Motricitate

Cursul 1

Prof.dr.ing. O. Ciobanu
2011-2012
 Introducere
1.1 Terminologie

Motricitatea reprezint o nsuire a

fiinei umane, innscut i dobndit, de
a reaciona cu ajutorul aparatului
locomotor la stimulii interni sau externi
sub forma unei micri.

1-2
 Terminologie

Motricitatea reprezint i obiect de

studiu al Kinetologiei medicale, tiin
interdisciplinar care studiaz structura
i mecanismele neuro-mio-artrokinetice,
care asigur omului activiti motrice
normale precum i nregistrarea,
analizarea i corectarea mecanismelor
deficitare.

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 Terminologie
Motricitatea este ntlnit n literatura de
specialitate sub diverse denumiri:

Motricit (n francez),
Motor sciences sau Motor functions (n
englez).

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 Analiza actiunilor motrice
Motricitatea se bazeaz n mare msur
pe analiza aciunilor motrice. Aciunile
motrice se pot analiza [Ifrim,1986] prin
urmtoarele metode:

1. analiza aciunilor mecanice;

2. analiza optimizrii micrilor;
3. analiza muscular;
4. analiza funcional;
5. analiza pedagogic. 1-5
 Analiza actiunilor motrice
1.Analiza aciunilor mecanice se refer la:

Descrierea micrilor i a poziiilor

utiliznd metode i tehnici descriptive;

Descrierea fizico-mecanic a micrilor;

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 Analiza actiunilor motrice
2.Analiza optimizrii micrilor se refer la:
Precizarea greelilor frecvente n efectuarea
unor micri;
Stabilirea adaptrilor necesare pentru
optimizarea unor micri;

3.Analiza muscular se refer la:

Precizarea factorilor (grupele musculare i
oasele) locomotori statici sau dinamici;
Implicarea musculaturii n micare, fixare,
echilibrare i frenare;
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 Analiza actiunilor motrice
4.Analiza funcional se refer la:

Studiul modificrilor funciiilor organismului

uman la anumite micri;
Stabilirea calitilor motrice mai solicitate la
micrile studiate;
Stabilirea gradului de participare al
diferitelor aparate i sisteme de antrenare n
vederea obinerii randamentului muscular
maxim 1-8
2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
 Analiza actiunilor motrice
5.Analiza pedagogic se refer la:

Determinarea caracterului dominant al

unui tip de micare;
Stabilirea efectelor produse de un
anumit tip de micare;
Stabilirea gradului n care un tip de
micare corespunde vrstei i tipului
constituional.
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 Analiza actiunilor mecanice

Descrierea miscarilor si pozitiilor corpului

Terminologie directionala

1-10
 Pozitii de referinta
Pozitia anatomica
-Vezi figura alaturata

Pozitia anatomica
de baza
Aceeasi cu exceptia
palmelor,care sunt
orientate spre corp
 Terminologie directionala
Inferior (infra)
Partea de jos; caudal
Superior (supra)
Partea de sus; cefalic
Distal
Parte situata departe de mijlocul corpului,
sau de punctul de origine
Proximal
Langa trunchi sau langa punctul de
origine
Lateral
Lateral sau departe de planul median
Medial
Langa partea de mijloc ; langa planul
median
Median
Ca si medial 1-12
Terminologie directionala
exemple
 Terminologie directionala
1. Cranial toward the head
2. Caudal - toward the feet
3. Medial - toward the middle
4. Lateral - toward/from the side
5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb
6. Distal - toward the finger/toes
7. Superior - above
8. Inferior - below

12. Palmar - toward/on the palm of the hand

13. Plantar - toward/on the sole of the
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Descrierea pozitiilor cu ajutorul
planelor de referinta si a axelor
 Descrierea pozitiilor cu ajutorul
planelor de referinta si a axelor

Sistem de referinta format din 3 plane perpendiculare

Terminologie
 Terminologie directionala
Anterior Posterior
in fata In spate

Anteroinferior Posteroinferior
in fata si jos In spate si jos
Anterosuperior Posterolateral
in fata si sus In spate si spre exterior
 Terminologie directionala

Caudal
Dedesubt ; inferior
Cefalic
deasupra
 Terminologie directionala

Contralateral
Partea opusa
Ipsilateral
Pe aceeasi parte
Bilateral
Ambele parti laterale
 Terminologie directionala

Profund
Sub suprafata; descrie pozitia relativa in
profunzime
Superficial
Langa suprafata;
 Terminologie directionala
Dorsal
spate
Ventral
abdomen, burta

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 Terminologie directionala

Decubit ventral / Culcat

Intins cu fata in jos
Decubit dorsal / Supin
Intins pe spate
 Terminologie directionala
Volar
Relativ la palma sau talpa
Plantar
Relativ la talpa
Brate paralele cu planele V,H,L
 Brate paralele cu un plan

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 Brate paralele cu un plan

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 Brate paralele cu un plan

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Brate perpendiculare
pe planele V,H,L
 Brate perpendiculare

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 Brate perpendiculare

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 Brate perpendiculare

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Terminologie directionala

Vedere de jos

Sectiune plana prin corp

Cazuri:
Vedere de sus
Vedere de jos
Vedere de sus
 Terminologie directionala

Anterior toward/from the front

Posterior - toward/from the back

Periferic /Peripheral -toward the surface

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 Terminologie directionala
Inferolateral
Jos si lateral
(ext)
Inferomedial
Jos si lateral
(int)
Superolateral
Deasupra si
spre ext
Superomedial
Deasupra si
spre int
 Terminologie directionala
Anterolateral
in fata si lateral (ext)
Posteromedial
In spate si spre interior
Anteromedial
in fata si spre mijloc Posterosuperior
In spate si in sus
Piciorul in planele de referinta

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Varus si valgus in planul Frontal

m. stang
Coxa vara si coxa valga

1-39
Varus si valgus

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Axa mecanica sau deviatia axei
mexanice in planul Frontal
genunchi (stang) intins si in rotatie neutra

1-41
 Terminologia miscarilor
Osteocinematica si Artrocinematica

Osteocinematica: descrie miscarile ample ale oaselor in

articulatii: - flexie/extensie,
- pronatie/supinatie etc

Artrocinematica: descrie miscarile din articulatii:

rostogolire,
alunecare,
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pivotare (rasucire)
 Osteocinematica: Miscari

Lateral Rotation (1)

Medial Rotation(2)
Supination (3)
Pronation (4)
Eversion (5)
Inversion (6)
Adduction (7)
Abduction (8)

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Osteocinematica: Miscari

1-44
Pronatia si supinatia
in planele V si L

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Miscarile pelvisului in plan lateral

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Rotatia piciorului in articulatia gleznei
in planul Frontal
 Articulatia gleznei. Pronatia si supinatia piciorului

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Pozitia piciorului in
timpul mersului

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 Terminologia miscarilor
Studiul miscarilor corpurilor se face cu ajutorul Cinematicii o
ramura a mecanicii care descrie miscarea corpurilor fara a tine
cont de forte sau cupluri de forte

Exista doua tipuri generale de miscari care au loc in articulatii:

Miscari de translatie: toate punctele unui corp se misca paralel si

in aceeasi directie; deplasarea poate fi liniara sau dupa o curba
.
Miscari de rotatie: toate punctele unui corp se misca dupa
traiectorii circulare in jurul unui singur centru de rotatie
 Terminologia miscarilor
Miscarea corpului uman este descrisa adesea ca o miscare de
translatie a centrului de greutate al corpului (CG)

CG este pozitionat in general in fata osului sacru; depinde si de

pozitia corpului

Miscarea de rotatie se executa in jurul unei axe de rotatie (AR);

AR este de multe ori imaginara (neanatomica)
 Terminologia miscarilor
Miscari active: cauzate de contractia
muschilor

Miscari pasive: cauzate de alte actiuni

(gravitate, impulsuri de la alte corpuri
etc)
 Terminologia miscarilor
Grade de libertate = numarul de miscari
independente ale unei articulatii (circa 3 grade de
libertate fata de cele 3 plane F, H, L)

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 Terminologia miscarilor
lantul cinematic
Lant cinematicmicrile se execut prin participarea unui
ir de articulaii care mpreun formeaz un lan articular.

Lant cinematic deschis segmentul distal al lantului nu este

in contact cu pamantul sau cu un obiect stabil

Lant cinematic inchis segmentul distal al lantului este in

contact cu pamantul sau cu un obiect stabil
 Osteocinematica; exemple

Miscarea articulatiei poate fi abordata

din perspectiva segmentului proximal sau
a segmentului distal.

Miscarea segmentului
Segmentul proximal se poate roti in jurul
segmentului distal femural

sau invers:

Segmentul distal se poate roti in jurul

segmentului proximal

Miscarea segmentului
pelvian
 Artrocinematica
Exista trei tipuri fundamentale de
miscari in artrocinetica:

Rostogolire (Roll) multiple points

along one rotating articular surface
contact multiple points on another
articular surface

Alunecare (Slide) a single point on

one articular surface contacts multiple
points on another articular surface

Pivotare (Spin) a single point on one

articular surface rotates on a single
point on another articular surface
Motor Sciences Expert or Engineer
The motor sciences expert works as a professional in the
motor and sports activities, in public and private structures,
in sports organisations and recreational/social associations.
His/her tasks include the carrying out, management and
evaluation of motor individual or group activities with a
compensative, adaptive, educational, recreational and
sports character, which aim to maintain a psycho-physical
fitness through the promotion of active lifestyles. He/she is
responsible for the running, management and evaluation of
individual and group fitness activities.
The motor sciences expert may work in activities which
currently are mainly carried out in gyms, old peoples homes
and other social-healthcare facilities.
Scienze motorie http://web1.regione.veneto.it
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Planele miscarilor in sport
 Bibliografie
Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials:
www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/index.htm

BBC Science & Nature

www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeleton_anat
omy.shtml
Describes each bone and allows viewing of each from
different angles

BBC Science & Nature

www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_
02/index.shtml?skeleton
Allows interactive placement of bone and joint structures.
 Bibliografie
BBC Science & Nature
www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joints/ball_and_
socket_joint.shtml
Describes each type of joint and allows viewing of how the joint
moves within the body.
University of Michigan Learning Resource Center, Hypermuscle:
Muscles in action
www.med.umich.edu/lrc/Hypermuscle/Hyper.html#flex
Describes each motion and allows viewing of the motion
performed.
Articulations
http://basic-anatomy.net/
A thorough discussion of the articulations
 Web Sites
Foss Human Body
http://sv.berkeley.edu/showcase/pages/bones.html
An interactive site which allows assembly of the skeleton
Functions of the Skeletal System
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_1_bone_fun
ctions.html
Several pages with information on bone tissue, bone
development and growth, and the joints
Wireframe Skeleton
www.2flashgames.com/f/f-220.htm
Move around the skeleton's limbs arms legs body and make it
do funny things
Skeletal system
www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm
Pictures of dissected bones and their anatomical landmarks
 Web Sites
Articulations
www.douglas.bc.ca/biology/project/articulations/
Details all of the joint types with pictures and review questions
eSkeletons Project
www.eskeletons.org/
An interactive site with a bone viewer showing the morphology,
origins, insertions, and articulations of each bone
ExRx Articulations
www.exrx.net/Lists/Articulations.html
Detailed common exercises demonstrating movements of each
joint and listing the muscles involved
Skeleton Shakedown
www.harcourtschool.com/activity/skel/skel.html
Help put a disarticulated skeleton back together
 Web Sites
Human Anatomy Online
www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html
Interactive skeleton labeling
KLB Science Department Interactivities
www.klbschool.org.uk/interactive/science/skeleton.htm
Skeleton labeling exercises
Introductory Anatomy: Joints
www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html
Notes on joint articulations
The Interactive Skeleton
www.pdh-odp.co.uk/skeleton.htm
Point and click to detailed skeletal illustrations
Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton
www.rad.washington.edu/radanat/
X-rays with and without labels of bony landmarks
 Web Sites
Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton
www.szote.u-szeged.hu/Radiology/Anatomy/skeleton.htm
X-rays with and without labels of bony landmarks
Virtual skeleton
www.uwyo.edu/RealLearning/4210qtvr.html
A 3-dimensional human osteology with Quicktime movies of
each bone
Skeleton: The Joints
www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/bonejt/outline.htm
Point and click to detailed joint illustrations
Forensic Anthropology
http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/skeleton.pdf
A detailed discussion of skeletal anthropology with excellent
pictures of dissected bones