Prima parte contine lectiile cu exercitiile corespondete, iar de la

pagina-69- se afla rezolvarile la aceste exercitii

LECTIA I
TIMPURIL M!"ULUI I#"I$%TI&
Exista doua aspecte in limba engleza: simplu si continuu. In
general, timpurile simple se folosesc atunci cnd accentul se pune
pe actiunea propriu-zisa, iar timpurile continue se folosesc atunci
cnd accentul se pune pe durata actiunii, pe perioada de timp in
care aceasta are loc.
In explicarea intrebuintarii timpurilor continue se va intlni
formularea actiune in plina desfasurare". Aceasta inseamna ca
actiunea a inceput inainte de momentul la care se face referire si va
continua dupa acel moment.
Exista un numar de verbe in limba engleza care nu se folosesc la
forma continua, deoarece ideea de durata e inclusa in continutul lor
semantic. Ex. to want, to like, to dislike, to understand, to owe, to
matter, to love, to hate, to belong, to believe, to remember, to know.
%' Present Tense (imple
%firmativ #egativ
I wor I do not !don"t# wor
$ou wor $ou do not !don"t# wor
%e&s'e&it wors %e&s'e&it does not !doesn"t# wor
(e wor (e do not !don"t# wor
$ou wor $ou do not !don"t# wor
)'e* wor )'e* do not !don"t# wor
Interogativ
+o I wor, +o we wor,
+o *ou wor, +o *ou wor,
+oes 'e&s'e&it wor, +o t'e* wor,
Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune
regulata, obisnuita, in perioada prezenta.
Ex. ('at do *ou do, !-u ce te ocupi,# I am a student.
('at time do *ou usuall* 'ave breafast,
Present Tense $ontinuous
.e con/uga verbul to be" la timpul prezent si se adauga forma
-ing a verbului de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I am woring (e are woring.
$ou are woring $ou are woring
%e&s'e&it is woring )'e* are woring
#egativ
I am not woring.
$ou are not !aren"t# woring.
%e&s'e&it is not !isn"t# woring.
(e are not !aren"t# woring.
$ou are not !aren"t# woring.
)'e* are not !aren"t# woring.
Interogativ
Am I woring, Are we woring,
Are *ou woring, Are *ou woring,
Is 'e&s'e&it woring, Are t'e* woring,
Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune in
plina desfasurare in momentul prezent.
Ex. ('ere are *ou going,
I am going to sc'ool.
+e asemenea poate arata o actiune care se desfasoara pe timp
limitat in perioada prezenta.
Ex.: I go to sc'ool b* bus t'is wee. 0* fat'er is taing me in 'is
car.
1neori se poate folosi timpul 2resent )ense -ontinuous cu
adverbul always, pentru a arata o actiune repetata. In acest caz,
exista o conotatie afectiva !nemultumire# sau actiunea respectiva
este caracteristica pentru acea persoana.
Ex. $ou are alwa*s losing *our t'ings.
$ou are alwa*s grumbling w'en I as *ou to 'elp me in t'e
itc'en.
xercitii cu Present (imple si Present $ontinuous
1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Simple)
la interogativ si negativ:
Nota: Verbul to have", atunci cnd nu inseamna a
avea, a poseda", ci este parte dintr-o expresie (to
have breakfast, to have a shower, to have a party,
formea!a ne"ativul si intero"ativul cu a#utorul
auxiliarului to do"$
%$ & love my brother$
'$ (he talks too much$
)$ & understand you$
*$ +ou play the piano very well$
,$ & always believe you$
-$ .e remembers my phone number$
/$ 0hey live in 1ucharest$
2$ .e has a hot bath every day$
3$ & trust my friend$
%4$ & have lunch at one o5clock$
2. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Continuous) la
negativ si interogativ:
%$ &t is rainin"$
'$ & am havin" a walk$
)$ .e is tellin" the truth$
*$ +ou are typin" a letter$
,$ 0hey are swimmin" in the river$
-$ 6y friend is wearin" a new dress$
/$ 6y mother is restin"$
2$ 7e are studyin" 8n"lish$
3$ 9nn is knittin"$
%4$ 0he child is learnin" to play the piano$
3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Present Simple sau la Present
Continuous:
%$ & (not "o shoppin" because it (rain$
'$ 7hat you (do on (undays:
)$ .e usually (drink coffee but now he (drink tea$
*$ &n 8n"land it often (rain$
,$ & (not like that boy$
-$ .e usually (speak so ;uickly that & (not
understand him$
/$ +ou (like this book:
2$ +ou (dream at ni"ht:

+es, & (dream every ni"ht$
3$ & can5t answer the phone now because & (cook$
%4$ .ow you usually ("et to work:

& usually ("o by bus, but now & (take a taxi
because & am late$
%%$ 0he mana"er can5t receive you now as he (have an
interview$
%'$ +ou (write to <ohn now:

+es, & (be$ & always (write to him on his birthday$
%)$ 7here you (hurry:

0o the theatre, as & (not want to miss the first act$
%*$ (he always (borrow books from me and never
(remember to "ive them back$
%,$ +ou ("o to work every day:
$es, of course, except .aturda*s and .unda*s.
%-$ 7hy you (smoke so much:
%/$ 7ho you (wait for:
I !wait# for 3o'n, but 'e is late, as usual.
%2$ & always (have a rest after lunch$
%3$ 7hat you (think of:
I !t'in# of m* mot'er /ust now.
'4$ +ou (know what time is it:
4. Traduceti in limba engleza:
%$ &arna nin"e$
'$ =uminica el nu se scoala devreme$
)$ 8u nu studie! seara$
*$ >e faci: >itesti sau privesti la televi!or:
,$ (ecretara tocmai bate la masina un referat$
-$ 8a mer"e la cumparaturi smbata$
/$ 9cum imi fac temele la en"le!a$
2$ ?u-mi place cafeaua$
3$ >e carte citesti:
%4$ @a ce ora se scoala <ohn dimineata:
%%$ >e faci tu in !ilele libere:
%'$ >ui ii telefone!i:
%)$ 8l nu mer"e la scoala cu metroul, mer"e pe #os$
%*$ =e ce deschi!i fereastra:
%,$ 9desea citesc carti en"le!esti$
%-$ 8a isi face ba"a#ul$
%/$ >t de des le scrii parintilor tai:
%2$ >nd mer" la mare imi place sa inot mult$
%3$ >lientul tocmai isi ale"e o pereche de pantofi$
B. Past Tense Simple
2ast )ense .imple se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei 4 ed
in cazul verbelor regulate.
Ex. to wor 4 wored
+aca verbul este neregulat, 2ast )ense trebuie invatat din tabelul
de verbe neregulate care indica cele trei forme de baza ale
verbului: forma I 4 infinitiv, forma II- 2aste )ense, forma III 4
participiul trecut.
Ex. to spea 4 spoe 4 spoen
9firmativ
worked
&AyouAheAsheAitAweAthey spoke
#egativ
wor
I&*ou&'e&s'e&it&we&t'e* did not
spea
Interogativ
wor,
+id I&*ou&'e&s'e&it&we&t'e*
spea,
5orma prescurtata a lui did not este didnt !I didn"t wor#.
2ast )ense .imple arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, efectuata intr-
o perioada de timp trecuta, terminata.
Este timpul de naratiune.
.e traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus.
Ex. $esterda* I went for a wal.
!Ieri am mers al plimbare.#
6ast *ear I travelled to England.
!Anul trecut am calatorit in Anglia.#
Past Tense $ontinuous
.e formeaza prin con/ugarea verbului to be" la trecut !2ast
)ense# si adaugarea formei -ing a verbului de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I was woring (e were woring
$ou were woring $ou were woring
%e&s'e&it was woring )'e* were woring
#egativ
I was not woring (e were not woring
$ou were not woring $ou were not woring
%e&s'e&it was not woring )'e* were not woring
5ormele prescurtate sunt:
was not 4 wasn"t I wasn"t woring.
were not 4 weren"t )'e* weren"t woring.
Interogativ
(as I woring, (ere we woring,
(ere *ou woring, (ere *ou woring,
(as 'e&s'e&it woring, (ere t'e* woring,
Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment din trecut.
.e traduce, de obicei, cu imperfectul.
Ex. )'is time *esterda*, I was watc'ing )7.
!Ieri pe vremea asta priveam la televizor.#
Adesea, in aceeasi fraza, este posibil sa apara un verb folosit la
2ast -ontinuous si un verb folosit la 2ast .imple. In acest caz,
verbul la 2ast -ontinuous !tradus cu imperfectul#, reprezinta
fundalul de timp pe care se petrece actiunea exprimata de 2ast
.imple !tradus cu perfectul compus#.
Ex. ('ile I was crossing t'e street, I met 3o'n.
Este, de asemenea, posibil sa apara intr-o fraza timpul 2ast
-ontinuous in mod repetat. In aceasta situatie, ambele verbe se
traduc cu imperfectul, ele aratnd actiuni paralele, in plina
desfasurare, intr-un moment trecut.
Ex. ('ile 3o'n was reading, 'is sister was watc'ing )7.
!In timp ce 3o'n citea, sora lui privea la televizor.#
xercitii cu Past Tense (imple si $ontinuous
%%$ Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la Past Tense Simple:
%'$ & sleep until 3 o5clock every day$
%)$ .e meets <ohn on (undays$
%*$ +ou speak 8n"lish well$
%,$ +ou drink too much$
%-$ +ou ask too many ;uestions$
%/$ & play football$
%2$ & own two umbrellas$
%3$ & like to have a coffee in the mornin"$
'4$ 0hat sounds interestin"$
'%$ & always make cakes on (undays$
''$ Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la negativ si
interogativ:
')$ .e thou"ht about you$
'*$ 0hey drank all the wine$
',$ & hated him$
'-$ .e chan"ed his library book every day$
'/$ & sold my car$
'2$ 7e worked very hard$
'3$ .e came home late$
)4$ & en#oyed travellin"$
)%$ .e translated the text$
)'$ .e forbade her to do this$
))$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Tense Simple sau
Continuous:
)*$ 7hen you (come in, & talk on the phone$
),$ 7hen & first (meet him, he (work in a bank$
)-$ 7hile he (learn to drive, he (have an accident$
)/$ 9s & (write, someone (rin" up$
)2$ 7here you ("o when & (meet you:
)3$ 7hat you (do this time yesterday:
*4$ 7hen & (enter the classroom, the teacher (write on the
blackboard$
*%$ 7hen & (arrive, she (have dinner$
*'$ 0his time last (unday, & (watch a film on 0V$
*)$ .e suddenly (reali!e that he (not wear his "lasses$
**$ Traduceti in limba engleza:
*,$ (oarele nu a apus la ora 2 aseara$
*-$ 9i dormit bine noaptea trecuta:
*/$ &eri nu am mers la ba!inul de inot$
*2$ 6-am sculat tr!iu ieri dimineata$
*3$ =uminica trecuta prietenii mei au #ucat sah$
,4$ &eri pe vremea asta ploua$
,%$ >e faceai martea trecuta la ora / dimineata:
,'$ 6a pre"ateam sa mer" la facultate$
,)$ &n timp ce imi cautam pasaportul am "asit aceasta foto"rafie veche$
,*$ 1aietii #ucau carti cnd l-au au!it pe tatal lor intrnd in casa$
,,$ 8i au ascuns imediat cartile si si-au scos manualele de scoala$
,-$ >nd te-ai intors de la munte:
,/$ >nd ai cumparat acest televi!or:
,2$ &eri mi-am pierdut manusile$
,3$ 1atea un vnt puternic cnd am iesit din casa$
-4$ Bnde ti-ai petrecut concediul vara trecuta:
-%$ &eri m-am sculat devreme, mi-am luat micul de#un si apoi am
plecat la scola$
-'$ 9cum doua !ile am ca!ut si mi-am rupt piciorul$
-)$ (aptamna trecuta am fost bolnav si nu am mers la scoala$
-*$ 8l a dat primul examen saptamna trecuta$
-,$ >ine a csti"at meciul alaltaieri:
--$ &n timp ce ploua, eu conduceam masina spre (inaia$
C. Present Perfect Simple
)impul 2resent 2erfect .imple se formeaza prin con/ugarea
verbului to 'ave" la prezent, la care se adauga forma a treia
!participiul trecut# a verbului de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I 'ave wored (e 'ave wored
$ou 'ave wored $ou 'ave wored
%e&s'e&it 'as wored )'e* 'ave wored
#egativ
I 'ave not !'aven"t# wored.
%e&s'e&it 'as not !'asn"t# wored'
Interogativ
%ave I wored,
%as 'e&s'e&it wored,
)impul 2resent 2erfect este un timp de relatie. El arata o
legatura intre trecut si momentul prezent.
)impul 2resent 2erfect .imple se foloseste in urmatoarele
situatii:
-/$ arata o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua pna in pre!ent$ >u
acest sens se folosesc de obicei prepo!itiile since (din, incepnd
din si for (de, timp de$
8x$ & haven5t seen <ohn for two months$
(?u l-am va!ut pe <ohn de doua luni$
& haven5t seen <ohn since (eptember$
(?u l-am va!ut pe <ohn din septembrie$
& have known <ohn for two years$
(&l cunosc pe <ohn de doi ani$
& have known <ohn since %334$
(&l cunosc pe <ohn din %334$
-2$ arata o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp
neterminata$ &n acest ca!, folosirea lui este insotita de adverbe
precum: today, this week, this month, this year$
8x$ & have seen two films this week$
(9m va!ut doua filme saptamna aceasta$
=aca adverbul de timp este this mornin"", folosirea timpului verbal
este conditionata de momentul in care se face afirmatiaC daca aceasta este
in cursul diminetii (pna la ora %' sau dupa amia!a$
Ex. ora 89 a.m.
& haven5t "ot up early this mornin"$
ora ' p$m$
& didn5t "et up early this mornin"$
0raducerea celor doua propo!itii in limba romna este identica$
?u m-am sculat devreme a!i dimineata$
-3$ arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are re!ultate in pre!ent sau
care, dintr-un motiv sau altul, interesea!a in pre!ent$
8x$ .ave you seen .amlet:
!Ai vazut %amlet,#
I 'ave lost m* umbrella . I must bu* a new one.
!0i-am pierdut umbrela. )rebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua.#
)rebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut
in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in prezent sau care are
rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul 2resent 2erfect.
In acest caz, se foloseste 2ast .imple.
Ex. I lost m* umbrella *esterda*. I must bu* a new one.
+e asemenea, daca se pune o intrebate referitoare la trecut care
incepe cu w'en", nu se poate folosi timpul 2resent 2erfect, intruct
w'en" reprezinta un moment precizat in trecut.
Ex. ('en did *ou see %amlet,
I saw it last wee.
)impul 2resent 2erfect nu poate fi folosit cu un adverb de timp
precizat in trecut.
.e foloseste cu adverbe de timp neprecizat care leaga trecutul
de prezent.
Adverbe de timp neprecizat care se aseaza intre auxiliar si verb:
often, never, seldom, alwa*s, ever, alread*, /ust.
Ex. %ave *ou ever been to England,
!Ai fost vreodata in Anglia,#
:o, I 'ave never been to England.
$es, I 'ave often been to England.
Adverbe de timp neprecizat care stau la sfrsitul propozitiei: latel*,
*et !in propozitii negative#.
Ex. %e 'asn"t returned 'ome *et.
!El nu s-a intors inca acasa.#
I 'aven"t seen 'im latel*.
!:u l-am vazut in ultimul timp.#
+upa cum se poate observa, timpul 2resent 2erfect .imple se
traduce in romneste fie cu prezentul, fie cu perfectul compus, in
functie de context.
Present Perfect $ontinuous
.e formeaza cu 2resent 2erfect .imple al verbului to be", la
care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I 'ave been woring (e 'ave been woring
$ou 'ave been woring $ou 'ave been woring
%e&s'e&it 'as been woring )'e* 'ave been woring
#egativ
I 'ave not !'aven"t# been woring.
%e 'as not !'asn"t# been woring.
Interogativ
%ave I been woring,
%as 'e been woring,
)impul 2resent 2erfect -ontinuous arata o actiune in plina
desfasurare, cu accent pe durata, intre un moment trecut si
prezent.
Ex. I am tired because I 'ave been woring all da*.
!.unt obosit pentru ca am muncit toata ziua.#
+e asemene, poate arata probabilitatea ca actiunea inceputa in
trecut, care continua in prezent, sa continue si in viitor.
Ex. It 'as been raining for t'ree 'ours. If it doesn"t stop soon, we
s'all 'ave floods.
!2loua de trei ore. +aca nu se opreste in curnd, vom avea
inundatii.#
-a si 2resent 2erfect .imple, se poate traduce cu prezentul sau
cu perfectul compus din limba romna.
xercitii cu Present Perfect (imple si $ontinuous
/4$ Folositi Present Perect Simple in locul ininitivelor din
paranteze:
/%$ 7here you (be: & (be to the market$
/'$ +ou (water the flowers:
/)$ .e #ust (leave home$
/*$ & (lend him some money today$
/,$ 0here isn5t any train service because the en"ine D drivers ("o on
strike$
/-$ 7ould you like a cake:
//$ ?o, thank you, & #ust (have one$
/2$ & already (see this film$
/3$ .e (not come home yet$
24$ & (not be to the seaside this year$
2%$ & (buy a new house$ +ou must come and see it$
2'$ +ou (visit the Villa"e 6useum:
2)$ +ou ever (eat caviar:
2*$ & (not write to my friend for three months$
2,$ &t (not rain since =ecember$
2-$ +ou ever (drive a car:
2/$ .e always (rely on his friend$
22$ +ou (read (orescu5s last book:
23$ +ou (pay the telephone bill:
34$ .e (not "o to bed yet$
3%$ .ow lon" you (live here:
3'$ & (live here for one year$
3)$ Folositi Present Perect Simple sau Continuous in locul
ininitivelor din paranteze:
3*$ .e (fish for two hours but he (catch nothin" yet$
3,$ 7e (know each other for several years$
3-$ 0he radio (play since / a$m$ &5m tired of it$
3/$ & (shop all day and & want to have a rest now$
32$ .ow lon" you (wear "lasses:
33$ & (cook all the mornin"$
%44$ .ow many dishes you (cook:
%4%$ 7hy you (be in the "arden so lon":
%4'$ & (water the flowers$
%4)$ .e (sleep for %4 hours now$ &t5s time we woke him up$
%4*$ & (ask you to clean your room for two days$ 7hen are you
"oin" to do it:
%4,$ 8ver since that woman came to work here, she (try to make
trouble$
%4-$ Folositi Present Perect Simple sau Continuous sau Past
Tense Simple in locul ininitivelor:
%4/$ & (lose my pen$ +ou (not see it anywhere:
?o, & haven5t$ 7hen you (use it last:
%42$ +our ever (try to "ive up smokin":
+es, & (try last year but & (not succeed$
%43$ +ou (see your mother this week:
?o, she (leave for 1rasov a week a"o$
%%4$ +ou (be out of work lon":
%%%$ & am not out of work now$ & ("et a #ob last month$
%%'$ & (wear my hair lon" since & (be a little "irl$
%%)$ (he (chan"e a lot since & (see her last$
%%*$ & (do a lot of work since & ("et up in the mornin"$
%%,$ 0he child (play the piano since & (return from school$
%%-$ &t (rain since we (leave 1ucharest$
%%/$ .e (be very ill since the holidays (be"in$
%%2$ Traduceti in limba engleza olosind Past Tense Simple sau
Present Perect Simple sau Continuous:
%%3$ >ine te-a invatat sa vorbesti en"le!a att de bine:
%'4$ Bnde ti-ai petrecut vacanta anul acesta:
%'%$ 6-am "ndit adesea sa-mi iau carnet de conducere$
%''$ =e ct timp inveti en"le!a:
%')$ Vremea s-a incal!it in ultimul timp$
%'*$ 8l este ministru de doi ani$
%',$ 0raduc un text de doua ore si nu l-am terminat inca$
%'-$ 8l a scris numai doua scrisori de cnd a plecat in strainatate$
%'/$ Bn copil a spart "eamul$ 0rebuie sa-l inlocuim$
%'2$ ?in"e de doua ore$
%'3$ 9m mers pe #os %4 km pna acum$
%)4$ 6er"em pe #os de la ora )$
%)%$ =e cnd mi-am cumparat masina, am mers arareori pe #os la
slu#ba$
%)'$ @a ce te-ai uitat:
%))$ 9 fost un accident$
%)*$ >u cine ai votat la ultimele ale"eri:
%),$ ?u am mers la vot$ 9m stat acasa si nu am re"retat nici o
clipa$
%)-$ 9i va!ut !iarul de a!i:
%)/$ 9 plecat <ohn:
%)2$ =a, a plecat acum o ora$
%)3$ 0i-ai luat de#a micul de#un:
%*4$ =a, l-am luat la ora 2$
%*%$ 9i mai fost in acest oras:
%*'$ =a, am petrecut o luna aici, acum doi ani$
%*)$ 8i lucrea!a la aceasta casa de un an si nu au terminat-o inca$
D. Past Perfect Simple
.e formeaza cu verbul to 'ave" la 2ast )ense .imple, la care se
adauga forma III !past participle# a verbului de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I 'ad wored.
#egativ
I 'ad not !'adn"t# wored.
Interogativ
%ad I wored,
Acest timp are aceeasi forma la toate persoanele. Este, ca si
2resent 2erfect, un verb de relatie, dar, in acest caz, este vorba de
o relatie intre doua momente trecute.
Arata o actiune trecuta care a avut loc inaintea unei alte actiuni
sau a unui moment din trecut.
Ex. $esterda* at ; o"cloc I 'ad 'ad breafast.
!Ieri la ora ; luasem micul de/un.#
('en *ou rang me up, I 'ad finis'ed writing m* 'omewor.
!-nd mi-ai telefonat, terminasem de scris temele.#
-a sens, ec'ivalentul in limba romna al acestui timp este mai
mult ca perfectul. .e poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul sau
perfectul compus.


Past Perfect $ontinuous
.e formeaza cu 2ast 2erfect .imple al verbului to be", la care
se adauga forma -ing a verbului de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I 'ad been woring.
#egativ
I 'ad not !'adn"t# been woring.
Interogativ
%ad I been woring,
Aceste forme se pastreaza la toate persoanele.
)impul 2ast 2erfect -ontinuous arata o actiune in plina
desfasurare intre doua momente trecute. +e asemenea, cnd in
aceeasi fraza in propozitia principala se afla un verb la 2ast )ense,
2ast 2erfect -ontinuous poate prelua functiile lui 2resent 2erfect
-otinuous in propozitia secundara.
Ex. ('en 'e entered t'e room, s'e 'ad been t*ping for one
'our.
!-nd el a intrat in camera, ea batea la masina de o ora.#
After 3o'n 'ad been watc'ing )7 for 89 minutes, 'e got bored.
!+upa ce 3o'n privise !a privit# la televizor 89 minute, s-a
plictisit.#
%e said it 'ad been raining for t'ree da*s.
!El a spus ca ploua de trei zile.#
+upa cum se observa, acest timp se poate traduce cu mai mult
ca perfectul, perfectul compus sau imperfectul din limba romna.
xercitii cu Past (imple si $ontinuous
%**$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perect Simple:
%*,$ 9fter they (finish dinner, they drank some coffee$
%*-$ (he said she already (be to 8n"land$
%*/$ .e asked me whether & (meet <ohn before$
%*2$ (he discovered her child (not tell the truth$
%*3$ .e told me he (catch some fish on that day$
%,4$ 9t ) o5clock on Eriday, & (return from school$
%,%$ 0he house was much smaller then he (think at first$
%,'$ 0he fire (spread to the next buildin" when the firemen
arrived$
%,)$ 7e were shocked to hear she (not pass the exam$
%,*$ 0he child (eat all the cakes before his mother became
aware of it$
%,,$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perect Continuous:
%,-$ 7hen & left home, it (rain for one hour$
%,/$ 7hen we met them, they (wait for the bus for half an hour$
%,2$ 7hen & arrived home, mother (cook for two hours$
%,3$ 7hen she sat for the exam, she (study the sub#ect for a
week$
%-4$ 7hen & ran" her up, she (write letters for one hour$
%-%$ 7hen she decided to have a rest, she (clean and (dust for
, hours$
%-'$ 9fter <ane (swim for half an hour, she felt chilly$
%-)$ 7hen & called on her unexpectedly, & reali!ed she (have a
party$
%-*$ 7hen we reached the top, we (climb for / hours$
%-,$ 7hen we arrived at (inaia, somebody told us it (rain for
hours$
%--$ Puneti verbele din paranteza la Past Perect Simple sau
Continuous sau la Past Tense Simple:
%-/$ 0he professor (speak for %4 minutes when & (enter the
hall$
%-2$ 9fter <ohn (listen to the news bulletin, he ("o downstairs
to have dinner$
%-3$ .e (tell me he (be to the theatre the day before$
%/4$ 7e (ask him what countries he (visit$
%/%$ .e (learn 8n"lish for two years before he ("o to 8n"land
for the first time$
%/'$ (he #ust ("o out when & (call at her house$
%/)$ 0he river became deeper after it (rain heavily for a few
hours$
%/*$ 9fter <ohn (leave, she (tell me they (be friends for five
years$
%/,$ 9fter we (walked for an hour, we (reali!e we (lose our
way$
%/-$ 7hen & (find out he ("et married, & (rin" up him and
(con"ratulate him$
%//$ Traduceti in limba engleza olosind Past Perect Simple
sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple:
%/2$ 6i-a parut rau ca il #i"nisem$
%/3$ 8l mi-a multumit pentru ceea ce facusem pentru el$
%24$ =e indata ce a terminat de scris lucrarea, a inmnat-o
profesorului$
%2%$ 8l nu facuse nimic inainte de a-mi cere mie sfatul$
%2'$ =e indata ce au plecat musafirii, am mers la culcare$
%2)$ >nd am a#uns la statia de autobu!, mi-am dat seama ca imi
lasasem poseta acasa$
%2*$ (ecretara mi-a spus ca directorul vorbea la telefon de o
#umatate de ora$
%2,$ 8i mi-au spus ca locuiau in Eranta din %324$
%2-$ ?u ti-am telefonat pentru ca am cre!ut ca plecasesi in
strainatate$
%2/$ 8i au calatorit in multe tari dupa ce s-au casatorit$
E. Future Tense Simple
.e formeaza cu shall sau will la persoana I, will la persoana II si
III, la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I !s'all# will go (e !s'all# will go
$ou will go $ou will go
%e&s'e&it will go )'e* will go
#egativ
I !s'all# will not go (e !s'all# will not go
$ou will not go $ou will not go
%e&s'e&it will not go )'e* will not go
5orma scurta pentru s'all not" este shant, iar pentru will not"
este wont.
Interogativ
.'all I go, .'all we go,
(ill *ou go, (ill *ou go,
(ill 'e&s'e&it& go, (ill t'e* go,
)rebuie remarcat faptul ca la interogativ persoana I, se foloseste
numai s'all".
Acest timp arata o actiune viitoare obisnuita. .e traduce cu
viitorul din limba romna.
Ex. I !s'all# will meet 'im next wee.
!Il voi intlni saptamna viitoare.#
)uture $ontinuous
.e formeaza cu viitorul simplu al verbului to be", la care se
adauga forma -ing a verbului de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I !s'all# will be going.
$ou will be going.
%e&s'e&it will be going.
(e !s'all# will be going.
$ou will be going.
)'e* will be going.
#egativ
I !s'all# will not be going.
$ou will not be going.
%e&s'e&it will not be going.
(e !s'all# will not be going.
$ou will not be going.
)'e* will not be going.
Interogativ
.'all I be going, .'all we be going,
(ill *ou be going, (ill *ou be going,
(ill 'e&s'e&it be going, (ill t'e* be going,
Acest timp arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment
viitor.
Ex. At t'ree o"cloc, I will be travelling to England.
!0ine la ora trei voi calatori spre Anglia.#
.e traduce cu viitorul din limba romna.
)uture Perfect (imple
.e formeaza cu shall sau will, la care se adauga infinitivul trecut
al verbului de con/ugat. !'ave < forma III#.
%firmativ
I !s'all# will 'ave gone.
$ou will 'ave gone.
%e&s'e&it will 'ave gone.
(e !s'all# will 'ave gone.
$ou will 'ave gone.
)'e* will 'ave gone.
#egativ
I !s'all# will not 'ave gone.
$ou will not 'ave gone.
%e&s'e&it will not 'ave gone.
(e !s'all# will not 'ave gone.
$ou will not 'ave gone.
)'e* will not 'ave gone.
Interogativ
.'all I 'ave gone, .'all we 'ave gone,
(ill *ou 'ave gone, (ill *ou 'ave gone,
(ill 'e&s'e&it 'ave gone, (ill t'e* 'ave gone,
Acest timp arata o actiune anterioara unei alte actiuni sau unui
moment viitor. .e traduce cu timpul viitor anterior din limba romna.
Ex. =* t'ree o"cloc tomorrow, I will 'ave reac'ed 2redeal.
!0ine pna la ora trei voi fi a/uns la 2redeal.#
)uture Perfect $ontinuous
.e formeaza cu 5uture 2erfect al verbului to be", la care se
adauga forma -ing a verbului de con/ugat.
Ex. I !s'all# will 'ave been going.
('en *ou come 'ome, I will 'ave been stud*ing for t'ree 'ours.
-nd vei veni tu acasa, voi studia !voi fi studiat# de trei ore.
Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente viitoare.
.e traduce cu viitorul simplu sau cu viitorul anterior din limba
romna.
Este un timp rar folosit.


)uture-in-t*e-Past (imple
.e formeaza cu should !persoana I# sau would !toate
persoanele#, la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I !s'ould# would go (e !s'ould# would go
$ou would go $ou would go
%e&s'e&it would go )'e* would go
#egativ
I !s'ould# would not go (e !s'ould# would not go
$ou would not go $ou would not go
%e&s'e&it would not go )'e* would not go
5orma scurta de la s'ould not" este shouldnt, iar cea de la
would not" este wouldnt.
Acest timp este folosit in concordanta timpurilor pentru a arata o
actiune posterioara unui moment sau unei actiuni din trecut.
Ex. %e said 'e would be late.
!El a spus ca va intrzia.#
Intruct nu poate fi intlnit dect in propozitii secundare !dupa un
verb la timpul trecut in propozitia principala#, nu se pune problema
folosirii lui a interogativ dect in intrebari dis/unctive.
)uture-in-t*e-Past $ontinuous
.e formeaza cu 5uture-in-t'e-2ast .imple al verbului to be", la
care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de con/ugat.
I s'ould !would# be going.
Este un timp sestul de rar folosit. 2reia functiile lui 5uture )ense
-ontinuous intr-o propozitie secundara, atunci cnd in principala se
afla un verb la trecut.
Ex. %e said t'at at > o"cloc, t'e next da*, 'e would be travelling
to England.
!El a spus ca in ziua urmatoare, la ora >, va calatori spre Anglia.#
%lte mi+loace de exprimare a viitorului
%22$ Fresent (imple G adverb de timp viitor$ &ntr-un astfel de
context, arata un pro"ram precis, bine stabilit$
8x$ & leave for @ondon tomorrow$
(FlecAvoi pleca la @ondra mine$
%23$ Fresent >ontinuous G adverb de timp viitor$ 9rata o intentie,
un aran#ament prealabil pentru viitorul apropiat$
8x$ & am meetin" <ohn this mornin"$
(&l intlnescAil voi intlni pe <ohn in dimineata aceasta$
%34$ 8xpresia to be "oin" to" G infinitiv$ 9rata de asemenea o
intentie sau o probabilitate$
8x$ & am "oin" to read this book$
(Voi citiAam de "nd sa citesc aceasta carte$
&t is "oin" to rain$
xercitii cu timpurile ,)uture-
%3%$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Simple:
%3'$ & (know the results in three days5 time$
%3)$ +ou (be in @ondon tomorrow$
%3*$ +ou (reco"ni!e him when you see him:
%3,$ & (remember this day all my life$
%3-$ & am sure you (like this book$
%3/$ .e (be pleased if you invite him$
%32$ & am sure & (succeed$
%33$ +ou (remember to post my letter:
'44$ & hope & (pass the exam$
'4%$ +ou (not find a solution if you don5t know the whole truth$
'4'$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future
Continuous:
'4)$ 0his time next month, & (swim in the sea$
'4*$ 7hen you reach (inaia, it probably (rain$
'4,$ =on5t rin" her up at 2 o5clock p$m$ (he (watch 0V$
'4-$ +ou (need the vacuum cleaner tomorrow or may & borrow
it:
'4/$ & am sure when & arrive home, the baby (cry$
'42$ @et5s hurry to the beach$ 0he sun (rise in %4 minutes$
'43$ .e (study all day tomorrow$
'%4$ 0his time next day, we (climb the mountain$
'%%$ 0omorrow mornin" at 2 o5clock, & (have breakfast$
'%'$ =on5t expect me home for dinner, & (work at the office till
late at ni"ht$
3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Perect Simple sau
Continuous:
'%)$ &n a week5s time, we (take our exam$
'%*$ & (finish readin" the newspapers by lunch time$
'%,$ ?ext year, they (be married for ', years$
'%-$ &f we don5t hurry, the sun (rise before we reach the beach$
'%/$ 1y the end of the season, one hundred thousand people
(spend their holidays at the seaside$
'%2$ 1y the time you come home, & (cook for two hours$
'%3$ 7hen & take the exam, & (read all the books on the
biblio"raphy list$
''4$ 1y the be"innin" of next week, & (work on this paper for a
month$
''%$ 1y , o5clock, you (see all the exhibits in the museum$
'''$ 1y the end of the month, & (pay off all my debts$
4. Traduceti in limba engleza olosind unul din tipurile de viitor:
'')$ Fna anul viitor pe vremea aceasta, vor fi economisit ,
milioane$
''*$ >e faci mine dimineata la ora %%:
'',$ Voi vi!ita tr"ul international$
''-$ 9m cumparat o masina de scris si voi invata sa bat$
''/$ Fna la sfrsitul lunii, voi fi va!ut acest film de , ori$
''2$ 0renul va fi plecat inainte de a a#un"e noi la "ara$
''3$ Fna la ora %, ea va fi terminat curatenia in casa$
')4$ Vineri, intre orele %' si %, ei vor avea ultima ora de en"le!a$
')%$ 8l va studia in biblioteca luni de la ora % la ,$
')'$ =in cau!a "revei soferilor de autobu!e multa lume va
mer"e pe #os la slu#ba, mine$
'))$ Bite ce am cumparat la o licitatieH
')*$ 8 un obiect frumos$ Bnde il vei pune:
LECTIA II
$!#$!R"%#T% TIMPURIL!R
-oncordanta timpurilor se aplica, desigur, nu in propozitii, ci in
fraze. Ea consta in aceea ca folosirea unui anumit timp in propozitia
principala obliga la folosirea unui timp adecvat in propozitia
secundara. -e inseamna un timp adecvat" se va vedea in
continuare.
Propozitia principala
'),$ un timp present"
Fresent 0ense (imple, Fresent 0ense >ontinuous, Fresent Ferfect
(imple, Fresent Ferfect >ontinuous
Propozitia secundara
Irice timp cerut de sens
Propozitia principala
2. un timp past"
Fast 0ense (imple, Fast 0ense >ontinuous, Fast Ferfect (imple, Fast
Ferfect >ontinuous
Propozitia secundara
Irice alt timp past"
8x. a) Past Tense actiune simultana Past Tense
.e said he was ill$
(8l a spus ca este bolnav$
.e said he was "oin" to school$
(8l a spus ca mer"e la scola$
b) Past Tense actiune anterioara Past Perfect
.e said he had returned home a week before$
(8l a spus ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamna inainte$
& arrived home after it had stopped rainin"$
(9m a#uns acasa dupa ce incetase ploaia$
Nota 1: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua
propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara
celei din principala, se poate folosi Past
Perfect in mod repetat.
8x$ (he said she had for"otten where she had put her "lasses$
(8a a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii$
c) Past Tense actiunea posterioara Future-in-te-Past
.e said he would leave the next day$
(8l a spus ca va pleca a doua !i$
(he promised her mother she would help her$
(8a i-a promis mamei sale ca o va a#uta$
Nota 2: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua
propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara
celei din principala, dintre care una este
temporala sau conditionala. Future-in-te-
Past se poate folosi numai o sin!ura data,
dupa care "in temporala sau conditionala)
se intrebuinteaza Past Tense "pentru
simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect "pentru
anterioritate).
8x$ .e said he would come to see me when he had time$
(8l a spus ca va veni sa ma vada cnd va avea timp$
.e said he would come to see me after he had finished work$
(8l a spus ca va veni sa ma vada dupa ce va termina lucrul$
.e said he would buy a car if he had money$
(8l a spus ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani$
')-$ un timp future"
0eoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu eceptia
propo!itii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb
la viitor$
(ituatiile cel mai des intlnite sunt urmatoarele:
')/$ Future actiune simultana Present


I will read t'is boo w'en I 'ave time.
!7oi citi aceasta carte cnd voi avea timp.#
I will 'ave finis'ed stud*ing w'en *ou come 'ome.
!7oi fi terminat de studiat cnd vei veni tu acasa.#
')2$ Euture D actiune anterioara D Fresent Ferfect
& will "o to 8n"land after & have received a visa$
(Voi mer"e in 9n"lia dupa ce voi obtine vi!a$
Eceptii !e la concor!anta timpurilor
')3$ cnd propo!itia secundara exprima un adevar "eneral
valabil$
8x$ 0he teacher told the pupils water boils at %44
o
>$
Frofesorul le-a spus elevilor ca apa fierbe la %44
o
>$
'*4$ cnd propo!itia secundara este atributiva$
8x$ 0he book & am readin" now was "iven to me by my brother$
>artea pe care o citesc acum mi-a fost data de fratele meu$
'*%$ >nd propo!itia secundara este comparativa$
8x$ @ast year & worked more than & have done this year$
9nul trecut am muncit mai mult dect anul acesta$
Nota: #n limba en!leza contemporana, se poate obser$a
uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta
timpurilor atunci c%nd $erbul din propozitia principala
este la trecut. &e poate int%lni, de exemplu, o formulare de
tipul' (e said e lo$es me". )ste posibil ca ceea ce apare
acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa a*un!a re!ula. Pentru
moment insa, sfatuim pe $orbitorii rom%ni de limba
en!leza sa respecte re!ulile de concordanta a timpurilor
asa cum sunt prezentate mai sus.
Eercitii cu concor!anta timpurilor
'*'$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect (Fast 0ense
(imple sau >ontinuous)! av"nd in vedere simultaneitatea
actiunilor din propozitia principala si cea secundara:
'*)$ &t was clear they (talk business a"ain$
'**$ & believed you (be at the seaside$
'*,$ & understood you (be a painter$
'*-$ 0hey didn5t know that & (play football$
'*/$ .e reali!ed he (not remember <ohn5s phone number$
'*2$ & was not sure if you (speak 8n"lish$
'*3$ @ookin" out of the window, she saw the sun (shine
bri"htly$
',4$ .e asked me if & usually (read that newspaper$
',%$ +ou didn5t tell me you (have to type this report$
','$ .e was in a hurry because he (want to catch the train$
',)$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect (Fast Ferfect
(imple sau >ontinuous)! tin"nd seama de relatia de anterioritate
e#primata de verbul din propozitia principala sau din cea
secundara:
',*$ (he told me his name after he (leave$
',,$ (he didn5t even say thank you after all & (do for her$
',-$ 9fter & (hear the news, & con"ratulated him$
',/$ 7hen & arrived, the concert already (be"in$
',2$ 7hen it started to rain, we (di" in the "arden for an hour$
',3$ .e didn5t admit that he (steal the book$
'-4$ .e #ust (leave home when he came across <ohn$
'-%$ +esterday & bou"ht a new umbrella because & (lose my old
one$
'-'$ 7hen he finally reached @ondon, he was tired because he
(travel for three days$
'-)$ & didn5t think that book to be a nice birthday present for you
because & (read it and & (not en#oy it$
'-*$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future$in$t%e$Past!
av"nd in vedere aptul ca propozitia secundara e#prima o
actiune posterioara celei din principala:
'-,$ 0hey said they (remain at the seaside for another week$
'--$ .e hoped he (finish readin" the book in two days$
'-/$ & thou"ht you soon (have a holiday$
'-2$ & was not sure & (remain at home that evenin"$
'-3$ .e believed the strike (end very soon$
'/4$ .e promised he (drive me home$
'/%$ 7e all believed he (win the competition$
'/'$ 9s wa"es had "one up, we supposed prices ("o up, too$
'/)$ .e was sure he (pass the exam and he promised he ("ive a
party afterwards$
'/*$ 7hen & heard the main actor was ill, & was sue the
performance (be cancelled$
'/,$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Present Simple sau
Present Perect Simple:
'/-$ & will pay my debts after & (receive my salary$
'//$ 7e shall start dinner as soon as the "uests (arrive$
'/2$ 1y the time you (finish translatin" the text, & shall have
typed all the letters$
'/3$ 9fter he (repair the car, he will drive to (inaia$
'24$ & will buy a car when & (have enou"h money$
'2%$ +ou will be surprised when you (see how well she (look$
'2'$ +ou will be surprised when you (see how much she
(chan"e$
'2)$ 9s soon as the holidays (be"in, this beach will become
very crowded$
'2*$ & will "o on playin" the piano till he (tell me to stop$
'2,$ 9fter she (learn to type, she will take a #ob as a secretary$
'2-$ .e will write to me after he (arrive in 8n"land$
'2/$ 0he train will have left before we (reach the station$
'22$ 7hen their first baby (be born, they will have been married
for five years$
'23$ 7hen & (finish the book, & will lend it to you$
'34$ & will never for"et what you #ust (tell me$
'3%$ +our mother will be upset when she (notice you (break the
vase$
'3'$ +ou will "et a shock when you (see the mess in that room$
'3)$ +ou won5t be able to speak about this book till you (read it$
'3*$ &t is said that one 8n"lishman will not speak to another
before they (be introduced$
'3,$ 9fter you (drink a coffee, you will feel better$
&. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect! tin"nd seama de
e#ceptiile de la concordanta timpurilor:
'3-$ & didn5t know at what temperature this metal (melt$
'3/$ 0he teacher told the pupils what the capital of 6exico (be$
'32$ & wasn5t aware Jerman (be such a difficult lan"ua"e$
'33$ &n %332, the Komanians travelled less than they (do this
year$
)44$ @ast year you spoke 8n"lish less fluently than you (do
now$
)4%$ @ast ni"ht & (read the book which you (read now$
)4'$ @ast ni"ht & met the couple who soon (move next door to
me$
)4)$ @ast year & earned more money than & (earn in the next five
years$
)4*$ 0he book & (read in the last few days was lent to me by
<ohn$
)4,$ & found out that yo"a (be a very useful practice$
'. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect! respect"nd toate
regulile de concordanta a timpurilor! precum si e#ceptiile:
)4-$ & will come as soon as & (finish my work$
)4/$ .e told me he never (see the sea$
)42$ .e told me hibernatin" animal (not eat in winter$
)43$ 0hey (know each other for a lon" time before they finally
"ot married$
)%4$ & hoped it (not rain when & (arrive at the beach$
)%%$ 7hen we ("o to see them last ni"ht, they were listenin" to
music, they said they (listen to music since , o5clock$
)%'$ 7hen you asked me where & (spend my holidays, & (not
decide yet$
)%)$ & will do it when & (want to, not before$
)%*$ .e was very upset because & (be late$
)%,$ & did not know that you (wear "lasses since childhood$
)%-$ & was surprised that his son (fail the exam, he (trust his
son and he (not expect such a thin" to happen$
)%/$ 7hen & finally arrived home, & (be very hun"ry because &
(not eat anythin" all day$
)%2$ .e said he (have to write down my address as he (not
remember it otherwise$
)%3$ +ou will never know how much & (suffer$
)'4$ 9 week a"o, he decided he (chan"e his #ob$
)'%$ .e discovered to his horror that he (eat the worms in the
cherries$
)''$ 9fter havin" visited &taly, my friends told me there (be
many small houses and narrow streets in Fadua$
)')$ & hoped the company where & (work (not "o bankrupt$
)'*$ 9fter we have finished dinner, we (drink coffee and
brandy$
)',$ .e was very tired and he (hope he (have time to rest that
afternoon$
(. Traduceti in limba engleza:
)'-$ ?u mi-am amintit ca ne cunoscusem cu un an inainte$
)'/$ ?u am stat acasa sa te astept pentru ca nu stiam cnd vei
veni$
)'2$ (ecretara mi-a spus ca directorul este ocupat$
)'3$ (tiam ca esti in 1ucuresti$
))4$ 8ra foarte suparat ca isi pierduse dictionarul si nu era si"ur
ca va "asi unul nou in librarii$
))%$ &-am promis ca ii voi scrie cnd voi a#un"e la @ondra$
))'$ .otul nu si-a dat seama ca politia il urmarea de o
saptamna$
)))$ &ti voi spune adevarul dupa ce il voi afla eu insami$
))*$ 0ata imi va da un cadou dupa ce voi lua examenul$
)),$ 6asina pe cae o voi cumpara va fi importata din Jermania$
))-$ 6-a intrebat cte litere sunt in alfabetul chine! si nu am
putut sa-& raspund$
))/$ Folitistul ma va intreba ce am va!ut in timpul accidentul$
LECTIA III
M!"UL $!#"ITI!#%L (I )R%.L $!#"ITI!#%L
Present $onditional /conditional prezent0
.e formeaza cu should si would la persoana I si would la
persoanele II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul prezent al verbului
de con/ugat.
%firmativ
I s'ould&would go (e s'ould&would go
$ou would go $ou would go
%e&s'e&it would go )'e* would not go
#egativ
I s'ould&would not go (e s'ould&would not go
$ou would not go $ou would not go
%e&s'e&it would not go )'e* would not go
5orme prescurtate: s'ouldn"t, wouldn"t.
Interogativ
.'ould I go, .'ould we go,
(ould *ou go, (ould *ou go,
(ould 'e&s'e&it go, (ould t'e* go,
.e traduce cu conditionalul prezent din limba romna !as merge,
ai merge, ar merge etc.#.
Past $onditional /conditional trecut0
.e traduce cu s'ould&would la care se adauga infinitivul trecut
!'ave < forma III a verbului de con/ugat#.
%firmativ
I s'ould&would 'ave gone
$ou would 'ave gone
%e&s'e&it would 'ave gone
(e s'ould&would 'ave gone
$ou would 'ave gone
)'e* would 'ave gone
#egativ
I s'ould&would not 'ave gone
$ou would not 'ave gone
%e&s'e&it would not 'ave gone
(e s'ould&would not 'ave gone
$ou would not 'ave gone
)'e* would not 'ave gone
Interogativ
.'ould I 'ave gone, .'ould we 'ave gone,
(ould *ou 'ave gone, (ould *ou 'ave gone,
(ould 'e&s'e&it 'ave gone, (ould t'e* 'ave gone,
.e traduce cu conditionalul trecut din limba romna !as fi mers, ai
fi mers, ar fi mers etc.#.
)razele conditionale /If-$lauses0
Exista trei tipuri de fraze conditionale:

Tipul 1
Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara
Future Present
I will go to t'e seaside if t'e weat'er is fine.
!7oi merge la mare daca vremea va fi buna.#
I will sta* at 'ome if it rains
!7oi sta acasa daca va ploua.#

Tipul !
Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara
Present "onditional Sub#onctiv cu $orma de Past Tense
I would go to t'e seaside if t'e weat'er were fine.
!As merge la mare daca vremea ar fi buna.#
I would sta* at 'ome if it rained
!As sta acasa daca ar ploua.#
Nota 1: Trebuie sa se tina seama ca
sub*oncti$ul folosit in propozitia secundara
are forma lui Past Tense &imple la toate
$erbele, cu exceptia $erbului to be", unde
se int%lneste forma +ere" la toate
persoanele.
Tipul ,
Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara
Past -onditional &ub*oncti$ cu forma de Past Perfect
& would have "one to the seaside if the weather had been fine$
(9s fi mers la mare daca vremea ar fi fost buna$
& would have stayed at home if it had rained$
(9s fi stat acasa daca ar fi plouat$
Nota 2: D if poate fi inlocuit de pro$ided
"tat), pro$idin!, supposin!, suppose, in
case.
7hat shall we do, supposin" he is late:
(>e vom face presupunnd ca el intr!ie:
o if not poate fi inlocuit cu unless
& won5t "o shoppin" unless you come with me$
& won5t "o shoppin" if you don5t come with me$
Nota ": sould . infiniti$ poate fi folosit la
tipul /, in loc de Present &imple, atunci
c%nd actiunea din secundara este posibila,
dar improbabila. 0cest tip de secundara
este adesea combinat cu imperati$ul. #n
acest caz, sould se traduce cu' in caz ca,
daca s-ar int%mpla ca.
8x$ &f she should rin" up, tell her & am out$
&n ca! ca telefonea!a, spune-& ca nu sunt acasa$
=e asemenea, sould poate fi folosit in secundara la tipul ' de fra!a
conditionala$
8x$ &f the police should find out the truth, we would be fined$
(&n ca! ca politia ar afla adevarulA =aca s-ar
intmpla ca politia sa afle adevarul, noi am fi
amendati$
Nota #: 0tunci c%nd if este urmat de un $erb
auxiliar "ex. +ere, ad, sould), este posibila
omiterea lui if, si in acest caz se in$erseaza ordinea
subiect auxiliar.
8x$ D if he were here D were he here
D if it had rained D had it rained
D if he should come D should he come
xercitii cu fraze conditionale
))2$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect! tin"nd
seama de aptul ca raza conditionala este de tipul ):
))3$ &f & see him, & ("reet him$
)*4$ &f you don5t hurry, you (be late$
)*%$ &f she finds out what has happened, she (be very an"ry$
)*'$ & (lend you the book if you promise to return it in time$
)*)$ &f & tell you somethin", you (promise to keep it a secret:
)**$ Bnless you study more, you (not pass the exam$
)*,$ &f it ("o on rainin", we shall have floods$
)*-$ &f you (take a do", you will have to look after it$
)*/$ &f & like the dress, & (buy it$
)*2$ Bnless you come at -, you (not find me at home$
)*3$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect! tin"nd
seama de aptul ca raza conditionala este de tipul 2:
),4$ &f & (know his phone-number, & would rin" him up$
),%$ &f & (move to the country-side, would you visit me:
),'$ +ou (buy this house if you had money:
),)$ &f he were more careful, he (not make so many mistakes$
),*$ 7hat would you do if you (be Frime 6inister:
),,$ &f & ("ive up smokin", & would be nervous$
),-$ &f & won the lottery, & (buy a car$
),/$ (hould he have a headache, he (take a pill$
),2$ 7ere & in your place, & (not do this$
),3$ 7here you ("o if you had a holiday:
)-4$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect! tin"nd
seama de aptul ca raza conditionala este de tipul 3:
)-%$ &f you had known 8n"lish, you (read (hakespeare in the
ori"inal$
)-'$ &f & (work harder, & would have succeeded$
)-)$ &f you had taken my advice, you (not "et into trouble$
)-*$ &f & (know you had no drivin" licence, & wouldn5t have
come with you in your car$
)-,$ .e would have been arrested if he (try to leave the country$
)--$ & wouldn5t have come unless you (invite me$
)-/$ .ad & learned 8n"lish "rammar, & (not make so many
mistakes in my translation$
)-2$ &f he (reali!e it was so late, he would have "one home$
)-3$ &f & (not tell him, he would never have known$
)/4$ .ad & been at home, & (answer the phone$
)/%$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect! tin"nd
seama ca se poate int"lni oricare dintre cele 3 tipuri de raze
conditionale:
)/'$ &t (be better if you had waited$
)/)$ &f & (be you, & would "o home immediately$
)/*$ & (answer your ;uestion if & can$
)/,$ .e (tell you if you had asked him$
)/-$ &f you (drive more carefully, you wouldn5t have an
accident$
)//$ &f the child is "ood, he ("et a bar of chocolate$
)/2$ .e will be at the airport in time if he (leave now$
)/3$ &f & (see him, & would speak to him$
)24$ &f he had written a letter to me, & (answer it$
)2%$ +ou (be sick if you eat so much$
)2'$ Traduceti in limba engleza:
)2)$ =aca va ploua, stra!ile vor fi ude$
)2*$ =aca ar ploua, stra!ile ar fi ude$
)2,$ =acaar fi plouat, stra!ile ar fi fost ude$
)2-$ Vei prinde trenul daca vei lua un taxi$
)2/$ 9i fi prins trenul daca ai fi luat un taxi$
)22$ 9i prinde trenul daca ai lua un taxi$
)23$ 0e vei supara daca iti voi lua creionul:
)34$ 0e-ai supara daca ti-as lua creionul:
)3%$ 0e-ai fi suparat daca ti-as fi luat creionul:
)3'$ >e vei face daca il vei intlni pe <ohn:
)3)$ >e-ai face daca l-ai intlni pe <ohn:
)3*$ >e-ai fi facut daca l-ai fi intlnit pe <ohn:
)3,$ Traduceti in limba engleza:
)3-$ &l vei vedea daca il vei astepta$
)3/$ =aca un cersetor ti-ar cere bani, &-ai da:
)32$ >e s-ar fi intmplat daca ai fi condus cu vite!a mare:
)33$ ?u vom mer"e la plimbare daca nu va sta ploaia$
*44$ 6i-ar placea mai mult piesa daca ar fi mai scurta$
*4%$ =aca cina nu va fi "ata la timp, voi mnca la un restaurant$
*4'$ =aca n-ai fi inchis fereastra, mi-ar fi fost fri"$
*4)$ 9s mai croseta un pulover daca as mai avea lna$
*4*$ 6amaia ar fi un loc ideal pentru o vacanta daca n-ar fi att
de multi oameni acolo$
*4,$ Voi fi de!ama"it daca nu voi afla adevarul$
LECTIA I$
&!R1IR% "IR$T% (I I#"IR$T%
%orbirea directa: 3o'n said: .'e is not at 'ome"
%orbirea indirecta: 3o'n said s'e was not at 'ome.
2entru a trece o propozitie de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea
indirecta, trebuie respectate o serie de reguli.
*4-$ 9tunci cnd verbul din propo!itia principala este la trecut,
ceea ce se intmpla in ma#oritatea ca!urilor, in propo!itia
secundara se schimba timpurile dupa cum urmea!a:
Fresent past
Fresent perfect past perfect
Fast past perfect
Euture future-in-the-past
Ex. 4 %e said I am ill". %e said 'e was ill.
o .e said & have been workin" hard$ .e said he had been
workin" hard$
o .e said & was ill"$ .e said he had been ill$
o .e said & will do the exercise"$ .e said he would do the
exercise$
*4/$ (e schimba pronumele, in functie de sens$




Ex. %e said: .'e gave me a boo".
%e said s'e 'ad given him a boo.
*42$ (e schimba o serie de cuvinte in functie de sens$
8x$ today that day
yesterday the day beforeAthe previous day
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next dayAthe followin" day
the day after tomorrow in two days5 time
next week the nextAthe followin" week
two years a"o two years before
now then
this that
these those
here there
Ex. %e said: I"ll be at 'ome toda*". %e said 'e would be
at 'ome on t'at da*.
%e said: I am going to do t'is traslation tomorrow". %e
said 'e was going to do t'at translation t'e next da*.
*43$ Era!ele conditionale sunt trecute la vorbirea indirecta in
modul urmator:
o tipul % devine tipul ':
"&f it rains, & will stay at home$"
%e said if it rained 'e would sta* at 'ome.
o tipurile ' si ) nu se schimba:
"&f it rained, & would stay at home$"
%e said if itrained 'e would sta* at 'ome.
"If it 'ad rained, I would 'ave sta*ed at 'ome."
%e said if it 'ad rained 'e would 'ave sta*ed at
'ome.
*%4$ Verbele modale would, should, ou"ht to, could, mi"ht
ramn neschimbate la vorbirea indirecta$
8x$ .e said: & mi"ht be late"
.e said he mi"ht be late$
Modalitati de introducere a propozitiilor secundare
in vor2irea indirecta
*%%$ 0firmatii: cu tat (care se poate omite
Ex. %e said: I am ill". %e said !t'at# 'e was ill.
*%'$ -omenzi: cu infinitivul (afirmativ sau ne"ativ
8x$ .e said Jo out"$ .e told me to "o out$
.e said =on5t "o out" .e told me not to "o out$
>. &ntrebari
Exista doua tipuri de intrebari: generale si speciale. Intrebarile
generale sunt cele care incep cu un verb, iar raspunsul poate fi da
sau nu.
Ex. ('ere 'ave *ou been,
I"ve been awa*, on 'olida*.
Intrebarile generale se introduc cu i$ sau whether !daca#.
Ex. %e ased me if I lied music.
Intrebarile speciale se introduc cu cuvntul interogativ
respectiv. Ex. %e ased me w'ere I 'ad been.
In cazul intrebarilor speciale trecute la vorbirea indirecta, trebuie
acordata atentie ordinei cuvintelor din propozitia secundara. Intruct
aceasta propozitie incepe cu un cuvnt interogativ, exista tentatia de
a folosi ordinea cuvintelor din propozitiile interogative, ceea ce este
o greseala.
Ex. %e ased me: ('at is t'e time,"
-orect: %e ased me w'at t'e time was.
Incorect: %e ased me w'at was t'e time.
xercitii cu vor2irea directa si vor2irea indirecta
1. Treceti urmatoarele afirmatii de la vorbirea directa la
vorbirea indirecta (verbul introductiv este la trecut):
'odel:
%e said I will leave for 6ondon tomorrow".
%e said !t'at# 'e would leave for 6ondon t'e next da*.
*%)$ 0he weather was fine yesterday$
*%*$ & saw this film a week a"o$
*%,$ & will "o shoppin" ri"ht now$
*%-$ @ast year & spent my holiday at the seaside$
*%/$ & think it5s "oin" to rain tomorrow$
*%2$ & don5t remember where & have bou"ht this dictionary$
*%3$ & am very busy today$
*'4$ <ohn left for (inaia two days a"o$
*'%$ & went to 8n"land two years a"o$
*''$ & am "oin" to have a nap this afternoon$
*')$ &f & have enou"h money, & will buy a car next year$
*'*$ &f & had been at home, & would have answered the phone$
2. Treceti urmatoarele comenzi la vorbirea indirecta (verbul
introductiv este la trecut)
1odel:
.e said: >ome inH"
.e told (asked, ordered me to come in$
*',$ =on5t drive so fastH
*'-$ Ipen the door, pleaseH
*'/$ Kead the text, pleaseH
*'2$ 7rite me a letter when you "et to 8n"landH
*'3$ =on5t cross the street on a red li"htH
*)4$ 1e careful with my booksH
*)%$ =on5t smoke so muchH
*)'$ 0ake this pillH
*))$ =on5t interrupt me when & am speakin"H
*)*$ Kin" me up when you arrive homeH
3. Treceti urmatoarele intrebari generale la vorbirea indirecta
(verbul introductiv este la trecut):
1odel:
(ill *ou be at 'ome tomorrow,"
%e ased me if I would be at 'ome t'e next da*.
*),$ 7ill you help me, please:
*)-$ >an you come to tea this afternoon:
*)/$ .as the train left:
*)2$ =o you know what this word means:
*)3$ 7as your mother at home:
**4$ =id you buy this book yesterday:
**%$ =id you drink coffee every day:
**'$ 7ere you at the library yesterday:
**)$ =o you live in @ondon for a lon" time:
***$ >an you speak 8n"lish:
**,$ 7ould you like a cake:
**-$ >ould you lend me a book, please:
4. Treceti urmatoarele intrebari speciale la vorbirea indirecta
(verbul introductiv este la trecut):
1odel:
%e said: ('en did *ou come bac,"
%e ased me w'en I 'ad come bac.
**/$ .ow lon" have you been learnin" 8n"lish:
**2$ 7hat are you "oin" to do tomorrow:
**3$ .ow lon" does it take you to reach your office:
*,4$ 7hen will you be back:
*,%$ 7here will you spend your weekend:
*,'$ 7ho is this man:
*,)$ 7hy is it so dark in this room:
*,*$ 7hen did the rain stop:
*,,$ 7hich of these cakes do you prefer:
*,-$ .ow did you travel:
LECTIA $
2asivul se formeaza con/ugnd verbul to be la timpul cerut de
sens, la care se adauga forma III !participiul trecut# a verbului de
con/ugat.
Ex. I am ased.
I 'ave been ased.
I was ased.
I 'ad been ased.
I will be ased.
In limba romna, trecerea de la diateza activa la diateza pasiva se
face prin transformarea complementului direct in subiect.
Ex. Activ: +irectorul m-a c'emat pe mine.
2asiv: Eu am fost c'emat de director.
In limba engleza, exista trei tipuri de complemente care pot
deveni subiect in transformarea de la activ la pasiv: complementul
direct, complementul indirect si, in unele cazuri, complementul
prepozitional.
Ex. Activ: I gave 'im a boo.
1nde complementul direct este a book, iar complementul indirect
este him. Ambele complemente pot deveni subiecte in cazul trecerii
la pasiv. +esigur, subiectul va fi trecut la cazul nominativ.
-omplement direct .ubiect
A boo was given to 'im. !b* me#
-omplement indirect .ubiect
%e was given a boo. !b* me#
In propozitia( &n this o$$ice they insist on punctuality, punctuality
este un complement prepozitional, care, de asemenea, poate
deveni subiect in cazul folosirii diatezei pasive: &n this o$$ice
punctuality is insisted on !b* t'em#.
1n alt exemplu de complement prepozitional care poate deveni
subiect.
Activ: .'e looed after t'e c'ild.
2asiv: )'e c'ild was looed after !b* 'er#.
In multe cazuri, pasivul se foloseste atunci cnd nu este important
cine face actiunea. In aceste situatii, se omite formularea by, de la
sfrsitul propozitiei.
Ex. In t'is office punctualit* is insisted on.
Nota: &e poate folosit aspectul continuu al diatezei pasi$e
numai la Present Tense si Past Tense.
8x$ 7hile & am in hospital, my flat is bein! painted.
7hile & was in hospital, my flat +as bein! painted.
)*ercitii cu diateza pasiva
*,/$ Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la diateza pasiva:
*,2$ 0hey will finish the work today$
*,3$ .e has found your ba"$
*-4$ & will invite my friend to a party$
*-%$ (omeone has found the missin" child$
*-'$ 9 specialist will repair my 0V set$
*-)$ .is coworkers must do somethin" for him$
*-*$ Feople play football all over the world$
*-,$ 0he noise fri"htened me$
*--$ 0hey are buildin" a new house round the corner$
*-/$ 0hey were buildin" a new supermarket in that district last
month, when & passed by$
2. Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la diateza pasiva in doua eluri!
transorm"nd at"t complementul direct c"t si cel indirect in
subiecte:
*-2$ 0he doctor prescribed some pills to the patient$
*-3$ 0hey have "iven me a nice present$
*/4$ 0he policeman will show us the way$
*/%$ & teach them 8n"lish$
*/'$ & have lent <ohn two of my books$
*/)$ 0he #ury awarded the Komanian film director the Jreat
Fri!e$
*/*$ 0he "uide showed the museum to the tourists$
*/,$ 0hey will "ive me a reward$
*/-$ 6y friend doesn5t always tell me the truth$
*//$ 0he teacher asked me a difficult ;uestion$
3. Treceti la pasiv urmatoarele propozitii care cuprind combinatii
verb*prepozitie:
*/2$ 0hey didn5t look after the children properly$
*/3$ 7e called for the doctor$
*24$ 7e couldn5t account for his odd behaviour$
*2%$ 1ur"lars broke into the house$
*2'$ =on5t speak until someone speaks to you$
*2)$ .e hasn5t slept in his bed$
*2*$ 7e lau"hed at <ohn$
*2,$ 7e ob#ected to his proposal$
*2-$ 0hey set fire to the shed$
4. Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la diateza pasiva:
*2/$ .as someone repaired the 0V set:
*22$ 7ill you write the letter in ink:
*23$ .aven5t they told you to be here at - o5clock:
*34$ =id the tornado fri"hten you:
*3%$ 7ill someone tell him the details:
*3'$ .ave you fed the do":
*3)$ =id the si"ht of the accident shock him:
*3*$ =id they tell you about the meetin":
*3,$ =o you think they will turn down your re;uest:
*3-$ 7ould you have finished your work sooner if your
collea"ues hadn5t interrupted you:
&. Treceti urmatoarele propozitii de la diateza pasiva la diateza
activa. +asiti subiecte acolo unde este necesar:
*3/$ 0his book will soon be for"otten$
*32$ 0hese books mustn5t be taken away$
*33$ 8n"lish is spoken all over the world$
,44$ 0his paintin" is admired by all the visitors of the museum$
,4%$ 0his house has been built out of stone and cement$
,4'$ 9 reception was held in his honour$
,4)$ 0he pupils will be told where to sit$
,4*$ & was recommended a very "ood doctor$
,4,$ 0he climber was finally discovered by the rescue party$
,4-$ .e hates bein" made fun of$
'. Traduceti in limba engleza:
,4/$ &n acest hotel se vorbesc limbi straine$
,42$ ?i s-a cerut sa aratam pasapoartele$
,43$ ?i s-au spus lucruri foarte interesante la conferinta$
,%4$ 8venimentul a fost comentat de toate !iarele$
,%%$ (crisoarea va fi pusa la posta ct mai curnd posibil$
,%'$ ?u s-a au!it nimic despre el de cnd a plecat la >onstanta$
,%)$ 9ceasta informatie treuie tratata confidential$
,%*$ (ensurile cuvintelor noi trebuie cautate in dictionar$
,%,$ >nd a a#uns acasa si-a dat seama ca & se furase portofelul$
,%-$ >ursul profesorului a fost ascultat de toti studentii$
,%/$ ?i se vor da instructiuni detaliate in privinta referatului$
,%2$ (e construiesc multe blocuri noi in cartierul nostru$
,%3$ 6u!eul a fost inchis pentru reparatii$
,'4$ 9cest timbru nu a fost bine lipit pe plic$
,'%$ 9merica a fost descoperita la sfrsitul secolului al LV-lea$
LECTIA $I
&R1L M!"%L
$an, could, ma3, mig*t, must, need, s*ould, oug*t to,
s*all, 4ill, 4ould'
$aracteristici generale
,''$ ?u primesc to inaintea lor si dupa ele:
8x$ -an is a model verb$
& can do this$ (Fot sa fac aceasta$
(pre deosebire de:
& want to do this$ (Vreau sa fac aceasta$
,')$ ?u primesc s la persoana &&& sin"ular, pre!ent$
8x$ .e can speak 8n"lish$
,'*$ ?u formea!a ne"ativul si intero"ativul cu to do"$
8x$ .e cannot (can5t speak 8n"lish$
,',$ ?u au toate timpurile$ (e folosesc inlocuitori$
Can
,'-$ are sensul de a putea, a fi in stare
8x$ & can make this traslation$
>an M infiniti$, prezent
2e!ati$: cannot, can5t
8x$ & cannot (can5t make this translation$
#ntero!ati$: >an &: >an you: etc$
8x$ >an you make this translation:
-ould3Past Tense, conditional prezent al verbului can
2e!ati$: could not (couldn5t
#ntero!ati$: >ould & : >ould you: etc$
8x$ & couldn5t come to you yesterday$
?-am putut sa vin la tine ieri$
>ould you help me:
9i putea sa ma a#uti:
2entru conditionalul trecut se foloseste could < infinitivul
trecut
Ex. %e could 'ave been 'ere in time.
Ar fi putut sa fie aici in timp.
2entru celelalte timpuri se foloseste inlocuitorul to be able
to
Ex. I will be able to come to *ou tomorrow.
7oi putea veni la tine mine.
I 'aven"t been able to ring *ou up t'is wee.
:-am putut sa-ti telefonez saptamna aceasta.

,'/$ 9rata o anumita abilitate fi!ica sau intelectuala$ (e traduce
cu a sti sa.
8x$ & can swim$ ((tiu sa inot$
& can speak 8n"lish$ ((tiu sa vorbesc en"le!a$
>u acest sens, timpurile se folosesc ca la punctul % (could pentru
Fast 0ense si conditionalul pre!ent, inlocuitorul to be able to
pentru celelalte timpuri$$
8x$ & will tbe able to drive a car after & have taken a few lessons$
Voi sti sa conduc masina dupa ce voi lua cteva lectii$

,'2$ &n vorbirea familiara, can poate fi folosit cu sensul lui may
de a avea permisiunea"$
8x$ Eather, can & take your car:
0ata, potAam permisiunea sa iau masina ta:

,'3$ >an5tAcouldn5t D nu se poate sa, nu e posibil sa$
8x$ &t can5tAcouldn5t be 3 o5clock$ 0he sun hasn5t set yet$
?u se poate sa fie ora 3$ (oarele nu a apus inca$
Fentru a reda ideea de trecut cu acest sens, se foloseste infinitivul trecut$
8x$ +ou can5tAcouldn5t have seen <ohn in the street$ .e is abroad$
?u se poate sa-l fi va!ut pe <ohn pe strada$ 8l e in strainatate$
Ma3
,)4$ are sensul de a putea, a avea permisiunea
8x$ 6ay & smoke in this room:
FotAam permisiunea sa fume! in aceasta camera:
+es, you may$ (=a, poti$
?e"ativ: may not, mayn5t
&ntero"ativ: 6ay &: 6ay you:
6ay M infinitiv, pre!ent
>u acest sens exista timpul mi!t care reda ideea de trecut, dar se
foloseste numai dupa un alt verb la trecut (vorbire indirecta$
8x$ .e said & mi"ht smoke in that room$
Fentru celelalte timpuri se folosesc inlocuitorii: to be allo+ed to, to be
permitted to.
8x$ & was allowedApermitted to smoke in that room$
9m pututAmi s-a permis sa fume! in camera aceea$
& will be allowedApermitted to smoke in that room$
Voi puteaAmi se va permite sa fume! in camera aceea$
5' 0a*&0ig't 4 s-ar putea sa
Ex. )ae *our umbrella. It ma*&mig't rain.
Ia-ti umbrela, s-ar putea sa ploua.
?ing up 3o'n. %e ma*&mig't be at 'ome now.
)elefoneaza-I lui 3o'n. .-ar putea sa fie acasa acum.
-u acest sens, ideea de trecut este redata prin adaugarea
infinitivului trecut.
Ex. ('* didn"t *ou tae *our coat, $ou ma*&mig't 'ave caug't a
cold.
+e ce nu ti-ai luat 'aina, .-ar fi putut sa racesti.
6' 0a*&mig't pot exprima un repros.
Ex. $ou ma*&mig't 'elp me w'en I am in need.
Ai putea sa ma a/uti cnd sunt la nevoie.
2entru redarea ideii de trecut, se adauga infinitivul trecut.
Ex. $ou mig't 'ave written me a letter w'en *ou were in
England.
Ai fi putut sa imi scrii o scrisoare cnd erai in Anglia.
Must
,)%$ 9 trebui
8x$ &t5s "ot late$ & must "o home$
(-a facut tr!iu$ 0rebuie sa plec acasa$
?e"ativ: must not, mustn5t
&ntero"ativ: 6ust &: 6ust you:
6ust M infinitiv, pre!ent
?u are alte timpuri$
(e foloseste inlocuitorul to a$e to$
8x$ & had to finish the traslation yesterday$
9 trebuit sa termin traducerea ieri$
& will have to finish the translation tomorrow$
Va trebui sa termin traducerea mine$
0rebuie mentionat faptul ca inlocuitorul lui must, to a$e to
formea!a intero"ativul si ne"ativul cu a#utorul auxiliarului to do$
8x$ & didn5t have to finish the translation yesterday$

,)'$ =e asemenea, poate avea sensul probabil ca:
8x$ &t must be late$ @et5s "o home$
Frobabil ca e tr!iu$ .ai sa mer"em acasa$
<ohn must be at home now$ @et5s call on him$
Frobabil ca <ohn e acasa acum$ .ai sa-l vi!itam$
>u acest sens, ideea de trecut se reda prin adau"area infinitivului trecut$
8x$ & was asleep when you arrived home last ni"ht$ &t must have been
late$
8u dormeam cnd ai venit tu aseara$ Frobabil ca era tr!iu$

Nee!
Exista doua verbe:
,))$ To need: verb obisnuit, notional, cu sensul de a a$ea ne$oie
8x$ .e doesn5t need this book$
8l nu are nevoie de aceasta carte$
,)*$ 2eed' verb modal, cu sensul de a fi ne$oie
>a verb modal, need se foloseste numai la intero"ativ si ne"ativ$
8x$ ?eed & be here at one o5clock:
8 nevoie sa fiu aici la ora %:
?o, you needn5t$
?u, nu e nevoie$
Fentru a raspunde afirmativ la intrebarea de mai sus, se foloseste verbul
must.
8x$ ?eed & be here at one o5clock:
+es, you mustH (=a, trebuieH
Fentru exprimarea ideii de trecut a verbului need, exista ' posibilitati:
,),$ =aca actiunea nu era necesara, dar a fost facuta, se foloseste
needn4t . infiniti$ul trecut.
8x$ +ou needn5t have watered the flowers$
>ouldn5t you see it was "oin" to rain:
?u era nevoie sa u!i florile$ ?-ai va!ut ca urma sa ploua:
,)-$ =aca actiunea nu era necesara si nu a fost facuta, se
foloseste didn5t need G infinitivul
8x$ 7e didn5t need to do this exercise$
0he teacher told us it was too easy for us$
?u a fost nevoie sa facem acest exercitiu$ Frofesorul ne-a spus ca e prea
usor pentru noi$
Nota: 2u trebuie confundat need not cu must not.
2eed not se traduce cu nu e ne$oie". 1ust not se
traduce cu nu trebuie".
8x$ +ou needn5t drive so fastC we have enou"h time$
?u e nevoie sa conduci att de repedeC avem destul timp$
+ou mustn5t drive so fastC there is a speed limit here$
?u trebuie sa conduci att de repedeC aici e limita de vite!a$
(*ould, !ug*t to
Ambele verbe indica o actiune corecta, o obligatie morala, o
recomandare. .e traduc cu: ar trebui sa, ar $i cazul sa, ar $i bine sa
Ex. $ou s'ould&oug't to 'elp *our mot'er wit' 'ousewor.
Ar trebui sa o a/uti pe mama ta la treburile casei.
2entru a reda ideea de trecut, se adauga infinitivul trecut.
Ex. $ou s'ould not&oug't not to 'ave been so rude to 'im.
:u ar fi trebuit sa fii att de nepoliticos cu el.
(*all
5olosit cu persoana I, s'all indica viitorul.
5olosit cu persoana I, interogativ, poate indica, de asemenea,
solicitarea unui sfat, o oferta sau o sugestie.
Ex. ('ic' dress s'all I bu*,
-e roc'ie sa cumpar,
.'all I wait for *ou,
.a te astept,
.'all we meet at one o"cloc,
.a ne intlnim la ora 8,
5olosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o
obligatie sau o amenintare care provin de la cel care vorbeste.
Ex. 0ot'er to c'ild: $ou s'all 'ave a bic*cle if *ou pass t'e
exam.
0ama spune copilului: 7ei avea o bicicleta daca vei lua
examenul.
0ot'er to c'ild: $ou s'all not get an* pocet-mone* if *ou don"t
pass t'e exam.
0ama spune copilului: :u vei mai primi nici un ban de buzunar
daca nu vei lua examenul.
7ill, 7ould
,)/$ Eormula de politete, cerere politicoasa:
7ill youAwould you sit down:
7ill youAwould you help me with my translation, please:
,)2$ 9 voi (cu sens extins la obiecte:
0his child willAwould not do what & say$
9cest copil nu vrea sa faca ce-& spun$
0his radio won5t work$
,)3$ 9ctiune repetata :
- in perioada prezenta
6y mother will sit for hours watchin" 0V$
6ama mea obisnuieste sa stea ore intre"i privind la
televi!or$
o in trecut
7hen & was a child, my mother would read me fairy tales$
>nd eram copil, mama obisnuia sa-mi citeasca povesti$
,*4$ Fresupunere : se traduce in limba romna cu o fi$
0his "irl looks very much like <ane$
(he will be her sister$
9ceasta fata seamana foarte bine cu <ane$ I fi sora ei$
(e poate folosi cu infinitivul trecut:
.e will have reached Faris by now$
I fi a#uns la Faris pna acum$
Nota: #n afara de +ould", ideea de actiune repetata in
trecut se poate exprima cu used to".
8x$ 7hen & was a child, my mother used to read me fairy tales$
5sed to eate un verb semi-modal, care are numai forma de trecut$
Bn alt verb semi-modal este dare (a indra!ni care se con#u"a la
afirmativ ca un verb obisnuit, in timp ce la intero"ativ si ne"ativ se poate
con#u"a att ca un verb obisnuit ct si ca modal$
xercitii cu ver2e modale
,*%$ Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la Past Tense Simple si
Future Tense Simple! olosind inlocuitorii verbelor modale
respective! acolo unde este necesar:
,*'$ .e can swim very well$
,*)$ & must "o soon$
,**$ +ou may leave earlier$
,*,$ (he can lend you that book$
,*-$ 0his child may have another cake$
,*/$ +ou may not smoke in this room$
,*2$ & cannot translate ten pa"es a day$
,*3$ >an you help me:
,,4$ +ou mustn5t do this $
,,%$ 6ay & walk on the "rass:
,,'$ .e may not come in wearin" dirty boots$
,,)$ & must learn 8n"lish$
,,*$ +ou may not speak to your mother like that$
,,,$ & must look up the words in the dictionary$
,,-$ (he can play the piano very well$
,,/$ >an <ane type very ;uickly:
,,2$ >an you speak >hinese:
,,3$ 8verybody may borrow books from this library$
,-4$ 6ust you be so rude:
,-%$ (he can read and write at the a"e of five$
,-'$ ,edati ideea de trecut in urmatoarele propozitii olosind
ininitivul trecut in loc de ininitivul prezent:
,-)$ <ohn must be ill$
,-*$ &t can5t be too late$
,-,$ &t mi"ht rain$
,--$ .e must be delayed at the office$
,-/$ +ou mi"ht write to me more often$
,-2$ +ou should visit your sick friend in hospital$
,-3$ .e ou"ht to tell me the truth$
,/4$ +ou mi"ht chan"e your mind about that$
,/%$ .e may be at home$
,/'$ &t can5t be easy to learn >hinese$
,/)$ .e should "o to school everyday$
,/*$ +ou can5t be pleased with this piece of news$
,/,$ +ou mi"ht pay more attention to your work$
,/-$ +ou needn5t do this$
,//$ +ou can5t see a bear in this part of the country$
,/2$ .e needn5t buy milkC there is plenty in the frid"e$
,/3$ .e must be in the "arden at this time of the day$
,24$ &t must be difficult to climb this mountain$
,2%$ +ou shouldn5t "o to bed so late$
,2'$ <ohn could be a winner$
,2)$ Completati spatiile goale cu can sau can-t:
,2*$ 6an Ntravel throu"h space now$ '$ .e Nreach the 6oon
and walk there$ )$ .e Neven drive on its surface$ *$ 1ut one still
Nbreathe without extra oxy"en and one certainly Nstay there very
lon"$ ,$ 7hen we N fly there as easily as we fly to other countries
of the world, holidays will be very different$
,2,$ ,eormulati urmatoarele propozitii olosind must *
ininitivul prezent sau ininitivul trecut:
1odel:
%e probabl* speas Englis' well.
%e must spea Englis' well.
$ou probabl* forgot to loc t'e door.
$ou must 'ave forgotten to loc t'e door.
,2-$ .e probably thinks & am wron"$
,2/$ .e is probably older than he looks$
,22$ +ou probably left your umbrella in the shop$
,23$ (he is probably a very "ood doctor$
,34$ &t probably took a lon" time to finish this translation$
,3%$ .e probably came home very early$
,3'$ 0his is probably the best Komanian film of the year$
,3)$ +ou probably knew the lesson very well to "et a %4$
,3*$ .e was probably late$
,3,$ +ou have probably for"otten his address$
&. ,eormulati urmatoarele propozitii olosind ma. * ininitivul
prezent sau ininitivul trecut:
'odel:
2er'aps it snows in t'e mountains.
It ma*&mig't snow in t'e mountains.
2er'aps it snowed in t'e mountains
It ma*&mig't 'ave snowed in t'e mountains.
,3-$ =on5t wait$ &t is possible for her to be very late$
,3/$ & have bou"ht his latest bookC perhaps it is a "ood one$
,32$ 0ake your umbrellaC perhaps it will rain$
,33$ &t is possible that & come home early$
-44$ & think she was an"ry with you$
-4%$ 9 "ood knowled"e of 8n"lish is likely to help you a lot in
your career$
-4'$ &t is possible that he was ri"ht but & don5t think so$
-4)$ Ferhaps he has done the exercise correctly, but & doubt it$
-4*$ Ferhaps she has returned the book to you and you have lent
it to someone else$
-4,$ Ferhaps she was out when you ran" her up$
'. ,eormulati urmatoarele propozitii olosind can-t * ininitivul
prezent sau ininitivul trecut:
'odel:
I don"t believe *ou are rig't.
$ou can"t be rig't.
I don"t believe *ou were rig't.
$ou can"t 'ave been rig't.
-4-$ & don5t believe it is his fault$
-4/$ & don5t believe it was his fault$
-42$ & don5t believe that he has passed the exam$
-43$ & don5t believe she has "ot so fat$
-%4$ & don5t think the weather will chan"e$
-%%$ & don5t think he is at the office so late at ni"ht$
-%'$ & don5t believe she has learnt 8n"lish in two months$
-%)$ & don5t believe she has married that awful man$
-%*$ & don5t think this is a true story$
-%,$ & don5t think you will miss the train if you hurry$
-%-$ Completati spatiile goale cu mustn-t sau needn-t :
-%/$ +ou N take an umbrella$ 0he sky is clear$
-%2$ & N return the books before the %
st
of (eptember$
-%3$ +ou Nmake a noise or the baby will wake up$
-'4$ +ouNwater the flowers, it will soon start rainin"$
-'%$ 0he visitors N feed the animals in the Ooo$
-''$ Feople N speak durin" the concert$
-')$ Ine Nbuy a ticket for a slow train in advance$
-'*$ Ine N travel by bus without payin" the fare$
-',$ +ou N take sleepin" pills too oftenC they are addictive$
-'-$ +ou N worry about money$ &5ll "ive you as much as you
want$
-'/$ Completati spatiile goale cu s%ould sau /ould:
-'2$ +ou Nnot "o to bed so late at ni"ht$
-'3$ N you help me solve this problem:
-)4$ 7hen & was youn", & Nwear my hair lon"$
-)%$ & Nhurry up in order not to miss the train$
-)'$ 6y child Nplay with the cat for hours on end$
-))$ Nyou be so kind and pass me the salt, please:
-)*$ .e always made mistakes because he Nnever take any
advice$
-),$ +ou Nnot eat so many sweets if you don5t want to "et fat$
-)-$ +ou Nnot expect everybody to obey you$
-)/$ 7hen & was a teena"er, & Nread one book a day$
0. Completati spatiile goale cu s%all sau /ill:
-)2$ .e Nread for hours on end$
-)3$ Nyou tell me the truth, for once:
-*4$ 0his Nbe <ohn5s house$
-*%$ Jo to sleep, & promise you not Nbe disturbed$
-*'$ &f you win the contest, youN"et a nice present$
-*)$ +ou Ndo this whether you like it or not$
-**$ (he Nwrite an article for this ma"a!ine every week$
-*,$ 0his door N not unlock$
-*-$ N you correct my exercise, please:
-*/$ 0his letter is full of mistakesC you Nre-type it$
)1.Completati spatiile goale cu didn-t need to sau needn-t %ave *
orma 222 a verbului:
-*2$ & N(answer the ;uestions, which was very convenient$
-*3$ & N(answer the ;uestions, which would have saved me a
lot of work$
-,4$ & N(buy a new map of @ondon as & already had one$
-,%$ +ou N(lend him so many booksC he will never read them
all$
-,'$ 7e N(wait too lon"C he was back soon$
-,)$ & N(see him for that$ & wrote him a letter$
-,*$ & N("et up so early today, but & for"ot it was (unday$
-,,$ +ou N(wait for me$ & am sorry you wasted your time$
-,-$ 0he student N(write such a lon" composition, because the
teacher won5t have time to read it all$
-,/$ +ou N(buy so much bread$ &t5ll "et stale$
-,2$ Completati spatiile goale cu must! can-t sau needn-t *
ininitivul trecut:
-,3$ &t N(rain hereC the road is dry$
--4$ & haven5t "ot my ba" with meC & N(leave it on the bus$
--%$ 0he child N (leave home$ & locked the door and took the
key with me$
--'$ +ou N(see 9nna yesterday$ (he is away$
--)$ <ohn N(do such a thin"C he is a nice boy$
--*$ .e N(swim across the =anubeC he is a very poor
swimmer$
--,$ & didn5t hear the phone$ & N(be in the "arden$
---$ +ouN(lend him your text D book$ .e has one of his own$
--/$ .e N(be at home$ 0he li"ht was on in his room$
--2$ &t N(take you a lon" time to knit this dress$
)2. 2ncercati sa gasiti un sens urmatorului dialog:
"+o *ou t'in 'e will,"
"I t'in 'e mig't."
"%is famil* consider 'e s'ould."
"$es, but 'e 'imself believes 'e needn"t."
--3$ Traduceti in limba engleza! olosind verbe modale sau
inlocuitori ai acestora:
-/4$ 0oti studentii pot si trebuie sa scrie aceasta lucrare$
-/%$ Va trebui sa ma a#uti mai mult asta!i$
-/'$ (unt si"ur ca voi putea "asi timp sa te a#ut$
-/)$ Frofesorul mi-a spus ca pot sa lipsesc de la ora urmatoare$
-/*$ (tiam sa cnt la pian cnd eram copil$
-/,$ ?u stiu sa crosete!$
-/-$ 9i putea sa-mi telefone!i mai des cnd stii ca sunt bolnav$
-//$ 9r trebui ca toti copiii sa faca treburi in casa$
-/2$ 9r fi trebuit sa citesc biblio"rafia pentru acest seminar$
-/3$ 0oata lumea sa fie pre!enta la sedinta$
-24$ Va trebui sa plec curnd$
-2%$ ?u e nevoie sa-ti cari sin"ura ba"a#ul in "araC te-ar putea
a#uta un hamal$
-2'$ 0rebuie sa-mi schimb pantofii cnd intru in casa pentru ca
sunt plini de noroi$
-2)$ 8 nevoie sa urcam la cabana pe #os:
-2*$ ?u, putem lua autobu!ul sau telefericul$
-2,$ ?u a fost nevoie sa-& telefone! lui <ane ca sa vorbesc cu ea
pentru ca urma sa vina la mine peste o #umatate de ora$
-2-$ ?u era nevoie sa-mi faci cafea, am baut de#a doua asta!i$
-2/$ ?u a fost nevoie sa spun multumesc" cnd am aflat ora
exacta formnd 3,2 intruct stiam ca informatia e inre"istrata pe
banda$
-22$ ?u se poate ca profesorul sa fi fost multumit de acest
raspuns$
-23$ ?u se poate sa fi fost acasa aseara$ 0i-am telefonat si nu a
raspuns nimeni$
-34$ Frobabil ca eram inca la facultate$
-3%$ 9m cerut sa vorbesc cu directorul, dar el nu a vrut sa vina la
telefon$
-3'$ 9r fi trebuit sa insisti$
-3)$ =e ce ai vorbit att de tare:
-3*$ &ti promit ca vei avea cartea mine$
-3,$ ?u se poate sa fi "asit usa deschisa, o incuiasem chiar eu$
-3-$ Bnde mer"em acum:
-3/$ 6ine va trebui sa pun scrisoarea la posta$
-32$ Vreti, va ro", sa astepti cteva minute:
-33$ ?u aveti voie sa vorbiti in timpul examenului$
LECTIA $II
M!"UL (U18!#$TI&
In engleza contemporana, sub/onctivul nu are formele lui proprii.
El apare cu forme de infinitiv, de 2ast )ense si de 2ast 2erfect. +e
asemenea, exista ec'ivalenti de sub/onctiv care constau in verbele
s'ould, ma*, mig't, would < infinitiv.
/44$ &ub*oncti$ cu forma de infiniti$
/4%$ 9pare in propo!itii exclamative, exprimnd o lo!inca, o
urare, o dorinta sau un blestem$
8x$ @on" live the kin"H
0raiasca re"ele$
>ome what may$
Eie ce-o fi$
Jod for"ive youH
Eie ca =omnul sa te ierteH
>urse this fo"H
1lestemata fie aceasta ceataH

/4'$ Foate fi intlnit in poe!ia clasica, in situatii in care, in
en"le!a contemporana, ar fi inlocuit cu pre!entul$
8x$ (hakespeare: &f this be error"N
&f this is error
1yron: 0hou"h the hart be still as lovin"" Nthe heart is

/4)$ Foate fi folosit ca o modalitate de a da ordine$
8x$ 8verybody leave the hall$
0oata lumea sa paraseasca sala$
(omebody brin" me a "lass of water$
>ineva sa-mi aduca un pahar cu apa$

/4*$ =upa constructii de tipul: it is impossible that, it is desirable
that, it is necessary that, it is likely that$
8x$ &t is necessary that you be present$
8 necesar ca tu sa fii pre!ent$
&t is desirable that we finish the translation first$
8ste de dorit ca noi sa terminam inti traducerea$
&t is impossible that he do this$
8ste imposibil ca el sa faca aceasta$
e# +upa verbe ca: to propose, to suggest, to insist, to demand, to
urge, to recommend, to order
Ex. I recommended t'at 'is proposal be accepted.
Am recomandat ca propunerea lui sa fie acceptata.
)'e doctor insisted t'at I eep indoors.
+octorul a insistat ca eu sa stau acasa.
/4,$ &ub*oncti$ cu forma de Past Tense sau Past Perfect'
9pare dupa urmatoarele expresii:
/4-$ # +is (mi-as dori, bine ar fi sa
/4/$ =aca dorinta se refera la momentul pre!ent, se foloseste
sub#onctivul cu forma de Fast 0ense$
8x$ & wish & were in 8n"land now$
6i-as dori sa fiu in 9n"lia acum$
Nota: 6erbul to be la sub*oncti$ul du forma de Past Tense,
apare ca +ere la toate persoanele.
/42$ =aca dorinta se refera la un moment anterior, se foloseste
sub#onctivul cu forma de Fast Ferfect$
8x$ & wish & had been born in 8n"land$
6i-as dori sa ma fi nascut in 9n"lia$
/43$ =aca dorinta se refera la un moment viitor, se foloseste
+ould, ca echivalent de sub#onctiv$
8x$ & wish it would stop rainin"$
6i-as dori sa incete!e ploaia$
b# &$ only 4 are aproximativ acelasi sens cu & wish
Ex. If onl* I lived to be a 'undred@
=ine ar fi sa traiesc pna la o suta de ani@
c# +s i$,though !ca si cum, de parca#
even i$,even though !c'iar daca#
Ex. $ou spea Englis' as if *ou were an Englis'man.
7orbesti engleza de parca ai fi englez.
$ou spea Englis' as if *ou 'ad lived in England.
7orbesti engleza ca si cum ai fi trait in Anglia.
d-&t is time !E timpul.#
&t is high time !Era de mult timpul.#
Ex. It is time t'e c'ild went to bed.
E timpul sa mearga copilul la culcare.
It is 'ig' time *ou began to stud* seriousl*.
Era de mult timpul sa incepi sa studiezi serios.
/%4$ # +ould sooner7rater (as prefera saN
8x$ & would sooner you stayed at home toni"ht$
9s prefera sa stai acasa in seara asta$
&n exemplul de mai sus, persoana care isi exprima preferinta este
diferita de cea care face actiunea$
&n ca!ul in care persoana care isi exprima preferinta este aceeasi cu cea
care face actiunea, se poate folosi fie sub#onctivul cu forma de Fast 0ense,
fie cel cu forma de infinitiv$
8x$ & would sooner & stayed at home toni"ht$
& would sooner stay at home toni"ht$
/%%$ )ci$alenti de sub*oncti$
/%'$ sould D ca si sub#onctivul cu forma de infinitiv (%-d se
poate folosi dupa constructii de tipul: &t is impossible that, it is
necessary that$
8x$ &t is necessary that you should be present$
&t is desirable that we should finish the translation first$
&t is impossible that he should do this$
9cest tip de constructii se traduc la fel (ve!i %-d, fie ca se foloseste in
limba en"le!a sub#onctivul cu forma de infinitiv, fie ca se foloseste sould
ca echivalent de sub#onctiv$
8xista o situatie in care nu se poate folosi sub#onctivul cu forma de
infinitiv,ci este necesara introducerea lui sould. 8ste vorba de ca!ul cnd
propo!itia secundara exprima o actiune anterioara celei din principala$
8x$ &t is impossible that he sould a$e done tis.
8ste imposibil ca el sa fi facut aceasta$
=upa cum se observa, in aceasta situatie sould este urmat de infinitivul
trecut$
/%)$ =e asemenea, la fel ca si sub#onctivul cu forma de infinitiv
(ve!i %-e, should poate aparea dupa verbe ca: to propose, to
su""est, to insist, to demand, to ur"e, to recommend$
8x$ & recommend that his proposal should be accepted$
0he doctor insisted that & should stay indoors$
/%*$ =upa con#unctia lest (ca nu cumva sa
8x$ .urry up lest you should miss the train$
Jrabeste-te ca nu cumva sa pier!i trenul$
& am afraid lest he should fail the exam$
6i-e teama ca nu cumva sa piarda examenul$
Nota: #n en!leza contemporana exista tendinta de a se
omite sould dupa lest si de a se folosi sub*oncti$ul cu
forma de infiniti$.
8x$ .urry up lest you miss the train$
/%,$ &ntrebari introduse prin o+, +8, +ere,+en, fie in
vorbirea direca, fie in vorbirea indirecta$
8x$ .ow should & know where he is now:
=e unde sa stiu unde este el acum:
& don5t see why you should be so rude to him$
?u vad de ce sa fii att de nepoliticos cu el$
/%-$ ma8, mi!t
>a si sub#onctivul cu forma de infinitiv, may poate aparea in
lo!inci si urari:
8x$ 6ay success attend youH
Eie ca succesul sa fie cu tineH
6ay you live lon" and be happyH
Eie sa traiesti mult si sa fii fericit$
/%/$ =upa to ope, to be afraid
8x$ & hope that he may pass the exam$
(per ca el sa treaca examenul$
& was afraid that he mi"ht fail the exam$
6i-era teama sa nu cada la examen$
=upa cum reiese din exemplele de mai sus, daca verbul din propo!itia
principala este la timpul pre!ent, in secundara se foloseste ma8, iar daca
verbul din propo!itia principala este la timpul trecut, in secundara se
foloseste mi!t$
/%2$ =upa so tat, in order tat
8x$ (tudy hard so thatAin order that you may pass the exam$
&nvata serios ca sa treci examenul$
& studied hard so thatAin order that & mi"ht pass the exam$
9m invatat serios ca sa trec examenul$
/%3$ =upa +oe$er, +ene$er, +ere$er, o+e$er, +ice$er,
+ate$er sau dupa formulele echivalente no matter +o, no matter
+en, etc$
8x$ 7hoever you mayAmi"ht be, you have no ri"ht to do this$
?o matter who you mayAmi"ht be, you have no ri"ht to do this$
Iricine ai fi, nu ai dreptul sa faci asta$
7herever & mayAmi"ht be, & will rin" you up$
Iriunde as fi, iti voi telefona$
/'4$ =upa it is possible, it +as possible
8x$ &t is possible that he may be here in time$
8ste posibil ca el sa a#un"a aici la timp$
&t was possible that he mi"ht be here in time$
8ra posibil ca el sa fi a#uns aici la timp$
Nota: Dupa cum se poate obser$a, eci$alentii de
sub*oncti$ sunt la ori!ine $erbe modale. )xisa situatii c%nd
se pot folosi si alte $erbe modale dec%t cele expuse in acest
capitol ca eci$alenti de sub*oncti$, iar in aceste cazuri,
$erbele respecti$e aduc in propozitie si sensul lor initial.
8x$ & wish & could speak 8n"lish$
6i-as dori sa pot vorbi en"le!aAsa fiu in stare sa vorbesc en"le!a$
& wish & mi"ht borrow your car$
6i-as dori sa potAsa am permisiunea de a imprumuta masina ta$
xercitii cu modul su2+onctiv
/'%$ Transormati urmatoarele propozitii! astel inc"t sa
inceapa cu 2 /is% * Past Tense (airmativ sau negativ):
%o!el:
I am sorr*&I regret t'e weat'er isn"t fine.
I wis' t'e weat'er were fine.
/''$ & am sorry my friend is ill$
/')$ & am sorry & don5t live in 1ucharest$
/'*$ & re"ret & am not a student$
/',$ & re"ret & can5t "o to the concert$
/'-$ & am sorry & can5t play the piano$
/'/$ & am sorry you live so far away$
/'2$ & re"ret & have only one child$
/'3$ & re"ret & have no children$
/)4$ & am sorry books are so expensive$
/)%$ & am sorry it rains so often$
/)'$ Transormati urmatoarele propozitii! astel inc"t sa
inceapa cu 2 /is% * Past Perect (airmativ sau negativ):
%o!el:
I am sorr* I lost m* umbrella.
I wis' I 'adn"t lost m* umbrella.
/))$ & am sorry you had an accident$
/)*$ & was sorry you were out when & called$
/),$ & re"retted the weather was bad when & was on holiday$
/)-$ & re"retted you couldn5t come to me yesterday$
/)/$ & am sorry you were delayed at the office$
/)2$ & am sorry & was late for the party$
/)3$ & re"ret you didn5t win the competition$
/*4$ & am sorry & had no money to buy that paintin"$
/*%$ & was sorry you had "ot a fine$
/*'$ & am sorry & didn5t win the Jreat Fri!e$
/*)$ Transormati urmatoarele propozitii! astel inc"t sa
inceapa cu 2 /is% * /ould * ininitiv scurt:
%o!el:
I am sorr* 'e will not tae m* advice.
I wis' 'e would tae m* advice.
/**$ & re"ret you won5t come on holiday with me$
/*,$ & am sorry he won5t accept my proposal$
/*-$ & re"ret & won5t spend my holiday in 8n"land$
/*/$ & am sorry he will be away for such a lon" time$
/*2$ & am sorry they will not si"n the contract$
/*3$ & re"ret he will stay in hospital so lon"$
/,4$ & am sorry you won5t take a drivin" licence$
/,%$ & am sorry & will "et fat when "ivin" up smokin"$
/,'$ & re"ret & won5t be able to read Joethe in the ori"inal$
/,)$ & re"ret & won5t have a phone in my new flat$
/,*$ Puneti verbele din paranteze la orma corecta de
sub3onctiv:
/,,$ +ou behave as if you (own the place$
/,-$ =on5t treat me as if & (be a child$
/,/$ & +ould rater you (not waste your timeH
/,2$ & am cold, & +ould rater you (close that window$
/,3$ #t is i! time you (start studyin" for your exam$
/-4$ #t4s time we ("o home$
/-%$ #4d rater & (stay at home and (watch 0V$
/-'$ #f onl8 & (be in &taly nowH
/-)$ # +is & (enter the faculty last year$
/-*$ #f onl8 my telephone (workH
/-,$ # +is & (not catch a cold on the trip yesterday$
/--$ (e +ises he (have a "ood 8n"lish teacher in the next
academic year$
/-/$ & would marry you e$en if you (be a pauper$
/-2$ & +ould rater he (tell me the truth$
/-3$ .e +ould rater his dau"hter (not "et married so youn"$
//4$ &t5s i! time he (take a #ob and (stop livin" on his
parents$
//%$ #f onl8 & (not for"et his phone numberH
//'$ (e +ises his book (become a best-sellerH
//)$ #f onl8 & (become a millionaire$
//*$ #t4s time & ("et a promotionH
&. Traduceti in limba engleza olosind sub3onctivul cu orma de Past
Tense sau Past Perect:
//,$ 1ine ar fi sa nu fi facut attea "reseli la lucrarea de control$
//-$ 6i-as dori sa incete!i cu !"omotul acela chiar in acest
moment$
///$ 6i-as dori sa incete!i sa te mai vaicaresti pentru ca am si eu
neca!urile mele$
//2$ 1ine ar fi sa fii mai ordonataH
//3$ >e pacat ca plouaH =aca n-ar ploua, am putea mer"e la
pla#aH
/24$ 0i-ai dori sa fi fost invitata la petrecerea lui <ohn:
/2%$ >e pacat ca nu mai sunt tnarH
/2'$ 9s prefera sa te scoli mai devreme$
/2)$ 9s prefera sa ma scol mai devreme$
/2*$ 9s prefera sa mer"i la teatru$
/2,$ 9s prefera sa mer" la teatru$
/2-$ 8 timpul sa-mi inapoie!i banii pe care ti &-am imprumutat$
/2/$ 8ra demult timpul sa incepi sa citesti cartile cerute pentru
examenul de literatura romna$
/22$ 8 ora %4H ?u cre!i ca era demult timpul sa te scoli si sa te
apuci de lucru:
/23$ 8a arata de parca ar fi manechin$
/34$ Vorbesti ca si cum ai fi suparata pe mine$
/3%$ 8a se poarta cu el de parca ar fi sotul ei$
/3'$ 8l mi-a vorbit ca si cum nu se intmplase nimic intre noi$
/3)$ <ane si-ar dori sa-mi petrec sfrsitul de saptamna cu ea$
/3*$ (tiu ca tu ti-ai dori sa-ti petreci vacanta intr-o tabara, dar eu
prefer sa mer"i la bunicul, la tara$
'. Traduceti in limba engleza olosind sub3onctivul cu orma de
ininitiv sau ec%ivalentul de sob3onctiv s%ould * ininitivul prezent sau
trecut:
/3,$ 8ste imposibil ca el sa se intoarca att de devreme$
/3-$ 8ste imposibil ca el sa se fi intors att de devreme$
/3/$ 8ste important ca tu sa stii en"le!a bine$
/32$ 8ste necesar sa fii informat despre ce se intmpla in tara$
/33$ 8ra ciudat ca el sa nu fi citit aceasta carte$
244$ 8ste enervant ca tu sa fi uitat sa-mi aduci cartea inapoi$
24%$ 8ste probabil ca fiul meu sa fi luat examenul$
24'$ 8ste foarte important ca acest contract sa fie semnat foarte
curnd$
24)$ Vrei sa spui ca este probabil sa ne petrecem concediul in
1ucuresti:
24*$ 8ste necesar sa fiu pre!ent la aceasta sedinta:
(. Traduceti in limba engleza olosind sub3onctivul cu orma de
ininitiv sau ec%ivalentul de sub3onctiv s%ould * ininitivul prezent:
24,$ 6ama a hotart ca noi sa stam acasa$
24-$ Frofesorul su"erea!a ca noi sa citim aceasta carte$
24/$ =irectorul a cerut ca toata lumea sa fie pre!enta la ora 2$
242$ Frietenul meu a insistat sa mer" cu el la concert$
243$ =irectorul a propus ca eu sa lucre! in alt sector$
2%4$ 8l a su"erat ca noi sa cumparam aceasta casa$
2%%$ &nsist ca tu sa accepti aceasta slu#ba$
2%'$ 9m su"erat sa-l ale"em presedinte$
4. Traduceti in limba engleza olosind sub3onctivul cu orma de
ininitiv sau ec%ivalentul de sub3onctiv ma. sau mig%t * ininitivul
prezent:
2%)$ 8l a intrat in casa fara !"omot, astfel inct sa nu-l aud eu$
2%*$ =a-te la o parte ca sa vad (astfel inct sa pot vedea ecranul$
2%,$ Vorbeste mai tare ca sa te aud (asfel inct sa te pot au!i$
2%-$ Irice mi-ai spune, nu te pot crede$
2%/$ Irict te-ai stradui, nu poti csti"a un astfel de concurs$
2%2$ Iricnd te vei intoarce, eu voi fi acasa si te voi astepta$
2%3$ Iricine ti-ar fi spus asta despre mine, nu ar fi trebuit sa
cre!i$
2'4$ 9m facut un imprumut ca sa (astfel inct sa pot sa-mi
cumpar casa$
2'%$ 8ste posibil ca ea sa fie plecata din oras$
2''$ Iricare ar fi motivul, nu ar trebui sa ma minti$
2')$ 2nlocuiti ininitivele din paranteze cu unul dintre tipurile
de sub3onctiv sau cu un ec%ivalent de sub3onctiv:
2'*$ & closed the window so that it (not "et too cold$
2',$ & closed the window lest ("et too cold$
2'-$ &t is desirable that they (divorce immediately$
2'/$ &t is impossible that my sister (tell this to you yesterday$
2'2$ ?o matter howAhowever absent D minded you (be, you
should remember your own phone number$
2'3$ & propose that we (leave by the 3 o5clock train$
2)4$ & wish my car (not break down last week$
2)%$ .e throws money away as if he (be a rich man$
2)'$ (he speaks about her son as if he (be a "enius$
2))$ &5d rather you (retire as soon as possible$
2)*$ &t is stran"e that she (leave the li"hts on when she left the
town$
2),$ & have to work hard so that my company (prosper$
2)-$ 0he road is wetC drive carefully lest you (have an accident$
2)/$ &5ve told you everythin" so that you (understand my
position$
2)2$ & su""ested that we (take a taxi$
2)3$ 0he doctor recommended that the patient (have an
operation$
2*4$ 9ll success (attend youH
2*%$ & wish & (be there when it happened$
2*'$ & have such a borin" #obC & wish & (find another$
&f only & (have a brother or a sisterH
LECTIA $III
M!"URIL #PR(!#%L
(I $!#(TRU$TIIL &R1%L
In limba engleza, modurile nepersonale sunt urmatoarele:
infinitivul, forma -ing !gerunziul si participiul prezent# si participiul
trecut.
Infinitivul poate avea aspect, diateza si timpuri.
.iateza activa
o infinitiv pre!ent simplu: to call
o infinitiv pre!ent continuu: to be callin"
o infinitiv perfect simplu: to have called
o infinitiv perfect continuu: to have been callin"
Diateza pasi$a
o infinitiv pre!ent simplu: to be called
o infinitiv perfect: to have been called
Forma -in!. 9tt participiul pre!ent ct si "erun!iul se formea!a prin
adau"area terminatiei -in" la infinitivul verbelor (to call D callin"$
Farticipiul pre!ent si "erun!iul pot avea timpuri si diate!a$
Diateza acti$a
o nedefinit: callin"
o perfect: havin" called
Diateza pasi$a
o nedefinit: bein" called
o perfect: havin" been called
Participiul trecut se formea!a prin adau"area terminatiei -ed la verbele
re"ulateC in ca!ul verbelor nere"ulate, el repre!inta forma a &&&-a:
o to call D called D called
o to "o D +ent D "one
Constructii cu infiniti&ul
2*)$ 0cuzati$ cu infiniti$
>onsta dintr-un verb urmat de un pronume sau substantiv in acu!ativ G
un verb la infinitiv$
8x$ & want you to "o now$
(Vreau ca tu sa pleci acum$
8xista cteva tipuri de verbe care accepta acest tip de constructii:
2**$ 9dverbe exprimnd dorinta sau vointa: to want, to wish, to
like, to dislike, to hate$
8x$ &5d like him to come with me$
(9s vrea ca el sa vina cu mine$
& want <ohn to do this$
(Vreau ca <ohn sa faca aceasta$
2*,$ verbe exprimnd perceptia sen!oriala: to see, to hear, to
feel, to watch$ 9ceste verbe sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt (fara
to$
8x$ & saw him leave the room$
(@-am va!ut ca paraseste cameraAparasind camera$
2*-$ verbe exprimnd un ordin, o permisiune sau o cau!alitate:
to make, to cause, to allow, to order$ Verbele to ma9e si to let sunt
urmate de infinitivul scurt (fara to$
8x$ & made him study 8n"lish$
(@-am facut sa invete en"le!a$
& let him "o out and play$
(@-am lasat sa iasa afara sa #oace fotbal$
.e ordered the door to be locked$
(8l a ordonat sa se incuie usa$
2*/$ verbe exprimnd perceptia mentala: to think, to suppose, to
expect, to consider, to understand, to know, to believe$
8x$ & consider him to be a "ood student$
(>onsider ca el este un bun student$
& expected him to come in time$
(6-am asteptat ca el sa vina la timp$
2*2$ verbe declarative: to state, to declare, to admit$
8x$ .e admitted the news to be false$
(8l a recunoscut ca stirile erau false$
0hey declared him to be the man of the year$
(8i l-au declarat a fi omul anului$
2*3$ cu anumite verbe urmate de prepo!itii obli"atorii: to rely
uponAon, to count uponAon $
8x$ & rely on you to do this$
(6a ba!e! pe tine sa faci aceasta$
2,4$ 2ominati$ cu infiniti$
>onsta dintr-un subiect in nominativ G un verb la diate!a pasiva sau
activa G un verb la infinitiv$
2,%$ folosit cu verbe la diateza pasi$a: to see, to hear, to know,
to say, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to make, to consider$
Ex. %e is said to be a good writer.
!.e spune ca el este un bun scriitor.#
.unt situatii in care :ominativul cu Infinitivut exprima o
formulare pasiva a Acuzativului cu Infinitiv:
Ex. I made 'im stud* Englis'.
%e was made to stud* Englis'.
I consider 'im to be a good student.
%e is considered to be a good student.
%e considered t'e news to be false.
)'e news was considered to be false.
)'e* declared 'im to be t'e man of t'e *ear.
%e was declared to be t'e man of t'e *ear.
2,'$ cu verbele: to happen, to prove, to turn out, to seem, to
appear
o la diateza acti$a'
8x$ .e proved to be a "ood #ournalist$
(8l s-a dovedit a fi un bun #urnalist$
& happened to meet him in the street$
((-a intmplat sa-l intlnesc pe strada$
&f & happen to meet him, & will tell him where you are$
(=aca se va intmpla sa-l intlnesc, ii voi spune unde esti$
Nota: Trebuie remarcat faptul ca expresia impersonala din
limba rom%na se int%mpla sa este, de obicei, tradusa cu o
expresie personala in limba en!leza.
2,)$ cu expresiile: to be sure A likely A unlikely A certain
8x$ (he is sure to come in time$
(8 si"ur ca ea va veni la timp$
Nota: Din nou a$em in limba en!leza o expresie personala
care se traduce in rom%neste cu o expresie impersonala.
Daca $rem sa traducem expresia personala' )a e si!ura
ca $a $eni la timp" o redam in modul urmator' &e is sure
te se +ill come in time".
2,*$ For prase
>onsta din propo!itia for G un substantiv sau pronume in acu!ativ G un
verb la infinitiv$
8x$ &t is easy for me to do this$
(8 usor sa fac asta$
0his remains for him to decide$
(9ceasta ramne sa o decida el$
&t is impossible for him to come$
(8ste imposibil ca el sa vina$
&t is necessary for me to "o there$
(8ste necesar ca eu sa mer" acolo$
Nota: 5ltimele doua propozitii se se pot reda in limba
en!leza si cu a*utorul sub*oncti$ului.
8x$ &t is impossible that & (should come$
&t is necessary that & (should "o there$
$onstructii cu participiul prezent
2,,$ 0cuzati$ cu participiu
(e foloseste cu verbe exprimnd perceptie sen!orial: to see, to
hear, to watch, to smell, precum si cu verbele to find, to leave$
8x$ & saw him leavin"
(@-am va!ut plecnd$
& heard her sin"in"$
(9m au!it-o cntnd$
& left A found her cryin"$
(9m lasat-o A "asit-o pln"nd$
&n ca!ul verbelor de perceptie, aceasta constructie este
asemanatoare cu 9cu!ativul cu &nfinitiv$ =iferenta de sens intre
cele doua constructii este urmatoarea: folosirea acu!ativului cu
infinitiv pune accentul pe actiunea propriu-!isa, in timp ce
acu!ativul cu participiu arata actiunea in desfasurare$
9stfel: # sa+ er lea$e s-ar putea traduce 0m $azut-o ca pleaca sau
0m $azut-o plec%nd$ &n timp ce # sa+ er lea$in! se poate traduce
numai 0m $azut-o plec%nd$

2,-$ 2ominati$ cu Participiu
8ste pasivul constructiei 9cu!ativ cu Farticipiu:
8x: .e was seen leavin"$
(8l a fost va!ut plecnd$
(he was heard sin"in"$
(8a a fost au!ita cntnd$

2,/$ 2ominati$ul absolut
8ste o constructie participiala care are un subiect al ei propriu$
8x: 0he classes bein" over, we went home$
(Irele fiind terminate, am mers acasa$
7eather permittin", we shall "o to the beach$
(=aca vremea va permite, vom mer"e la pla#a$
$onstructie cu participiul trecut
Este formata din verbul to have sau to get < un complement <
participiul trecut.
Ex: I must 'ave&get mz s'oes repaired.
!)rebuie sa-mi dau pantofii la reparat.#
I will 'ave m* 'air done.
!7oi merge sa ma coafez.#
Aceasta constructie arata ca actiunea este facuta de catre
altcineva spre avanta#ul sau la ordinul persoanei reprezentate de
subiect.
Este de asemenea sa apara situatii in care actiunea exprimata
de participiul trecut este facuta de altcineva in detrimentul
persoanei exprimate de subiect.
Ex. .'e 'ad two sons illed in t'e war.
I-au fost ucisi doi fii in razboi.
I 'ad m* bedroom window broen.
-ineva mi-a spart geamul din dormitor.
xercitii cu constructiile ver2ale
1. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind constructia Acuzativ
cu Infinitiv sau Acuzativ cu Participiu:
2,2$ 6-am asteptat sa vii mai devreme$
2,3$ 8l voia ca eu sa-l a#ut$
2-4$ 8a m-a facut sa intele" ce se intmplase$
2-%$ >red ca el e un sot bun$
2-'$ 9m au!it-o certndu-si copilul$
2-)$ <ohn a recunoscut ca vina era a lui$
2-*$ 6a ba!e! pe tine sa-mi imprumuti niste bani$
2-,$ &-am privit #ucnd fotbal$
2--$ @-am va!ut vorbind cu prietena lui$
2-/$ 6ama ar vrea ca eu sa devin doctor$
2-2$ &ntele" ca ea e o profesoara foarte buna$
2-3$ (tiam ca el e un om foarte ocupat$
2/4$ 9m va!ut ctiva copii #ucndu-se in parc$
2/%$ Fresupuneam ca el stie sa conduca masina$
2/'$ 8l m-a facut sa pierd trenul$
2. ,eormulati urmatoarele propozitii olosind constructia 5or$
p%rase6:
'odel:
)'is translation is eas*. I cam mae it.
)'is translation is eas* for me to mae.
2/)$ 0his problem is too difficult$ & can5t solve it$
2/*$ 0his is a "ood book$ +ou should read it$
2/,$ 0his fact is important$ +ou should bear it in mind$
2/-$ 0his is a valuable piece of advice$ +ou should take it$
2//$ 0he time has come$ 7e should have a heart to heart talk$
2/2$ 0he people were impatient$ 0he match was about to be"in$
2/3$ & have closed the window$ & don5t want you to catch a cold$
224$ 0his is the main thin"$ 7e should do it now$
22%$ & ordered a taxi$ & didn5t want her to miss the train$
22'$ 0his is a stran"e thin"$ & can5t believe she said that$
3. ,eormulati urmatoarele raze cu modul sub3onctiv olosind
constructia 5or$p%rase6:
'odel:
It is important t'at I s'ould now t'e trut'.
It is important to now t'e trut'.
22)$ &t is necessary that he be present$
22*$ &t is recommendable that you should read this book$
22,$ &t5s time we met a"ain$
22-$ &t5s time you started learnin" forei"n lan"ua"es$
22/$ &t is possible that the plane mi"ht be delayed$
222$ &t is impossible that he should have said that$
223$ &t is possible that & mi"ht buy a car$
234$ &t is advisable that you should resi"n$
23%$ &t is important that you should come to the office, at once$
23'$ &t is necessary that you should study the matter seriously$
4. ,eormulati urmatoarele raze cu modul sub3onctiv olosind
constructia 7ominativ cu 2ninitiv. Folositi drept subiect pronumele
subliniate:
'odel:
%er parents t'oug't she was a gifted c'ild.
.'e was t'oug't to be a gifted c'ild.
23)$ &t is expected that e will arrive at ' o5clock$
23*$ 0hey heard im repeat it several times$
23,$ &t seemed that se was satisfied with me$
23-$ 8verybody$ 8xpected that e would resi"n$
23/$ &t was proved that se was a liar$
232$ 0hey said se was ill$
233$ Feople believed e was a brilliant sur"eon$
344$ & thou"ht se was unable to win the contest$
34%$ &t is sure te8 have had an ar"ument$
34'$ &t happened that se made three spellin" mistakes in her
letter$
&. Treceti la pasiv urmatoarele constructii 8cuzativ cu Participiu!
transorm"ndu$le in 7ominativ cu Participiu:
'odel(
I 'eard t'e dog baring.
)'e dog was 'eard baring.
l. I saw t'e plane landing.
A. .'e 'eard t'e bab* cr*ing.
>. I found t'e bo* breaing t'e window.
B. I could 'ear 'er t*ping.
C. I saw 'er l*ing on t'e beac'.
D. I saw 'er fainting.
E. I saw t'e peasants woring in t'e field.
F. I 'eard t'e c'ild breaing t'e vase.
;. I found 'er digging in t'e garden.
89. .'e 'eard t'e 'unters s'ooting.
6. Traduceti in limba romna urmatoarele propozitii cu
constructia ominativul absolut:
8. (eat'er permitting, we s'all climb to t'e top of t'e mountain.
A. )'e rain 'aving stopped, I went s'opping.
>. )'e concert being over, t'e audience left t'e 'ali.
B. )'e plane 'aving taen off, I stopped smoing.
C. )'e decision being taen in m* favour, I went 'ome relaxed.
D. )'e river 'aving risen in t'e nig't, we were seared about
'aving floods.
E. Ever*bod* being at 'ome, we sat down to dinner.
F. )'e mud 'aving ruined m* s'oes, I 'ad to c'ange t'em.
;. )'e letter being written, I went to post it.
89. )'e sun 'aving risen, we 'urried to t'e beac'.
C'EIA E(E)CITIIL*)
L$TI% I
TIMPURIL M!"ULUI I#"I$%TI&
!"ercitii cu Present Simple si #ontinuous
xercitiul l9
8. I don"t love. +o I love, A. .'e doesn"t tal. +oes s'e tal, >. I
don"t understand. +o I understand, B. $ou don"t pla*. +o *ou pla*,
C. I don"t alwa*s believe. +o I alwa*s believe, D. %e doesn"t
remember. +oes 'e remember, E. )'e* don"t live. +o t'e* live, F.
%e doesn"t 'ave. +oes 'e 'ave, ;. I don"t trust. +o I trust, 89. I
don"t 'ave. +o I 'ave,
xercitiul 59
l. It isn"t raining. Is it raining, A. I am not 'aving. Am I 'aving, >.
%e isn"t telling. Is 'e telling, B. $ou aren"t t*ping. Are *ou t*ping, C.
)'e* aren"t swimming. Are t'e* swimming, D. 0* friend isn"t
wearing. Is m* friend wearing, E. 0* mot'er isn"t resting. Is m*
mot'er resting, F. (e aren"t stud*ing. Are we stud*ing, ;. Ann isn"t
nitting. Is Ann nitting, 89. )'e c'ild isn"t learning. Is t'e c'ild
learning,
xercitiul 69
l. I am not going, it is raining. A. do *ou do, >. drins, is drining.
B. it often rains. C. 8 don"t lie. D. speas, don"t understand. E. +o
*ou lie, F. +o *ou dream, I dream ;. 8 am cooing. 89. +o *ou
usuall* get, go, am taing. 88. 'e is 'aving. 8A. Are *ou writing, am,
write. 8>. are *ou 'urr*ing, I don"t want. 8B. alwa*s borrow&is
alwa*s borrowing, remembers. 8C. +o *ou go, 8D. +o *ou smoe,
8E. are *ou waiting, I am waiting. 8F. I alwa*s 'ave. 8;. are *ou
t'ining, I am t'ining. A9. +o *ou now,
xercitiul :9
l. It snows in winter. A. Gn .unda*s, 'e doesn"t get up earl*. >. I
do not stud* in t'e evening. B. ('at are *ou doing, Are *ou
reading or watc'ing )7, C. )'e secretar* is /ust t*ping a report. D.
.'e goes s'opping on .aturda*s. E. :ow I am doing m* 'omewor
in Englis'. F. I don"t lie coffee. ;. ('at boo are *ou reading, 89.
At w'at time does 3o'n get up in t'e morning, 88. ('at do *ou do
on *our free da*s, 8A. ('om are *ou ringing up, 8>. %e doesn"t
go to sc'ool b* underground, 'e wals. 8B. ('* are *ou opening
t'e window, IC. I often read Englis' boos. 8D. .'e is pacing 'er
luggage. 8E. %ow often do *ou write to *our parents, 8F. ('en I go
to t'e seaside, I lie to swim a lot. 8;. )'e customer is /ust
c'oosing a pair of s'oes. A9. ('at are *ou speaing about,
!"ercitii cu Past Tense Simple si #ontinuous
xercitiul ;9
8. I slept. A. %e met. >. $ou spoe. B. $ou dran. C. $ou ased. D.
I pla*ed. E. I owned. F. 8 lied. ;. )'at sounded. 89. I alwa*s made.
xercitiul 59
8. %e didn"t t'in. +id 'e t'in, A. )'e* didn"t drin. +id t'e*
drin, >. I didn"t 'ate. +id I 'ate, B. %e didn"t c'ange. +id 'e
c'ange, C. I didn"t sell. +id I sell, D. (e didn"t wor. +id we wor,
E. %e didn"t come. +id 'e come, F. I didn"t en/o*. +id I en/o*, ;. %e
didn"t translate. +id 'e translate, 89. %e didn"t forbid. +id 'e
forbid,
xercitiul 69
8. *ou came in, I was taling. A. 8 first met, 'e was woring. >. 'e
was-learning, 'e 'ad. B. I was writing, someone rang up. C. were
*ou going, I met. D. were *ou doing, E. I entered, t'e teac'er was
writing. F. I arrived, s'e was 'aving. ;. I was watc'ing. 89. 'e
realized, 'e wasn"t wearing.
xercitiul :9
8. 6ast nig't, t'e sun didn"t set at F o"cloc. A. +id *ou sleep well
last nig't, >. $esterda*, I didn"t go to t'e swimming pool. B. I got up
late *esterda* morning. C. 6ast .unda*, m* friends pla*ed c'ess. D.
)'is time *esterda* it was raining. E. ('at were *ou doing last
)uesda*, at E o"cloc in t'e morning, I was preparing to go to t'e
facult*. F. ('ile I was looing for m* passport, I found t'is old
p'oto. ;. )'e bo*s were pla*ing cards w'en t'e* 'eard t'eir fat'er
entering t'e 'ouse. )'e* 'id t'e cards awa* and too out t'eir
sc'ool boos. 89. ('en did *ou return from t'e mountains, 88.
('en did *ou bu* t'is )7 set, 8A. $esterda* I lost m* gloves. 8>. A
strong wind was blowing w'en I left t'e 'ouse. 8B. ('ere did *ou
spend *our 'olida* last summer, 8C. $esterda* I got up earl*, I 'ad
breafast and t'en I left for sc'ool. 8D. )wo da*s ago I fell and I
broe m* leg. 8E. 6ast wee I was ill and 8 didn"t go to sc'ool. 8F.
%e sat for 'is first exam last wee. 8;. ('o won t'e matc' t'e da*
before *esterda*, A9. ('ile it was raining, I was driving to .inaia.
!"ercitii cu Present Perfect Simple si #ontinuous
xercitiul ;9
l. %ave *ou been, I 'ave been. A. %ave *ou watered, >. %e 'as
/ust left. B. I 'ave lent. C. t'e engine 4 drivers 'ave gone. D. I 'ave
/ust 'ad. E. I 'ave alread* seen. F. %e 'asn"t come. ;. I 'aven"t
been. 89. I 'ave boug't. 88 . %ave *ou visited, 8A. %ave *ou ever
eaten, 8>. I 'aven"t written. 8B. 8t 'asn"t rained. IC. %ave *ou ever
driven, 8D. %e 'as alwa*s relied. 8E. %ave *ou read, 8F. %ave *ou
paid, 8;. %e 'asn"t gone. A9. %ave *ou lived, I 'ave lived.
xercitiul 59
l. %e 'as been fis'ing, 'e 'as caug't. A. (e 'ave nown. >. )'e
radio 'as been pla*ing. B. I 'ave" been s'opping. C. 'ave *ou been
wearing, D. I 'ave been cooing, 'ave *ou cooed, E. 'ave *ou
been, I 'ave been watering. F. %e 'as been sleeping. ;. I 'ave
been asing. 89. s'e 'as been tr*ing.
xercitiul 69
I. I 'ave lostH 'aven"t *ou seen, did *ou use, A. %ave *ou ever
tried, I tried, I didn"t succeed. >. %ave *ou seen, s'e left. B. %ave
*ou beenH I got. C. I 'ave been wearing, I was. D. .'e 'as c'anged,
I saw. E. I 'ave been doing, I got up. F. )'e c'ild 'as been pla*ing,
I returned. ;. It 'as been raining, we left. 89. %e 'as been, began.
xercitiul :9
8. ('o 'as taug't *ou to spea Englis' so well, A. ('ere 'ave
*ou spent *our 'olida* t'is *ear, >. I 'ave often t'oug't of taing a
driving licence. B. %ow long 'ave *ou been learning Englis', C.
)'e weat'er 'as got warmer latel*. D. %e 'as been a 0inister for
two *ears. E. I 'ave been translating a text for two 'ours and I
'aven"t finis'ed it *et. F. %e 'as written onl* two letters since 'e
went abroad. ;. A c'ild 'as broen t'e window. (e must replace it.
89. It 'as been snowing for two 'ours. 88. (e 'ave waled 89 m
so far. 8A. (e 'ave been waling since > o cloc. 8>. .ince I
boug't a car, I 'ave seldom waled to m* office. 8B. ('at did *ou
loo at, It was an accident. 8C. ('o did *ou vote for at t'e last
elections, I didn"t go to vote. I sta*ed at 'ome and I 'aven"t
regretted it for a moment@ 8D. %ave *ou seen toda*"s newspaper,
8E. %as 3o'n left, $es, 'e left an 'our ago. 8F. %ave *ou alread*
'ad breafast, $es, I 'ad it at F o"cloc. 8;. %ave *ou been to t'is
town before, $es, I spent a mont' 'ere, two *ears ago. A9. )'e*
'ave been woring on t'is 'ouse for a *ear and t'e* 'aven"t
finis'ed it *et.
!"ercitii cu Past Perfect Simple si #ontinuous
xercitiul ;9
8. t'e* 'ad finis'ed. A. s'e 'ad alread* been. >. I 'ad met. B.
'ad not told. C. 'e 'ad caug't. D. I 'ad returned. E. 'e 'ad t'oug't.
F. 'ad spread. ;. s'e 'ad not passed. 89. 'ad eaten.
xercitiul 59
8. it 'ad been raining. A. t'e* 'ad been waiting. >. 'ad been
cooing. B. s'e 'ad been stud*ing. C. s'e 'ad been writing. D. s'e
'ad been cleaning and dusting. E. 'ad been swimming. F. 'ad
been 'aving. ;. 'ad been climbing. 89. it 'ad been raining.
xercitiul 69
8. 'ad been speaing, I entered. A. 'ad listened, 'e went. >. 'e
told, 'e 'ad been. B. we ased, 'e 'ad visited. C. 'e 'ad
learned&'e 'ad been learning, 'e went. D. .'e 'ad /ust gone out, I
called. E. it 'ad been raining. F. 'ad left, s'e told, t'e* 'ad been. ;.
we 'ad been waling, we realized, we 'ad lost. 89. I found out, 'e
'ad got married, I rang 'im up, congratulated.
xercitiul :9
8. I was sorr* I 'ad 'urt 'im. A. %e t'aned me for w'at I 'ad
done for 'im. >. As soon as 'e 'ad finis'ed writing t'e paper, 'e
'anded it to t'e teac'er. B. %e 'adn"t done an*t'ing before 'e
ased for m* advice. C. As soon as t'e guests 'ad left, I went to
bed. D. ('en I arrived at t'e bus stop, I realized I 'ad left m* bag
at 'ome. E. )'e secretar* told me t'e manager 'ad been speaing
on t'e p'one for 'alf an 'our. F. )'e* told me t'e* 'ad been living
in 5rance since 8;F9. ;. I didn"t p'one *ou because I t'oug't *ou
'ad gone abroad. 89. )'e* travelled to man* countries after t'e*
'ad got married.
!"ercitii cu timpurile $%uture&
xercitiul ;9
8. I s'all&will now. A. $ou will be. >. (ill *ou recognize, B. I
s'all&will remember. C. $ou will lie. D. %e will be. E. I s'all&will
succeed. F. (il8 *ou remember, ;. I s'all&will pass. 89. $ou will
not&won"t find.
xercitiut 59
8. I s'all&will be swimming. A. it will probabl* be raining. >. .'e
will be watc'ing. B. (ill *ou be needing, C. will be cr*ing. D. wilt be
rising. E. %e will be stud*ing. F. will&s'all will be climbing. ;. I
s'all&will be 'aving. 89. I s'all&will be woring.
xercitiul 69
8. (e s'all&will 'ave taen. A. I s'all&will 'ave finis'ed. >. t'e*
will 'ave been married. B. will 'ave risen. C. will 'ave spent. D. I
s'all&will 'ave been cooing. E. I s'all&will 'ave read F. I s'all&will
'ave been woring. ;. $ou will 'ave seen. 89. I s'all&will 'ave paid
off.
xercitiul :9
8. =* t'is time next *ear, I s'all&will 'ave saved five million lei. A.
('at will *ou be doing tomorrow morning at 88 o"cloc, I s'all&will
be visiting t'e international fair. >. I 'ave boug't a t*pewriter and I
s'all learn to t*pe. B. =* t'e end of t'e mont' I s'all&will 'ave seen
t'is film C times. C. )'e train will 'ave left before we arrive at t'e
station. D. =* 89 o"cloc s'e will 'ave finis'ed cleaning t'e 'ouse.
E. Gn 5rida*, between twelve and one o"cloc, t'e* will be 'aving
t'eir last Englis' class. F. =ecause of t'e strie of t'e bus 4 drivers,
man* people will be going to wor on foot tomorrow. ;. %e will be
stud*ing in t'e librar* on 0onda* from one to five o"cloc. 89. 6oo
w'at I 'ave boug't at an auction@ It"s a ver* beautiful ob/ect. ('ere
will *ou put it,
LECTIA II
!"ercitii cu concordanta timpurilor
xercitiul ;9
8. t'e* were taling. A. *ou were. >. *ou were. B. I pla*ed&I was
pla*ing. C. did not remember. D. *ou spoe. E. was s'ining. F. I
usuall* read. ;. $ou 'ad to t*pe. 89. 'e wanted.
xercitiul 59
8. 'e 'ad left. A. I 'ad done. >. I 'ad 'eard. B. 'ad alread*
begun. C. we 'ad been digging. D. 'e 'ad stolen. E. 'e 'ad /ust left.
F. I 'ad lost. ;. 'e 'ad been travelling. 89. I 'ad read, I 'ad not
en/o*ed.
xercitiul 69
8. t'e* would remain. A. 'e would finis'. >. *ou would soon 'ave.
B. I would remain. C. would end. D. 'e would drive. E. 'e would win.
F. prices would go up. ;. 'e would pass, 'e would give. 89. would
be cancelled.
xercitiul :9
8. I 'ave received. A. arrive. >. *ou finis'. B. 'e 'as repaired. C. I
'ave. D. *ou see, s'e loos. E. *ou see, s'e 'as c'anged. F. begin.
;. 'e tells. 89. s'e 'as learnt. 88. 'e 'as arrived. 8A. we reac'. 8>.
is born. 8B. I finis'. 8C. *ou 'ave /ust told. 8D. s'e notices *ou 'ave
broen. 8E. *ou see. 8F. *ou 'ave read. 8;. t'e* 'ave been. A9.
*ou 'ave drun.
xercitiul <9
8. melts. A. is. >. is. B. t'e* 'ave done. C. *ou do. D. I read, *ou
are reading. E. will soon move. F. I will earn&will be earning. ;. I
'ave been reading. 89. is.
xercitiul 69
8. I finis'. A. 'e 'ad never seen. >. do not eat. B. t'e* 'ad
nown. C. it would not be raining w'en I arrived. D. we went, t'e*
'ad been listening. E. I would spend, I 'ad not decided. F. I want. ;.
I was. 89. *ou 'ad been wearing. 88. 'ad failed, 'e trusted, 'e 'ad
not expected. 8A. I was, I 'ad not eaten. 8>. 'e 'ad to write, 'e
would not remember. 8B. I 'ave suffered. 8C. 'e would c'ange. 8D.
'e 'ad eaten. 8E. t'ere are. 8F. I wor&I wored, would not go. 8;.
we will drin. A9. 'e 'oped, 'e would 'ave.
xercitiul =9
l. I didn"t remember t'at we 'ad met a *ear before. A. I didn"t sta*
at 'ome to wait for *ou because I didn"t now w'en *ou would
come. >. )'e secretar* told me t'e manager was bus*. B. I new
*ou were in =uc'arest. C. %e was ver* upset because 'e 'ad lost
'is dictionar* and 'e was not sure 'e would find a new one in t'e
boos'ops. D. I promised 'im I would write to 'im w'en I arrived in
6ondon. E. )'e t'ief did not realize t'at t'e police 'ad been
following 'im for a wee. F. I will tell *ou t'e trut' after I 'ave found
it m*self. ;. 5at'er will give me a present after I 'ave passed t'e
exam. 89. )'e car I will bu* will be imported from Ierman*. 88. %e
ased me 'ow man* letters t'ere are in t'e -'inese alp'abet and I
couldn"t answer 'im. 8A. )'e policeman will as me w'at I 'ave
seen during t'e accident.
LECTIA III
!"ercitii cu fraze conditionale
xercitiul ;9
l. I will greet A. *ou will be. >. s'e will be. B. I will lend. C. will *ou
promise, D. *ou will not pass. E. it goes on. F. *ou tae. ;. I will bu*.
89. *ou will not find.
xercitiul 59
8. I new. A. I moved. >. (ould *ou bu*, B. 'e would not mae.
C. *ou were. D. I gave up. E. I would bu*. F. 'e would tae. ;. I
wouldn"t do. 89. would *ou go,
xercitiul 69
l. *ou would 'ave read. A. I 'ad wored. >. *ou wouldn"t 'ave
got. B. I 'ad nown. C. 'e 'ad tried. D. *ou 'ad invited. E. I would
not 'ave made. F. 'e 'ad realized. ;. I 'ad not told. 89. I would
'ave answered.
xercitiul :9
l. It would 'ave been. A. I were. >. I will answer. B. 'e would 'ave
told. C. *ou 'ad driven. D. 'e will get. E. 'e leaves. F. I saw. ;. I
would 'ave answered. 89. *ou will be.
xercitiul <9
8. If it rains, t'e streets will be wet. A. If it rained, t'e streets
would be wet. >. If it 'ad rained, t'e streets would 'ave been wet.
B. $ou will catc' t'e train if *ou tae a taxi. C. $ou would catc' t'e
train if *ou too a taxi. D. $ou would 'ave caug't t'e train if *ou 'ad
taen a taxi. E. (ill *ou be angr* if I tae *our pencil, F. (ould *ou
be angr* if I too *our pencil, ;. (ould *ou 'ave been angr* if I
'ad taen *our pencil, 89. ('at will *ou do if *ou meet 3o'n, 88.
('at would *ou do if *ou meet 3o'n, 8A. ('at would *ou 'ave
done if *ou 'ad met 3o'n,

xercitiul 69
l. $ou will see 'im if *ou wait. A. If a beggar ased *ou for mone*,
would *ou give 'im some, >. ('at would 'ave 'appened if *ou
'ad driven at a 'ig' speed, B. (e won"t go for a wal if t'e rain
doesn"t stop&unless t'e rain stops. C. I would lie t'e pla* more if it
were s'orter. D. If dinner is not read* in time, I will eat at a
restaurant. E. If *ou 'adn"t s'ut t'e window I would 'ave been cold.
F. I would nit anot'er sweater if I 'ad more wool. ;. 0amaia would
be an ideal place for a 'olida* if t'ere weren"t so man* people
t'ere. 89. I will be disappointed if I don"t find out t'e trut'.
LECTIA I$
!"ercitii cu vorbirea directa si indirecta
xercitiul ;9
8. %e said t'e weat'er 'ad been fine t'e da* before. A. %e said
'e 'ad seen t'at film a wee before. >. %e said s'e would go
s'opping rig't t'en. B. %e said 'e 'ad spent 'is 'olida* at t'e
seaside t'e *ear before. C. %e said 'e t'oug't it was going to rain
t'e next da*. D. %e said 'e didn"t remember w'ere 'e 'ad boug't
t'at dictionar*. E. %e said 'e was ver* bus* on t'at da*. F. %e said
3o'n 'ad left for .inaia two da*s before. ;. %e said 'e 'ad gone to
England two *ears before. 89. %e said 'e was going to 'ave a nap
t'at afternoon. 88. %e said if 'e 'ad enoug' mone* 'e would bu* a
car t'e next *ear. 8A. %e said if 'e 'ad been at 'ome 'e would
'ave answered t'e p'one.
xercitiul 59
8. %e told&ased&ordered me not to drive so fast. A. %e told me to
open t'e door. >. %e told me to read t'at text. B. %e told me to write
'im a letter w'en I got to England. C. %e told me not to cross t'e
street on a red lig't. D. %e told me to be careful wit' 'is boos. E.
%e told me not to smoe so muc'. F. %e told me to tae t'at pill. ;.
%e told me not to interrupt 'im w'en 'e was speaing. 89. %e told
me to ring 'im up w'en I arrived 'ome.
xercitiul 69
8. %e ased me if I would 'elp 'im. A. %e ased me if I could
come to tea t'at afternoon. >. %e ased me if t'e train 'ad left. B.
%e ased me if I new w'at t'at word meant&means. C. %e ased
me if m* mot'er 'ad been at 'ome. D. %e ased me if I 'ad boug't
t'at boo t'e da* before. E. %e ased me if I dran coffee ever*
da*. F. %e ased me if 8 'ad been at t'e librar* t'e da* before. ;.
%e ased me if I 'ad lived in 6ondon for a long time. 89 %e ased
me if I could spea Englis'. 88. %e ased me if I would lie a cae.
8A. %e ased me if I could lend 'im a boo.
xercitiul :9
8. %e ased me 'ow long I 'ad been learning .Englis'. A. %e
ased me w'at I was going to do t'e next da*. >. %e ased me 'ow
long it too me to reac' m* office. B. %e ased me w'en I would be
bac. C. %e ased me w'ere I would spend m* weeend. D. %e
ased me w'o t'at man was. E. %e ased me w'* it was so dar in
t'at room. F. %e ased me w'en t'e rain 'ad stopped. ;. %e ased
me w'ic' of t'ose caes I preferred. 89. %e ased me 'ow I 'ad
travelled.
LECTIA $
!"ercitii cu diateza pasiva
xercitiul ;9
8. )'e wor will be finis'ed toda* !b* t'em#. A. $our bag 'as
been found !b* 'im#. >. 0* friend will be invited to a part* !b* me#.
B. )'e missing c'ild 'as been found !b* someone#. C. 0* )7 set
will be repaired b* a specialist. D. .omet'ing must be done for 'im
b* 'is coworers. E. 5ootball is pla*ed all over t'e world. F. I was
frig'tened b* t'e noise. ;. A new 'ouse is being built round t'e
corner !b* t'em#. 89. A new supermaret was being built in t'at
district last mont', w'en I passed b*.
xercitiul 59
8. )'e patient was prescribed some pills !b* t'e doctor#. .ome
pills were prescribed to t'e patient !b* t'e doctor#. A. I 'ave been
given a nice present !b* t'em#. A nice present 'as been given to
me !b* t'em#. >. (e will be s'own t'e wa* b* t'e policeman. )'e
wa* will be s'own to us b* t'e policeman. B. Englis' is taug't to
t'em !b* me#. )'e* are taug't Englis' !b* me#. C. 3o'n 'as been
lent two of m* boos !b* me#. )wo of m* boos 'ave been lent to
3o'n !b* me#. D. )'e ?omanian film director was awarded t'e
Ireat 2rize !b* t'e /ur*#. )'e Ireat 2rize was awarded to t'e
?omanian film director !b* t'e /ur*#. E. )'e tourists were s'own t'e
museum !b* t'e guide#. )'e museum was s'own to t'e tourists !b*
t'e guide#. F. I will be given a reward !b* t'em#. A reward will be
given to me !b* t'em#. ;. I"m not alwa*s told t'e trut' b* m* friend.
)'e trut' is not alwa*s told to me b* m* friend. 89. I was ased a
difficult Juestion b* t'e teac'er. A difficult Juestion was ased of
me b* t'e teac'er.
xercitiul 69
8. )'e c'ildren weren"t looed after properl* !b* t'em#. A. )'e
doctor was called for !b* us#.: >. %is odd be'aviour couldn"t be
accounted for !b* us#. B. )'e 'ouse was broen into !b* burglars#.
C. +on"t spea until *ou are spoen to !b* someone#. D. %is bed
'asn"t been slept in !b* 'im#. E. 3o'n was laug'ed at !b* us#. F. %is
proposal was ob/ected to !b* us#. ;. 5ire was set to t'e s'ed !b*
t'em#.
xercitiul :9
8. %as t'e )7 set been repaired, A. (ill t'e letter be written in
in, >. %aven"t *ou been told to be 'ere at D o"cloc, B. (ere *ou
frig'tened b* t'e tornado, C. (ill t'e details be told to 'im, (ill 'e
be told t'e details, D. %as t'e dog been fed, E. (as 'e s'oced b*
t'e sig't of t'e accident, F. (ere *ou told about t'e meeting, ;.
+o *ou t'in *our reJuest will be turned down, 89. (ould *our
wor 'ave been finis'ed sooner if *ou 'adn"t been interrupted b*
*our colleagues,
xercitiul <9
8. 2eople will soon forget t'is boo. A. 2eople mustn"t tae awa*
t'ese boos. >. 2eople spea Englis' all over t'e world. B. All t'e
visitors of t'e museum admire t'is painting. C. )'e* 'ave built t'is
'ouse out of stone and cement. D. )'e* 'eld a reception in 'is
'onour. E. )'e teac'er will tell t'e pupils w'ere to sit. F. 0* friend
recommended me a ver* good doctor. ;. )'e rescue part* finall*
discovered t'e climber. 89. %e 'ates people maing fun of 'im.
xercitiul 69
l. 5oreign languages are spoen in t'is 'otel. A. (e were ased
to s'ow our passports. >. (e were told ver* interesting t'ings at
t'e conference. ver* interesting t'ings were told to us at t'e
conference. B. )'e event was commented on b* all t'e
newspapers. C. )'e letter will be mailed as soon as possible. D.
:ot'ing 'as been 'eard about 'im since 'e left for -onstanta. E.
)'is piece of information must be treated confidentiall*. F. )'e
meanings of t'e new words must be looed up in t'e dictionar*. ;.
('en 'e arrived 'ome 'e realized 'is wallet 'ad been stolen. 89.
)'e professor"s lecture was listened to b* all t'e students. 88. (e
will be given detailed instructions about t'e paper. +etailed
instructions will be given to us about t'e paper. 8A. 0an* new
blocs are being built in our district. 8>. )'e museum was closed
for repairs. 8B. )'is stamp 'asn"t been well stuc on t'e envelope.
8C. America was discovered at t'e end of t'e 8C
t'
centur*.
LECTIA $I
!"ercitii cu verbe modale
xercitiul ;9
8. %e could swim. %e will be able to swim. A. I 'ad to go. I will
'ave to go. >. $ou were allowed&permitted to leave. $ou will be
allowed&permitted to leave. B. .'e could lend. .'e will be able to
lend. C. )'e c'ild was allowed&permitted to 'ave. )'e c'ild will be
allowed&permitted to 'ave. D. $ou were not allowed&permitted to
smoe. $ou will not be allowed&permitted to smoe. E. I couldn"t
translate. I won t be able to translate. F. -ould *ou 'elp, (ill *ou
be able to 'elp, ;. $ou didn"t 'ave to do. $ou won"t 'ave to do. 89.
(as I not allowed&permitted to wal, .'all I be not
allowed&permitted to wal, 88. %e was not allowed&permitted to
come. %e won"t be allowed&permitted to come. 8A. I 'ad to learn. I
will 'ave to learn. 8>. $ou were not allowed&permitted to spea. $ou
won"t be allowed&permitted to spea. 8B. I 'ad to loo up. I will 'ave
to loo up. 8C. .'e could pla*. .'e will be able to pla*. 8D. -ould
3ane t*pe, (ill 3ane be able to t*pe, 8E. -ould 'e spea, (ill 'e
be able to spea, 8F. Ever*bod* was allowed&permitted to borrow.
Ever*bod* will be allowed&permitted to borrow. 8;. +id *ou 'ave to
be, (ill *ou 'ave to be, A9. %e could read and write. .'e will be
able to read and write.
xercitiul 59
8. 3o'n must 'ave been. A. It can t 'ave been. > It mig't 'ave
rained. B. %e must 'ave been dela*ed. C. $ou mig't 'ave written.
D. $ou s'ould 'ave visited. E. %e oug't to 'ave told. F. $ou mig't
'ave c'anged. ;. %e ma* 'ave been. 89. It can"t 'ave been. 88. %e
s'ould 'ave gone. 8A. $ou can"t 'ave been. 8>. $ou mig't 'ave
paid. 8B. $ou needn"t 'ave done. 8C. $ou can"t 'ave seen. 8D. %e
needn"t 'ave boug't. 8E. %e must 'ave been. 8F. It must 'ave
been. 8;. $ou s'ouldn"t 'ave gone. A9. 3o'n could 'ave been.
xercitiul 69
8. can. A. can. >. can. B. can"t. C. can"t. D. can.
xercitiul :9
l. %e must t'in. A. %e must be older. >. $ou must 'ave left *our
umbrella. B: .'e must be a ver* good doctor. C. It must 'ave taen
a long time. D. %e must 'ave come 'ome. E. )'is must be t'e best.
F. $ou must 'ave nown t'e lesson. ;. %e must 'ave been late. 89.
$ou must 'ave forgotten.

xercitiul <9
8. .'e ma*&mig't be ver* late. A. It ma*&mig't be a good one. >.
It ma*&mig't rain. B. I ma*&mig't come 'ome. C. .'e ma*&mig't
'ave been angr*. D. A good nowledge of Englis' ma*&mig't 'elp
*ou. E. %e ma*&mig't 'ave been rig't. F. %e ma*&mig't 'ave done.
;. .'e ma*&mig't 'ave returned. 89. .'e ma*&mig't 'ave been
out.
xercitiul 69
8. It can"t be 'is fault. A. It can"t 'ave been 'is fault. >. %e can"t
'ave passed. B. .'e can"t 'ave got. C. )'e weat'er can"t c'ange.
D. %e can"t be at t'e office. E. .'e can"t 'ave learned Englis'. F.
.'e can"t 'ave married. ;. )'is can"t be a true stor*. 89. $ou can"t
miss t'e train.
xercitiul =9
8. needn"t. A. needn"t. >. mustn"t. B. needn"t. C. mustn"t. D.
mustn"t. E. needn"t. .. mustn"t. ;. mustn"t. 89. needn"t.
xercitiul >9
l. s'ould. A. would. >. would. B. s'ould. C. would. D. would. E.
would. F. s'ould. ;. s'ould. 89. would.
xercitiul 99
8. will. A. will. >. will. B. s'all. C. s'all. D. s'all. E. will. F. will. ;.
will. 89. s'all.
xercitiul ;?9
8. didn"t need to answer. A. needn"t 'ave answered. >. didn"t
need to bu*. B. needn"t 'ave lent. C. didn"t need to wait. D. didn"t
need to see. E. needn"t 'ave got up. F. needn"t 'ave waited. ;.
needn"t 'ave written. 89. needn"t 'ave boug't.
xercitiul ;;9
8. can"t 'ave rained. A. must 'ave left. >. can"t 'ave left. B. can"t
'ave seen. C. can"t 'ave done. D. can"t 'ave swum. E. must 'ave
been. F. needn"t 'ave lent. ;. must 'ave been. 89. must 'ave
taen.
xercitiul ;59
8. .ensuri posibile: +o *ou t'in 'e will tr* to enter t'e facult*,",
+o *ou t'in 'e will marr* t'at girl," etc.
xercitiul ;69
8. All t'e students can and must write t'is paper. A. $ou will 'ave
to 'elp me more toda*. >. 8 am sure I will be able to find time to
'elp *ou. B. )'e teac'er told me I mig't sip t'e next class. C. I
could pla* t'e piano w'en I was a c'ild. D. I can"t nit. E. $ou ma*
ring me up more often w'en *ou now I am ill. F. All t'e c'ildren
oug't to&s'ould do some 'ousewor. ;. I oug't to&s'ould 'ave read
t'e bibliograp'* for t'e seminar. 89. Ever*bod* s'all be present at
t'e meeting. 88. I will 'ave to leave soon. 8A. $ou needn"t carr*
*our luggage in t'e station *ourselfH a porter could 'elp *ou. 8>. I
must c'ange m* s'oes w'en I enter t'e 'ouse because t'e* are
full of mud. 8B. :eed we wal up to t'e c'alet, 8C. :o, we
ma*&mig't tae t'e bus or t'e si-lift. 8D. I didn"t need to ring up
3ane in order to spea to 'er, because s'e was to come to m*
place in 'alf 'our"s time. 8E. $ou needn"t 'ave made coffee for me.
I 'ave alread* drun two, toda*. 8F. I didn"t need to sa* t'an *ou"
w'en I found out t'e exact time b* dialing number ;CF, as I new
t'e information was recorded on tape. 8;. )'e teac'er
can"t&couldn"t 'ave been satisfied wit' t'is answer. A9. $ou
can"t&couldn"t 'ave been at 'ome last nig't, I rang *ou up and
nobod* answered. A8. I must 'ave been still at t'e facult*. AA. I
ased to spea to t'e manager but 'e wouldn"t come to t'e p'one.
A>. $ou oug't to&s'ould 'ave insisted. AB. ('* did *ou spea so
loud, .omebod* mig't 'ave 'eard *ou. AC. I promise *ou, *ou
s'all 'ave t'e boo tomorrow. AD. $ou can"t 'ave found t'e door
open. I 'ad loced it m*self AE. ('ere s'all we go now, AF.
)omorrow I will 'ave to mail t'e letter. A;. (ill *ou, please, wait for
a few minutes, >9. $ou ma* not spea during t'e exam.
LECTIA $II
!"ercitii cu modul sub'onctiv
xercitiul ;9
8. I wis' m* friend weren"t ill. A. I wis' I lived in =uc'arest. >. I
wis' I were a student. B. I wis' I could go to t'e concert. C. I wis' I
could pa* t'e piano. D. I wis' *ou didn"t live so far awa*. E. I wis' I
didn"t 'ave onl* one c'ild. F. 8 wis' I 'ad c'ildren. ;. I wis' boos
weren"t so expensive. 89. I wis' it didn"t rain so often.
xercitiul 59
l. I wis' *ou 'adn"t 'ad an accident. A. I wis'ed *ou 'adn"t been
out w'en I called. >. I wis'ed t'e weat'er 'adn"t been bad w'en I
was on 'olida*. B. I wis'ed *ou 'ad been able to come to me
*esterda*. C. I wis' *ou 'adn"t been dela*ed at t'e office. D. I wis' I
'adn"t been late for t'e part*. E. I wis' *ou 'ad won t'e
competition. F. I wis' I 'ad mone* to bu* t'at painting. ;. I wis'ed
*ou 'adn"t got a fine. 89. I wis' I 'ad won t'e Ireat 2rize.
xercitiul 69
8. I wis' *ou would come on 'olida* wit' me. A. I wis' 'e would
accept m* proposal. >. I wis' I would spend m* 'olida* in England.
B. I wis' 'e wouldn"t be awa* for suc' a long time. .. I wis' t'e*
would sign t'e contract. D. I wis' 'e wouldn"t sta* in 'ospital so
long. E. I wis' *ou would tae a driving licence. F. I wis' I wouldn"t
get fat w'en giving up smoing. ;. I wis' I would able to read
Ioet'e in t'e original. 89. I wis' I would 'ave a p'one in m* new
flat.
xercitiul :9
8. *ou owned. A. I were. >. *ou didn"t waste. B. *ou closed. ..
*ou started. D. we went. E. I sta*ed, watc'ed. F. I were. ;. I 'ad
entered. 89. m* telep'one wored. 88. 'adn"t caug't a cold. 8A. 'e
would 'ave. 8>. *ou were. 8B. 'e told. 8C. 'is daug'ter didn"t get
married. 8D. 'e too, stopped. 8E. I 'adn"t forgotten. 8F. 'is boo
would become. 8;. I would become. A9. I got.
xercitiul <9
l. I wis'&If onl* I 'adn"t made so man* mistaes in t'e test-paper@
A. I wis' *ou stopped t'at noise rig't awa*@ >. I wis' *ou stopped
complaining because I 'ave m* own troubles, too. B. I wis'&If onl*
*ou were tidier@ C. I wis'&If onl* it didn"t rain@ If it didn"t rain, we
could go to t'e beac'. D. +o *ou wis' *ou 'ad been invited to
3o'n"s part*, E. I wis'&If onl* I were *oung again@ F. I would rat'er
*ou got up earlier. ;. I would rat'er I got up&I would rat'er get up
earlier. 89. I would rat'er *ou went to t'e t'eatre. 88. I would rat'er
I went&I would rat'er go to t'e t'eatre. 8A. It"s time *ou paid me
bac t'e mone* I lent *ou. 8>. It"s 'ig' time *ou started reading t'e
boos reJuired for t'e exam in ?omanian literature. 8B. It"s 89
o"cloc@ +on"t *ou t'in it"s 'ig' time *ou got up and started
woring, 8C. .'e loos as if s'e were a model. 8D. $ou spea as if
*ou were angr* wit' me. 8E. .'e be'aves to 'im as if 'e were 'is
'usband. 8F. %e spoe to me as if not'ing 'ad 'appened between
us. 8;. 3ane wis'es I would spend m* weeend wit' 'er. A9. I now
*ou wis' *ou would spend *our 'olida* in a camp, but I would
rat'er *ou went to *our grandparents in t'e countr*side.
xercitiul 69
8. It is impossible t'at 'e !s'ould# return so earl*. A. It is
impossible t'at 'e s'ould 'ave returned so earl*. >. It is important
t'at *ou !s'ould# now Englis' well. B. It is necessar* t'at *ou
!s'ould# be informed about w'at is 'appening in t'e countr*. C. It
was strange t'at s'e s'ouldn"t 'ave read t'is boo. D. It is
anno*ing t'at *ou s'ould 'ave forgotten to bring me bac t'e boo.
E. It is liel* t'at m* son s'ould 'ave passed t'e exam. F. It is ver*
important t'at t'is contract !s'ould# be signed ver* soon. ;. +o *ou
mean it is liel* t'at we !s'ould# spend our 'olida* in =rasov, 89. It
is necessar* t'at I !s'ould# be present at t'e meeting,
xercitiul =9
8. 0ot'er decided t'at we !s'ould# sta* at 'ome. A. )'e teac'er
suggests t'at we !s'ould# read t'is boo. >. )'e manager
reJuested t'at ever*bod* !s'ould# be present at F o"cloc. B. 0*
friend insisted t'at I !s'ould# go to t'e concert wit' 'im. C. )'e
manager proposed t'at 8 !s'ould# wor in anot'er department. D.
%e suggested t'at we !s'ould# bu* t'is 'ouse. E. I insist t'at *ou
!s'ould# accept t'is /ob. F. I suggested t'at we !s'ould# elect 'im
president.
xercitiul >9
8. %e entered t'e 'ouse noiselessl* so t'at I mig't not 'ear 'im.
A. 0ove aside so t'at I ma*&mig't see t'e screen. >. .pea louder
so t'at I ma*&mig't 'ear *ou. B. ('atever *ou ma*&mig't tell me, I
can"t believe *ou. C. :o matter 'ow 'ard *ou ma*&mig't tr*, *ou
can"t win suc' a competition. D. ('enever *ou ma*&mig't return, I
will be at 'ome waiting for *ou. E. ('oever ma*&mig't 'ave told
*ou t'is about me, *ou s'ouldn"t 'ave believed it. F. I made a loan
so t'at I mig't bu* t'e 'ouse. ;. It is possible t'at s'e mig't be
awa*. 89. ('atever t'e reason ma*&mig't be, *ou s'ouldn"t lie to
me.
xercitiul 99
8. it mig't not get. A. it s'ould get. >. t'e* !s'ould# divorce. B.
s'ould 'ave told. C. *ou ma*&mig't be. D. we !s'ould# leave. E.
'adn"t broen down. F. 'e were. ;. 'e were. 89. *ou retired. 88. s'e
s'ould 'ave left. 8A. mig't prosper. 8>. *ou s'ould 'ave. 8B. *ou
ma*&mig't understand. 8C. we s'ould tae. 8D. !s'ould# 'ave. 8E.
ma* attend. 8F. I 'ad been. 8;. I would find. A9. I 'ad.
LECTIA $III
!"ercitii cu constructiile verbale
xercitiul ;9
8. I expected *ou to come earlier. A. %e wanted me to 'elp 'im.
>. .'e made me understand w'at 'ad 'appened. B. I t'in 'im to
be a good 'usband. C. I 'eard 'er scold&scolding 'er c'ild. D. 3o'n
admitted t'e fault to be 'is. E. I rel* on *ou to lend me some
mone*. F. I watc'ed t'em pla*ing football. ;. I saw 'im speaing to
'is friend. 89. 0ot'er would lie me to become a doctor. 88. I
understand 'er to be a ver* good teac'er. 8A. 8 new 'im to be a
ver* bus* man. 8>. I saw some c'ildren pla*ing in t'e par. 8B. I
supposed 'im to be able to drive a car. 8C. %e made me miss t'e
train.
xercitiul 59
8. )'is problem is too difficult for me to solve. A. )'is is a good
boo for *ou to read. >. )'is fact is important for *ou to bear in
mind. B. )'is is a valuable piece of advice for *ou to tae. C. )'e
time 'as come for us to 'ave a 'eart to 'eart tal. D. )'e people
were impatient for t'e matc' to begin. E. I 'ave closed t'e window
for *ou not to catc' a cold. F. )'is is t'e main t'ing for us to do. ;. I
ordered a taxi for 'er not to miss t'e train. 89. )'is is a strange
t'ing for 'er to 'ave said.
xercitiul 69
8. It is necessar* for 'im to be present. A. It is recommendable
for *ou to read t'is boo. >. It"s time for us to meet again. B. It"s
time for *ou to start learning foreign languages. C. It is possible for
t'e plane to be dela*ed. D. It is impossible for 'im to 'ave said t'at.
E. It is possible for me to bu* a car. F. It is advisable for *ou to
resign. ;. It is important for *ou to come to t'e office at once. 89. It
is necessar* for *ou to stud* t'e matter seriousl*.
xercitiul :9
8. %e is expected to arrive at A o"cloc. A. %e was 'eard to
repeat it several times. >. .'e seemed to be satisfied wit' me. B.
%e was expected to resign. C. .'e !was# proved to be a liar. D. .'e
was said to be ill. E. %e was believed to be a brilliant surgeon. F.
.'e was t'oug't to be unable to win t'e contest. ;. )'e* are sure
to 'ave 'ad an argument. 89. .'e 'appened to mae t'ree spelling
mistaes in 'er letter.
xercitiul <9
8. )'e plane was seen landing. A. )'e bab* was 'eard cr*ing. >.
)'e bo* was found breaing t'e window. B. .'e could be 'eard
t*ping. C. .'e was seen l*ing on t'e beac'. D. .'e was seen
fainting. E. )'e peasants were seen woring in t'e field. F. )'e
c'ild was 'eard breaing t'e vase. ;. .'e was found digging in t'e
garden. 89. )'e 'unters were 'eard s'ooting.
xercitiul 69
8. +aca vremea va permite, vom urca pna la vrful muntelui. A.
Intruct ploaia incetase, am plecat la cumparaturi. >. -oncertul fiind
terminat, publicul a parasit sala. B. +upa ce avionul a decolat am
incetat sa fumez. C. +ecizia fiind luata in favoarea mea, am plecat
acasa linistit. D. Intruct rul crescuse in timpul noptii, ne era teama
sa nu avem inundatii. E. )oata lumea fiind acasa, ne-am asezat la
cina. F. Intruct noroiul imi stricase pantofii, a trebuit sa-i sc'imb. ;.
.crisoarea fiind scrisa, am mers sa o pun la posta. 89. Intruct
soarele rasarise, ne-am grabit spre pla/a.
LI(T% &R1L!R #R@UL%T
to be was, were been
to bear bore borne, born
to beat beat beaten
to become became become
to begin began begun
to bend bent bent
to bite bit bitten
to blow blew blown
to brea broe broen
to bring broug't broug't
to build built built
to burn burnt burnt
to burst burst burst
to bu* boug't boug't
to catc' caug't caug't
to c'oose c'ose c'osen
to come came come
to cost cost cost
to creep crept crept
to cut cut cut
to deal dealt dealt
to dig dug dug
to do did done
to draw drew drawn
to dream dreamt dreamt
to drin dran drun
to drive drove driven
to eat ate eaten
to fall fell fallen
to feed fed fed
to feel felt felt
to fig't foug't foug't
to find found found
to fl* flew flown
to forbid forbade forbidden
to forget forgot forgotten
to forgive forgave forgiven
to freeze froze frozen
to give gave given
to go went gone
to grow grew grown
to 'ang 'ung 'ung
to 'ave 'ad 'ad
to 'ear 'eard 'eard
to 'ide 'id 'idden
to 'it 'it 'it
to 'old 'eld 'eld
to 'urt 'urt 'urt
to eep ept ept
to neel nelt nelt
to now new nown
to la* laid laid
to lead led led
to lean leant leant
to learn learnt, learned learnt, learned
to leave left left
to lend lent lent
to let let let
to lie la* lain
to lose lost lost
to mae made made
to mean meant meant
to mow mowed mown
to meet met met
to pa* paid paid
to put put put
to read read read
to ride rode ridden
to ring rang rung
to rise rose risen
to run ran run
to sa* said said
to see saw seen
to see soug't soug't
to sell sold sold
to set set set
to sew sewed sewn
to s'ae s'oo s'aen
to s'ine s'one s'one
to s'oot s'ot s'ot
to s'ow s'owed s'own
to s'rin s'ran s'run
to s'ut s'ut s'ut
to sing sang sung
to sin san sun
to sleep slept slept
to slide slid slid
to smell smelt smelt
to sow sowed sown
to spea spoe spoen
to spell spelt spelt
to spend spent spent
to spill spilt split
to spread spread spread
to stand stood stood
to stea8 stole stolen
to stic stuc stuc
to stride strode stridden
to strie struc struc
to strive strove striven
to swear swore sworn
to sweep swept swept
to swim swam swum
to tae too taen
to teac' taug't taug't
to tell told told
to t'in t'oug't t'oug't
to t'row t'rew t'rown
to understand understood understood
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