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Analiza În Componente Principale PDF
Analiza În Componente Principale PDF
N
COMPONENTE PRINCIPALE
IIN
NTTR
ROOD
DUUC
CEER
REE
Studiem cu ajutorul acestei metode un tabel indivizi x variabile, n cazul
n care toate variabilele sunt numerice.
3UH]HQW P PDL vQWkL R DERUGDUH H[SORUDWRDUH FDUH SHUPLWH GHVFULHUHD
DLQGLYL]LORULDYDULDELOHORU
tipologie a indivizilor.
3UH]HQW P GH DVHPHQL PHWRGD GH FODVLILFDUH DVFHQGHQW LHUDUKLF FDUH
IRORVHWHFULWHULXOOXL:DUGIRDUWHELQHDGDSWDWODWUDWDUHDGDWHORUQXPHULFH
WDEHOXOXL UHSUH]LQW PRGHOH GH PDLQL GLQ DQXO LDU FRORDQHOH
JUHXWDWHOXQJLPHO LPH
Tabelul 1
Nr. Crt. Model Cilindree Putere 9LWH] Greutate Lungime / LPH
Figura 1
Grafic n stea
9LWH] Putere
Greutate Cilindree
Lungime / LPH
GDF FDUDFWHULVWLFDHVWHPD[LP
&HLLQGLYL]LVXQWUHSUH]HQWD LvQILJXUD
6 SXQFW PFkWHYDFD]XULSDUWLFXODUH
3HXJHRW 5DOO\H 6HDW ,EL]D 6;L L &LWURsQ$; 6SRUW DX YLWH]H
5HQDXOWDUHRSXWHUHPLF vQUDSRUWFXFLOLQGUHHDVD$FHVWDHVWH
un diesel.
QJHQHUDOPXO LPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUHYROXHD] vQDFHODLVHQV
*UDILFHOHvQVWHDFUHVFUHJXODWGHOD PDLQLOHPLFLSUHFXP)RUG)LHVWDL
)LDW8QRODFHOHPDLPDULSUHFXP%09,5RYHULL5HQDXOW
Studiul descriptiv al variabilelor
Tabelul 2
Rezumate statistice ale datelor
Statistici elementare
Abaterea
Variabila Media Dispersia medie Minim Maxim
S WUDWLF
&RUHOD LL
VWDWLVWLF
H[LVW XQ IDFWRU P ULPH WDOLH L F OD R SULP DQDOL] PDLQLOH SRW IL
RUGRQDWH GH OD FHOH PDL PLFL OD FHOH PDL PDUL $FHDVWD VH YHGH GH DOWIHO L
GLQWUH3XWHUHL9LWH]
3XWHP V UH]XP P L V YL]XDOL] P DFHDVW SULP DQDOL] SULQWU -o
FODVLILFDUH LHUDUKLF DVFHQGHQW D YDULDELOHORU OXkQG GUHSW LQGLFH GH
Q SULPD HWDS VH UHJUXSHD] FHOH GRX YDULDELOH FHOH PDL FRUHODWH
*UHXWDWHL/XQJLPH
0.894.
QDSDWUDHWDS / LPHDvQWkOQHWHJUXSXO&LOLQGUHH*UHXWDWH/XQJLPH
L vQ VIkULW vQ D FLQFHD HWDS FHOH GRX JUXSXUL 3XWHUH 9LWH] L
Indicele de agregare calculat este cHD PDL SXWHUQLF FRUHOD LH vQWUH
YDULDELOHOHXQXLJUXSLFHOHDOHFHOXLODOWJUXSvQPRPHQWXOUHJUXS ULL
Figura 4
&ODVLILFDUHDLHUDUKLF DVFHQGHQW DYDULDELOHORU
0HWRGDFRUHOD LLORUPD[LPH
1 4.29
(1 + 0.8612 + 0.6932 + 0.905 2 + 0.864 2 + 0.709 2 ) = = 0.715
6 6
7DEHOXO FRQ LQH VLPLODULWDWHD ILHF UHL YDULDELOH FX vQWUHDJD PXO LPH D
variabilelor:
Tabelul 3
dispersiei.
$QDOL]D vQ &RPSRQHQWH 3ULQFLSDOH FRQVW vQ F XWDUHD XQXL QXP U PLF GH
DPHWRGHLLDUH]XOWDWHORULQWHUPHGLDUHFDUHDMXW ODLQWHUSUHWDUHDHL
FRUHVSXQGDFHVWHLDERUG UL
&ULWHULXO LQHU LHL HVWH vQ DFHODL WLPS PXOW PDL FRPSOH[ GHFkW FHOHODOWH
GRX FULWHULL SURSXVH GH +RWHOOLQJ FULWHULXO FRUHOD LHL L FULWHULXO
dispersiei.
Vom prezenta de asemeni aceste criterii, ele corespunznd rezultatelor
RE LQXWHFXSURJUDPHOHDPHULFDQH$&3
3UH]HQWDUHD$&3FRQIRUPDERUG ULLJHRPHWULFHDOXL3HDUVRQ
1RUXOGHSXQFWHDVRFLDWGDWHORULFDUDFWHULVWLFLO e sale
Q DFHDVW DERUGDUH JHRPHWULF VH DVRFLD] GDWHORU QRUXO GH SXQFWH
N = {x1 ,...., xi ,.., xn } ntr-XQ VSD LX GH GLPHQVLXQH S ILHFDUH YHFWRU xi de
caracteristici ( xi1 ,.....xip ) ale individului i este considerat drept un punct ntr-un
VSD LXFXSGLPHQVLXQL
&HQWUXOGHJUHXWDWHDOQRUXOXL1HVWHSXQFWXOJDOHF UXLFRRUGRQDWHVXQW
PSU WLHUHD QRUXOXL vQ MXUXO FHQWUXOXL V X GH JUHXWDWH VH P VRDU FX
1 n p
DMXWRUXOLQHU LHLWRWDOHDQRUXOXL1GHILQLW SULQ I (N , g) = ( xij x j ) 2 .
n i =1 j =1
,QHU LD WRWDO SRDWH IL FDOFXODW GLUHFW ILLQG HJDO FX VXPD GLVSHUVLLO or
YDULDELOHORUGLQSUREOHP
1 n 2 1 n p
I (N , g) = i
n i =1
d ( x , g ) = ( xij x j ) 2 =
n i =1 j =1
p p
1 n
= ( xij x j ) 2
= s 2j
j =1 n i =1 j =1
2E LQHPSHQWUXH[HPSOX
I(N,g)=267072+1441+609+50824+1638+56=321640.
6HREVHUY F LQHU LDQRUXOXLVHGDWRUHD] vQSULQFLSDOFLOLQGUHHL
$FHDVWD GLQ FDX]D DOHJHULL XQLW LORU GH P VXU 'DF DP IL P V urat
FLOLQGUHHD vQ OLWUL LPSRUWDQ D H[DJHUDW D FLOLQGUHHL vQ FDOFXOXO LQHU LHL DU IL
GLVS UXW
FHQWUDWH UHGXVH ILHF UHL YDULDELOH X j L VH DVRFLD] YDULDELOD FHQWUDW UHGXV
X j xj
X *j = GHPHGLHLGLVSHUVLH
sj
1RXOWDEHOVWXGLDWHVWHIRUPDWGLQFDQWLW LOH
xij x j
xij* = .
sj
La individXOLVHDVRFLD] DFXPSXQFWXO xi* = ( xi*1 ,...., xip* ).
Noul nor de puncte este N * = {x1* ,...., xn* } .
Centrul de greutate al norului N * HVWH L LQHU LD VD WRWDO HVWH HJDO FX
QXP UXOSDOYDULDELOHORU
norului de puncte N * .
3ULPDD[ SULQFLSDO
& XW P V IDFHP FD R GUHDSW 1 V WUHDF FkW PDL ELQH SRVLELO SULQ
*
mijlocul norului de puncte N .
6H P VRDU vPSU WLHUHD QRUXOXL N * n jurul unei drepte cu ajutorul
LQHU LHL I ( N * , ) norului N * UDSRUWDW ODGUHDSWD .
1 n
I ( N * , ) = d 2 ( xi* , yi ) unde yi HVWH SURLHF LD RUWRJRQDO P ( xi* ) a
n i =1
punctului xi pe dreapta .
*
a norului N * .
6H SRDWH DU WD F GUHDSWD 1 trece prin originea O, centrul de greutate al
norului N al datelor centrate-UHGXVH L HVWH JHQHUDW
*
GH YHFWRUXO XQLWDU u1 ,
YHFWRUSURSULXQRUPDWDOPDWULFHL5DFRUHOD LLORUvQWUHYDULDELOHOH X j , asociat
la cea mai mare valoare proprie 1 .
9DORULOHSURSULLLYHFWRULLSURSULLDLPDWULFHL5VXQWFXSULQLvQWDEHOXO
Tabelul 4
9DORULLYHFWRULSURSULLDLPDWULFHLGHFRUHOD LL
Figura 5
& XWDUHDSULPHLD[HSULQFLSDOH
3HQWUXH[HPSOXOFXPDLQLOHDPRE LQXW
1 = 4.6745
u1 = (0.4434;0.4182;0.3497;0.4252;0.4246;0.3811).
3ULPDFRPSRQHQW SULQFLSDO
ILHFDUH LQGLYLG L SULQ OXQJLPHD DOJHEULF D SURLHF LHL SXQFWXOXL xi* pe axa
1 .Valoarea lui Y1 (i ) este deci egaO FXSURGXVXOVFDODUvQWUHYHFWRULL u1 L xi* :
p x ij x j
Y1 (i ) = Oy i = u1 j ( )
j =1 sj
Astfel, valoarea primei componente principale Y1 SHQWUX5RYHUHVWHHJDO FX
Y1 (Rover)=0.44*1.49+0.41*1.67+0.34*1.58+0.43*1.13+0.43*1.17+0.38*0.83=3.19
Global, Y1 se scrie deci:
Y1 = 0.44Cilindree* + 0.41Putere * + 0.34Viteza * +
+ 0.43Greutate* + 0.43Lungime* + 0.38Latime* .
Valorile lui Y1 pentru fiecare individ sunt cuprinse n tabelul 5.
Tabelul 5
3 WUDWHOHGLVWDQ HORUSkQ ODRULJLne, componentele principale
LS WUDWHOHFRVLQXVXULORU
3ULPD FRPSRQHQW SULQFLSDO Y1 HVWH FHQWUDW ILLQG FRPELQD LH OLQLDU GH
variabile centrate.
6HSRDWHDU WDF GLVSHUVLDVDHVWHHJDO FX 1 :
n n
1 1
Dispersie (Y1 ) =
n i =1
Y12 (i ) = d 2 ( y i ,0) = I ({ y1 ,...., y n },0) = 1 .
n i =1
Dispersia primei componente principale Y1 HVWH HJDO FX LQHU LD QRUXOXL
6H GHGXFH F DVLPLODULWDWHD OXL Y1 ID GH PXO LPHD GH YDULDELOH HVWH
HJDO FX
1 p
p j =1
cor 2 ( X j , Y1 ) = 1
p
4.656
Pentru exempluO QRVWUX RE LQHP = 0.776 comparabil cu 0.715 al
6
cilindreei din tabelul 3.
&RUHOD LLOHvQWUH X j L Y1 DSDUvQSULPDFRORDQ DWDEHOXOXL
Tabelul 6.
&RUHOD LLYDULDELOH -componente principale
YDULDELOHOH HD SRDWH IL LQWHUSUHWDW FD XQ IDFWRU GH P ULPH FODVkQG PDLQLOH
de la cele mai mici ( Y1 (Fiat Uno)= -3.76; Y1 (Ford Fiesta)= - 3.50) la cele mai
mari ( Y1 (Renault 25)=3.44; Y1 (BMV530i)=3.95).
&DOLWDWHDJOREDO DSULPHLFRPSRQHQWHSULQFLSDOH
FRQVLGHUDW FD UH]XPDW DO GDWHORU VH IRORVHWH IRUPXOD GH GHVFRPSXQHUH D
LQHU LHLWRWDOH
,QHU LDWRWDO
1 n 2 *
I ( N * ,0) = d ( xi ,0) = p
n i =1
VHGHVFRPSXQHGHFLvQGRX S U L
1 n 2
- primul termen d ( yi ,0) = I ({ y1 ,...., yn },0) UHSUH]LQW LQHU LD WRWDO D
n i =1
norului { y1 ,...., yn } D SURLHF LLORU SXQFWHORU xi* pe axa 1 $FHDVW
FDQWLWDWHUHSUH]LQW LQHU LDH[SOLFDW GHD[D 1 LHVWHHJDO FX 1
n
1
- al doilea termen
n i =1
d 2 ( xi* , yi ) = I ( N * , 1 ) UHSUH]LQW LQHU LD UH]LGXDO
1
de iner LH H[SOLFDW 6H UHJ VHWH DSURSULHUHD FRPSRQHQWHL SULQFLSDOH Y1
p
ID GHPXO LPHDGHYDULDELOH
4.656
QH[HPSOXSDUWHDGHLQHU LHH[SOLFDW GH 1 HVWHHJDO FX = 0.776. Se
6
poate sSXQH F GLQ LQHU LD WRWDO HVWH H[SOLFDW SULQ DOXQJLUHD QRUXOXL
d 2 ( yi ,0) Y1 (i ) 2
cos 2 ( xi* , 1 ) = = .
d 2 ( xi* ,0) d 2 ( xi* ,0)
$GRXDD[ SULQFLSDO
vectorul u2 YHFWRU SURSULX QRUPDW GLQ PDWULFHD GH FRUHOD LL 5 DVRFLDW OD D
doua cea mai mare valoare proprie 2 .
Valoarea proprie 2 L YHFWRUXO SURSULX u2 SHQWUX H[HPSOXO FX PDLQLOH
se DIO vQ 7DEHOXO & XWDUHD FHOHL GH-a doua axe principale 2 este
YL]XDOL]DW vQ)LJXUD
Figura 6
& XWDUHDFHOHLGH -a doua axe principale
I ( N , (1 , 2 )) HVWH PLQLP
*
vQ UDSRUW FX LQHU LD ID GH WRDWH FHOHODOWH SODQH
posibile.
Planul (1 , 2 ) VH QXPHWH SULPXO SODQ SULQFLSDO (VWH SODQXO FDUH WUHFH
cel mai bine posibil prin mijlocul norului N * vQVHQVXOFULWHULXOXLLQHU LHL
$GRXDFRPSRQHQW SULQFLSDO
cor ( X J , Y2 ) = 2 u 2 j
&RUHOD LLOH GLQWUH YDULDELOHOH L FRPSRQHQWD SULQFLSDO Y2 din exemplul
nostru sunt datH vQ 7DEHOXO 3XWHP REVHUYD F Y2 HVWH FRUHODW SR]LWLY FX
&DOLWDWHDJOREDO -
DFHOHLGH DGRXDFRPSRQHQW SULQFLSDO LDSULPHORU
GRX FRPSRQHQWHSULQFLSDOH
'LQ HFXD LLOH L VH GHGXFH F SDUWHD GH LQHU LH H[SOLFDW GH D GRX a
D[ SULQFLSDO HVWH HJDO FX
2 LDU DFHHD H[SOLFDW GH SODQXO (1 , 2 ) este
p
(1 + 2 )
HJDO FX .
p
n exemplu, 2 H[SOLF GLQ LQHU LD WRWDO LDU (1 , 2 )
H[SOLF GLQLQHU LDWRWDO
plan principal
&DOLWDWHDUHSUH]HQW ULLILHF UXLSXQFW xi* pe axa 2 LSHSODQXO (1 , 2 ) se
P VRDU FX DMXWRUXO S WUDWHORU FRVLQXVXULORU XQJKLXULORU IRUPDWH GH YHFWRUXO
FRQ LQXWvQSULPXOSODQSULQFLSDO
Rezultate generale
Extinznd UH]XOWDWHOH SUH]HQWDWH vQ VHF LXQLOH SUHFHGHQWH VH RE LQ R
Figura 7
Axele principale. Componentele principale
p
Componentele principale Y1 ,......,Y p sunt definite prin Yh (i ) = u hj xij* .
j =1
Formulele carH XUPHD] VXQW IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH L VH GHGXF GLUHFW GLQ
procesul de construire al componentelor principale:
Formula de reconstituire a datelor:
p
xij* = Yh (i )u hj (3)
h =1
)RUPXODGHUHFRQVWLWXLUHDPDWULFHLFRUHOD LLORUGLQWUHYDULDELOH :
p
cor ( X j , X l ) = huhj uhl (4)
h =1
de unde se deduce:
p
(i) cos ( x ,
h =1
2 *
i h ) =1
p
(ii) h =1
h =p
H[SOLFDW GHD[DSULQFLSDO h .
'LVWDQ DOXL0DKDODQRELV
(D VH GHILQHWH vQ IHOXO XUP WRU VH FRQVWUXLHVF PDL vQWkL FRPSRQHQWHOH
5HSUH]HQW ULJUDILFH
(VWHYRUEDGHUHSUH]HQW ULJUDILFHDOHLQGLYL]LORULYDULDELOHORU
Harta indivizilor
3URLHF LLOH SXQFWHORU xi* pe primul plan principal (1 , 2 ) au drept
coordonate pe axele principale 1 , 2 valorile Y1 (i ) L Y2 (i ) .
5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF D SXQFWHORU Ai = (Y1 (i ), Y2 (i )) QH G DVWIHO FHO PDL EXQ
n Figura 8.
6H YHULILF LQWHUSUHWDUHD D[HORU SUH]HQWDW DQWHULRU PDLQLOH DSDU GH -a
OXQJXO SULPHL D[H vQ IXQF LH GH PRGHOXO ORU GH OD FHOH PDL PLFL )LDW 8QR
Figura 8
3ULPXOSODQSULQFLSDOLFHUFXOFRUHOD LLORU
Harta variabilelor
Variabilele sunt reprezentate ntr-un plan cu ajutorul punctelor:
B j = ( cor ( X j , Y1 ), cor ( X j ,Y2 )) Se RE LQH UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF GLQ )LJXUD
QXPLW FHUFXOGHFRUHOD LL
Variabile Rj
Cilindree 0.96
Putere 0.98
9LWH] 0.97
Greutate 0.92
Lungime 0.97
/ LPH 0.93
7RDWHYDULDELOHOHVXQWELQHUHSUH]HQWDWHSHFHUFXOGHFRUHOD LL
3DUWHD GH LQHU LH H[SOLFDW GH SULPXO SODQ SULQFLSDO ILLQG IRDUWH PDUH
FRVLQXVXULORUXQJKLXULORUGLQWUHDFHWLYHFWRUL
6H SRDWH YHULILFD GH H[HPSOX F GHQGRJUDPD GLQ )LJXUD H[SULP ELQH
Biplotul
Lundu-QH FkWHYD SUHFDX LXQL vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH VFDUD GH UHSUH]HQWDUH
HVWH SRVLELO V VXSUDSXQHP FHOH GRX JUDILFH SULPXO SODQ SULQFLSDO L FHUFXO
3UHVXSXQHP PDL vQWkL F SDUWHD HVHQ LDO GLQ LQHU LD WRWDO HVWH H[SOLFDW
YRU XUPD OD SXQFWH ELQH UHSUH]HQWDWH SH SULPXO SODQ SULQFLSDO L OD YDULDELOH
IRDUWHSXWHUQLFFRUHODWHFXSULPHOHGRX FRPSRQHQWHSULQFLSDOH
ij XWLOL]kQGGRDUSULPHOHGRX GLPHQVLXQL
*
x
2 Yh
xij* = Yh (i )u hj Notnd Yh =
*
FRPSRQHQWD SULQFLSDO Yh UHGXV L
h =1 h
utiliznd faptulF
2
xij* = Yh* (i )cor ( X j , Yh ) (6).
h =1
2675 1906.1
Exemplu Avem x(*Rover ,Cilindree ) = = 1.49 bine reconstituit prin
516.79
Y1* ( Rover )cor (Cilindree, Y1 ) + Y2* ( Rover ) cor (Cilindree, Y2 ) =
1 1
= 3.19 0.96 + 0.77 0.03 = 1.44.
4.656 0.9152
2
1
OPij = Y (i)cor(X ,Y )
h
*
j h
cor ( X j ,Y1 ) + cor ( X j ,Y2 ) h=1
2 2
Figura 9
3XQFWHLQGLYL]LLD[HYDULDELOH
axa ( B j ) UHIOHFW GHFL ELQH UHSDUWL LD YDORULORU xij* ale variabilei X *j L vQ
FRQVHFLQ LDFHHDDYDORULORU xij ale variabilei de origine X j .
Q)LJXUDDPFRQVWUXLWELSORWXOUHSUH]HQWDUHDVLPXOWDQ DLQGLYL]LORUL
DYDULDELOHORUvQIHOXOXUP WRU
$VWIHO VH SRDWH YHULILFD IDSWXO F SURLHF LD PDLQLORU SH D[D 9LWH]
(BMW 530i, Renault 25, Audi 90 Quatro) se opun bine la cele mai lente (Ford
Fiesta, Nissan Vanette, Fiat Uno, VW Caravelle).
'H DVHPHQHD SURLHF LLOH PDLQLORU SH D[D / LPH RSXQ ELQH PDLQD FHD
componentelor principaOHGDUVHSLHUGHvQDFHVWFD]GLPHQVLXQHDJHRPHWULF
a problemei.
9RPSUH]HQWDFULWHULXOFRUHOD LHLDSRLDOGLVSHUVLHL
&ULWHULXOFRUHOD LHL
maximizeze criteriul :
m p
1
[ p cor
h =1 j =1
2
( X j , Fh )] (7)
&X DOWH FXYLQWH VH FDXW UH]XPDUHD YDULDELOHORU GH RULJLQH X 1 ,....., X p
printr-XQ QXP U PDL PLF GH YDULDELOH F1,....., Fm QHFRUHODWH vQWUH HOH L FDUH V
Yh
Fh = Yh* = ,care sunt tocmai componentele principale reduse. Valoarea
h
PD[LPXOXLHVWHHJDO FX (1 + .... + m ) / p .
Criteriul dispersiei
p
6H FDXW P YDULDELOH Z1,....., Z m de forma Z h = v hj X j cu vectorii
j =1
Dispersie( Z
h =1
h ) (8)
LRE LQHP
m
Dispersie(Z
h =1
h ) = 1 + ....... + m .
Ward
$FHDVW PHWRG FRQGXFH OD XQ DOW SURFHGHX GH D UH]XPD GDWHOH
FDUH DSDU LQ DFHOHLDL FODVH V ILH DVHP Q WR ri (similari) n timp ce indivizii
FDUHDSDU LQODFODVHGLIHULWHV ILHGHRVHEL LGHS UWD LGLVLPLODUL
$FHVW WHUPHQ VH QRWHD] FX , G1 ,....., Gk L UHSUH]LQW LQHU LD H[SOLFDW GH
tipologie.
Al doilea termHQ GLQ GUHDSWD VH QXPHWH LQHU LD LQWUD-FODVH L P VRDU
omogenitatea claselor.
&DOLWDWHD WLSRORJLHL VH P VRDU FX DMXWRUXO UDSRUWXOXL GLQWUH LQHU LD LQWHU -
FODVHLLQHU LDWRWDO
ni n j
D (Gi , G j ) = d 2 ( gi , g j )
n(ni + n j )
$FHVW FULWHULX XWLOL]DW SHQWUX P VXUDUHD GLVWDQ HL vQWUH GRX FODVH Gi L
G j VHQXPHWHFULWHULXOGHDJUHJDUHDOOXL:DUG
Exemplu:
G1 = {xCitroenBX
*
}
6 OX P . Avem
G2 = {x*Peugeot 405 }
d 2 ( x CitroenBX 405 ) =
* *
, x Peugeot
(1769 1769) 2 (90 90) 2 (182 180) 2
= + + +
267072 1442 609
(1060 1080) 2 (424 440) 2 (168 169) 2
+ + + = 0.189
50824 1638 56
1 1
D 2 ( xCitroenBX
*
, x*Peugeot 405 ) = 0.189 = 0.00393
24 (1 + 1)
&ODVLILFDUHDLHUDUKLF DVFHQGHQW
HJDO FX LQHU LD WRWDO /D ILHFDUH HWDS VH FDOFXOHD] XQ LQGLFH RE LQXW SULQ
a indicelui
$SOLFD LH
GHQGRJUDP OD QLYHOXO OXL &LWURHQ %; DGLF D HOHPHQWXOXL FDUH SUHFHGH SH
DOF UHLLQGLFHGHDJUHJDUH D ( x2* , ( x4* , x6* ) / 6 este egal cu 0.19%.
$OJRULWPXO XUPHD] DFHODL SURFHGHX SkQ OD XOWLPD HWDS FkQG VH
GLQUHVWXOHDQWLRQXOXL
I(43,46)=D(43,46)=3.07202
ntruct iQHU LD H[SOLFDW , SULQ FODVD IRUPDW GLQ DQVDPEOXO GH
REVHUYD LL HVWH QXO Q FRQVHFLQ LQHU LD H[SOLFDW GH WLSRORJLD IRUPDW GLQ
GRX FODVH L HVWH HJDO FX L SDUWHD GH LQHU LH H[SOLFDW HVWH
&RQWLQX PVSUHvQFHSXWXODOJRULWPXOXL
Clasa 45 provine din reuniunea claselor:
(VSDFH2PHJD9:&DUDYHOOH`L
7LSR55`
IRUPDW GLQ FODVH OD WLSRORJLD IRUPDW GLQ FODVH
DGRSW PWLSRORJLDGDWHORUGLQFODVH
Tabelul 7
&ODVLILFDUHDLHUDUKLF DVFHQGHQW
Figura 11
Dendograma
Figura 12
Vizualizarea tipologiei din 3 clase
reprezentat-RSHSODQXOSULQFLSDOGLQ)LJXUDLDPFRQVWUXLW7DEHOXOXQGH
YDULDELOHOH VXQW DUDQMDWH vQ RUGLQHD GHVFUHVF WRare a testului Fisher ntre
YDULDELOHLWLSRORJLH
&ODVDPDLQLORUPLFLFRUHVSXQGHFODVHL
Honda Civic, Seat Ibiza Sxi, Citroen AX Sport, Peugeot 205 Rallye,
Peugeot 205, Fiat Uno, Ford Fiesta.
&ODVDPDLQLORUPHGLLFRUHVSXQGHFODVHL
Fiat Tipo, Renault 19,Citroen BX, Peugeot 405, Renault 21, Espace, Opel
Omega, Ford Sierra, Peugeot 405 Break, Nissan Vanette, VW Caravelle.
&ODVDPDLQLORUPDULFRUHVSXQGHFODVHL
special:
(YHULWW L SURFHGXULOH $&(&/86&/867(5)$67&/86 GLQ
programul SAS.
B
BIIB
BLLIIO
OGGR
RAAF
FIIE
E
Michel Tenenhaus - Methodes Statistiques en Gestion. Editura Dunod
1994, Paris.
Gilbert Saporta, - $QDOL]D GDWHORU L ,QIRUPDWLF (GLWXUD (FRQRPLF
9LRULFDWHI QHVFX 1996.