Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Pentru
STUDENTI & MEDICI
2012-2013
HTA
Fumatul
INSULINOREZISTENTA
DIABETUL ZAHARAT
OBEZITATEA
SEDENTARISMUL
EREDITATEA
GENETICA ?
Sources: Unpublished data for 19992000 computed by M. Wolz, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; JNC 6.
ESC
*
ESC
4 (130-139/85-89 mm
1 Hg)
of Major CV Events
2
1 Normal BP
0 (120-129/80-84 mm
8 Hg)
6 Optimal BP
(<120/80 mm Hg)
4
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (y)
* Defined as death due to CV disease; recognized myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or congestive heart
failure (CHF).
Adapted from Vasan RS. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1291-1297.
TA Gradul 1 Gradul 2 Gradul 3
Sistolic (mm Hg) 140-159 160-179 180
Diastolic (mm Hg) 90-99 100-109 110
Stratificarea riscului CV total*
- Sczut
- Moderat
- nalt
- Foarte nalt
Established CV Very high Very high Very high Very high Very high
or renal disease added risk added risk added risk added risk added risk
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CV: cardiovascular; HT: hypertension. Low,
moderate, high, very high risa refer to 10year risk of a CV fatal or non-fatal event. The term added indicates
that in all categories risk is greater than average. OD: subclinical organ damage; MS: metabolic syndrome.
Factori implica]i n mecanismele HTA
1. Predispozi]ia genetic\.
2. Cre[terea contrac]iei mu[chiului neted datorit\ hipertrofiei
structurale generate de anumi]i agen]i presori.
3. Hiperinsulinismul [i rela]ia cu men]inerea [i declan[area HTA.
4. Deficite n transportul ionic.
5. Sistemul renin\ angiotensin\ aldosteron.
6. Catecolaminele.
7. Prostaglandinele.
8. Endotelina.
Factori implica]i n mecanismele HTA
1. Predispozi]ia genetic\.
2. Cre[terea contrac]iei mu[chiului neted datorit\ hipertrofiei
structurale generate de anumi]i agen]i presori.
3. Hiperinsulinismul [i rela]ia cu men]inerea [i declan[area HTA.
4. Deficite n transportul ionic.
5. Sistemul renin\ angiotensin\ aldosteron.
6. Catecolaminele.
7. Prostaglandinele.
8. Endotelina.
Patogenia HTA esen]iale o deviere cantitativ\ de la
normal, dup\ cum afirma George Pickering (1960).
A page in the story of hypertension
Dup E.Braunwald' s
HEART DISEASE
Dup E.Braunwald' s
HEART DISEASE
Dup E.Braunwald' s
HEART DISEASE
Specii reactive de O
Inflamaia vascular
Celule de cretere, fibroz
Disfuncie endotelial
Aldosteron
Dup E.Braunwald' s
HEART DISEASE
Dup E.Braunwald' s
HEART DISEASE
Dup E.Braunwald' s
HEART DISEASE
Istoria msurrii TA
VALORI NORMALE
<125-130 mm Hg TAS; <80 mm Hg TAD
TA diurn < 130-135 mm Hg TAS ; < 85 mm Hg TAD
VALORI NORMALE
- mai mici dect cele msurate la cabinet !!!
TA < 130-135 mm Hg TAS ; < 85 mm Hg TAD
Valori prag ale TA (mm Hg)
Valori prag ale TA (mm Hg)
ESC
Established CV Very high Very high Very high Very high Very high
or renal disease added risk added risk added risk added risk added risk
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CV: cardiovascular; HT: hypertension. Low,
moderate, high, very high risa refer to 10year risk of a CV fatal or non-fatal event. The term added indicates
that in all categories risk is greater than average. OD: subclinical organ damage; MS: metabolic syndrome.
Stratification of CV risk in four
categories
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Established CV Very high Very high Very high Very high Very high
or renal disease added risk added risk added risk added risk added risk
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CV: cardiovascular; HT: hypertension. Low,
moderate, high, very high risa refer to 10year risk of a CV fatal or non-fatal event. The term added indicates
that in all categories risk is greater than average. OD: subclinical organ damage; MS: metabolic syndrome.
Monitorizarea variabilitii TA prin
determinarea TA intraarterial
V. TA sistolice V. TA diastolice
TA/HTA Variabilitate.....
n fiziologia PA........................
Intraarterial
ziua- noaptea
clino- ortostatism
n fiziopatologia HTA
ziua- noaptea
clino- ortostatism
brat drept - brat stng
n clinica HTA
De halat alb
Intra OBSERVER
Inter OBSERVER
De la o vizit la alta
Deeper nondeeper
In determinarile diferite: manometric, 24 h ABPM,
autodeterminare la domiciliu
Incidena
Incidena AVC Mortalitatea n
evenimentelor
ischemic loturile de HTA
coronariene ischemice
VARIABILITATEA HTA.
PREDICTOR EVENIMENTE CV
Variabilitatea TA sistolo-diastolice
Dimineaa-seara
Dimineaa de la o zi la alta
La domiciliu-la cabinet
DIAGNOSTIC
BIOCHIMIE
EXAMEN CLINIC
SNGE + IMAGISTICA BIOPSII
URIN
DIAGNOSTICUL HTA
Bilan funcional i etiologic
Afectarea organelor-int
HTA esenial/HTA secundar
CREER
AVC ischemic sau AIT (atac ischemic tranzitor)
ARTERIOPATIE PERIFERIC
RETINOPATIE
Contraceptive orale
Terapie hormonal de substituie
HTA de sarcin
Cauze medicamentoase ale HTA
Medicamente:
Corticosteroizi: prednison, fludrocortison, triamcinolon
Amfetamine/Anorexigene: phendimetrazina, phentermina,
sibutramina
antivascular endothelin growth factor agents
Estrogeni: contraceptive orale
Inhibitori ai calcineurinei: cyclosporina, tacrolimus
Decongestionante: fenilpropilamina & analogi
Ageni stimulatori ai eritropoietinei: eritropoietin,
darbepoietin
85
De foarte multe ori diagnosticul
de hipertensiune primara este un
diagnostic de lene a spiritului
Confirmatory surgery
BIOCHIMIE
EXAMEN CLINIC
SNGE + IMAGISTICA BIOPSII
URIN
Explorri
De rutin (screening) identificare
Adiionale (specializate )
De localizare ( lateralizare)
TESTE SCREENING - URINA
TESTE SCREENING - SNGE
ARP
Dozare ALDO
urina 24 h (`nalt) >1,6
(-)
(-)
Test Captopril
CT (-)
suprarenale ARP vene renale
< 1,6
BIOCHIMIE
EXAMEN CLINIC
SNGE + IMAGISTICA BIOPSII
URIN
Metode imagistice
UROGRAFIA
ECOGRAFIA ABDOMINAL
DOPPLER DUPLEX
ANGIOGRAFIE
Invaziv
IRM
CT
IMAGISTICA NUCLEARA
DIAGNOSTIC
BIOCHIMIE
EXAMEN CLINIC
SNGE + IMAGISTICA BIOPSII
URIN
PROCEDURI DIAGNOSTICE
Boal cronic renal Ex. Urin, Cr seric, ECO Scintigrafie renal, biopsie renal
CARDIOVASCULAR
NEUROLOGIC
PRIN CONTRACEPTIVE ORALE
HTA RENAL
RENOVASCULAR
RENOPARENCHIMATOAS
HTA secundar
RENALA
ENDOCRIN
CARDIOVASCULAR
NEUROLOGIC
PRIN CONTRACEPTIVE ORALE
HTA secundar
RENALA
ENDOCRIN
CARDIOVASCULAR
NEUROLOGIC
PRIN CONTRACEPTIVE ORALE
HTA secundar
RENALA
ENDOCRIN
CARDIOVASCULAR
NEUROLOGIC
PRIN CONTRACEPTIVE ORALE
HTA RENAL
RENOVASCULAR
RENOPARENCHIMATOAS
HTA
renovasculara
Anamnez
Debut brusc
Debutul HTA sub 30 de ani sau peste 50 de ani
HTA sever sau rezistent
Prezena semnelor de ateroscleroz n mai multe teritorii
Antecedente familiale fr HTA
Fumtor
Agravarea functiei renale dup inhibarea reninei-angiotensinei
Edem pulmonar acut repetat
Examen clinic
Sufluri abdominale
Modificri severe la examenul FO
Laborator
Aldosteronism secundar
ARP nalt
Hipokaliemie
Hiponatremie
Proteinurie (moderat)
Creatinina seric crescut
>1,5 cm diferena ntre cei 2 rinichi la ECO
ARP
Dozare ALDO
urina 24 h (`nalt) >1,6
(-)
(-)
Test Captopril
CT (-)
suprarenale ARP vene renale
< 1,6
Metod
Timp Aciune
Min. 0 Repaus la pat 30 min
Min 30 Determinare ARP (1)
Administrare CAPTOPRIL 50 mg
Dup 60 minute Determinare ARP (2)
(90 minute de la debutul testului)
Interpretare
Timp Valoare
Min 60 ARP >12 ng/ml/h
sau
ARP a crescut de 4 ori valoarea iniial*
(*dac a fost < 3 ng/ml/h)
Metode imagistice
UROGRAFIA
ECOGRAFIA ABDOMINAL
DOPPLER DUPLEX
ANGIOGRAFIE
Invaziv
IRM
CT
IMAGISTICA NUCLEARA
Criterii clinice
prezente pentru SAR
Evaluare noninvaziv
(Eco Doppler duplex + IRM sau CT angio renal
Tratament medical
Trateaz factorii de risc
Intervenie de REVASCULARIZARE
HIPERTENSIUNEA ARTERIALA
DE CAUZA RENALA
HTA RENAL
RENOVASCULAR
RENOPARENCHIMATOAS
Structura pe afec]iuni a lotului studiat
16
4 HTA esen]ial\
30
40 rinichi mic unilateral
Glomerulonefrita cronica
Caz 12, B, 76 ani, TA=190/110 mm Hg
HTA secundara renoparenchimatoasa
Glomerulonefrita cronica
25 23 Nefropatie diabetica
Nefropatie lupica
Periarterita nodoasa
Nefroangioscleroza benigna
2 3 3
HTA secundara - anomalii congenitale
renale
agenezie renala
ureterohidronefroza congenitala
rinichi polichistic
HTA secundara - anomalii renale congenitale
1 1
Agenezie renala
Ureterohidronefroza bilaterala
Rinichi polichistic
14
RINICHIUL MIC
ECOGRAFIC
Rinichi mic unilateral
7
rinichi mic vascular
18
rinichi mic pielonefritic
Boala polichistica
Caz 1, B, 65 ani
GLANDA
SUPRARENAL
HTA secundara endocrina
suprarenaliana
ABDOMINAL ECHOGRAPHY PERFORMED IN
3450 PTS
ECOGRAFIA SUPRARENALIANA - structura
UROGRAFIA
ECOGRAFIA ABDOMINAL
DOPPLER DUPLEX
ANGIOGRAFIE
Invaziv
IRM
CT
IMAGISTICA NUCLEARA
FEOCROMOCITOMUL
DIAGNOSTIC
EXAMEN CLINIC
cefalee
BIOCHIMIE
Snge
IMAGISTICA tulburri metabolice asociate
HIPERGLICEMIE,
+
tremurturi ale extremitilor HIPERLIPEMIE
+
+
AZOTEMIE
abundent sudoraie Urin
TAHICARDII sau TAHIARITMII
SEVERE
Anxietate/paloare/roea
CARDIOMIOPATIA
ADRENERGIC
(Infarct miocardic)
+
hipoTA sever
Feocromocitom
Feocromocitom
Feocromocitom
6 GSR dreapta
GSR stinga
Organ Zuckerkandl
5
Caz 7, F, 65 ani TA=190/100 mm Hg
Caz 3, B, 26 ani, TA=210/120 mm Hg, T=115/72 mm, AVM=84 mg
Caz 3, B, 26 ani
Caz 5, F, 48 ani, TA=240/140 mm Hg, AVM=120 mg, T=104/85 mm
Caz 12, F, 39 ani, TA=95/60 mm Hg, AVM=55 mg, T=80/60 mm
FEOCROMOCITOM GSR dr - MEN II
EXAMEN CLINIC
HTA benign
BIOCHIMIE
S+U:
IMAGISTICA tulburri metabolice asociate
HIPERGLICEMIE,
+
Sindromul poliuro-polidipsic
parestezii, pareze, paralizii flasce
K+ seric sub 3 mEq/l
( poate ajunge la 1 mEq/l):
ECG HIPERLIPEMIE
AZOTEMIE
cu abolirea ROT;
Kaliureza ajunge la valori ce
dep\[esc 30-40 mEq/l.
Alcaloz\ (RA peste 26 mEq/l;
pH peste 7,45
Hipernatremie (mai rar\);
Testul Melby (la spironolacton\)
pozitiv
ARP nul\ [i nestimulabil\;
Dozarea aldosteronului
ALDOSTERON dozri:
hipotensiune arterial\
(n jum\tatea inferioar\ (n cazul n care stenoza este situat\ dup\ emergen]a
vaselor mari)
ECG
- hipertrofie de VS tip baraj
Examenul ecocardiografic
- hipertrofia de VS de tip concentric
- leziunile asociate: bicuspidia de aort\, DSV.
Coarctatie
Coarctatie
Coarctatie
Coarctatie
De foarte multe ori diagnosticul
de hipertensiune primara este un
diagnostic de lene a spiritului