Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
SUMAR
Etiologia si originea virusului HIV
June 5, 1981: 5
Primele raportari
cazuri de PCP la homosexuali
3 iulie , 1981:
(MMWR)1
inca 26 de cazuri
MMWR, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; NEJM, New England Journal of Medicine
1. MMWR, June 5, 1981;30(21);1-3, 2. amfAR, Thirty Years of HIV/AIDS: Snapshots of an Epidemic
3. Gottleib MS, et al. N Engl J Med 1981;305:142531, 4. Masur H, et al. N Engl J Med 1981;305:14318,
5. Siegal F, et al. N Engl J Med 1981;305:143944
Freddie
1997
2 specii
de virusandpot
provoca infectia la om HIV-1 si HIV-2
HIV Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Africa de Vest
Originea HIV
patrundere in celula
atasare si fuziune
reverstranscriere
transcrierea
maturare si inmugurire
asamblarea
Epidemiologia infectiei
HIV-SIDA
Moldova
Tajikistan
Kazakhstan
Belarus
Ucraina
Federatia Rusa
Remaining
10.551
in cART
13.766
in viata
6.822 decese
cu SIDA
21.263 HIV+
(19852015)
168 decese
5.802
femei
7.964 barbati
9.990
copii
11.273
adulti
Apetrei C, Necula A, Hol-Hansen C, et al; HIV-1 diversity in Romania; AIDS: September 1998; Volume 12- Issue 9; p1079-1085
Guimaraes ML, Vicente AC, Otsuki K, et al; Close phylogenetic relationship between Angolan and Romanian HIV-1 subtype F1
isolates; Retrovirology; 2009 Apr 22;6:39. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-39
Mbisa et al. AIDS Res Human Retrovir, 2012
Hersh et al. Lancet 1991; WHO Report Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1991
Thomson and Najera, JID, 2007; Stanojevic et al. AIDS Rev 2011; www.cnlas.ro
Source: Compartment for Monitoring and Evaluation of HIV/AIDS in Romania - INBI Prof. Matei Bal
Source: Compartment for Monitoring and Evaluation of HIV/AIDS in Romania - INBI Prof. Matei Bal
354
4
14
2007
23
MSM
27
IDUs
448
22
511
27
175
522
17
140
401
16
Vertical
261
112
97
135
91
2015
2013
2014
2012
266
447
21
Heterosexual
13
409
100
393
61
405
8
45
2010
143
3
40
2009
15
2008
2011
Year
IDU, injection drug users; MSM, men who have sex with men
2008
2009
IDUs
2010
MSM
IDUs
2011
heterosexual
2012
2013
unknown
2014
2015
heterosexual
500
400
300
200
100
0
2007
MTCT
Source: Compartment for Monitoring and Evaluation of HIV/AIDS Infection in Romania INBI Matei Bal, 2015
2008
117
2009
119
106
2010
18
118
2011
99
250
312
156
351
175
2013
142
2014
HIV-infected IDUs
2012
279
2015
117
293
150
100
50
0
2007
Data source: Department of Statistics Victor Babes Clinical Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest
Activarea imun este favorizat i de translocarea unor produi bacterieni (LPS) ca urmare a
scderii masive de limfocite CD4 i a pierderii integritii la nivelul barierei mucoasei
intestinale. Astfel se produce stimularea sintezei de citokine proinflamatorii de tip IL1, IL6,
TNF alfa, care favorizeaz fenomenele inflamatorii
Metode indirecte
Teste rapide
prezenta Ac impotriva unei proteine virale este evidentiata printro r. imunoenz care arata pozitia proteinei sub forma unei benzi
colorate
Tehnica WB
Metode directe
3. Detectarea Ag p 24
indicat in suspiciunea de primo-infectie HIV
4. Detectarea ADN sau ARN viral - PCR
permite detectarea ADN proviral integrat in ADN celular
ARN genomic din particula virala
PCR - ADN proviral - util pentru dg infectiei neonatale HIV
PCR - ARN - HIV plasmatic - util in dg infectiei acute HIV,
monitorizarea tratam ARV, rol predictiv pentru
aprecierea ratei de progresie si a probabilitatii de transmitere HIV
5. Izolarea HIV in culturi de celule - din plasma sau din MN din
sangele periferic (PBMC)
- metoda dificila, costisitoare
A2
A1
A
Infectie acuta
HIV
Infectie HIV
asimptomatica
PGL
B3
B2
B1
B
Infectie HIV
simptomatica
C3
C2
C1
C
SIDA
Categorii clinice
A3
Categorii imunologice
(nr cel CD4 /mmc)
Seroconversie
2- 4 sapt
~ 1,3 ani
Deces
Febra
Astenie
Artralgii
Cefalee
Inapetenta
Rash
Transpiratii
Mialgii
Greata
Diaree
80%
78%
54%
54%
54%
51%
51%
49%
49%
46%
Febra si rash
46%
Faringita
44%
Ulceratii bucale
37%
Redoare de ceafa
34%
Scadere ponderala
32%
Confuzie
25%
Fotofobie
24%
Ulceratii anale si genitale 5%
Eruptie cutanata
Perioada simptomatica
candidoza oro-faringiana
leucoplakia paroasa a limbii
herpes zoster
neuropatie periferica
anemie, leucopenie, trombocitopenie
cardiomiopatie, nefropatie HIV, LIP
febra, diaree, G, transpiratii
Molluscum contagiosum
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Compartment for Monitoring and Evaluation of HIV/AIDS in Romania - INBI Prof. Matei Bal, 2016
20
CMV, Cytomegalovirus
Terapia antiretrovirala
1994:
Obiective UNAIDS
www.unaids.org
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
13766
(98,3%)
12096
87,7%)
10551
(87,2%)
PACIENI CU
TARV (in baza
nationala de
date)
5386
(51%)
6014
(57%)
ESTIMAT
UNAIDS 2014
Sursa: Compartimentul pentru Monitorizarea i Evaluarea Infeciei HIV/SIDA n Romnia INBI Prof.Dr.M.Bal
T20
ARN
RT
ADN
ARN
RT
ADN
ADN
ARN
Proteine
Provirus
ARN
Inhibitori de
fuziune
RAL
SQV
RTV
IDV
NFV
LPV
TLZ
ATV
TPV
DRV
Proteaza virala
Reverstranscriptaza
ZDV, ddI,
ddC, d4T,
3TC, ABC,
TDF, FTC
DLV, NVP,
EFV, ETR
RPV
2004
2004
2003
2001
2000
1998
1995
1997
1992
1994
Aprobat FDA
1987
1991
Tenofovir alafenide/FTC
Tenofovir/emtricitabina
Lamivudina/Abacavir
Emtricitabina
Lamiv/Zidovudine/
Abacavir
Tenofovir
Abacavir
Lamivudina
Lamiv/Zidov
Zalcitabine
Stavudine
DCI
Zidovudine
Didanosine
Descovy
Truvada
Kivexa
Emtriva
Viread
Trizivir
Ziagen
Epivir
Combivir
Hivid
Zerit
DC
Retrovir
Videx
KVX
FTC
TDF
TZV
ABC
3TC
CBV
ddC
d4T
Prescurtare
AZT, ZDV
ddI
2016
2010
2008
2006
1998
1997
1996
Aprobat FDA
Rilpivirina + FTC/TDF
Rilpivirine
Etravirine
Efavirenz/FTC/TDF
Efavirenz
Delavirdine
Nevirapine
DCI
Edurant
Intelence
Atripla
Stocrin
Rescriptor
Viramune
DC
RPV
ETR
EFV
DLV
NVP
Prescurtare
2011
Complera
Elviplera
RT Inhibitors
CCR5
antagonist
Fusion
inhibitor
Integrase
inhibitors
Protease
Inhibitors
2006
2003
2003
1996
1997
1999
2000
Aprobat FDA
1995
1996
Darunavir
Tipranavir
Fosamprenavir
Atazanavir
Indinavir
Nelfinavir
Amprenavir
Lopinavir/r
DCI
Saquinavir
Ritonavir
Prezista
Aptivus
Telzir
Reyataz
Crixivan
Nelfinavir
Agenerase
Kaletra
DC
Invirase
Norvir
DRV
TPV
TLZ
ATV
IDV
NFV
APV
LPV/r
Prescurtare
SQV
RTV
3. IP inhibitori de proteaza
2007
HIV
RT Inhibitors
CCR5
antagonist
Fusion
inhibitor
Integrase
inhibitors
Protease
Inhibitors
4. Inhibitori de integraza
Raltegravir Isentress - 2007
Elvitegravir Vitekta - 2012
Dolutegravir Tivicay - 2013
COFORMULARI
Triumeq - DTG + ABC + 3TC
RT Inhibitors
CCR5
antagonist
Fusion
inhibitor
Integrase
inhibitors
Protease
Inhibitors
RT Inhibitors
CCR5
antagonist
Fusion
inhibitor
Integrase
inhibitors
Protease
Inhibitors
10
8
6
4
2
0
12
18
24
42
48
60
54
ART imediat
ART <350/mmc
30 36
Mo
INSIGHT START Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2015; Lundgren J, et al. IAS 2015
INSIGHT START Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2015; Lundgren J, et al. IAS 2015
Pacient depresie
droguri
alcoolism
tulburari cognitive
comorbiditati
Suport social
NRTI
NNRTI
Efavirenz (EFV)
Nevirapine (NVP)
Etravirine (ETV)
Rilpivirine (RPV)
2 NRTI + 1 PI
PI
Atazanavir/r (ATV)
Darunavir/r (DRV)
Abacavir (ABC)
Emtricitabine (FTC)
Lamivudine (3TC)
Tenofovir (TDF)
TAF
INSTI
Raltegravir (RGV)
Elvitegravir (EVG)
Dolutegravir (DGV)
IP
DRV/r (Darunavir/Ritonavir
Observatii
TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC
ABC/3TC
TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC
STRIBILD
GENVOYA
TDF/FTC
TAF/FTC
INSTI
RAL (Raltegravir Isentress)
DTG (Dolutegravir) +
EVG/COBICISTAT+
TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC
TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC
ATRIPLA
COMPLERA (la cei cu
ARN-HIV < 100.000
copii/ml)
TDF/FTC
TAF/FTC
DHHS Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1Infected Adults and Adolescents update 07.2016)
Regimuri recomandate la pacientii naivi
Alege 1 ARV din coloana A
si coloana B
Recomandate
Alternative
TDF/FTC, TAF/FTC
ABC/3TC, TAF/FTC
IP/r
ATV/r sau ATV/c (COBI)
DRV/r sau DRV/c
Cu ce incepem?
Regimuri recomandate, preferate
2006
1995
Avantaje
usor de administrat
T1/2 lung
Dezavantaje
bariera genetica de
rezistenta joasa, intr-o
treapta
rezistenta incrucisata intre
EFV si NVP
RA severe: rash - sd.
Stevens Johnson,
hepatotoxicitate (NVP)
tulburari neuro-psihice :
cefalee, ameteli, insomnia,
depresie (EFV)
transmiterea rezistentei
mai frecventa decat pt IP
Regimuri cu IP
Dezavantaje
Avantaje
complicatii metabolice
rezistenta in mai multe
(dislipidemie)
trepte bariera genetica
efecte gastro-intestinale (diaree,
inalta
greturi, varsaturi)
inhibarea replicarii virale se
multiple interactiuni
produce la nivelul RT si a
medicamentoase
proteazei
(metabolizare la nivel hepatic,
citocrom P450)
numar mai mare de tablete
Mutatii
necesare
pentru
aparitia
rezistentei
Activitate
antivirala
IP
pierduta
INNRT
pastrata
Avantaje
Dezavantaje
bariera genetica de rezistenta
scazuta pt RAL
Bariera genetica de
rezistenta mai inalta pentru
DTG
Regimuri cu INSTI
reducere foarte rapida a
viremiei HIV
lipsa interactiunilor
medicamentoase
Tolerabilitate buna
Administrare simpla 1 sau 2x/zi
tract G-i
piele
Reactii adverse
(>5%)
nefrolitiaza
tubulopatie proximala, sd
Fanconi
tulburari de somn
lipodistrofie
ginecomastie
dislipidemie
demineralizare
icter
hepatita toxica
greata, diaree
eruptii
Manifestare clinica
EVG/c, DTG
ATV/r
TDF
LPV/r, AZT
EFV
TDF
ATV/r
Medicament
hepatice
crestere creatinina
RAL
muschi
renale
SNC
metabolice
Lipodistrofia HIV
Lipoatrofie
Courtesy of D.Cooper
Lipodistrofia HIV
Lipohipertrofie
Rilpivirine
Darunavir/r, Atazanavir/r
Efavirenz
neutru
Risc mai mare de aparitie a IMA daca exista o expunere prelungita la abacavir,
Lennox J, et al. Lancet 2009; Daar ES, et al. Ann Intern Med 2011;Martinez et al.,
HIV Med 2014; Tebas et al., Clin Infect Dis 2014; Molina JM, et al. Lancet 2008;
Ortiz R, et al. AIDS 2008, Westring Worm S et al., JID 2010, Monforte Ad et al. AIDS 2013
Rezistenta
virala/bariera
genetica
ARV
Sarcina
Reactii
adverse
Aderenta
ARN-HIV
>100,000
Cost
Interactiuni
medicam
Comorbiditati
Conditii
legate de
alimentatie
Monitorizare
Tratament ARV
Aderenta buna
Negare
Aderenta scazuta
la ARV