PERTURBAII OBINUTE LA DECONECTAREA N GOL A UNEI LINII

DE 380 KV
DISTURBANCES OBTAINED AT A 380 kV UNLOADED LINE
DISCONNECTING
Petre TUALIU*

Dan-Costin TUALIU*

Aydogan OZDEMIR**

Viorica VOICU***

*Universitatea din Craiova, Romnia, 200440, Craiova, Bd. Decebal nr. 117,
Tel.: +40-251-435724, fax: +40-251-436447, e-mail: ptusaliu@yahoo.com, ptusaliu@elth.ucv.ro, dtusaliu@yahoo.com
**Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey, e-mail: ozdemir@elk.itu.edu.tr
***ICMET Craiova, Romnia.

Rezumat: Aceast lucrare prezint perturbaiile care apar n reelele

electrice datorit fenomenelor tranzitorii de comutaie ale unei linii
electrice n gol de 380 kV. Fenomenele tranzitorii de comutaie
studiate rezult ca urmare a comutaiei ntreruptorului pentru o
linie n go,l localizat n KEPEZ-YATAGAN din Turcia. Acest studiu
se refer la valorile instantanee ale supratensiunilor (tensiunile
tranzitorii de restabilire), supracurenilor, i cmpurilor electrice
pe durata primului ciclu dup comutaia liniei n gol, n particular
la efectele posibile i perturbaiile asupra Reelelor electrice,
Mediului i Vieii.Ca instrument de simulare a fost utilizat pachetul
software al Programului EMTDC / PSCAD. n simulare s-a considerat modelul de linie n T. A fost analizat, de asemenea, influena
lungimii liniei de transmisie. Rezultatele modelrii au fost comparate
cu rezultatele obinute analitic i prin modelare cu ajutorul Programului MathCAD. n final,pe baza rezultatelor obinute, precum i
pe baza lucrrilor publicate anterior de autori, au fost desprinse
concluzii care pot s fie utilizate n proiectarea ntreruptoarelor
electrice, n scopul creterii siguranei n funcionare i a compatibilitii electromagnetice a reelelor electrice.

Abstract: This paper presents the disturbances that appear in power

systems due to switching transient phenomena of a 380 kV unloaded
line. The switching transient phenomena that are studied result
from the circuit breaker switching of the 380 kV unload line located
in KEPEZ-YATAGAN from Turkey. This study concerns the instantaneous values of the overvoltages (transient recovery voltages),
overcurrents and electrical fields during the first cycles after the
switching of the unload line, in special the possible effects and
disturbances in Power Systems, in Environment and in Life. The
simulation tool used was the software package EMTDC / PSCAD
Program. In the simulation it was considered the T model of line.
It was also analysed the influence of the transmission line length.
The modelling results are compared with the analytical results
and the results obtained by MathCAD Program. Finally, some
conclusions were extracted from the obtained results, as well as
from previous published papers by the authors that can be used
by the circuit breakers designer in order to ensure a reliable
operation and an electromagnetic compatibility.

Keywords: perturbaii, reele electrice, fenomene tranzitorii de

comutaie, ntreruptoare electrice.

Keywords: disturbances, power systems, switching transient

phenomena, circuit breakers.

1. Introducere
Solicitrile electrice n sistemul electroenergetic depind
de echipamentul de comutaie i de parametrii de configuraie
ai reelei [1-3]. Uzual, pentru comutaia i simularea fenomenelor tranzitorii de comutaie capacitive (linii n gol i baterii
de condensatoare) se folosesc ntreruptoarele electrice [5-9].
Pentru obinerea de rezultate exacte, n studierea fenomenelor
tranzitorii, cel mai utilizat model este cel al liniei n T (modelul
dependent de frecven). Acest model de linie este bazat pe
teoria undelor cltoare, care ine seama n perturbaiile de
tensiune de funcia de ntrziere i de atenuarea formei de
und.
Aceast lucrare este destinat s evalueze tensiunile tranzitorii de comutaie, supratensiunilor pe fiecare faz i cmpul
electric, ca urmare a comutaiei liniei n gol, pentru diferite
lungimi de linie. In acest scop, s-au considerat apte valori
diferite de lungime, pentru linia n gol.

1. Introduction
The voltage stress in the power systems depends of the
switching equipment and of the network configuration
parameters [1-3]. Usually, for switching and simulation of
the switching transient phenomena (unloaded lines and
capacitor banks) are used the circuit breakers [5-9]. The most
common approach is to use the T-model (the FrequencyDependent model), which should be considered in transient
studies in order to obtain accurate results. The T-model of
line is based on the travelling waves theory, with the voltage
disturbances reflecting the delay function and the wave-shape
attenuation.
This paper is devoted to the evaluation of the transient
recovery voltages, the overvoltages on each phases and the
electrical field, as following of the unloaded line switching
for different lengths of line. In this way were assumed seven
different length values for the unload line.

2. Abordarea analitic
Analiza fenomenelor tranzitorii, la comutaia liniei n gol,
poate fi efectuat pe baza schemei modelului monofazic,
urmtor, propus de [5,6], (fig. 1).
Fenomenele tranzitorii de comutaie ale liniei n gol pot fi
exprimate, pe baza fig. 2, de urmtoarelor ecuaii (1-8) [5, 6]:

2. Analytical approach
The analysis of the switching transient phenomena at the
unloaded line switching can be made analytically by using
the mono-phase schematic circuit proposed by [5, 6] (fig. 1).
Switching transient phenomena of unloaded line can be
expressed by figure 2 and following equations (1-8) [5,6]:

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Fig. 1.Deconectarea unei linii n gol (n ambele reelele, general i redus, s-au neglijat rezistenele)
Fig. 1. Disconnecting of the unloaded line (both the general network and a reduced network with neglected resistances are held)
a2) Rezistena neglijat; Resistance neglected
a1) Model-echivalent; Model-equivalent
b2) Diagrama fazorial; Phasor-Diagram
b1) Diagrama fazorial; Phasor-Diagram
c1) Valori instantanee; Instantaneous values
c2) Valori instantanee; Instantaneous values

Fig.2. Modelul electric al unei linii n gol.

Fig.2. Electrical Model of unloaded line.

Fig.3. Tensiunea tranzitorie de restabilire.

Fig.3. Transient recovery voltage.

C1 + C2 = C
1
1
=
2 LC
CC
2 L1 1 2
C1 + C2
U3
U3
1
1
=
=
=
U 2 cos ( l / v ) U 3 L1C2 2U 3 1 L1C2 2

C1 =

(1)

2C

= 0, 203C
2
2

C2 = 1 2 C = 0, 797C

L
L1 =
= 0, 627 L
2

2 1 2

1 t
di
1
u2 = u02 0 i dt = L1 + u03 +
C1
dt
C2

(2)

0 i dt

(3)

1
CR L1
u02 u03
u u
L [i ] =
= 02 03
C
C
+
1
L1
2
p2 +
p 2 L1 + 1
CR L1
C1C2
CR

u2 = u02

u 2 = u 02 +

1 t u02 u03
t
sin

C1
L1
CR L1
CR

CR
C1

(u

03

u 02 ) 1 cos

(4)

dt

t
C R L1

(5)

(6)

03-04.11.2005, Timioara, Romania

599

u2 = u02 + 1,594 ( u03 u02 )

ur = ( u1 u2 ) max = 2U 2 + 1,594 U 3 U 2

(7)

(8)

Tensiunea tranzitorie de comutaie maxim a fost calculat pe baza ecuaiilor (1-8) [5,6] i este reprezentat n fig. 3.
Caracteristicile ntreruptorului i parametrii reelei de
alimentare influeneaz fenomenele tranzitorii.
Viteza de cretere a rigiditii dielectrice (Ud = f (t)) i
amplitudinea tensiunii tranzitorii de restabilire (Ur = f (t)),
joac, de asemenea, un rol foarte important n acest proces
[5-9].

The maximum of the transient recovery voltage was

calulated by the equations (1-8) [5,6] and is illustrated in
figure 3.
The circuit breaker characteristics and the feeding network
parameters influence the transient phenomena. The growing
speed of dielectric rigidity (Ud = f (t)) and the amplitude of
the transient recovery voltage (Ur = f (t)), play, also, a very
important role in this process [5-9].

3. Abordarea practic
Analiza fenomenelor tranzitorii de comutaie, la deconectarea unei linii n gol, ntr-o reea electric de 380 kV, a fost
efectuat pe baza modelului din figura 4. Acest model a fost
conceput pe baza pachetului software al Programului
EMTDC / PSCAD. Linia de nalt tensiune de 380 kV a
sistemului electroenergetic (fig.4) prezint pentru analiz:
generatoare, transformatoare, modelarea liniei de transmisie,
prin modelul n T (moddelul dependent de frecven), magistrala de bare, ramura bateriilor de condensatoare conectat
la generator, ntreruptoarele pentru comutaia liniei i bateriei
de condensatoare. Fenomenele tranzitorii au fost simulate
cu ntreruptorul pe poziia nchis, n prima etap, urmnd
operaia de deconectare. Primul timp a fost de 0.205 [sec],
iar al doilea timp de 3 [sec]. Pentru bateria de condensatoare
s-au adoptat valori discrete ale capacitii electrice de la 30
F pn la 150 F, cu un pas de 20 F, considerndu-se
conexiunea n stea.

3. Practical approach
The analysis of the switching transient phenomena at
disconnecting of an unloaded line in a 380 kV Electric Power
System, it was effected by model from figure 4. This model
was evaluated using the EMTDC / PSCAD software package.
The 380 kV High Voltage Line of the Power Systems (fig. 4)
presents for analysis: the voltage generators; the transformer;
the transmission line modelling by T-Line Model (FrequencyDependent Model); the busbar, the branch of capacitor bank,
connected on generator, the circuit breakers for the switching
of line and for switching of the capacitor bank. The transient
phenomena were simulated with the circuit breaker on first
position it was closed, following disconnecting operation.
The 1st time was 0.205 [sec] and the 2nd time was 3 [sec].
For capacitor bank they were assumed discrete capacitance
values from 30 F until 150 F with a step of 20 F, considering a star connection.

Fig. 4. Modelarea i simularea fenomenelor tranzitorii de comutaie utiliznd Programul PSCAD.

Fig. 4. Modelling and simulation of the switching transient phenomena using PSCAD Program.

n Fig. 4 este prezentat scema electric pentru modelarea

i simularea fenomenelor tranzitorii de comutaie la deconectarea n gol a liniei de 380 kV, din Sistemul electroenergetic
al Turciei, utiliznd Programul PSCAD.

Fig. 4 presents the electrical scheme for modelling and

simulation of switching transient phenomena at the 380 kV
unloaded line disconnecting, from Turkey Power Systems,
using the PSCAD Program.

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4. Rezultate
Rezultatele sunt prezentate n urmtoarele tabele i
figuri:

4. Results
The results are presented in the following tables and
figures:

Tabelul 1. Tensiunile tranzitorii de restabilire la comutaia n gol a unei linii electrice de 380 kV
Table 1. Transient Recovery Voltages at 380 kV unloaded line switching
l [km]
40
80
120
160
200
240
TRV_A[kV]
687,8
698,2
698,2
702,8
702,85
711,5
TRV_B[kV]
417,7
417,7
417,7
427,43
427,43
427,43
TRV_C[kV]
683,19
692,92
692,92
702,65
712,39
712,39
Tabelul 2. Tensiunile de faz la comutaia n gol a unei linii electrice de 380 kV
Table 2. Phase Voltages at 380 kV unloaded line switching
40
80
120
160
200
315,04
315,04
315,04
322,12
322,12
315,04
315,04
315,04
329,2
329,2
316,81
316,81
320,35
332,74
332,74

l [km]
V_AL[kV]
V_BL[kV]
V_CL[kV]

240
329,2
336,28
332,74

280
720,3
427,43
722,12

280
336,28
350,4
344,25

Tabelul 3. Tensiunile tranzitorii de restabilire i tensiunile de faz la comutaia n gol a unei linii electrice de 380 kV
Table 3. Transient Recovery Voltages and the Phase Voltages at 380 kV unloaded line switching
l [km]
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
TRV_A[kV]
687,8
698,2
698,2
702,8
702,85
711,5
720,3
TRV_B[kV]
417,7
417,7
417,7
427,43
427,43
427,43
427,43
TRV_C[kV]
683,19
692,92
692,92
702,65
712,39
712,39
722,12
V_AL[kV]
315,04
315,04
315,04
322,12
322,12
329,2
336,28
V_BL[kV]
315,04
315,04
315,04
329,2
329,2
336,28
350,4
V_CL[kV]
316,81
316,81
320,35
332,74
332,74
332,74
344,25
Tabelul 4. Tensiunile de faz i intensitile cmpurilor electrice sub o linie de 380 kV, la nivelul solului, pentru trecerile la nivel de
autostrad i linia de cale ferat
Table 4. The Phase Voltages and the Electrical Fields, under 380 kV line, at grounded level, for the crossings of the National Highway
and Railway
l [km]
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
V_AL[kV]
315,04
315,04
315,04
322,12
322,12
329,2
336,28
V_BL[kV]
315,04
315,04
315,04
329,2
329,2
336,28
350,4
V_CL[kV]
316,81
316,81
320,35
332,74
332,74
332,74
344,25
E_AL[kV/m]
8,5
8,5
8,5
8,7
8,69
8,88
9,08
E_BL[kV/m]
8,5
8,5
8,5
8,89
8,88
9,08
9,46
E_CL[kV/m]
8,56
8,56
8,65
8,99
8,99
8,99
9,29
E_AL[kV/m]
13,42
13,42
13,42
13,72
13,72
14,02
14,32
E_BL[kV/m]
13,42
13,42
13,42
14,02
14,02
14,32
14,92
E_CL[kV/m]
13,49
13,49
13,64
14,17
14,17
14,17
14,66
Tabelul 5. Intensitile cmpurilor electrice sub o linie de 380 kV, la nivelul solului, pentru trecerile la nivel de autostrad i linia de cale ferat
Table 5.Electrical Fields, under 380 kV line, at grounded level, for the crossings of the National Highway and Railway
l [km]
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
E_AL[kV/m]
8,5
8,5
8,5
8,7
8,69
8,88
9,08
E_BL[kV/m]
8,5
8,5
8,5
8,89
8,88
9,46
E_CL[kV/m]
8,56
8,56
8,65
8,99
8,99
8,99
9,29
E_AL[kV/m]
13,42
13,42
13,42
13,72
13,72
14,02
14,32
E_BL[kV/m]
13,42
13,42
13,42
14,02
14,02
14,32
14,92
E_CL[kV/m]
13,49
13,49
13,64
14,17
14,17
14,17
14,66
Transient Recovery Voltages due to Switching
Transient Phenomena in a 380 kV unload Line of
Power Systems

Phase Voltages due to Switching Transient

Phenomena in a 380 kV unload Line of Power
Systems

360

800

l [km]

700

V_AL[kV]

350

600
500
[kV] 400
300
200
100
0
40

80

120 160 200 240 280

[km]

TRV_
A[kV]
TRV_
B[kV]
TRV_
C[kV]

[kV]

340
330
320

V_BL[kV]

310
300
290
40

80 120 160 200 240 280

[km]

V_CL[kV]

03-04.11.2005, Timioara, Romania

601

Figura 5. Tensiunile tranzitorii de restabilire la comutaia n gol

a liniei de 380 kV, pentru diferite lungimi.
Figure 5. Transient Recovery Voltages at switching of the 380
kV unloaded line, for different lengths.

Figura 6. Tensiunile de faz la comutaia n gol a liniei de 380

kV, pentru diferite lungimi.
Figure 6. The phase voltages at switching of the 380 kV
unloaded line, for different lengths.

Transient Recovery Voltages and the Phase

Voltages due to Switching Transient
Phenomena in a 380 kV unload Line of
Power Systems

The Electrical Field under a 380 kV Line to crossing of the

National Highway and Railway, at grounded level

16

E_AL[
kV/m]
E_BL[
kV/m]
E_CL[
kV/m]
E_AL[
kV/m]
E_BL[
kV/m]
E_CL[
kV/m]

14
800

12

700

TRV_A[kV]

600
[kV]

10

TRV_B[kV]

500

[kV/m]

400

TRV_C[kV]

300
200

V_AL[kV]

100
0
40

V_BL[kV]

80 120 160 200 240 280

[km]

0
40

V_CL[kV]

80

200

240

280

.
Figura 8. Intensitile cmpurilor electrice sub o linie de 380 kV,
la nivelul solului, pentru trecerile la nivel de autostrad i linia
de cale ferat.
Figure 8. Electrical Fields, under 380 kV line, at grounded level,
for the crossings of the National Highway and Railway.

R1
X1
Y1

u02max

160
[km]

Figura 7. Tensiunile tranzitorii de restabilire i tensiunile de faz

la comutaia n gol a liniei de 380 kV, pentru diferite lungimi.
Figure 7. The Transient Recovery Voltages and the Phase Voltages
at switching of the 380 kV unloaded line, for different lengths.

u2m( t )

120

CR.( u03max u02max) .( 1

ohm
0.006732 .
km
ohm
0.061951 .
km
.
1.376592 ohm .km

Line length: 280.km

cos ( t .omega0 )

C1
U2max = 694721 kV

Figura 9. Aplicaie a Programului MathCAD la deconectarea LEA n gol.

Figure 9. MathCAD Programs Application at the unloaded line diconnecting.
Transient Recovery Voltage

Electrical Field uder a 380 kV Line

20,00

5
2 10

[kV/m]

15,00

ur( t )

10,00

E(x)

5,00

5
6 10

0,00
-15

-10

-5

5
4 10

10

15

[m ]

5
8 10

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Figura 10. Cmpul electric sub o linie de 380 kV, la nivelul solului,
pentru trecerile la nivel de autostrad i linia de cale ferat.
Figure 10. The Electrical Field, under 380 kV line, at grounded
level, for the crossings of the National Highway and Railway.

Figura 11. Tensiune tranzitorie de restabilire, obinut pe baza

Programului MathCAD.
Figure 11. Transient Recovery Voltage, obtained by MathCAD
Program.

Tabelele 1-5 i figurile 5-11 arat influena lungimii liniei,

la comutaia n gol, asupra tensiunilor tranzitorii de restabilire,
tensiunilor de faz i cpurilor electrice. Se observ ca valorile

The tables 1-5 and the figures 5-11 show the influence of
line length, at unloaded switching, about the transient recovery
voltages, phase voltages and electrical fields. It observes that

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The 6 International Power Systems Conference

obinute sunt foarte nalte. Acestea pot genera influene

periculoase asupra Echipamentului electric, Mediului i Vieii.
Se impune, ca o necesitate, mbuntirea mentenanei liniilor
i reelelor electrice, precum i a ntreruptoarelor electrice
de comutaie pentru a limita valorile maxime ale fenomenelor
tranzitorii de comutaie.

values obtained are very high. These can generate danger

influences about Electrical Equipment, Environment and Life.
It is necessary to improve the maintenance of lines of power
systems and of circuit breakers switching for to limit the
maximum values of the switching transient phenomena.

6. Concluzii
Din rezultatele obinute se desprind urmtoarele concluzii:
- Ca urmare a fenomenelor tranzitorii de comutaie n Sistemul
electroenergetic apar perturbaii foarte periculoase pentru
echipamentul electric i mediul nconjurtor. Dintre acestea,
cmpurile electrice, n ultimul timp, sunt n atenia i preocuprile multor specialiti, datorit efectelor lor negative asupra
echipamentelor, mediului i vieii [5, 6, 9-12].
- Datorit comutaiei liniilor n gol apar n Sistemul electroenergetic supratensiuni mari (tensiuni tranzitorii de restabilire, 3.28 [p.u.]; supratensiuni de faz, 1.59 [p.u.]), care
toate genereaz cmpuri electrice, cu impact negativ, nsui
asupra Sistemului i Mediului nconjurtor.
- Rezultatele obinute prin modelare i simulare sunt n
concordan cu soluiile teoretice (9.58 %).
- ntre modelarea obinut prin PSCAD Program i MathCAD
Program, diferenele sunt foarte mici (0, 1 %).
- Rezultatele obinute pentru cmpurile electrice maxime,
datorate comutaiei liniei electrice n gol de 380 kV, n
cadrul Sistemului electroenergetic al Turciei, sub linie, la
nivelul solului, (9.46 kV/m, la trecerea de nivel de autostrad
i 14.92 kV/m, la trecerea de nivel la reeaua electrica
feroviar), arat c acesta sunt peste limitele admisibile
recomandate de normele internaionale CIGRE i IEEE [9].
- De aceea este necesar s se fac investigaii i s se impun
metode de limitare.

6. Conclusion
From the obtained results the following conclusions can
be extracted:
- As following of the switching transients phenomena in
Electrical Power Systems appear very danger disturbances
for electrical equipment and for around environmental. Of
these, the electrical fields, in last time, are in the preoccupations of the many specialists, thanks to their negative
effect about equipment, environment and life [5, 6, 9-12].
- As following the unload lines switching appear in Power
Systems the big overvoltages (transient recovery voltages,
3.28 [p.u.]; phase overvoltages, 1.59 [p.u.]), which all
generate the electrical fields, with negative impact about,
item System, in Power Systems and around Environment.
- The results obtained by modelling and simulation are in
according with theoretical solutions (9.58 %).
- Between modelling effected by PSCAD Program and
MathCAD Program, the difference is very small (0, 1 %).
- The results obtained for the maximal electrical fields due
to a 380 kV unloaded line switching in Power Systems from
Turkey, under line at grounded level (9.46 kV/m, at the
crossing of the National Highway and 14.92 kV/m, at the
crossing of the National Railway), show that they overtake
the admissible limits recommended by the CIGRE and
IEEE International norms [9].
- Therefore it is necessary to make investigations and to
impose the limited methods.

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