Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2015
Ghidul
de Bune Practici
n
EGLE
Ghidul European pentru Expertize Legale
RO
EEEI, octobre 2015
JUST/2013/JCIV/AG/4664
Cuvnt nainte
n calitate de preedinte al Institutului European pentru Expertiz i Experi, sunt mndru
s v prezint acest Ghid de Bune Practici n Expertiza Judiciar Civil n cadrul
Uniunii Europene.
Este ncununarea a peste 10 ani de cercetare, dezbateri i discuii ntre prile din Europa
interesate s mbunteasc procedurile judiciare i s asigure creterea ncrederii n
justiie a cetenilor i companiilor, fie n propriul stat membru, fie n cazul n care locuiesc
sau muncesc ntr-un stat membru gazd i nfrunt probleme de ordin transfrontalier.
Timp de aproape 2 ani, cu sprijinul financiar al Directoratului General Justiie din cadrul
Comisiei Europene, sub denumirea Ghidul European pentru Expertiz Legal (EGLE), o
mare comunitate de judectori, avocai, experi judiciari, academicieni i studeni la Drept
s-a reunit n mod regulat pentru a discuta aspectele eseniale ale expertizei judiciare civile,
pentru a gsi ci de a mbunti numeroasele sisteme existente i pentru a oferi o baz
funcional de bune practici n Europa.
Metoda conferinei de consens s-a dovedit a fi un instrument extrem de util n construirea
unui consens asupra realitilor eterogene ale expertizei judiciare i experilor judiciari.
Metoda a fcut posibil aducerea mpreun ntr-un proces participativ a diverselor practici i
experiene din sisteme foarte diferite, din common law (n.n. sistemul de drept anglo-saxon)
i civil law (n.n. sistemul de drept continental), dar i selectarea celor mai bune dintre
aceste practici n vederea propunerii unei fundaii comune pentru mbuntirea expertizei
judiciare civile.
Proiectul EGLE s-a desfurat de-a lungul a 25 de ntlniri organizate n 10 state europene,
dar i prin email, videoconferine i partajarea de documente. Informal, i discuiile ce au
avut loc n afara acestor ntlniri au pavat calea pentru reflecie, permind membrilor
grupurilor de lucru s descopere alte sisteme, ale experiene i alte practici.
Proiectul a fost dus mai departe de membrii grupurilor de lucru, participani la conferina
plenar EGLE, organizat la Curtea de Casaie Italian din Roma la data de 29 mai 2015,
acetia mprtindu-i reaciile i contribuiile, iar ultimul dar nu cel din urm, de Juriul
provenind din 9 state europene ce a discutat, dezbtut i reuit s extrag din toate acele
schimburi practicile eseniale din fiecare stat i experien.
Juriul s-a ntlnit pentru prima oar la Roma i apoi pentru alte dou edine de lucru
intense dintre care ultima a avut loc la Lisabona n septembrie. Membrii Juriului au
evideniat cele mai bune dintre numeroasele sisteme de expertiz judiciar civil, iar n
acest Ghid v pun la dispoziie rezultatul muncii lor, punctele de convergen dintre
diversele proceduri de expertiz, i anume din common law i civil law, din statele membre,
deopotriv vechi i recente.
Concluziile Juriului cuprind multe recomandri i idei, att pentru statele unde recrutarea,
numirea i monitorizarea calitii experilor sunt foarte bine organizate, ct i pentru statele
care nu se afl nc n aceast situaie.
Acetia ofer, de asemenea, veritabile puncte de convergen ntre experii tehnici numii
de judectori i experii martori, fapt ce constituie un aspect neateptat, dar foarte
important al acestui proiect.
n concluzie, Ghidul de Bune Practici n Expertiza Judiciar Civil n cadrul Uniunii
Europene este rezultatul muncii desfurate de profesioniti europeni al cror scop este
mbuntirea i armonizarea practicilor foarte diferite, ntemeiat pe voina de a oferi un
model european puternic i democratic aflat la dispoziia cetenilor i companiilor din
Uniunea European. Acest consens a fost obinut n pofida actualelor diferene procedurale
i culturale sauEuropene
a oricror precauii existente.
Participanii au nvat s se cunoasc i s aib ncredere unul n cellalt, iar acesta este
unul
dintre
succesele
acestui
proiect,
dar
cu
siguran
nu
ultimul.
Mulumiri
Am dori s mulumim clduros tuturor membrilor Juriului, cu o meniune special pentru
Preedintele su, Alain Nue, precum i tuturor membrilor grupurilor de lucru,
interpreilor i traductorilor, partenerilor notri, dar i gazdelor ntlnirilor n Europa,
pentru timpul i implicarea lor, pentru efortul depus i pentru ncrederea n proiect.
Cele mai respectuoase mulumiri revin Preedintelui Giorgio Santacroce al Curii de
Casaie din Italia, care ne-a ncurajat i ne-a primit cu bucurie n instituia pe care o
conduce. Am dori, de asemenea, s mulumim Directoratului General Justiie din cadrul
Comisiei Europene pentru sprijinul financiar, dar i pentru preioasele sfaturi i ncurajri
de-a lungul proiectului.
Jean-Raymond LEMAIRE
President
Prezentarea juriului
Simona Cristea
Magistrat, Profesor titular la Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din Bucureti
Romnia
Christiane Fral-Schuhl
Partener fondator al Fral-Schuhl / Sainte-Marie i fostul Preedinte
al Baroului Paris
Frana
Eugenio Gay Montalvo
Vicepreedinte emerit al Curii Constituionale din Spania. Academician
Spania
Alain Nue, Preedintele Juriului EGLE
Primul Preedinte Onorific al Curii de Apel din Versailles,
Preedintele Comisiei de Orientare a EEEI.
Frana
Anne Sanders
Profesor asociat de Drept Civil i Drept Comparat, Universitatea din Bonn.
Germania
Daniele Santossuosso
Profesor de Drept Comercial, Universitatea de La Sapienza, Roma
Italia
Jacques Sluysmans
Partener fondator al Van der Feltz advocaten in The Hague i Profesor de
Dreptul Exproprierii, Universitatea Radboud din Nijmegen
Olanda
Duarte Nuno Vieira
Profesor titular de Medicin Legal, Etic i Dreptul Medicinei, Universitatea
din Coimbra Preedinte al Consiliului European de Medicin Legal
Portugalia
Thomas Walford
Guvernatorul Institutului pentru Experii Martori & Director Executiv al
Expert Evidence Ltd.
Marea Britanie
JUST/2013/JCIV/AG/4664
Contents
Guide to Good Practices in Civil Judicial Expertise in the European Union .................................. 3
Chapter I Definitions and limits ............................................................................................. 4
Chapter II Conditions regulating when one should resort to judicial expertise ............................ 6
Chapter III Appointment of the Expert .................................................................................. 7
JUST/2013/JCIV/AG/4664
"The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not
constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors,
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein."
The good practice recommendations in this Guide aim to strengthen the trust that
judges, litigation parties and their counsels and, more generally, European Union
citizens have in the opinions provided by Judicial Experts in Europe, to improve the
quality of judicial decisions and to ensure the interoperability between Member
States, in particular as regards cross-border litigation. In order to achieve these
goals, these recommendations intend to ensure the recognition in all the European
Union of Judicial Expert opinions provided by Judicial Experts from the Member States
and to harmonize the standards applicable to judicial expertise and to the status of
the Expert.
2-
3-
Their rapid generalization in all Member States would doubtless be facilitated by the
creation of an independent civil procedure specific to cross-border litigation. Like the
European Payment Order, this procedure would be applied alongside existing
procedures in the Member States. It would also make it easier to appoint Judicial
Experts from any of the European Union States, by requiring that Experts who wish
to work beyond the borders of their own States be familiar with only two procedures,
that of their State of origin and this Pan-European Expert procedure.
Capitolul I
Definiii i limite
1.1
1.2
1.3
Experii numii i pltii de pri sunt obligai n mod specific s urmeze bunele
practici definite mai jos, ntruct sunt legai de lege sau de jurmnt, cum este
cazul n Spania2 sau n Regatul Unit3, de anumite obligaii fa de judector i de
curte care primeaz n faa obligaiilor fa de partea care i-a numit.
1.4
n absena unor jurminte sau provizii legale care s asigure primatul intereselor
judectorului asupra intereselor prii care i-a ales, experilor - care n acest
document sunt numii Experi Privai i nu Experi Juridici - nu li se aplic proviziile
acestui text. ntr-adevr, dat fiind faptul c scopul lor singular este de a acorda
ajutor tehnic prilor care i consult, opiniile lor pot fi pstrate ca dovezi, precum
orice alte documente procedurale, dar sunt cel puin afectai de o lips de
imparialitate care elimin orice posibilitate de asimilare a acestora cu Experii
Judiciari.
1.5
Cu toate acestea, cnd aceti Experi Privai sunt trecui pe liste de Experi Juridici
i au depus un jurmnt fie nainte, fie n momentul trecerii pe list, ei trebuie s se
supun ndatoririlor fa de judector i de curte i sunt obligai ca n fiecare
moment s susin adevrul datorat Justiiei, aadar sunt obligai s respecte
regulile de bun conduit recomandate de acest Ghid.
1.6
Experts Experii pot fi persoane luate individual sau entii legale (laboratoare
publice sau private, universiti, etc.) atta timp ct, n cazul celei de-a doua
CEPEJ [2014 Report on European Judicial Systems, Edition 2014, (2012 Data): efficiency and quality of
justice, Section 15.1, page 441]
2
Art. 235, alin. (2) a codului de procedur civil spaniol are urmtorul coninut: cnd va prezenta raportul su,
expertul va fi obligat s jure c spune ntreg adevrul i c a acionat sau va aciona, depinznd de caz, cu cel
mai mare grad posibil de obiectivitate, lundu-se n considerare orice ar putea folosi unei pri, precum i ceea
ce ar putea s fie n detrimentul acestuia, i c el/ea cunoate sanciunile penale ce devin incidente n cazul n
care nu i ndeplinete datoria sa de expert.
n Regatul Unit, regulile sunt determinate de referina la CPR 35, PD 35 i la Protocolul pentru instructia
experilor pentru cazuri civile i de referina la Crim PR 33 pentru cazuri penale.
Instruciunile pentru Expertul Tehnic sau pentru Martorul Expert sunt limitate la
determinarea faptelor i prezentarea de concluzii tehnice i/sau de opinii
profesionale bazat pe cunotinele i/sau cercetrile sale.
1.8
Pentru o mai mare claritate, termenul Expert va fi de aici ncolo folosit n locul
celui de Expert Juridic, aa cum a fost acesta definit.
Throughout this guide, all references to he, his or him are understood to extend to and comprise she and her.
Capitolul II
Condiiile n care o persoan poate apela la
expertiz juridic
2.1
Opinia Expertului este necesar atunci cnd judectorul, sub rezerva deinerii
acestei puteri ca urmare a prevederilor legii Statului Membru, este incapabil de a
lua o decizie echilibrat i detaliat, deoarece acesta consider dovezile disponibile
ca fiind inconcludente sau consider c este necesar opinia unui Expert n legtur
cu anumite aspecte tehnice (financiare, tiinifice, medicale, artistice, lingvistice
etc).
2.2
2.3
Apelarea la un Expert este de luat n calcul numai atunci cnd nu exist mijloace de
dovad pentru a rezolva disputa care s fie mai facile sau mai oportune.
2.4
2.5
Trebuie menionat faptul c, n acest sens, valoarea litigiului poate rezulta nu numai
din valoarea monetar a cazului, privind cantitatea reclamat i daune
compensatorii aferente, ci i ca rezultat a importanei cazului pentru comunitatea
larg, pentru elementul industrial implicat, sau n ceea ce privete interpretarea
legii atunci cnd ar putea s duc la un precedent sau la o schimbare a
jurisprudenei.
Capitolul III
Numirea expertului
Seciunea I: Criteriile de eligibilitate pentru a putea fi
numit expert
1 nregistrarea pe o list naional sau regional, i/sau o list
european de Experi
3.1
3.2
3.3
Datorit garaniilor pe care le ofer aceste liste, care nu sunt concepute ca simple
directoare ci ca o recunoatere public a competenei, moralitii i a reputaiei,
judectorul, care deine deplina libertate de decizie, va trebui s motiveze alegerea
fcut n momentul n care numete un Expert care nu se regsete n cadrul
listelor respective, n momentul n care litigiul respectiv este unul transfrontalier.
3.4
Aceste liste, n special lista Experilor Europeni, care va cuprinde Experi ce deja vor
fi nregistrai n cadrul unor liste naionale, trebuie s includ experiena lor
anterioar precum i limbile de lucru. De asemenea, ar fi indicat s se menioneze
i trile cu privire la care candidatul i-a consolidat experiena, care i-ar putea
permite s-i desfoare activitatea n mod eficient acolo. ntr-adevr, ntr-un
numr mic de specialiti precum psihiatrie sau psihologie, cunotinele cu privire la
idiosincrasiile culturale ale populaiei, la care persoana, care este punctual central al
expertizei, aparine, pot fi utile pentru a emite o opinie calificat5.
3.5
n aplicarea hotrrii Pearroja, nregistrarea n cadrul unei liste naionale va dispensa Expertul de
justificarea calificrilor sale pentru a fi nscris pe lista unui alt stat membru, cu condiia s fie
aceleai criterii de nregistrare. n orice caz, alegerea unui Expert nu poate fi supus nregistrrii
sale pe o list naional sau regional a statului membru cruia i aparine instana.
3.7
3.8
Cu toate acestea, avnd n vedere potenialele costuri ale unei asemenea propunei,
cerinele pentru crearea unei liste de Experi Europeni trebuie analizate mai
departe. Dac utilitatea sa n materie de litigii transfrontaliere este dovedit mai
mult dect suficient prin intermediul studiilor i a statisticilor care au permis
determinarea cu exactitate a nevoilor i a mbuntirea numrului de Experi
necesari, paragrafele de la 3.9 pn la 3.16 se vor aplica corespunztor:
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
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Chiar dac aceste organizaii care vor fi competente s alctuiasc lista, n special
dac este vorba despre o instan, nu vor putea nlocui universitile n judecarea
calificrilor Expertului, pot totui s procedeze la verificarea abilitilor i a
cunotinelor referindu-se n principal la:
-
studii universitare
experiena profesional trecut n CV
reputaia profesional
calitatea de membru n asocilaii profesionale
referine
calificrile profesionale mpreun cu formarea initial i continua
publicaiile relevante
premiile obinute
cursuri i experien de predare.
3.14
Aceste oranizaii vor trebui s verifice n mod regulat, de exemplu, la fiecare 5 ani,
faptul c Experii nregistrai continua s ndeplineasc cerinele necesare
nregistrrii, i c acetia i-au ndeplinit obligaia de a-i continua pregtirea att
n ceea ce privete profesia sa de baza, ct i activitatea n calitate de Expert i n
cunotinele sale judiciare n ceea ce privete procedura.
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
Atunci cnd Expertul este numit de ctre o parte n cadrul unui proces, el trebuie,
de asemenea, s depun jummnt c att n pregtirea raportului su ct i a
mrturiilor orale, datoria sa fa de judector i fa de lege este mai presus de
orice obligaie fa de partea care l-a numit i/sau pltit i c acesta i-a respectat
obligaia i va continua s o respecte.
Section II Procedura de numire
3.20
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declaraiile ambelor pri, dect s fie ales de ctre un alt organism. Cu toate
acestea, atunci cnd prile sunt de acord cu soluia Expertului sau a Experilor,
judectorul ar trebui s respecte aceast alegere.
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
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Chapter IV
The expertise procedure
Seciunea I Guidelines of the proceedings and the judges office
1 The adversarial principle
4.1
The evidence submitted to the Expert and the assumptions on which his conclusions
are established will be shared with all the parties, unless the judge, having heard the
parties, decides otherwise, or if the parties have agreed on the fact that there is
sufficient reason for the evidence to remain confidential. If it is decided it is to remain
confidential then the judge should determine the conditions in which the Expert will
be able to carry out his instructions in a non-adversarial manner.
4.2
In all other cases, under the judges supervision, the Expert should ensure that the
evidence for the case is available to all the parties, thus respecting the principle of
equality of arms.
4.3
Prior to the hearing before the judge, unless otherwise decided by the court or if
prohibited by law, the Expert appointed by the judge will share a pre-report with the
parties which contains his technical conclusions, ensuring that they are
understandable to laymen so that the parties can discuss them in a useful manner
and ask the Expert any questions that can help to understand and use the report. A
simple reminder of the conclusions cannot here be considered sufficient. The Expert
appointed by a party will have the same obligations, but only towards the party who
appointed him.
4.4
If no pre-report has been made available, the parties should nonetheless still be able
to send the Expert their technical questions and observations on his findings before
being heard by the judge.
2 Judicial supervision of the Expert appointed by the judge
4.5
The independence of the Expert does not exclude the judicial supervision of the
progress of the proceedings to ensure swiftness and efficiency.
4.6
The judge appointing the Expert must be able to supervise the progression of the
Expert input to the pre-trial process (including resolving issues relating to the choice
of Expert and any changes to the instructions) and ensure a fair trial during the
expertise (e.g.: approving a reasonable timeline, checking adversarial access to the
evidence provided to the Expert and ensuring reasonable costs).
4.7
Therefore, either ex officio or at the request of one of the parties, the judge should
be allowed, after having heard the parties and the Expert if he deems it necessary,
to limit or extend the scope of the Experts instructions, to modify the deadline given
for the Expert to carry out his instructions and to order the Expert to be replaced,
providing a substantiated explanation.
4.8
As for the Expert, provided he keeps the parties informed, he should have the right
to seek written directions from the court on any procedural matters that may assist
him in carrying out his instructions.
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Cu excepia cazului n care legislaia local sau judectorul decid n mod formal
mpotriva acesteia, judectorul ar trebui s se asigure c Expertul ntocmete un
pre-raport care va fi distribuit prilor implicate n proces sau partidului care l-a
desemnat Expert, permind prilor timp suficient pentru a formula observaii
nainte ca raportul final s fie ntocmit.
Seciunea II Progresul procedurii
1 Definirea i durata instruciunilor expertului
4.10
4.11
4.12
nainte de nceperea lucrului, expertul atunci cnd numit de ctre judector, dac
este necesar, au posibilitatea de a discuta instruciunile cu judectorul. Prile sunt
informat cu privire la astfel de schimburi i, dac este necesar, o audiere oral este
de a lua act de observaiile lor. Versiunea final a instruciunilor se definesc dup
astfel de schimburi.
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16 Deoarece judectorul are puterea de a extinde sau restrnge calendarul i pentru a
extinde sau s limiteze domeniul de aplicare al misiunii, chiar i din oficiu dup
audierea prilor, Expert ar trebui s poat s se aplice judectorului o prelungire a
instruciunilor sale n cazul n care (I) n cursul misiunii, el observ c intervalul de
timp nu va fi suficient i / sau (ii) atunci cnd, n cursul investigaiilor, din motive
tehnice, msuri suplimentare de investigaie sunt necesare sau alte probleme
tehnice ar trebui s fie a examinat.
4.17
4.18
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Where the Expert is appointed by the judge or in cases of a Single Joint Expert, the
cost of any experts meeting with the parties, which all parties must have the option
to attend, will encourage the Expert to limit the number of these meetings to what is
strictly required, and when necessary, all the participants in a trial should use all
available resources provided by new technologies (videoconference, e-summons,
emailing of documentary evidence and report), if necessary after procedural rules
have been adapted.
4.20
Moreover, in instances where there is more than one expert appointed to the case,
the judge may order a meeting of experts where the experts will identify the areas
where they agree and those on which they disagree as well as their reasons for
disagreement in a without prejudice discussion.
4.21
When new arguments arise or additional evidence is made available to the court or
the Expert, it may become necessary for the Expert to write a Supplemental Report.
Application for a Supplemental Report may be made by the judge, a party or by the
expert and its acceptability will in any event be determined by the judge. If all
elements of an Experts report are provided in the first report or in the main report,
there is no requirement to repeat them, and a reference to the main report should
suffice. However, if further documentation or evidence has been referenced to then
these new sources should be specified.
4 The return and conservation of documentary evidence that the Expert
has held throughout the proceedings
4.22
At the end of his mission and in case of settlement between the parties or if the judge
or party have ended his appointment, the Expert must be prepared to return any and
all non-public or confidential documents that were entrusted to him by the parties.
4.23
For as long as he may be liable, the Expert will keep any and all other documents
that he may have acquired or held during the course of his investigations.
Section III Oral Hearing
4.24
After delivery of his report, the Expert may be heard by the judge in an oral hearing,
ex officio or at the parties request, , in order to sustain and explain his conclusions
and answer the parties and the judges questions. The oral hearing may be held as
a videoconference in accordance with domestic legal provisions.
Section IV - Simplified Proceedings
4.25
For small claims (to be adapted as a parallel to the EU Small Claims Regulation (EC)
N 861/2007) or for simple technical questions, the judge may ask the Expert to
answer one or two questions as part of a simplified procedure (shorter timeframe,
only written exchanges, reduced costs, oral proceedings during a simple on-site
visit). In such instances, it may be more appropriate for the Expert to describe his
findings verbally.
4.26
In small claims cases it may also be decided that the Expert will be appointed jointly
by the parties as a Single Joint Expert and, if they cannot agree, by the judge.
4.27
During an installation meeting the Expert may also suggest a simplified procedure,
aimed, with the parties agreement, at limiting or eliminating adversarial meetings. Any
contact or communication with the parties during the course of the Experts investigation
should be recorded in the written pre-report or referred to during the oral pre-report.
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Capitolul V
Raportul de
expertiz
Seciunea I: Raportul Preliminar
5.1
5.2
Unde un pre-raport este prezentat, raportul final ar trebui s aib aceeai structur
i s arate schimbrile de la pre-raport.
5.3
5.4
5.5
j)
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II Corpul raportului
Investigarea/ Discuia i analiza Expertului.
a) Informaii de fond, elementele contextuale;
b) Faptele, originea acestora i cauzele stabilite i declaraiile prilor privitoare
la acestea;
c) Toate faptele tiinifice sau fapte concrete n relaie cu cazul respectiv i
ntrebrile adresate cu referire la literatura de specialitate relevant;
d) Constatrile/rezultatele investigaiilor Expertului sau cercetarea;
e) Observaiile sau provocrile fcute de pri cu privire la raportul preliminar;
f)
5.6
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Capitolul VI
Remuneraia expertului
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
Instana poate deroga de la aceast regul numai n mod excepional, n cazul unor
situaii urgente.
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Capitolul VII
Statul experilor
Seciunea I Drepturile expertului
7.1
Pe lng dreptul la o remuneraie echitabil detaliat mai sus, expertul are dreptul
de a accepta sau refuza expertiza care se cere a fi efectuat. Cu toate acestea, n
cazul n care expertul este nregistrat pe o list, refuzul su va fi justificat n faa
celui care l-a numit sau instruit numai pentru motive obiective.
7.2
7.3
7.4
Din cauza pericolului de a fi supui unor presiuni, dat fiind faptul c opiniile lor sunt
eseniale n rezolvarea disputelor procesuale, experii ar trebui s se afle sub o
protecie special din partea statelor membre, similar cu cea acordat
judectorilor sau persoanelor care dein puterea de stat. Aceast protecie ar trebui
s fie acordat numai n vederea unor infraciuni specifice a cror victim ar putea
fi experii, cum ar fi antajul, ameninarea, vtmarea corporal sau luarea/darea
de mit.
Seciunea a II-a Etica expertului
7.5
7.6
7.7
Chiar i n cazul n care a fost numit de ctre o parte, expertul trebuie s fie loial
att instanei, ct i prilor, dat fiind faptul c, prin expunerea opiniei sale n
contextul unei proceduri judiciare, acesta contribuie la aflarea adevrului judiciar i
la nfptuirea justiiei. Aceast loialitate fa de instana de judecat ar trebui s-l
determine pe expert s nu ascund nicio informaie, chiar i prin omisiune,
referitoare la dovezile care ar putea fi folosite n defavoarea prii care l-a numit i
care l pltete.
7.8
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Fie c este numit de ctre instan, fie de ctre pri, expertul trebuie s efectueze
instruciunile personal, chiar dac este autorizat, pe rspunderea sa exclusiv, s
fie asistat de colegi i s consulte opinia altui expert dintr-un alt domeniu de
expertiz. Aceast cerin semnific faptul c expertul este pe deplin rspunztor
pentru toate aciunile desfurate de el sau pentru el n cursul efecturii expertizei,
precum i pentru concluziile sale i c este esenial acest lucru pentru a se putea
asigura respectarea unor principii de etic i a credibilitii avizului acestuia.
7.10
7.11
Ghidul expertului european pentru bune practici ar trebui s oblige expertul s dea
o declaraie prin care s ateste faptul c nu este legat n niciun fel de vreo parte,
legtur care ar putea periclita independena i obiectivitatea astuia.
7.12
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7.14
7.15
Numirea unui expert judiciar persoan fizic sau persoan juridic trebuie s se
bazeze pe un cadru juridic care s includ un sistem de asigurare a calitii, bazat
pe norme comune i uniforme, inclusiv de acreditare i de certificare.
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
6
7
Eficiena
Un expert trebuies lucreze n mod eficient i s prezinte raportul su la timp
i n limita bugetului convenit.
See EEEI EGLE, Final Report of the Working group 3 on the quality assurance, 2015
Ibid.
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The quality assurance system should provide for funding that would allow for the
independence of the body or bodies established to implement it.
7.21
An individual Judicial Expert should be certified and a Judicial Expert Service Provider
should be accredited by one or several national judicial or administrative or even
private body or bodies financed and organized in such a way that its/their
independence cannot be called into question.
7.22
7.23
7.24
Each State or any specific body established or appointed by this State should be able
to delegate parts of its remits to other entities such as Expert associations, provided
these have the necessary structure and facilities. Each State or any body established
by the State shall supervise the work of the entity in an appropriate and effective
way.
7.25
7.26
Set basic standards for accreditation for Judicial Expert Service Providers;
Set the basic curriculum for the judicial training of Judicial Experts;
Set procedures for the assessment and re-assessment of Judicial Experts and
Judicial Expert Service Providers; and
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) /ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
20
7.27
The overarching bodies should involve in their work individual Judicial Experts,
Judicial Expert Service Providers, professional bodies, judges, lawyers and other
directly involved stakeholders, such as universities and researchers.
7.28
The EU should promote the harmonization of the national lists of Judicial Experts in
relation to:
-
the basic standards for accreditation for Judicial Expert Service Providers;
the basic curriculum for the judicial training of Judicial Experts; and
A list of European Experts could be established and maintained as soon as the need
for one and its scope are more clearly determined by further reflection and statistical
research.
7.30
The list of European Experts should be open to certified Judicial Experts and to
accredited legal entities who work or wish to work on cross-border disputes.
7.31
Registration on this list would not preclude an activity as a Judicial Expert on the
national or international level (International Criminal Court, International Court of
Justice, etc.).
7.32
The EU should be in charge of proposing the suitable standard for individual Judicial
Experts and for Judicial Expert Service Providers who want to be registered on the
list of European Experts.
7.33
The body created and funded by the European Union to manage the list of European
Experts ( 3.09, 3.10, & 3.11) shall be responsible for:
developing the List of European Experts and harmonising the national registers
of Judicial Experts;
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Conclusions
This Guide of Good Practices is intended to evolve with future social, economic and
legal developments, in particular the ongoing progress of legal harmonisation.
Meeting such new requirements will be essential to improve the interoperability of
the different European legal systems and to reinforce the trust of judges, litigation
parties and their solicitors and, more widely, that of all citizens in the value of Experts
appointed in any one of the judicial systems of the European Union.
Now, even before a text from the European Union, and unless otherwise provided for
in national laws of procedure, Experts can adopt some of the practices recommended,
and namely: the declaration of independence at the beginning of each expert
evaluation, the purchase of insurance covering their specific expert liability, the
practice of drafting a pre-report presenting the Experts provisional conclusions to
the critical evaluation of the parties prior to the oral hearing before the judge, and of
writing a structured report, based on the recommendations found in this text.
In the long term, the creation in each Member State of independent national or
regional certification and accreditation bodies in charge of establishing public lists of
Judicial Experts after verifying the competence and morality of the candidates would
most certainly be the cornerstone of a quality assurance system. It would be
conducive to reinforcing mutual trust in the value of the Experts appointed in each
Member State even if judges remain free to appoint an Expert who is not on an
existing list, provided they explain their choice.
In this context, the Jury considers, without overlooking the work that has been
carried out by a Working Group on quality assurance, that the potential cost of
creating a List of European Experts requires further studies, in particular statistical
research, into the volume and likely future development of cross-border litigation.
These studies would make it possible to clearly establish the economic interest of this
list and to define its scope according to the needs identified.
However, the Jury believes that the observance by Experts of a common code of
ethics would substantially contribute to improving legal processes and would help
courts issue high quality rulings in all cross-border litigations.
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Annex
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EGLE European Guide for Legal Expertise
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Articolul 3:
Expertul trebuie s elaboreze un raport al su sau a muncii sale, n care el sau ea
rspunde la ntrebri.
TITLUL 2: ATRIBUIILE EXPERTULUI
Capitolul 1: Reguli generale
Seciunea 1: Reguli personale
Articolul 4:
Nu conteaz modalitatea de desemnare a Expertului, el sau ea trebuie s dea
dovad de competen, probitate,loialitate, independen i imparialitate.
Articolul 5:
Expertul trebuie s cultive i s mbunteasc competena sa prin cursuri de
formare continu att n domeniul su, n tehnicile de Expert, n legile care
reglementeaz activitatea sa profesional i n procedura de expertiz.
Articolul 6:
Toi experii ar trebui s ofere ajutor pentru aciuni de interes public, n vederea
mbuntiri calitii i eficienei procedurilor de expertiz i a sistemului judiciar.
Articolul 7:
Expertul trebuie s participe personal la misiunea care i-a fost ncredinat de
judector sau pri. Cu toate acestea, dac este necesar, el sau ea poate lucra cu
colaboratori sau s solicite avizul unui alt expert care lucreaz ntr-un domeniu
diferit de lui sau propriul lui; n acest caz, expertul este singura persoana care
poart rspunderea deplin pentru rezultatul expertizei i pentru avizul prevzut la
sfritul acesteia.
Articolul 8:
n nici un caz nu poate expert care nu a luat parte la operaiune de expertiz s
semneze un raport i s primeasc remuneraia pentru o astfel de lucrare.
Semnturile de complezan sunt interzise.
Articolul 9:
n cazul n care expertul desfoar activiti diferite, acestea ar trebui s fie
perfect distincte, independente i aduse la cunotina publicului. Orice confuzie ntre
activitile, ndatoririle i responsabiliti ale cror ambiguitate ar putea duce la
nenelegeri, nelciune, sau orice simpl ndoial cu privire la independena i
imparialitatea expertului este interzis. Orice fraternizare ntre expert i o alt
persoan, este interzis.
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Articolul 11:
Expertul poate accepta doar un caz dup ce se asigura c numirea lui sau ei nu s
nu creeze un conflict de interese sau dup dezvluirea oricrui astfel de conflict de
interese sau c numirea sa nu contravine tuturor regulilor organismelor profesionale
din care el este un membru. Expertul trebuie s prezinte o declaraie de
independen pentru fiecare caz i s prezinte n acel moment orice informaie care
ar putea fi un semn al unui conflict de interes, n special n ceea ce privete orice el
sau ea poate avea sau poate s fi avut cu unul sau mai multe pri implicate n
acest caz, care ar putea duce la ndoieli privind imparialitatea sa/ei. n cazul n
care un potenial conflict de interese vine la lumin n timpul operaiunilor, n
special ca urmare a extinderii domeniului de aplicare al misiunii asupra altor pri,
Expertul trebuie s informeze imediat judectorul sau partea care l-a desemnat;
aceasta din urm poate nlocui fie expertul sau s i permit acestuia s continue
lucrarea dup ce a primit acordul tuturor prilor interesate.
Articolul 13:
Nu conteaz cum este numit Expert, el sau ea ar trebui s depun un jurmnt,
atunci cnd se afl nregistrat pe o list oficial i public sau, n cazul n care nu
exist nici o list, atunci cnd a fost numit de ctre judector sau n timpul unei
audieri cu judectorul, s respecte obligaiile prevzute n articolul 4 de mai sus, ct
i cele detaliate i prezentate n acest cod.
Expertul desemnat de o parte ar trebui s poat s jure n faa judectorului nainte
de realizarea lucrrii urmtoarele:
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
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1.7
nu a inclus nimic n raportul su, care a fost sugerat de orice alt persoan,
inclusiv avocaii prilor care l-au informat, i a format propria opinie
independent a materiei.
1.8
1.9
1.10 c expertul nelege c acest raport este dat sub jurmnt, sub rezerva
oricrei corecturi sau clarificri pe care acesta le poate face nainte jurnd
veridicitatea.
1.11 anexat la prezentul raport este o declaraie care stabilete coninutul tuturor
faptelor i Instruciunile acordate lui, care sunt semnificative pentru opiniile
exprimate n un raport sau pe care se bazeaz aceste avize.
Articolul 14:
Cnd este numit, expertul trebuie s se asigure imediat c el sau ea are
competena, mijloacele i timpul necesar pentru a efectua misiunea care i-a fost
dat n termenele stabilite. El sau ea va evita orice neglijen, se va strdui c
raportul acestuia s fie realizat ntr-un termen rezonabil, i va informa imediat
judectorul sau partea care l-a desemnat cu privire la orice dificultate sau
obstrucionarea derulrii operaiunilor de expertizare.
Articolul15:
Expertul care refuz s efectueze misiunea acordare trebuie s i motiveze refuzul
i s fie capabil s-l apere.
Articolul 16:
Expertul trebuie s respecte termenii misiunii acordate i s rspund la obiective
cu precizie.
Articolul 17:
Expertul trebuie s ncheie o asigurare care acoper rspunderea acestuia pentru
riscurile specifice legat de activitatea sa n calitate de expert i s demonstreze c
acoper riscul legat de Expertiza pentru care el sau ea a fost numit.
Articolul 18:
n timpul procedurii de expertiz, expertul se va asigura c principiul
contradictorialitii se aplic n mod corect, n conformitate cu Ghidul de bune
practici.
Articolul 19:
Expertul ar trebui s realizeze numai efectuarea investigaiilor necesare pentru
rezolvarea litigiul.
Articolul 20:
In timpul expertizei, expertul, mai ales n cazul n care el sau ea a fost numit de
ctre judector, va solicita diligena prilor ca expertiza s fie efectuat imediat i,
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Articolul 21:
Expertul obligat s pstreze secretul profesional nu ar trebui s dezvluie
informaiile confideniale obinute n timpul operaiunilor sale.
Articolul 22:
Expertul va trebui s pstreze documentele legate de expertiza pe care el sau ea a
realizat-o i nu trebuie s dea napoi prilor acestea la sfritul operaiunilor
pentru o perioad de timp de la cel puin egal cu perioada n care el sau ea poate
fi rspunztor.
Seciunea 3: Sarcini fa de ceilali experi
Articolul 23:
Experii ar trebui s discute cu colegii lor cu moderaie.
Articolul 24:
Competiia dintre experi ar trebui s se bazeze numai pe competena i calitatea
serviciilor prestate sistemului judiciar.
Articolul 25:
Expertul nu trebuie s ia parte la nici o expertiz ale crei condiii contravin acestui
Cod.
Articolul 26:
Dac un expert este chemat s preia expertiza unui expert decedat, el sau ea ar
trebui s protejeze interesele beneficiarilor pentru operaiunile care au fost deja
efectuate i s asigure c el sau ea va continua.
Articolul 27:
Expertul chemat s dea o apreciere asupra muncii unui alt expert ar trebui s
vorbeasc numai cu deplin cunotin de cauz i cu imparialitate/obiectivitate.
Orice astfel de revizuire ar trebui s exclud orice atitudine discriminatorie. Avizele
sau aprecierile ar trebui s fie ntotdeauna exprimate i motivate n mod clar i
autorul lor ar trebui s evite orice opinii personale.
Seciunea 4: Sarcini fa de autoritile publice
Articolul 28:
Expertul trebuie s respecte legile i reglementrile n vigoare n cadrul UE i pe
cele ale organismelor profesionale din care este membru.
Articolul 29:
Expertul trebuie s informeze imediat autoritile publice competente cu privire la
orice grave riscuri pentru sntatea i sigurana persoanelor care pot aprea n
timpul Expertizei.
Articolul 30:
Expertul trebuie s respecte procedurile de evaluare. Mai precis, el sau ea trebuie
s furnizeze n mod spontan toate elemente care vor dovedi dac competenele sale
tehnice se potrivesc cu gradele deinute, precum i dezvoltarea profesional i
experiena n domeniu, cunotinele sale de tehnici de investigare, cunotinele sale
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Articolul 31:
When he or she is registered on a public list, the Expert must similarly submit
himself/herself to the evaluation procedure each time the list is being renewed, and
provide evidence that he or she has undertaken continuous training which has
allowed him or her to stay up-to-date in the knowledge relevant to his or her core
profession, in his or her practice of Expertise as well as in the legal matters regulating
his or her profession and his or her activity as an Expert. If the domestic law of the
Member State does not provide for shorter delays, the Expert must then provide an
account of his or her activity as an Expert, notably specifying the number of cases in
which he or she was appointed, the number of reports handed in and the number of
cases that are still ongoing, highlighting any difficulties he or she may have
encountered.
Article 32:
When the Expert is a private person, he or she has sole liability for the Expertise
operations and the opinion he or she presents at the end of the Expertise, and must
thus be insured for any damage he or she could cause the parties while carrying out
this specific activity.
Article 33:
When the Expert is a legal entity, they must manage the entirety of the Expertise.
They must have within them one or more private individuals working as Experts. The
latter will personally assume the liability for the oral and written evidence gathered,
the written conclusions as well as the drafting of the report which will be handed over
to the judge.
CHAPTER 3: Rules relating to remuneration
Article 34:
The Expert is entitled to a fair remuneration which, even when he or she has been
appointed by a party, will be supervised by the judge whose decision can be appealed.
Article 35:
The remuneration should be set depending on the difficulty and duration of the work
accomplished, on the quality of the Expert and the moral and material liability
incurred. In no case can his or her fees be assessed and set depending on the
disputed amounts or the outcome of the trial for one of the parties.
Article 36:
The Expert must inform the judge and the parties of the method used to calculate
his or her fees as soon as possible.
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Article 38:
The Expert will only send his or her report when the parties have paid the deposits
ordered by the judge.
Article 39:
The Experts fees will only be paid to the Expert after he or she has handed over the
report However, if he or she has had to pay a third party during the Expertise (such
as a laboratory or a specialist) or if the Expertise lasted more than three months, the
Expert can receive a down payment deducted from the sums deposited as
reimbursement on presentation of evidence of the costs incurred and as payment for
his diligences, as long as the invoices clearly mention the time period for which the
remuneration is requested.
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 40:
For anything additional and for the practical matters, the Experts will comply with
domestic legislation as long as they do not undercut the obligations imposed by this
code which are guarantees offered to the judges and individuals of the EU.
If the Expert does not subscribe to this Code of ethics and to the phrasing of the
declaration of independence provided in Article 11, the Experts opinion will not be
admissible.
The provision of sanctions which can be applied if the rules of this code are not
followed will be adapted in each country depending on the legal traditions and rules
of procedure, as long as the disciplinary decision is in the hands of a jurisdiction or
independent organisation, and as long as it complies with the adversarial principle.
The evaluation to which the Expert has to submit and the supervision of the
competence of the Experts and the quality of the Expertise are essential. The
conditions of these evaluations are left in the hands of the national law pending the
creation of an ad hoc EU-wide body.
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Bibliography
Articles
Drfl, Lubo,
Judicial expertise in the Czech Republic, and its possible way towards the euro
judicial expertise , 16 pages
(trans. EN)
Giard, Raimond,
La mission d'un expert: l'importance des questions ouvertes
Les erreurs des experts: qui se cache derrire l'expertise?
(FR and EN)
Keijser, Nico and Van Spaendonck, Flip,
Quality assurance of experts reports in civil law / Assurance qualit des rapports
dexperts dans le droit civil, 7 pages
Initially published in Trema, Journal of the Judiciary, Netherlands
Smithuis, M.M.A.,
Safeguarding the quality of forensic experts: the current position, Expertise&Recht
2014-2, p. 57-60 (trans EN)
Revue Expert (ed.), Acceptation ou refus de la mission, 2011, p. 1-2
-
Unachukwu, Anayo,
Expert Witness: How Safe is Safety in Numbers? Blue Harp, March 18, 2014
(http://ssrn.com/abstract=2411082)
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EGLE European Guide for Legal Expertise
EEEI, October 2015
NL:
ES:
(FR)
EU:
Forensic
Science
Regulator,
Overseeing Quality, Codes of Practice
and Conduct for forensic science
providers and practitioners in the
Criminal Justice system, August
2014
N 861/2007)
FR:
PT:
32
EGLE European Guide for Legal Expertise
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DE:
FR:
EuroExpert,
Association
Standards, 2 pages
Code of Practice for Experts, 1 page
Curriculum expert training, 1
Definitions, May 2012, 3 pages
Standard for mediation Training, 1
page
Report
Standards,
September
2006, 2 pages
(EN)
Recueil
des
obligations
dontologiques
des
magistrats
2010, Conseil Suprieur de la
magistrature, Dalloz, 82 pages
NL:
Model expert opinion pertaining to the
Practice direction for experts in Dutch
civil
law
cases
Source:
www.rechtspraak.nl, 10 pages
Expert
Witness
Institute (EWI)
Guidance on Professional Conduct, 2
pages www.ewi.org.uk
CEPEJ European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice, 2014 Report on European
Judicial Systems, Edition 2014, (2012 Data): efficiency and quality of justice, 2014
http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/cepej/evaluation/2014/Rapport_2014_fr.pdf
Expert Witness Survey, The Bond Solon Annual Expert Witness Survey, 7 November
2013, UK
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EGLE European Guide for Legal Expertise
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Working Group 1
Dsignation de lexpert et dfinition
de sa mission
Batrice
DESHAYES
DE
Galina
ARNAUDOVA
Judge
BG
(Comit dorganisation)
Lubos
DORFL
CZ
Michel
BEAUDOUT
Judge
FR
Sylvain
FR
Carlo
BIANCHETTI
Judge
IT
Gianfranco
GALLO
Magistrato a la Corte
d'Appello di Brescia /
Prosecutor
in
the
Prosecutors
Office
for
Juveniles in Brescia, Italy.
IT
Anne
DEMOULIN
Judge
BE
Alain
HENDERICKX
Patricia
GRANDJEAN
Judge
FR
Jacques
HONKOOP
Expert,
arbitrator
and
mediator in ICT-conflicts,
Netherlands
NL
Allen HIRSON
UK
Norbert
KOSTER
DE
Secretary of the
Administrative Council
of the Landelijk
Register van
Gerechtelijke
Deskundigen (LRGD)
NL
Lawyer
BE
BE
Rapporteur
ELOIT
(Comit dorganisation)
Rapporteur
Nico
KEIJSER
Rapporteur
(Comit dorganisation)
Hans
MULDER
Rafael ORELLANA
DE CASTRO
Rapporteur
(Comit
dorganisation)
Prof.dr.ing. at University of
Antwerp & AMS, managing
director
Viagroep
nv,
mediator, arbitrator and
(LRGD) expert, Belgium
and the Netherlands
Representative for
International Affairs of the
Consejo General de Peritos
Judiciales y Colaboradores con
la Administracin de Justicia
President of the Catalan
Association of Judicial Experts
NL
Julie
LODOMEZ
ES
Franklin
SIMAIN
Assya SUBEVA
Judge
BG
Alfonso VALERO
Academic
UK
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EGLE European Guide for Legal Expertise
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Working Group 4
Statut et dontologie des experts / libre
exercice et responsabilit
William
BUYSE
BE
Sergio
CASSIA
IT
Maria Grazia
CASSIA
IT
Daniel
DESSARD
Avocat, ancien
membre du conseil
de l'ordre.
Collaborateur
scientifique de
l'universit de Lige.
Juge supplant.
BE
Etienne
CLAES
BE
Pierre
GARBIT
Honorary judge.
Former President of
the High Court of
Lyon
FR
Rapporteur
Solange
GOVINDAMA
FR
Dominique
HEINTZ
Partner at HW&H
FR
Expert
FR
Philippe
JACQUEMIN
FR
Honorary President
of the Labour Court
of Lige
BE
Rapporteur
Robert
HAZAN
(Comit dorganisation)
Kay
LINNELL
UK
Viviane
LEBE-DESSARD
Rapporteur
Nienke
MULDER
NL
Alexander
MACKAY
Architect Expert
Witness
Governor of the
Expert Witness
Institute
UK
Gilles
PERRAULT
FR
Eduardo
MARTIN
Expert
ES
Johannes
RIEDEL
DE
Franois
NIVET
Auditeur la Cour
de cassation
FR
UK
Pol
VAN ISEGHEM
Judge
BE
Rapporteur
(Comit dorganisation)
Barry
TURNER
(Comit dorganisation)
Grard
WUISMAN
Director of StAB,
Lawyer, Deputy judge,
Mediator
Certified Supervisory board
membership
NL
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EGLE European Guide for Legal Expertise
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Judge
FR
Gilles
CUNIBERTI
Academic
LU
Georges
De LEVAL
Academic
BE
Beatriz
GIL
Lawyer
ES
Alix
LOUBEYRE
Fr
Alice
Trainee, Court of Appeal of
MARCOTULLI Brescia
IT
Vincent
VIGNEAU
FR
Judge
Our Partners
CNEJ BE
LRGD NL
SEFITA BG
ACPJ - ES
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EGLE European Guide for Legal Expertise
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EEEI factsheet
Institutul European de Expertiz i Experi ( EEEI ) a fost nfiinat n 2006 pentru a
contribui la principiile de baz ale sistemelor naionale de expertiz juridic UE , precum
i pentru a garanta certitudinea juridic a hotrrilor judectoreti pe teritoriul judiciar
european prin asigurarea unei caliti nalte a expertizelor comandate de instan.
Acesta reunete contribuabilii din fiecare stat al Uniunii Europene , de la marile instane ,
la asociaiile de barou , a universitilor i a altor profesioniti cu o miz n aceste
probleme. La scar Europeana , din punct de vedere juridic , un corssprofesional este
platforma transfrontalier pentru dezbatere i n nici un caz un organ reprezentativ
pentru experi . EEEI este complet independent de toate autoritile publice i activitatea
sa contribuie la formarea de soluii consensuale , care urmeaz s fie n cele din urm ,
transpus n diverse sisteme de drept european.
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EGLE European Guide for Legal Expertise
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Membership Form
SUBSCRIPTION FOR YEAR 2016
Please send back completed to Jean-Raymond Lemaire (EEEI) 92 rue Anatole France 92300 Levallois-Perret
COLLEGES
YEAR 2016
O
O
O
O
O
O
Member Identity:
Name
First name
Complete Address
Country
ZIP Code
City
Phone
Cell Phone
Date
Name
Signature
The initial membership is acquired only after the decision of the General Assembly.
It is renewed every year with the payment of the subscription.
Members recognize they have full knowledge of the statutes and internal rules
38
EGLE European Guide for Legal Expertise
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