8805
44.6314
46.3162
47.9418
49.5141
51.0380
52.5177
53.9568
55.3585
56.7255
58.0605
59.3653
60.6422

250
260
270
280
290
300

R_v
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260

138.3962
141.1370
143.8255
146.4647
149.0572
151.6054

94.5426
96.4149
98.2515
100.0545
101.8255
103.5662

61.8926
63.1184
64.3207
65.5010
66.6604
67.8000

V_ad_1
pentru
beta=4
2.2585
51.7559
59.7626
66.8166
73.1939
79.0585
84.5171
89.6439
94.4930
99.1050
103.5118
107.7385
111.8056
115.7298
119.5252
123.2037
126.7756
130.2495
133.6332
136.9333
140.1557
143.3057
146.3879
149.4065
152.3653

V_ad_2
pentru
beta=4
30.1909
36.9761
42.6964
47.7360
52.2921
56.4820
60.3818
64.0445
67.5089
70.8039
73.9523
76.9720
79.8776
82.6811
85.3927
88.0208
90.5727
93.0546
95.4720
97.8297
100.1318
102.3823
104.5843
106.7409
108.8548

V_ad_3
pentru
beta=4
2.1165
27.0871
31.2775
34.9693
38.3069
41.3762
44.2330
46.9162
49.4540
51.8678
54.1741
56.3862
58.5148
60.5685
62.5549
64.4801
66.3495
68.1676
69.9385
71.6657
73.3521
75.0007
76.6138
78.1936
79.7422

18

270
280
290
300

R_v
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250

155.2678
158.1170
160.9157
163.6666

110.9284
112.9640
114.9635
116.9288

81.2612
82.7524
84.2171
85.6568

V_ad_1
pentru
beta=6
43.8394
53.6921
61.9983
69.3162
75.9321
82.0160
87.6788
92.9975
98.0279
102.8126
107.3842
111.7690
115.9882
120.0592
123.9966
127.8128
131.5183
135.1222
138.6324
142.0560
145.3989
148.6667
151.8642
154.9958

V_ad_2
pentru
beta=6
31.8324
38.9865
45.0178
50.3314
55.1353
59.5529
63.6647
67.5267
71.1793
74.6535
77.9731
81.1569
84.2205
87.1765
90.0355
92.8065
95.4971
98.1140
100.6628
103.1487
105.5760
107.9488
110.2706
112.5444

V_ad_3
pentru
beta=6
24.1291
29.5520
34.1237
38.1515
41.7929
45.1414
48.2582
51.1856
53.9544
56.5878
59.1040
61.5174
63.8396
66.0803
68.2475
70.3479
72.3874
74.3709
76.3030
78.1873
80.0272
81.8258
83.5857
85.3093

19

260
270
280
290
300

158.0653
161.0763
164.0321
166.9355
169.7893

114.7732
116.9596
119.1058
121.2141
123.2862

86.9988
88.6560
90.2829
91.8809
93.4517

- condiia de stabilitate transversal la rsturnare la deplasarea rectilinie cu vitez constant:

= arctg

2 hg

(3.3)

= 39.1964
- condiia de stabilitate transversal la derapare la deplasarea rectilinie cu vitez constant:
= arctg

(3.4)

=36.8699
unde:
E-ecartamentul autovehiculului
-unghiul de nclinare transversal a drumului
hg-poziia centrului de greutate
y-coeficient de aderan.

20