Crimaicriminalitateaameninaregravadezvoltriiarmonioasei

echilibrateastatuluiromn

CrimeandCriminalitySeriousThreatsoftheHarmoniousandBalancedDevelopment

oftheRomanianState

byNeluNi

Source:

ActaUniversitatisGeorgeBacovia.Juridica(ActaUniversitatisGeorgeBacovia.Juridica),issue:1/

2012,pages:725,onwww.ceeol.com.

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Crime and Criminality Serious Threats of the

Harmonious and Balanced
Development of the
Romanian State

Crima i CriminalitateaAmeninare Grav a

Dezvoltrii Armonioase i
Echilibrate a Statului
Romn
Lector univ.dr. Nelu NI
Universitatea George Bacovia,

Lecturer Ph.D. Nelu NI

George Bacovia University,

Bacu, Romnia
nita_nelu@yahoo.com

from Bacau, Romania

nita_nelu@yahoo.com

Abstract

Abstract

Evoluia actual a societii romneti

evideniaz faptul c, dei s-au intensificat
msurile i interveniile instituiilor
publice specializate de control mpotriva
faptelor de criminalitate, se constat, n
continuare, n condiiile unei crize
economico-financiare care nu mai ia
sfrit, o nalt recrudescen i multiplicare a faptelor ilicite comise n domeniul social, economico-financiar, bancar,
inclusiv prin antaj, corupie, i chiar cu
mult violen i agresivitate. Astfel,
actele de nalt criminalitate comise prin
violen i corupie, tind s devin deosebit de intense i periculoase, pentru
stabilitatea i securitatea instituiilor,
grupurilor i indivizilor, fiind asociate de
multe ori cu cele de crim organizat,
terorism i violen instituionalizat,
specifice,subculturilorviolenei i crimei
profesionalizate.
Crima, criminalitatea i ameninrile
acestora, precum i lupta pentru prevenirea
i combaterea lor, sunt concepte complexe
i pluridisciplinare care comport multiple
abordri conceptuale i operaionale, din
perspectiv social, juridic, politic,
criminologic, filozofic, logico-sistemic,
etic, etc.

The current development of the

Romanian society shows that, although the
actions of specialized public institutions
against acts of crime have intensified,
there is still a high recrudescence and
multiplication of illegal acts committed in
the social, economic and financial,
banking sector, including blackmail,
corruption, with even more violence and
aggression. Thus, high crime acts
committed by violence and corruption tend
to be very intense and dangerous for the
stability and security of the institutions,
groups and individuals, being often
associated with organized crime, terrorism
and institutionalized violence.
Crime, criminality, their threats and
the fight to prevent and control them are
complex and multidisciplinary concepts
involving multiple conceptual and
operational approaches, from a social
legal,
political,
criminological,
philosophical, logical and systematic,
ethical, perspective.
Keywords: crime, criminality, organized
crime, corruption, consequences, risks,
prevention

INTRODUCTION

Keywords: crim, criminalitate, crim organizat, corupie, consecine, riscuri, prevenire

The confusion and economic and

social degringolade, following 1990,
7

Access via CEEOL NL Germany

have favoured the emergence in

Romania of a new type of individual,
an individual who is mischievous,
arrogant, dishonest, greedy and stingy,
aggressive and limitless, especially
relatively unable to recognize,
appreciate and respect the value of
legal or moral rules, on his way to
capital accumulation, multiple power
and great influence. For such persons,
with a strong antisocial orientation of
their personalities, the post December
1989 was seen as an excellent
opportunity for committing crimes and
antisocial acts, regardless of the level
of risks taken into account; these acts
were oriented towards getting an easy
profit and excessively increase the
profit and personal assets. In order to
achieve the proposed goals, such
individuals have acted without fear,
proved able and inventive and created
at the same time, a fabulous
mechanism of relationships and
complicity, mafia type, which was and
still is, be very difficult to combat, due
to endemic and institutionalized
corruption and bureaucracy.
As a legal phenomenon, crime
comprises all human behaviours
considered offences, incriminated and
sanctioned as such, in certain
conditions, in the context of a criminal
law system, concretely determined geo
historically[Dr. N. Moldoveanu,
1999, p. 13].
In the circumstances where the
offence is an event, crime is a social
phenomenon, which shows a particular
increasing or decreasing trend,
determined by the regularity or
stability of frequency in committing
crimes. Crime, being related to
society, has existed and will always
exist, which is why, in the specialists
opinion it is a utopia to think about
the absolute eradication of crime, all

INTRODUCERE
Confuzia i degringolada economico-social, ce au urmat anului 1990, au
favorizat apariia n Romnia a unui
nou tip de individ, respectiv a
individului
necinstit,
rutcios,
arogant, lacom i avar fr limite,
agresiv i, mai ales, relativ incapabil s
recunoasc, s aprecieze i s respecte
valoarea unor norme legale sau
morale, n drumul su spre multiple
acumulri de capital, putere i mare
influen. Pentru asemenea persoane,
cu o accentuat orientare antisocial a
propriei personaliti, schimbarea
postdecembrist a fost perceput ca o
excelent
oportunitate
pentru
comiterea de fapte antisociale i
infraciuni, indiferent de nivelul
riscurilor luate n calcul, acestea fiind
orientate spre obinerea facil i
creterea nemsurat a profitului i a
averilor personale. n vederea atingerii
scopurilor propuse, asemenea indivizi
au acionat fr team, s-au dovedit
abili i inventivi i au creat, n acelai
timp, un fabulos mecanism relaional
i de compliciti, de tip mafiot, care sa dovedit i se dovedete, n
continuare, a fi foarte greu de
combtut, datorit corupiei i
birocraiei endemice instituionalizate.
Ca fenomen juridic, criminalitatea
cuprinde
ansamblul
comportamentelor umane considerate
infraciuni, ncriminate i sancionate
ca atare, n anumite condiii, n cadrul
unui sistem de drept penal, determinat
concret
geoistoric
[Dr.
N.
Moldoveanu, 1999, p. 13].
n condiiile n care infraciunea
este un eveniment, criminalitatea
constituie un fenomen social, care
manifest
o
anumit
tendin,
cresctoare
sau
descresctoare,
determinat de regularitatea sau
8

stabilitatea frecvenelor n comiterea

infraciunilor. Criminalitatea, fiind
astfel legat de societate, a existat i va
exista ntotdeauna, motiv pentru care,
n opinia specialitilor este o utopie a
ne gndi la strpirea absolut a
criminalitii, tot ceea ce putem face
este ca s-o reducem i s-o mblnzim
[Dr. Tr. Pop, 1928, p. 67]. De
asemenea,
potrivit
lui
Emille
Durkheim, unul din cei mai mari
sociologi ai timpului, crima i
criminalitatea fac parte din societate,
la fel de normal ca naterea i decesul,
iar o societate fr crim ar fi
patologic supra-controlat, astfel c,
teoretic crima ar putea s dispar cu
desvrire numai dac toi membrii
societii ar avea aceleai valori, dar
o asemenea standardizare nu este nici
posibil i nici de dorit [Tudor Amza,
2002, p. 420].
Fenomenul criminalitii are o
dimensiune naional, constnd n
suma infraciunilor ce se comit pe
teritoriul unui stat, ceea ce nu
comport aspecte de cooperare
infracional transnaional i o
dimensiune transnaional, constnd n
totalitatea infraciunilor care se comit
i se consum prin cooperarea
internaional dintre infractori, care
acioneaz pe teritoriul mai multor
state.
Mutaiile survenite n plan socioeconomic i politic, la nivel global, au
determinat o serie de evoluii
importante n ceea ce privete
criminalitatea organizat de mare
anvergur. Statele continu s fie
ameninate de noi i noi forme de
organizaii criminale, situaie n care
exist o serie de riscuri i de
ameninri, dar i de vulnerabiliti,
care trebuie s alerteze autoritiile
statului, responsabile cu prevenirea i
combaterea crimei organizate.

we can do is to reduce it and tame

it.[Dr. Tr. Pop, 1928, p. 67]. Also,
according to Emille Durkheim, one of
the greatest sociologists of time,
crime and criminality are part of the
society, being as common as birth and
death, and a society without crime
would be pathologically overcontrolled, so that, theoretically
crime could disappear altogether only
if all of the members of society had the
same values, but such standardization
is
neither
possible
nor
desirable[Tudor Amza, 2002, p. 420].
The phenomenon of criminality
has a national dimension, consisting of
the sum of offenses committed in the
territory of a state, which does not
contain aspects of transnational
criminal
cooperation
and
a
transnational dimension, consisting in
all crimes that are committed and are
consumed by international cooperation
between law breakers, which acts on
the territory of more than one member
states.
Mutations in the socio-economic
and political environment, at a global
level, led to a series of important
developments with regard to largescale organised crime. States continue
to be threatened by new forms of
criminal organizations, in which case
there are a number of risks and threats,
and vulnerabilities, which should alert
the State authorities responsible for
preventing and combating organised
crime.
In order to establish the measures
needed to reduce and tamecrime, for
the prevention and control of
organized crime, it is very important to
examine the factors generating crime
and the social, economic, human,
psychological consequences that occur
or are likely to occur through
committing offences, and which can
9

Pentru stabilirea msurilor necesare

de
reducere
i
mblnzirea
criminalitii,
de
prevenire
i
combatere a crimei organizate, este
foarte
important
examinarea
factorilor generatori de criminalitate i
a consecinelor sociale, economice,
umane, psihologice, etc., care se
produc efectiv sau sunt susceptibile a
se produce prin comiterea de
infraciuni, i care pot fi msurate i
evaluate prin mijloace tiinifice i
diminuate n raport cu strategiile
proiectate i resursele alocate.

be measured and assessed by scientific

means decreased in relation to the
designed strategies and allocated
resources.
1. CRIME AND CRIMINALITY SERIOUS THREATS OF THE
HARMONIOUS AND BALANCED
DEVELOPMENT
In the last twenty years in
Romania, crime has witnessed a
mainly upward trend, so that the
feeling of insecurity of citizens has
been amplified. Thus, it is certain that,
in post-Communist Romania, to the
great scourges in the Communist
period, such as: poverty and
alcoholism, there have been added
other more serious ones, i.e. those
relating to unemployment, drug
trafficking and consumption, rural and
urban environmental degradation,
promotion of violence through the
media, promoting the abuse and
discrimination, etc. Also, the absence
of a rigorous social control and a
tolerant and inefficient judiciary,
corruption and organized crime has
reached high levels so that the
confidence in State institutions came
to be as non-existent.
The close relationship between
corruption and organized crime in
Romania is the result of the capturing
of the Stateby criminal organisations,
the main purpose being to influence
decisions for their own benefit, as well
as ensuring impunity in front of
justice. Thanks to the opportunities
offered by the modernisation and
diversification of the means of
communication, and to a greater
opening of the borders in Europe, the
manifestations of the organized crime
in Romania took a transnational
character, developing, for most of the

1.CRIMA I CRIMINALITATEA,
AMENINARE A DEZVOLTRII
STATALE ARMONIOASE I
ECHILIBRATE
n ultimii douzeci de ani, n
Romnia, criminalitatea a cunoscut un
trend preponderent ascendent, motiv
pentru
care
sentimentul
de
insecuritate al cetenilor s-a
amplificat. Astfel, este cert c n
Romnia postcomunist, la marile
flageluri cunoscute n perioada
comunist, cum ar fi: srcia i
alcoolismul, s-au adugat altele mai
grave, respectiv cele referitoare la:
omaj, trafic i consum de droguri,
degradarea mediului rural i urban,
promovarea violenei prin mass-media,
promovarea
abuzurilor
i
a
discriminrilor, etc. De asemenea, n
condiiile absenei unui control social
riguros i a unei justiii tolerante i
ineficiente, corupia i criminalitatea
organizat au atins niveluri att de
nalte, nct ncrederea n instituiile
statului a ajuns s fie ca i inexistent.
Relaia strns dintre corupie i
crima organizat din Romnia, este
rezultatul capturrii statuluide ctre
organizaiile
criminale,
scopul
principal constituindu-l influenarea
10

deciziilor n beneficiul propriu,

precum i asigurarea impunitii n faa
justiiei. Datorit oportunitilor oferite
de modernizarea i diversificarea
mijloacelor de comunicare, precum i
datorit unei mai mari deschideri a
frontierelor n Europa, manifestrile
crimei organizate din Romnia au
cptat un caracter transnaional,
desfurndu-se, de cele mai multe ori,
pe fondul coruperii unor funcionari
publici, cu atribuii judiciare sau
financiare, ori a unor funcionari
vamali sau poliiti care asigur paza
frontierelor.
Caracteristica general a evoluiei
marii criminalitii din Romnia, n
condiiile persistenei unei crize
economico-financiare generalizate i
fr de sfrit, o constituie meninerea
unui trend ascendent, ceea ce
reprezint o ameninare serioas a
dezvoltrii armonioase i echilibrate a
statului de drept din Romnia. i
aceasta este cu att mai evident, cu ct
n prezent este dovedit faptul c
marile
edificii
criminale,
cu
dimensiuni
transnaionale,
se
construiesc i se dezvolt din interesul
i cu sprijinul autoritilor statale, iar
geneza lor trebuie cutat n
perimetrul intereselor de putere, cci
este limpede faptul c i n cele mai
avansate democraii, s-a produs
fuziunea dintre elitele puterii i
criminalitatea organizat [Costic
Voicu, 1997, p. 14].

time, within the corruption of public

servants, with judicial and financial
powers of times, or of customs
officials or police officers providing
security at the borders.
The general characteristic of the
evolution of crime in Romania under
the persistence of a generalized
economic and financial endless crisis
is the maintaining of an uptrend, which
represents a serious threat to the
harmonious and balanced development
of the Romanian state subject to the
rule of law. And this is all the more
obvious, as it is now proven that the
great
criminal
edifices
of
transnational dimensions, are built
and developed with the interest and
assistance of the State authorities,
and their genesis must be sought
within the perimeter of interests of
power, for it is clear that in most
advanced democracies, there has been
a merger of power elites and
organised crime[Costic Voicu,
1997, p. 14].
From the point of view of risk
intensity and the produced social
danger, one can make a distinction
between: little crime and great crime.
Little crime is represented by
shop windowcrime, produced by:
shoplifting,
house thefts,
pick
pocketing, car thefts, prostitution, etc.,
which is the most sensitive and with
direct impact on the citizens, who are
affected by the frequency with which
such acts are accomplished.

Din punct de vedere al intensitii

riscurilor i al pericolului social
produs, se poate face deosebire ntre:
mica
criminalitate
i
marea
criminalitate.

Great crime is represented by the

legal, economic and financial crime,
by transnational crime and organized
crime. Antisocial facts belonging to
the great crime phenomena are facts
which bring serious violations to the
most fundamental principles, the

Mica
criminalitate,
este
reprezentat de criminalitatea de
vitrin, produs prin: furturi din
magazine, furturi din locuine, furturi
11

din buzunare, furturi din maini,

prostituie, etc., ceea ce constituie
domeniul cel mai sensibil i cu impact
direct asupra cetenilor, care sunt
afectai de frecvena cu care sunt
svrsite astfel de fapte.

principles of the state subject to the

rule of law, principles which are at the
basis of the organization and
functioning of modern and performing
societies.
1.1.The legal and economic-financial
criminality, in which the legal
criminality is made up of offences
against life, health and body integrity,
and legal offences against property,
particularly homicides, robberies,
rapes, armed robbery, car thefts, etc.,
committed with varying degrees of
violence, and economic and financial
criminality is constituted of job
offences and in connection with the
job, economic offences against
property, the offences of false coins,
stamps or other values, offences to the
established
system
for
certain
economic activities, as well as money
laundering and lack of vigilance in
respect of financial operations[N.
Queloz, 2002, p. 126]. The greatness
and complexity of crimes, as well as
the evolutionary trends, to a high
degree of criminals, have defined the
characteristics of economic and
financial criminality, during the last
years of the post-Decembrist period in
Romania.
Amid some cumbersome working
procedures and a legislation failing to
adapt to the real situation [in this
situation, one has in view the fact that
the law application system is
segmented without powerful legal
instruments for fighting against
fraud], in conjunction with the
opening of borders, in order to achieve
a free trade between European Union
States, the level of judicial and
economic-financial criminality, in
general, and of the informal economy,
in particular, were in a constant
increase, constituting a solid basis for

Marea
criminalitate,
este
reprezentat de criminalitatea judiciar
i
economico-financiar,
de
criminalitatea organizat i de
criminalitatea transnaional. Faptele
antisociale circumscrise fenomenelor
marii criminaliti, sunt fapte prin care
se aduc atingeri dintre cele mai grave
principiilor fundamentale, principii ale
statului de drept, principii care stau la
baza organizrii i funcionrii
societilor moderne i performante.
1.1. Criminalitatea judiciar i
economico-financiar,
n
care
criminalitatea judiciar este constituit
din infraciuni contra vieii, sntii i
integritii
corporale,
infraciuni
judiciare contra patrimoniului, n mod
special omucideri, tlhrii, violuri,
jafuri armate sau nu, furturi de
autoturisme de lux, etc., comise cu
diferite grade de violen, iar
criminalitatea economico-financiar
este constituit din infraciuni de
serviciu i n legtur cu serviciul,
infraciuni
economice
contra
patrimoniului, infraciuni de fals de
monede, timbre sau alte valori,
infraciuni la regimul stabilit pentru
anumite activiti economice, precum
i din infraciuni de splare de bani i
lips de vigilen n materie de
operaiuni financiare [N.Queloz,
2002, p. 126]. Amploarea i
complexitatea infraciunilor, precum i
tendinele evolutive, spre o nalt
specializare a infractorilor, au definit
caracteristicile
criminalitii
economico-financiare, n perioada
12

postdecembrist a ultimilor ani din

Romnia.
Pe fondul unor proceduri de lucru
greoaie i a unei legislaii neadaptate
situaiei reale [n aceast situaie, este
avut n vedere faptul c, sistemul de
aplicare a legii este fragmentat i fr
instrumente legislative puternice de
lupt antifraud], coroborat cu
deschiderea frontierelor, n vederea
realizrii unui comer liber, ntre
statele Uniunii Europene, nivelul
criminalitii judiciare i economicofinanciare, n general, i a economiei
subterane, n special, au fost ntr-o
permanent cretere, constituind o
baz solid pentru dezvoltarea
criminalitii organizate n Romnia i
consolidarea ulterioar a criminalitii
transnaionale, aciune subsecvent
fenomenului ireversibil al globalizrii.

the development of organised crime in

Romania and the further development
of the transnational criminality, being
an action subsequent to the irreversible
phenomenon, of globalisation.
1.2. Organised criminality is crime of
professionals, which has its origins
in various ventures with criminal
character, in the operation of some
ghost companies and tax shelters, with
the aim of committing ordered crimes,
the non-observance of tax payment
obligations, the exploitation of
weaknesses to obtain huge gains and
profits, great influence and power, by
whatever means, legal and illegal. The
methods used in organised crime, in
order to achieve the goals, are related
to the exercise of violence, threats,
blackmail, elimination, various forms
of organized trafficking, but also
extortion, corruption, manipulation,
fraud, money laundering, the harmed
values being: life, liberty, physical
integrity,
public
security
and
democratic freedoms[Costic Voicu,
Adriana
Camelia
Voicu,
John
Geamnu, 2006, p. 18].
The highly sophisticated and
diversified methods and means, used
by organised crime, are liable to
weaken the civic confidence and
security, by undermining the State
subject to the rule of law and the
credibility of public authorities. Thus,
quite often, the criminal activities
carried out by organised crime groups,
are favoured by the corruption and the
complicity of high-ranking officials of
the administrative institutions and law
enforcement officials, in particular
management position officials, which
require the intensification and
diversification of measures for the
prevention of corruption acts and facts,
in which representatives of State

1.2. Criminalitatea organizat, este

criminalitatea
profesionitilorn
materie, care i are originile n diferite
asocieri cu caracter infracional, n
funcionarea unor societi fantom i
a paradisurilor fiscale, avnd drept
scop prioritar comiterea de crime la
comand, sustragerea de la plata
obligaiilor
fiscale,
exploatarea
slbiciunilor pentru obinerea de
ctiguri i profituri uriae, de mare
influen i putere, prin orice mijloace
legale i ilegale. Metodele utilizate n
criminalitatea
organizat,
pentru
realizarea scopurilor, in de exercitarea
de ameninri, antaje, violen,
eliminare,
diferitele forme ale
traficului organizat, dar i extorcare,
corupie, manipulri, fraude, splarea
banilor, valorile prejudiciate fiind:
viaa, libertatea, integritatea fizic,
securitatea public i libertile
democratice[Costic Voicu, Adriana
Camelia Voicu, Ioan Geamnu, 2006,
p. 18].
13

Metodele i mijloacele, extrem de

sofisticate i diversificate, utilizate de
criminalitatea organizat, sunt de
natur a slbi ncrederea i sigurana
civic, prin compromiterea statului de
drept i a credibilitii autoritilor
publice. Astfel, nu de puine ori,
activitile infracionale derulate de
gruprile de criminalitate organizat,
sunt favorizate de coruperea i
complicitatea unor nali oficiali, din
cadrul instituiilor administrative i de
aplicare a legii, n special funcionari
cu atribuii de execuie, fapt ce impune
intensificarea
i
diversificarea
msurilor,
pentru
prevenirea
producerii actelor i faptelor de
corupie, n care s fie angrenai
reprezentani ai instituiilor statului.
Dei pentru Romnia reprezint
caracteristica evolutiv a ultimelor
dou decenii, criminalitatea organizat
nu este un fenomen nou aprut pe
scena lumii, ceea ce este nou ns, este
ritmul ei actual, mult mai rapid de
propagare, amploarea reelelor ce o
susin i uurina cu care eludeaz
legea, cu complicitatea unor oficiali i
experi de nalt calificare, n vederea
sporirii
profiturilor,
pe
baza
principiului scopul scuz mijloacele.
n acest sens, un serios semnal de
alarm a fost transmis efilor de stat i
de guvern, prin Raportul Uniunii
Europene
asupra
criminalitii
organizate, prezentat la Bruxelles pe 6
noiembrie 1998, n care se meniona
c: este cunoscut c grupurile
criminalitii organizate exploreaz i
exploateaz astzi noi spaii criminale
cu
aceeai
vigoare
ca
i
ntreprinderile legale. Ele sunt
preocupate s se implice n acele
activiti criminale care genereaz
mari profituri i prezint riscuri mai
reduse pentru rufctorii implicai.
n ceea ce privete Romnia,

institutions are involved.

Although it is the evolutional
feature for the last two decades of
Romania, organised crime is not a new
phenomenon emerged on the world
scene; what is new, however, is its
faster propagation current pace, the
networks that support it and the ease
with which they circumvent the law,
with the complicity of officials and
higher qualification experts, in order to
increase profits, on the basis of the
principle of the end justifies the
means. In this regard, a serious alarm
signal has been sent to the heads of
State and Government, by means of
the European Union Report on
organised crime, presented in Brussels
on 6th November 1998, which stated
that: it is known that the organised
crime groups and explore and exploit
new criminal spaces today with the
same force as legal firms. They are
concerned with those to be involved in
criminal activities that generate large
profits and lower risk for the villains
involved.
As regards Romania, it should be
noted, in the latest period, the great
dangerousness of the typology of
present criminal groups, which
determines,
internally
and
internationally, real threats through:
the increased interest for Romania
of foreign criminal groups, the cause
being the important geostrategic
position;
the permanent specialization of
criminal groups, the access to the
latest technology and employment of
people and experts with diverse
qualifications necessary for criminal
purposes;
the faster financial evolution of
criminal groups in Romania, through
their connection to international
networks of organised crime and by
14

trebuie remarcat, n ultima perioad

de timp, periculozitatea deosebit a
tipologiei gruprilor infracionale
actuale, fapt care determin, n plan
intern i internaional, ameninri
reale, prin:
creterea
interesului
pentru
Romnia, a gruprilor criminale
strine,
cauza
reprezentnd-o
importanta poziie geostrategic;
continua specializare a gruprilor
criminale,
accesul
la
ultimele
tehnologii i angajarea de persoane i
experi cu diverse specializri,
necesare
ndeplinirii
scopurilor
infracionale;
evoluia tot mai puternic, din
punct de vedere financiar, a gruprilor
infracionale din Romnia, prin
racordarea
acestora
la
reelele
internaionale de crim organizat i
prin plasarea ctigurilor ilicite, n
diferite zone economice i geografice;
n
contextul
relevat
de
multiplicarea
i
diversificarea
ameninrilor, la adresa statului de
drept, a ordinii i siguranei publice,
prin analiza permanent a evoluiilor
mediului intern de securitate, se
identific o cretere a agresivitii
organizaiilor anarhiste, a gruprilor
antiglobalizare
sau
a
sectelor
pseudoreligioase,
atragerea
unui
numr tot mai mare de adepi, precum
i creterea frecvenei aciunilor
acestor organizaii.

placing illicit gains, in different

geographical and economic areas;
In the context of multiplying
and diversifying threats towards the
state subject to the rule of law, the
public order and safety, through the
ongoing evolutions of the internal
security environment, there can be
identified an increase in the
aggressiveness
of
anarchist
organizations, of anti globalisation
groups or of pseudo religious sects,
attracting a growing number of
followers, as well as the increase the
frequency of these organisations
actions.
Related to the organised crime, an
increasingly present phenomenon in
Romania, is the phenomenon of
cybercrime, which is manifested by
the increase in the number of
registered cases and the organization
of those who commit such acts in real
criminal groups, as well as the
reorientation of criminal groups which,
in the past, committed crimes of
human trafficking, car and drug
trafficking, towards offences relating
to computer science.
The main factors that led to the
reorientation of criminal groups
towards computer crimes are related to
obtaining big material gains, in a
relatively short time and with
relatively low risk. This phenomenon
affects, firstly, the image, whereas
criminal activities have targeted major
financial and public institutions or
foreign citizens, fact that leads to the
weakening of confidence in the
responsible institutions and authorities
in Romania.

Circumscris
criminalitii
organizate, din ce n ce mai prezent n
Romnia,
este
fenomenul
criminalitii informatice, care se
manifest prin creterea numrului de
cazuri nregistrate i organizarea celor
ce comit astfel de fapte, n adevrate
grupri infracionale, precum i
reorientarea gruprilor criminale care,
n trecut, comiteau infraciuni din sfera

1.3. Transnational Crime includes

all forms of organised crime and is
related to globalization in general and,
15

traficului de persoane, traficului

internaional de autoturisme i
traficului de droguri, ctre infraciuni
de natur informatic.
Principalii
factori,
care
au
determinat reorientarea gruprilor
criminale,
ctre
infraciuni
informatice, sunt legai de obinerea de
ctiguri materiale mari, ntr-un timp
relativ scurt i cu riscuri relativ mici.
Acest fenomen afecteaz, n primul
rnd, imaginea Romniei, ntruct
activitile infracionale au ca int
importante instituii publice i
financiare sau ceteni strini, ceea ce
conduce la slbirea ncrederii n
instituiile abilitate i autoritile din
Romnia.

as a result of the globalization of

crime, in particular, so the biggest
problem of the 21st century, which
implies the necessity of strengthening
the articulation and consolidation of
efforts of all States, with a view to
combating and keeping under control
the forces of international criminal
groups. The acts and deeds of
transnational crime, such as those of
corruption, money laundering, mafiatype activities and terrorism, affects a
growing
number
of
States,
representing a real threat on
democracy and on the establishment of
the various reforms in the political,
social
and
economic-financial
environment, in compliance with the
principles of the state subject to the
rule of law.
Under the conditions of the
amplification of globalization trends of
the phenomenon of crime, I consider
that we should agree with the German
sociologist Ulrich Beck, who, since the
early 90s, appreciated that we are
members of a global risk society
[Beck Ulrich,1998] [In Becks
opinion, the risk is a product specific
to society; it is a result of the powerful
effects of the modern technique, so
that problems can no longer be
controlled by common policy. The risk
has become global, and the national
state is, therefore, over solicited. This
is the negative part of globalization,
which consists in increasing the
economic expansionism and the
technical risks, beyond the institutional
control
of
states.
In
these
circumstances, there has to be a
reaction, in a form specific to
globalization, which can consist in the
formation of new alliances and global
networks, without taking into account
borders, so as to face global problems,
at global level.].

1.3.Criminalitatea transnaional,
include toate formele criminalitii
organizate i este legat de globalizare,
n general i, drept urmare, de globalizarea fenomenului criminalitii, n
special, reprezentnd astfel cea mai
mare problem a secolului XXI, ceea
ce implic contientizarea necesitii
articulrii i consolidrii eforturilor
tuturor statelor, n vederea combaterii
i a inerii sub control a forelor i
gruprilor criminale internaionale.
Actele i faptele de criminalitate transnaional, cum sunt cele de mare
corupie, splare de bani, activiti de
tip mafiot i terorism, afecteaz un
numr din ce n ce mai mare de state,
reprezentnd o ameninare real asupra
democraiei i asupra realizrii diferitelor reforme n domeniul politic, economico-financiar i social, cu respectarea principiilor statului de drept.
n condiiile amplificrii tendinelor
de globalizare a fenomenului criminalitii, consider c trebuie s fim de
acord cu sociologul german Ulrich
Beck, care nc din anii 90 aprecia c
suntem membri ai unei societi de
16

risc global[Beck Ulrich,1998], [n

concepia lui Beck, riscul este un produs propriu societii, este o urmare a
efectelor puternice ale tehnicii moderne, astfel nct problemele nu mai
pot fi controlate prin politica obinuit.
Riscul a devenit global, iar statul
naional este astfel suprasolicitat.
Aceasta este partea negativ a globalizrii, care const n creterea expansionismului economic i a riscurilor
tehnice, dincolo de controlul instituional al statelor. n aceste condiii
trebuie s existe o reacie, ntr-o form
proprie globalizrii, care poate consta
n formarea de aliane i reele globale,
fr s se in seama de granie, pentru
a face astfel fa problemelor globale,
la nivel global].
Romnia i cetenii ei sunt membri ai societii de risc global, avnd n
vedere c gruprile criminale sunt cele
care profit din plin de liberalizarea
condiiilor de circulaie a persoanelor
i a mrfurilor, dar mai ales de progresul exponenial al tehnologiei i
comunicaiilor, reprezentate de internet, e-mail, telefonie mobil, etc., care
au deschis noi perspective ascensiunii
activitilor criminale naionale i internaionale.
n condiiile dezvoltrii tehnologice
i a accesului la informaie, societatea
de risc global se caracterizeaz prin
producerea unor mutaii spectaculoase,
respectiv prin trecerea de la criminalul
amator la criminalul profesionist i
bine organizat, pentru minimizarea
riscurilor pe care le presupune activitatea infracional. n acest sens,
instituiile de poliie ale F.B.I. i cele
care sunt membre ale O.I.P.C.
INTERPOL, au dezvoltat o abordare
extrem de pragmatic a acestui
fenomen,din
care
rezult
c
principalele
caracteristici
ale
criminalului profesionist sunt cele

Romania and its citizens are

members of the global risk society,
bearing in mind that criminal groups
are those that take advantage of the
full liberalisation of the movement of
persons and goods, but especially the
exponential progress of technology
and communications, represented by
the internet, email, mobile telephone,
etc., which have opened up new
possibilities of ascension for national
and international criminal activities.
In
terms
of
technological
development
and
access
to
information, global risk society is
characterised by the production of
spectacular mutations, i.e. through the
transition from amateur to professional
and well organized killer, to minimize
the risks involved in criminal activity.
In this respect, the institutions of the
police and the F.B.I, those members of
INTERPOL-O.I.P.C., have developed
a very pragmatic approach to this
phenomenon, which shows that the
main characteristics of the professional
criminal are those relating to [A study
in Revue de science criminelle et de
droit penal compar, nr.4/1997, pp.9092]:
planning and preparing criminal
acts, consisting in a rigorous and
systematic preparation, adapted to the
lawful and illicit markets as well as
the use of important financial
resources, in order to achieve its
goals;
the execution of criminal acts
are carried out in an extremely
professional way, using highly
evolved knowledge and techniques,
and, where appropriate, by the use of
specialists and experts in fields of
major interest, ensuring a proper
allocation of tasks;
the use of products resulting
from crimes, is directed towards a
17

referitoare la [Studiu aprut n Revue

de science criminelle et de droit penal
compar, nr.4/1997, pag.90-92]:
planificarea i pregtirea actelor
criminale, constnd n pregtirea
riguroas i sistematic, adaptat la
pieele licite i ilicite, precum i
angajarea unor importante resurse
financiare, n vederea atingerii
scopurilor propuse;
executarea actelor criminale, se
realizeaz n mod extrem de
profesionist, prin utilizarea de
cunotine i tehnici foarte evoluate, i,
dup caz, prin recurgerea la specialiti
i experi pe domeniile de interes
major, asigurndu-se o repartizare
corespunztoare a sarcinilor;
utilizarea produselor rezultate n
urma svririi infraciunilor, este
orientat spre o rentabilitate ridicat,
prin reciclarea sau splarea banilor
provenii din infraciuni i reinjectarea
lor n economia legal, cu ajutorul
legturilor i ramificaiilor criminale
naionale, regionale i transnaionale;
relaiile dintre autori sunt bazate
pe observaie reciproc, activitate
compartimentat i confidenialitate,
nume de acoperire i limbaje
codificate, etc.;
structura
grupurilor
sau
organizaiilor criminale este ierarhic,
cu raporturi de autoritate i dependene
extrem de complexe;
asistena pentru membrii grupului
criminal, const n acordarea de ajutor
pentru a fugi, recurgerea la avocai sau
consilieri
juridici
experimentai,
oferirea i plata unor cauiuni mari,
ameninarea, intimidarea i dispariia
martorilor cheie, asisten n timpul
deteniei i sume de bani pentru
ntreinerea apropiailor, etc.;

high yield by recycling or laundering

money coming from offences and its
reinjection in the legal economy, with
the help of national, regional and
transnational criminal ramifications
and links;
the relationships between authors
are based on mutual observation,
privacy, compartmentalized activity,
cover names and coded language, etc.;
the structure of criminal
organisations
or
groups
is
hierarchical, with authoritative and
highly complex dependencies;
the support for members of the
criminal group, consists in providing
assistance to flee, recourse to
experienced lawyers or legal advisers,
offering bail, threat, intimidation and
the disappearance of key-witnesses,
assistance during detention and
amounts
of
money
for
the
maintenance of relatives, etc.;
2. THE RISKS AND THREATS OF
CRIMINALITY TOWARDS THE
STATE SUBJECT TO THE RULE
OF LAW AND THE PUBLIC
SAFETY
The phenomena of globalization
have brought great paradigm changes
in addressing the phenomenon of
crime associated with them, which
involves the consideration of activities
of global actors of the anti-social
crime, with strong negative impact on
the economic and financial stability of
the State, in ensuring and maintaining
the integrity of the staff of public
institutions, as well as the public order
and safety in general. In these
circumstances, the main risks and
threats of crime in Romania, towards
the state subject to the rule of law and
public security are important factors in
the domestic and international
18

environment.

2.RISCURILE I
AMENINRILE
CRIMINALITII LA ADRESA
STATULUI DE DREPT I A
SIGURANEI PUBLICE

2.1. Internal risk factors

The
social
and
economic
transformations produced in Romania
in the last 20 years have resulted in
significant mutations, in the exercise
of the rights and freedoms of citizens,
the attitude towards property and State
institutions, in the organization of
society, in the structure and dynamics
of crime and, by default, in the field of
law and public safety. Romanias
internal environment, characterized by
the spread, in certain social
environments,
of
non-conformist
behaviours denying Christian morality
values, the expansion of the illegal use
and addiction to drugs, while reducing
the chances of social integration. The
lack of active reaction of citizens
towards the need to prevent the
phenomenon of crime has a significant
negative influence on the State of
public order and safety. Yet, the most
serious risk factor, as described by Ion
Pitulescu, former head of the
Romanian police, is: the friendship of
highly-ranked policemen, the goodwill
of prosecutors and fervent clemency of
certain Courts, in dealing with
persons involved in organized crime,
[Ion Pitulescu, 1996].
Currently, the phenomenon of
crime in Romania has the following
characteristics: complexity and the
perpetration of new types of offences,
such as those relating to cybercrime
and
commercial
piracy,
etc.,
professionalization and specialisation
of criminals, the presence of large
corruption and the amplification of the
cross-border crime phenomenon.
Organized crime, illegal migration,
corruption, economic and financial
crime, thefts, command murders or for

Fenomenele de globalizare au adus

mari schimbri de paradigm n
abordarea fenomenului criminalitii
asociat acestora, care implic luarea n
considerare a activitilor antisociale
ale actorilor globali ai criminalitii, cu
impact negativ puternic n stabilitatea
economic i financiar a statului, n
asigurarea i meninerea integritii
personalului
instituiilor
publice,
precum i a ordinii i siguranei
publice, n general. n aceste condiii,
principalele riscuri i ameninri ale
criminalitii din Romnia, la adresa
statului de drept i a siguranei publice,
in de factori importani din mediul
intern i internaional.
2.1. Factori de risc din mediul intern
Transformrile
sociale
i
economice produse n Romania, n
ultimii 20 de ani, au determinat mutaii
importante, n exercitarea drepturilor i
libertilor cetenilor, n atitudinea
fa de proprietate i de instituiile
statului, n organizarea societii, n
stuctura i dinamica fenomenului
infracional i, implicit, n domeniul
ordinii i siguranei publice. Mediul
intern din Romnia, se caracterizeaz
prin rspndirea, n anumite medii
sociale,
a
comportamentelor
nonconformiste i de negare a valorilor
moralei
cretine,
extinderea
consumului ilicit i a dependenei de
droguri, concomitent cu diminuarea
anselor de integrare social. Lipsa de
reacie activ a cetenilor, fa de
necesitatea prevenirii fenomenului
infracional, exercit o influen
19

negativ semnificativ, asupra strii de

ordine i sigurana public. Dar, cel
mai grav factor de risc, aa cum l
descrie Ion Pitulescu, fost ef al
Poliiei Romne, l reprezint:
prietenia unor polititi cu funcii
nalte, bunvoina unor procurori i
clemena nduiotoare a unor
complete de judecat, n relaiile cu
persoanele
implicate
n
crima
organizat, [Ion Pitulescu, 1996].
n prezent, fenomenul infracional
din Romnia, se remarc prin: complexitate i comiterea unor noi genuri
de infraciuni, cum sunt cele referitoare la criminalitatea informatic i
pirateria comercial, etc., profesionalizarea i specializarea infractorilor, prezena faptelor de mare corupie
i amplificarea fenomenului criminalitii transfrontaliere. Crima organizat, migraia ilegal, corupia, criminalitatea
economico-financiar,
tlhriile, omorurile la comand sau n
scop de jaf, precum i furturile din
avutul public i privat, exercit o influen negativ, asupra calitii vieii
ceteanului i siguranei publice.
Principalele riscuri i ameninri la
adresa statului i a siguranei publice
[Risc n domeniul ordinii i siguranei publice, reprezint existena
unei probabiliti, ca o ameninare
existent, s fie capabil s exploateze
o vulnerabilitate existent, ce poate
cauza pagub. Ameninarea n domeniul ordinii i siguranei publice, reprezint existena potenialitii, de a
crea un pericol la adresa ordinii publice. Vulnerabilitate, n domeniul ordinii i siguranei publice, reprezint
existena unei slbiciuni, care permite
unei ameninri existente ori poteniale, s produc o pagub], sunt
urmtoarele:
a. degenerarea unor tensiuni socialeconomice,
interconfesionale
i

the purpose of robbery as well as the

theft from the public and private
wealth have a negative influence on
the quality of life of citizens and
public safety.
The main risks and threats to the State
and public security [Risk in the field
of order and public safety represents
the existence of a probability, as a
present threat, to be able to exploit a
present vulnerability that can create
loss. Threat in the field of public
order and safety represents the
existence of potentiality, to create a
danger for the public order.
Vulnerability, in the field of order and
public safety, represents the existence
of a weakness which allows a present
or potential threat to produce loss] are
the following:
a. the degeneration of socio-economic,
interfaith and interethnic tensions into
spontaneous actions of violence and
open confrontations between extremist
groups as well as between them and
the legal authorities of the Romanian
State;
b. the increase of unemployment and
social exclusion;
c. the reduction of the level of
persons security;
d. conducting psychological warfare
specific actions in order to undermine
the trust in State institutions, creating
confusion and panic;
e. the decrease of some State
institutions authority, as a result of
failing to comply with statutory duties
properly;
f. the decline in the populations
confidence in the State institutions,
particularly in the capacity of action
of the forces of order and public
security;
g. the
worrying
expansion
of
corruption at the level of decision
makers from Central and local public
20

interetnice, n aciuni spontane de

violen i confruntri deschise ntre
grupri extremiste, precum i ntre
acestea i autoritile legale ale statului
romn;
b. creterea omajului i a excluziunii
sociale;
c. reducerea nivelului de securitate a
persoanelor;
d. desfurarea unor aciuni specifice
rzboiului psihologic, n scopul
subminrii ncrederii n instituiile
statului, a crerii de confuzie i panic;
e. scderea autoritii unor instituii
ale statului, ca urmare a nendeplinirii
corespunztoare a atribuiilor legale;
f. diminuarea ncrederii populaiei, n
instituiile statului, mai ales n
capacitatea de aciune a forelor de
ordine i siguran public;
g. extinderea ngrijortoare a actelor
de corupie, la nivelul factorilor de
decizie din administraia public
central i local;
h. manifestri
antinaionale,
extremiste, separatiste i xenofobe,
etc.;

administration;
h. anti-national,
separatist
extremist, xenophobic events;

and

2.2. International risk factors

The international environment is
characterized by an unprecedented
dynamics in both regional and global
environment. The social, economic,
political and military changes, which
occurred in the early 1990s and
continued subsequently, radically
changed the geostrategic configuration
of Europe. As a result, the risks that
can threaten the security and stability
of the Eastern European States,
including Romania, are mainly
rendered by: the tensions manifested at
the level of entire area, generated by
the trends of various ethnic, cultural
and religious
communities,
of
autonomisation and integration at the
regional level, the extension in the
Eastern and South-eastern Europe of
some phenomena, such as international
terrorism, illicit human trafficking, the
traffic of goods, drugs, weapons,
nuclear,
radioactive
and
toxic
materials and substances, and the
environmental
and
technological
disasters caused intentionally.
The main risks and threats to the
State and public security, identified in
the international environment, are:
a. the development, consolidation
and overspecialization of organised
crime, its internationalisation and
attraction of some elements and
indigenous groups, including the
territory of our country in the
international circuit of clandestine
migration, drug trafficking, human
trafficking, traffic of arms, explosives,
toxic and radioactive substances as
well as counterfeit;
b. the increase of the terrorist

2.2. Factori de risc din mediul

internaional
Mediul
internaional,
este
caracterizat printr-o dinamic fr
precedent, att n plan regional, ct i
la nivel global. Trasformrile politice,
economico-sociale i militare, care sau produs la nceputul anilor '90 i au
continuat ulterior, au modificat radical
configuraia
geostrategic
a
continentului european. Ca urmare
riscurile ce pot amenina securitatea i
stabilitatea
statelor
est-europene,
printre care i Romnia, sunt date, n
principal: de tensiunile ce se manifest
la nivelul ntregii zone, generate de
tendinele diferitelor comuniti etnice,
culturale i religioase, de autonomizare
21

i de integrare la nivel regional, de

extinderea n spaiul est i sud-esteuropean, a unor fenomene de tipul
terorismului internaional, traficului
ilegal de persoane, bunuri, droguri,
armament, materiale i substane
nucleare, radioactive i toxice, de
dezastrele ecologice i tehnologice
provocate n mod intenionat.
Principalele riscuri i ameninri la
adresa statului i a siguranei publice,
identificate n mediul internaional,
sunt reprezentate de:
a. dezvoltarea, consolidarea i superspecializarea filierelor criminalitii
organizate, internaionalizarea acestora
i atragerea n componena lor, a unor
elemente i grupuri autohtone, includerea teritoriului rii noastre n
circuitul transnaional al migraiei
clandestine, al traficului ilicit de
droguri, de fiine umane, de armament,
de explozivi, de substane toxice i
radioactive, precum i de bancnote
false;
b. creterea pericolului terorist, proliferarea armelor de distrugere n
mas, a traficului cu tehnologii i materiale supuse controlului destinaiei
lor finale;
c. creterea interesului n unele medii
de afaceri din strintate, pentru
obinerea, prin operaiuni financiare
ilegale, a pachetului majoritar de aciuni, la unele societi productoare i
utilizatoare de substane chimice, materiale i tehnologii strategice din ara
noastr, n vederea exportrii lor, direct sau prin intermediar, n zone de
conflict ori aflate sub embargo;
d. diversificarea formelor i procedeelor utilizate, pentru splarea
banilor, a produsului infraciunilor, n
care sunt implicate grupri, care
acioneaz n spaiul european, ce au
drept rezultat trecerea peste frontier a
valutei, ori transferul prin bnci, al

danger, the proliferation of weapons of

mass destruction, the traffic with
technologies and materials subject to
their final destination;
c. the increase of the interest in some
business environments from abroad, in
order to obtain illegal financial
operations, the majority of shares at
some companies producing and using
chemicals, materials and strategic
technologies in our country, with a
view to exportation, either directly or
through an intermediary, in areas of
conflict or under embargo;
d. diversification of forms and
processes used for money laundering,
for the crime product, involving
groups acting in the European area,
which have as a result the passage of
the foreign currency across the border,
or through bank transfer, of the
amounts resulting from illegal
operations carried out on the territory
of Romania;
e. the proliferation of illegal trade in
light weapons and increase the
possibility of, of the systems for the
management and control of weapons
of mass destruction;
f. the manifestation of autonomy
trends in some areas or even regions,
based on ethnic or religious criteria;
g. the reduction in the access to
strategic
resources,
information
technologies and equipment;
h. the
amplification
of
the
phenomenon of illegal migration, etc.;
CONCLUSIONS
In the case of the unprecedented
rise of organised crime in Romania,
institutionalization
of
criminal
relations occurs at a similar pace
because of the great, systemic and
endemic corruption, a syndrome of
over adaption in the client-type
22

sumelor rezultate din operaiunile

ilicite desfurate pe teritoriul
Romniei;
e. proliferarea traficului ilegal cu
arme uoare i creterea posibilitii de
scpare de sub control, a sistemelor de
gestionare i comand a armelor de
nimicire n mas;
f. manifestarea tendinelor de autonomizare, a unor zone sau chiar regiuni,
pe baza criteriilor etnice ori religioase;
g. diminuarea accesului la resurse
strategice, tehnologii i echipamente
informaionale de vrf;
h. amplificarea fenomenului migraiei
ilegale, etc.;

relationships that reaches out to rest on

the negative values of the state and
institutional system. Thus, the perverse
aspect of the great crime Romania is
represented by the fact that certain
official and legal representatives have
come to commit illegal acts of high
crime, which constitutes a threat to the
State, a State that should operate solely
on the basis of the recognised
principles of the rule of law.
The
new
trends
in
the
contemporary evolution of crime in
Romania demonstrate the danger and
its threats to the rule of law on the
sustainable, coherent and harmonious
economic and social development, as
well as on the right of citizens to live
in safety.
Indicators of the criminal status in
Romania demonstrates that, in order
to stop the wave of threats to the rule
of law, public order and safety,
produced by crimes of great violence,
by the economic and financial crime,
organised crime and transnational
crime, all associated with bureaucracy
and endemic corruption, it is
necessary to create a new approach,
much more complex and flexible, in
an integrated system, with the
participation of all national and
international decision-makers.
To increase the effectiveness and
efficiency
in
preventing
and
combating organised crime, it is
imperative to create also conditions
for: enhancing the capacity of
investigation of institutions and the
ability to expeditiously track offences
specific to great crimes, attracting
funds
and
human
resources
development in the field of police and
justice, enhancing the capacity of
identification
of
suspicious
transactions, improving procedures for
the confiscation of funds resulted from

CONCLUZII
n condiiile ascensiunii fr precedent a criminalitii organizate n Romnia, se produce ntr-un ritm asemntor i instituionalizarea raporturilor
criminale, datorit marii corupii endemice i sistemice, sindrom de
supraadaptare n cadrul relaiilor de tip
clientelar, care ajunge treptat s se
sprijine pe valorile negative ale sistemului statal i instituional. Astfel,
aspectul pervers al marii criminaliti
din Romnia, este reprezentat de faptul
c de pe poziii oficiale i legale, s-a
ajuns s se comit i fapte ilegale de
mare criminalitate, care reprezint o
ameninare la adresa statului, stat care
ar trebui s funcioneze numai pe baza
principiilor recunoscute ale statului de
drept.
Noile tendine din evoluia contemporan a marii criminaliti din Romnia, demonstreaz pericolul i ameninrile acesteia la adresa statului de
drept, asupra dezvoltrii economicosociale durabile, coerente i armonioase, precum i asupra dreptului cetenilor de a tri n siguran.
Indicatorii strii infracionale din
23

Romnia demonstreaz, de asemenea,

c pentru a stvili valul de ameninri
la adresa statului de drept, a ordinii i
siguranei publice, produse de infraciunile de mare violen, de marea
criminalitate economico-financiar, de
criminalitatea organizat i de criminalitatea transnaional, toate asociate
cu birocraia i o puternic corupie
endemic, este necesar o nou
abordare, mult mai complex i flexibil, n sistem integrat, cu participarea tuturor factorilor responsabili
naionali i internaionali.
Pentru creterea eficacitii i
eficienei n prevenirea i combaterea
criminalitii organizate, este imperios
necesar, s se creeze de asemenea
condiii: pentru ntrirea capacitii de
investigare a instituiilor abilitate i
pentru urmrirea cu celeritate a infraciunilor specifice marii criminaliti, pentru atragerea de fonduri i dezvoltarea resurselor umane din domeniul poliiei i justiiei, pentru ntrirea
capacitii de identificare a tranzaciilor suspecte, pentru mbuntirea procedurilor de confiscare a fondurilor rezultate din infraciuni, pentru
facilitarea schimbului de bune practici
cu autoritile competente din alte state
membre, etc.

crimes, facilitating the exchange of

best practices with the competent
authorities of the other Member States,
etc.

References
1. Tudor Amza, 2002, Criminologie,
Tratat
de
teorie
i
politic
criminologic, Lumina Lex Publishing
House, Bucharest;
2. N.Queloz,
2002,
Criminalitatea
economico-financiar n Europa,
LHarmatt Publishing House;
3. Dr.
N.
Moldoveanu,
1999,
Criminalitatea
economicofinanciarGlobal Print Publishing
House, Bucharest;
4. Ion Pitulescu, 1996, Al treilea rzboi
mondial: crima organizat, Publishing
House, Bucharest;
5. Dr. Tr. Pop, 1928, Curs de
criminologieCluj;
6. Beck Ulrich,1998, World Risk
Society, Cambridge: Polity Press;
7. Costic Voicu, 1997, Criminalitatea
afacerilor, Typography of the General
Inspectorate of Police, Bucharest;
8. Costic Voicu, Adriana Camelia Voicu,
Ioan Geamnu, 2006, Criminalitatea
organizat n domeniul afacerilor,
Pildner Publishing House;
9. ***Revue de science criminelle et de
droit penal compar, nr.4/1997;

Referine bibliografice
1. Tudor Amza, 2002, Criminologie,
Tratat de teorie i politic criminologic,
Editura
Lumina
Lex,
Bucureti;
2. N.Queloz, 2002, Criminalitatea economico-financiar n Europa, Editura LHarmatt;
3. Dr. N. Moldoveanu, 1999, Criminalitatea economico-financiarEditura
Global Print, Bucureti;
4. Ion Pitulescu, 1996, Al treilea rzboi
mondial: crima organizat, Editura
Naional, Bucureti;
24

5. Dr. Tr. Pop, 1928, Curs de criminologieCluj;

6. Beck Ulrich,1998, World Risk
Society, Cambridge: Polity Press;
7. Costic Voicu, 1997, Criminalitatea
afacerilor, Tipografia Inspectoratului
General al Poliiei, Bucureti;
8. Costic Voicu, Adriana Camelia
Voicu, Ioan Geamnu, 2006, Criminalitatea organizat n domeniul afacerilor, Editura Pildner;
9. ***Revue de science criminelle et de
droit penal compar, nr. 4/1997;

25