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1 x y z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[ f (x, y )] = 0 0 0 0 1 x y z 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x y z
{α} = {α1 α 2 α 3 α 4 α 5 α 6 α 7 α 8 α 9 α10 α11 α12 }T
Matricea [A] de legătură între vectorul {u k } şi {α} se obţine din relaţia (7.2)
şi coordonatele nodale carteziene:
u1 = u (x1 , y1 , z1 ) v1 = v(x1 , y1 , z1 ) w1 = w(x1 , y1 , z1 )
u 2 = u (x2 , y2 , z 2 ) v2 = v(x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) w2 = w(x2 , y 2 , z 2 )
⇒ {u k } = [A]{α} (7.3)
u3 = u (x3 , y3 , z3 ) v3 = v(x3 , y3 , z3 ) w3 = w(x3 , y3 , z3 )
u 4 = u (x4 , y4 , z 4 ) v4 = v(x4 , y 4 , z 4 ) w4 = w(x4 , y 4 , z 4 )
de unde:
1 x1 y1 z1 α1 u1
1 x2 y2 z 2 α 2 u 2
= (7.4)
1 x3 y3 z3 α 3 u3
1 x4 y4 z 4 α 4 u 4
Volumul elementului tetraedru este :
1 x1 y1 z1
V=
1 1 x2
6 1 x3
y2
y3
z2 1
z3 6
( xy
= − z1 ⋅ 2 A234 xy
+ z 2 ⋅ 2 A134 xy
− z3 ⋅ 2 A124 xy
+ z 4 ⋅ 2 A123 ) (7.5)
1 x4 y4 z4
226 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
1 xi yi
1
unde Aijkxy= 1 x j y j reprezintă proiecţia triunghiului (ijk) pe planul (xy).
2
1 xk y k
Aplicând metoda Kramer rezolvării sistemului algebric liniar (7.4) obţinem:
u1 x1 y1 z1
1 u2 x2 y2 z2
α1 = =
6V u3 x3 y3 z3
u4 x4 y4 z4
x2 y2 z2 x1 y1 z1 x1 y1 z1 x1 y1 z1 (7.6.a)
1
= u1 x3 y3 z3 − u 2 x3 y3 z 3 + u3 x2 y2 z 2 − u 4 x2 y2 z2 =
6V x
4 y4 z4 x4 y4 z4 x4 y4 z4 x3 y3 z3
1
= [u1 ⋅ V0234 − u 2 ⋅ V0134 + u3 ⋅ V0124 − u4 ⋅ V0123 ]
V
1 0 0 0
1 1 xi yi zi
unde V0ijk = reprezintă volumul unui tetraedru cu baza triunghiului
6 1 xj yj zj
1 xk yk zk
(ijk) şi vârful originea sistemului de coordonate cartezian, local elementului (0,0,0).
1 u1 y1 z1
1 1 u2 y2 z2
α2 = =
6V 1 u3 y3 z3
1 u4 y4 z4
1 y2 z2 1 y1 z1 1 y1 z1 1 y1 z1 (7.6.b)
1 1 1 1 1
= − u1 1 y3 z 3 + u 2 1 y3 z 3 − u3 1 y 2 z 2 + u 4 1 y2 z2 =
3V 2 2 2 2
1 y4 z4 1 y4 z4 1 y4 z4 1 y3 z3
=
1
3V
[ yz
− u1 ⋅ A234 yz
+ u 2 ⋅ A134 yz
− u3 ⋅ A124 yz
+ u 4 ⋅ A123 ]
1 yi zi
1
unde Aijkyz = 1 yj z j reprezintă aria proiecţiei triunghiului (ijk) pe planul (yz).
2
1 yk zk
1 x1 u1 z1
1 1 x2 u2 z2
α3 = = (7.6.c)
6V 1 x3 u3 z3
1 x4 u4 z4
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 227
1 x2 z2 1 x1 z1 1 x1 z1 1 x1 z1
1 1 1 1 1
= u1 1 x3 z 3 − u 2 1 x3 z3 + u3 1 x2 z 2 − u 4 1 x2 z2 =
3V 2 2 2 2
1 x4 z4 1 x4 z4 1 x4 z4 1 x3 z 3
=
1
3V
[ xz
u1 ⋅ A234 xz
− u 2 ⋅ A134 xz
+ u3 ⋅ A124 xz
− u 4 ⋅ A123 ]
1 xi zi
1
unde Aijkxz = 1 xj z j reprezintă aria proiecţiei triunghiului (ijk) pe planul (xz).
2
1 xk zk
1 x1 y1 u1
1 1 x2 y2 u2
α4 = =
6V 1 x3 y3 u3
1 x4 y4 u4
1 x2 y2 1 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 (7.6.d)
1 1 1 1 1
= − u1 1 x3 y3 + u 2 1 x3 y3 − u3 1 x2 y 2 + u 4 1 x2 y2 =
3V 2 2 2 2
1 x4 y4 1 x4 y4 1 x4 y4 1 x3 y3
=
1
3V
[ xy
− u1 ⋅ A234 xy
+ u 2 ⋅ A134 xy
− u3 ⋅ A124 xy
+ u 4 ⋅ A123 ]
1 xi yi
1
unde Aijkxy = 1 xj y j reprezintă aria proiecţiei triunghiului (ijk) pe planul (xy).
2
1 xk yk
=
1
3V
( yz
3 ⋅ V0234 − A234 ⋅ x + A234xz
⋅ y − A234xy
)
⋅ z u1 +
+
1
3V
( yz
− 3 ⋅ V0134 + A134 xz
⋅ x − A134 xy
⋅ y + A134 )
⋅ z u2 +
(7.7)
+
3V
1
( yz
3 ⋅ V0124 − A124 ⋅ x + A124xz
⋅ y − A124xy
)
⋅ z u3 +
+
1
3V
(
− 3 ⋅ V0123 + A123yz xz
⋅ x − A123 xy
⋅ y + A123 )
⋅ z u4
analog, rezultă relaţii pentru v(x,y,z) şi w(x,y,z) celelalte două componente ale
câmpului deplasărilor.
Pentru a uşura calculul matriceal facem notaţiile suplimentare:
228 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
f 1 0 0 f2 0 0 f3 0 0 f4 0 0
1
[N u ] = 0 f1 0 0 f2 0 0 f3 0 0 f4 0 (7.11)
3V
0 0 f1 0 0 f2 0 0 f3 0 0 f 4
Elementul are stare 3D de tensiuni şi deformaţii, respectiv matricea [B ] a
deformaţiilor specifice rezultă din relaţiile Cauchy {ε} = [∆ ]{u}:
ε xx ∂ ∂x 0 0
ε ∂ ∂y
yy 0 0
u
ε zz 0 0 ∂ ∂z
{ε} = = v = [∆ ][N u ]{u k } = [B ]{u k }
γ xy ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂x 0
w
γ yz 0 ∂ ∂z ∂ ∂y
γ xz ∂ ∂z 0 ∂ ∂x
∂ f1 ∂f 2 ∂f 3 ∂f 4
∂x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂f 1 ∂f 2 ∂f 3 ∂f 4 (7.12)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂ f1 ∂f 2 ∂f 3 ∂f 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[B ] = 1 ∂f ∂f ∂z ∂f ∂f ∂z ∂f ∂f ∂z ∂f ∂f ∂z
3V 1 1
0 2 2
0 3 3
0 3 3
0
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
∂f 1 ∂ f1 ∂f 2 ∂ f 2 ∂f 3 ∂ f 3 ∂f 4 ∂f 4
0 0 0 0
∂ z ∂ y ∂ z ∂ y ∂ z ∂ y ∂z ∂y
∂ f1 ∂ f1 ∂f 2 ∂f 2 ∂f 3 ∂ f 3 ∂f 4 ∂f 4
∂ z 0 0 0 0
∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂ x
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 229
σII , II
τII , II
V1 V V V
L1 = , L2 = 2 , L3 = 3 , L4 = 4
V V V V (7.23)
L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = 1 {L} = {L1 L2 L3 L4 }T
Nodurile elementului tetraedru au coordonatele naturale de volum:
(1) → {1,0,0,0} , (2) → {0,1,0,0} , (3) → {0,0,1,0} , (4) → {0,0,0,1} (7.24)
Între coordonatele carteziene (x,y,z) şi coordonatele de volum ( L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 )
pe baza coordonatelor nodale (7.24) se pot stabili relaţiile liniare:
1 1 1 1 1 L1
x x x x x L
1 2 3 4 2
= (7.25)
y y1 y2 y3 y4 L3
z z1 z 2 z3 z 4 L4
Să stabilim şi relaţia inversă între coordonatele carteziene şi cele de volum:
1 x1 y1 z1
V=
1 1 x2 y 2 z 2 1
6 1 x3 y3 z3 3
xy
= − z1 A234( + z 2 A134xy xy
− z3 A124 xy
+ z 4 A123 )
1 x4 y 4 z 4
şi subvolumele au expresia:
1 x y z
x2 y2 z2 1 y2 z2 1 x2 z2 1 x2 y2
1 1 x2 y2 z2 1 1 x y z
V1 = = x3 y3 z3 − 1 y3 z3 + 1 x3 z3 − 1 x3 y3 =
6 1 x3 y3 z3 3 2 2 2 2
x4 y4 z4 1 y4 z4 1 x4 z4 1 x4 y4
1 x4 y4 z4
1 0 0 0
1
= 3 ⋅
1 0 x2
3 6 0 x3
y2
y3
z2
z3
yz xz xy 1
3
[ yz
− xA234 + yA234 − zA234 = 3 ⋅ V0234 − x ⋅ A234 xz
+ y ⋅ A234 xy
− z ⋅ A234] =
0 x4 y4 z4
1
= (a1 + b1 x + c1 y + d1 z )
3
1 x1 y1 z1 1 0 0 0
1 y1 z1 1 x1 z1 1 x1 y1
11 x y z 1 1 0 x1 y1 z1 x y z
V2 = = − 3 + 1 y3 z3 − 1 x3 z3 + 1 x3 y3 =
6 1 x3 y3 z3 3 6 0 x3 y3 z3 2 2 2
1 y4 z4 1 x4 z4 1 x4 y4
1 x4 y4 z4 0 x4 y4 z4
=
1
3
[ yz
− 3 ⋅ V0134 + x ⋅ A134 xz
− y ⋅ A134 xy
+ z ⋅ A134
1
3
]
= (a2 + b2 x + c2 y + d 2 z )
234 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
1 x1 y1 z1 1 0 0 0
1 y1 z1 1 x1 z1 1 x1 y1
1 1 x2 y2 z2 1 1 0 x1 y1 z1 x y z
V3 = = 3 − 1 y2 z2 + 1 x2 z2 − 1 x2 y2 =
61 x y z 3 6 0 x2 y2 z2 2 2 2
1 y4 z4 1 x4 z4 1 x4 y4
1 x4 y4 z4 0 x4 y4 z4
=
1
3
[ yz
3 ⋅ V0124 − x ⋅ A124 xz
+ y ⋅ A124 xy
− z ⋅ A124
1
3
]
= (a3 + b3 x + c3 y + d 3 z )
1 x1 y1 z1 1 0 0 0
1 y1 z1 1 x1 z1 1 x1 y1
1 1 x2 y2 z2 1 1 0 x1 y1 z1 x y z
V4 = = 3 + 1 y2 z2 − 1 x2 z2 + 1 x2 y2 =
6 1 x3 y3 z3 3 6 0 x2 y2 z2 2 2 2
1 y3 z3 1 x3 z3 1 x3 y3
1 x y z 0 x3 y3 z3
1
3
[
= 3 ⋅ V0123 + x ⋅ A123yz xz
− y ⋅ A123 xy
+ z ⋅ A123
1
3
]
= (a4 + b4 x + c4 y + d 4 z )
de unde rezultă:
L1 a1 b1 c1 d1 1
L a b2 c2 d 2 x
2 1 2
= (7.26)
L3 3V a3 b3 c3 d3 y
L4
a4 b4 c4 d 4 z
Obs. Din relaţia (7.23) rezultă: L4 = 1 − L1 − L2 − L3 şi deci coordonatele de
volum independente sunt doar trei L1 , L2 , L3 .
Matricea Jacobiană [J ] a transformării rezultă din relaţiile:
∂ ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂z ∂
= + + ∂
∂L1 ∂x ∂L1 ∂y ∂L1 ∂z ∂L1 ∂x
∂
1L
∂ ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂z ∂
∂
= + + ⇒ = [J ] (7.27)
∂L2 ∂x ∂L2 ∂y ∂L2 ∂z ∂L2 ∂L
2 ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂z ∂ ∂
= + + ∂L ∂z
∂L3 ∂x ∂L3 ∂y ∂L3 ∂z ∂L3 3
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂L1 ∂L1 ∂L1
[J ] = ∂x ∂y ∂z (7.28.a)
∂L ∂L2 ∂L2
∂x2 ∂y ∂z
∂L3 ∂L3 ∂L3
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 235
b1 b2 b3
[J ]
−1
=
1
3V
c1 c2 c3 (7.30.b)
d1 d2 d 3
u = β1 L1 + β 2 L2 + β 3 L3 + β 4 L4
v = β5 L1 + β 6 L2 + β 7 L3 + β8 L4 (7.36)
w = β9 L1 + β10 L2 + β11 L3 + β12 L4
şi pe baza coordonatelor nodurilor elementului tetraedru obţinem:
(1) → (1,0,0,0) ⇒ u1 = β1 , v1 = β5 , w1 = β9
(2) → (0,1,0,0) ⇒ u 2 = β 2 , v2 = β 6 , w2 = β10
(7.37)
(3) → (0,0,1,0) ⇒ u3 = β3 , v3 = β7 , w3 = β11
(4) → (0,0,0,1) ⇒ u 4 = β 4 , v4 = β8 , w4 = β12
u = u1L1 + u2 L2 + u3 L3 + u4 L4 4 4 4
v = v1L1 + v2 L2 + v3 L3 + v4 L4 ⇒ u = ∑ ui ⋅ Li , v = ∑ vi ⋅ Li , w = ∑ wi ⋅ Li (7.38)
i=1 i=1 i=1
w = w1L1 + w2 L2 + w3 L3 + w4 L4
unde funcţiile de formă pentru elementul de volum tetraedru liniar sunt:
N1 = L1 N 2 = L2 N 3 = L3 N 4 = L4 = 1 − L1 − L2 − L3 (7.39)
Din relaţiile (7.38),(7.39) putem defini matricea funcţiilor de formă:
{u} = [N u (L1 , L2 , L3 )]{uk } {u} = {u v w}
T
(7.40)
{u k } = {u1 v1 w1 u 2 v2 w2 u3 v3 w3 u 4 v4 w4 }
T
N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0 N4 0 0
[N u (L1 , L2 , L3 )] = 0 N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0 N4 0 (7.41)
0 0 N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0 N 4
γ xy ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂x 0
γ yz = 0 ∂ ∂z ∂ ∂y [N u ]{u k } = [Bτ ]{u k } (7.42.b)
γ ∂ ∂z 0 ∂ ∂x
xz
[K ] = [K σ ] + [K τ ] (7.43)
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 239
u = α1 (L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 ) +
2
+ α 2 (x1 L1 + x2 L2 + x3 L3 + x4 L4 )(L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 ) +
+ α 3 ( y1 L1 + y 2 L2 + y3 L3 + y 4 L4 )(L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 ) +
+ α 4 (z1 L1 + z 2 L2 + z3 L3 + z 4 L4 )(L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 ) +
+ α 5 (x1 L1 + x2 L2 + x3 L3 + x4 L4 ) +
2
+ α 6 ( y1 L1 + y 2 L2 + y3 L3 + y4 L4 ) +
2
(7.47)
+ α 7 (z1 L1 + z 2 L2 + z3 L3 + z 4 L4 ) +
2
+ α 8 (x1 L1 + x2 L2 + x3 L3 + x4 L4 )(y1 L1 + y 2 L2 + y3 L3 + y 4 L4 ) +
+ α 9 ( y1 L1 + y2 L2 + y3 L3 + y 4 L4 )(z1 L1 + z 2 L2 + z3 L3 + z 4 L4 ) +
+ α10 (x1 L1 + x2 L2 + x3 L3 + x4 L4 )(z1 L1 + z 2 L2 + z3 L3 + z 4 L4 )
⇒ u = β1L12 + β2 L22 + β3 L23 + β4 L24 + β5 L1L2 + β6 L1L3 + β7 L1L4 + β8 L2 L3 + β9 L2 L4 + β10 L3 L4
şi analog (7.47) obţinem relaţiile pentru v şi w:
u = β1L12 + β2 L22 + β3L23 + β4 L24 + β5 L1L2 + β6 L1L3 + β7 L1L4 + β8 L2 L3 + β9 L2 L4 + β10L3L4
v = β11L12 + β12L22 + β13L23 + β14L24 + β15L1L2 + β16L1L3 + β17L1L4 + β18L2 L3 + β19L2 L4 + β20L3 L4 (7.48)
w = β21L12 + β22L22 + β23L23 + β24L24 + β25L1L2 + β26L1L3 + β27L1L4 + β28L2 L3 + β29L2 L4 + β30L3 L4
Pentru a determina vectorul parametrilor {β} în funcţie de vectorul
deplasărilor nodale vom impune satisfacerea relaţiilor de interpolare a câmpului
deplasărilor în nodurile elementului:
(1) → (1,0,0,0) ⇒ u1 = β1 , v1 = β11 , w1 = β 21
(2) → (0,1,0,0) ⇒ u 2 = β 2 , v2 = β12 , w2 = β 22
(3) → (0,0,1,0) ⇒ u3 = β3 , v3 = β13 , w3 = β 23
(4) → (0,0,0,1) ⇒ u 4 = β 4 , v4 = β14 , w4 = β 24
1 1 1
u5 = u1 + u 2 + β5 ⇒ β5 = 4u5 − u1 − u 2
4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1
(5) → , ,0,0 ⇒ v5 = v1 + v2 + β15 ⇒ β15 = 4v5 − v1 − v2
2 2 4 4 4
1 1 1 (7.49)
w5 = w1 + w2 + β 25 ⇒ β 25 = 4 w5 − w1 − w2
4 4 4
1 1 1
u 6 = u 2 + u3 + β8 ⇒ β8 = 4u6 − u 2 − u3
4 4 4
(6) → 0, 1 , 1 ,0 ⇒ v6 = 1 v2 + 1 v3 + 1 β18 ⇒ β18 = 4v6 − v2 − v3
2 2 4 4 4
1 1 1
w6 = w2 + w3 + β 28 ⇒ β 28 = 4w6 − w2 − w3
4 4 4
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 241
1 1 1
u7 =u1 + u3 + β6 ⇒ β6 = 4u7 − u1 − u3
4 4 4
(7 ) → 1 ,0, 1 ,0 ⇒ v7 = 1 v1 + 1 v3 + 1 β16 ⇒ β16 = 4v7 − v1 − v3
2 2 4 4 4
1 1 1
w7 = w1 + w3 + β 26 ⇒ β 26 = 4 w7 − w1 − w3
4 4 4
1 1 1
u8 = u1 + u 4 + β 7 ⇒ β 7 = 4u8 − u1 − u 4
4 4 4
(8) → ,0,0, ⇒ v8 = v1 + v4 + β17 ⇒ β17 = 4v8 − v1 − v4
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 4 4 4
1 1 1
w8 = w1 + w4 + β 27 ⇒ β 27 = 4 w8 − w1 − w4
4 4 4
1 1 1
u9 = u 2 + u 4 + β9 ⇒ β9 = 4u9 − u 2 − u 4
4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1
(9) → 0, ,0, ⇒ v9 = v2 + v4 + β19 ⇒ β19 = 4v9 − v2 − v4
2 2 4 4 4
1 1 1
w9 = w2 + w4 + β 29 ⇒ β 29 = 4 w9 − w2 − w4
4 4 4
1 1 1
u10 = u3 + u 4 + β10 ⇒ β10 = 4u10 − u3 − u 4
4 4 4
(10) → 0,0, 1 , 1 ⇒ v10 = 1 v3 + 1 v4 + 1 β 20 ⇒ β 20 = 4v10 − v3 − v4
2 2 4 4 4
1 1 1
w10 = w3 + w4 + β30 ⇒ β30 = 4 w10 − w3 − w4
4 4 4
⇒ u = u1L12 + u2 L22 + u3 L23 + u4 L24 + (4u5 − u1 − u2 )L1L2 + (4u7 − u1 − u3 )L1 L3 +
+ (4u8 − u1 − u4 )L1L4 + (4u6 − u2 − u3 )L2 L3 + (4u9 − u2 − u4 )L2 L4 + (4u10 − u3 − u4 )L3 L4
şi grupând termenii obţinem:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
u = u1 2 L12 − L1 + u 2 2 L22 − L2 + u3 2 L23 − L3 + u 4 2 L24 − L4 + u5 (4 L1 L2 ) +
(7.50)
+ u6 (4 L2 L3 ) + u7 (4 L1 L3 ) + u8 (4 L1 L4 ) + u9 (4 L2 L4 ) + u10 (4 L3 L4 )
şi analog rezultă relaţiile pentru v şi w.
Rezultă că funcţiile câmpului deplasărilor u,v,w admit următoarea reprezentare:
10 10 10
u = ∑ ui ⋅ N i v = ∑ vi ⋅ N i w = ∑ wi ⋅ N i (7.51)
i =1 i =1 i =1
f1 0 0 f 2 0 0 f 3 0 0 f 4 0 0 f 5 0 0
1
[Bσ ] = 0 g1 0 0 g 2 0 0 g 3 0 0 g 4 0 0 g 5 0
3V
0 0 h1 0 0 h2 0 0 h3 0 0 h4 0 0 h5
(7.55)
f 6 0 0 f 7 0 0 f 8 0 0 f 9 0 0 f10 0 0
0 g6 0 0 g7 0 0 g8 0 0 g9 0 0 g10 0
0 0 h6 0 0 h7 0 0 h8 0 0 h9 0 0 h10
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 243
νg4 νh4 (1− ν) f5 νg5 νh5 (1− ν) f6 νg6 νh6 (1− ν) f7 νg7
(1− ν)g4 νh4 νf5 (1− ν)g5 νh5 νf 6 (1− ν)g6 νh6 νf7 (1− ν)g7
νg4 (1− ν)h4 νf5 νg5 (1− ν)h5 νf 6 νg6 (1− ν)h6 νf7 νg7
νh7 (1− ν) f8 νg8 νh8 (1− ν) f9 νg9 νh9 (1− ν) f10 νg10 νh10
νh7 νf8 (1− ν)g8 νh8 νf9 (1− ν)g9 νh9 νf10 (1− ν)g10 νh10
(1− ν)h7 νf8 νg8 (1− ν)h8 νf9 νg9 (1− ν)h9 νf10 νg10 (1− ν)h10
[K σ ] = ∫ [Bσ ]T [Eσ ][Bσ ]dV (7.57)
(V )
Pentru a simplifica scrierea matricei [K σ ] din relaţia (7.60) facem notaţiile:
(1 − ν ) (1 − ν ) (1 − ν )
α ij =
V ∫ f i f j dV , β ij =
V ∫ g i g j dV , θ ij =
V ∫ hi h j dV
(V ) (V ) (V )
ν ν ν
ψ ij = ∫
V (V )
f i g j dV , µ ij = ∫ f i h j dV , ν ij = ∫ g i h j dV , i, j = 1,10
V (V ) V (V ) (7.58)
α ij ψ ji µ ji
[ ]
ωij = ψ ij βij ν ji
i, j = 1,10
µ ij ν ij θij
Termenii din relaţiile (7.58) se pot calcula folosind metode numerice de integrare,
sau pe baza formulei (7.34) se pot deduce relaţii algebrice exacte. Datorită numărului mare
de termeni (30x30) vom exemplifica doar pentru un termen din fiecare categorie:
2
1− ν 1 − ν ∂N1 ∂N ∂N
V (V∫ ) V (V∫ ) ∂L1
α11 = f12 dV = b1 + b2 1 + b3 1 dV =
∂L2 ∂L3
=
1− ν 2
V
[
b1 ∫ 16 L12 − 8 L1 + 1 dV =
V
]
1 − ν 2 2!
5!
1! 0! 3
b1 6V 16 − 8 + = (1 − ν )b12
4! 3! 5
(V )
2
(7.59)
1− ν 1 − ν ∂N1 ∂N1 ∂N
V (V∫ ) V (V∫ ) ∂L1
β11 = g12 dV = c1 + c2 + c3 1 dV =
∂L2 ∂L3
=
1− ν 2
V
[ 3
c1 ∫ 16 L12 − 8 L1 + 1 dV = (1 − ν )c12
5
]
(V )
244 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
2
1− ν 1 − ν ∂N1 ∂N ∂N
θ11 = ∫
V (V )
h12 dV = ∫ d1
V (V ) ∂L1
+ d 2 1 + d 3 1 dV =
∂L2 ∂L3
=
1− ν 2
V
[ ]3
d1 ∫ 16L12 − 8L1 + 1 dV = (1 − ν )d12
5
(V )
ν ν ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N
ψ11 = ∫
V (V )
f1 g1dV = ∫ b1 1 + b2 1 + b3 1 c1 1 + c2 1 + c3 1 dV =
V (V ) ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3
ν 3
= b1c1 ∫ (4 L1 − 1) dV = νb1c1
2
V (V ) 5
ν ν ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N
µ11 = ∫
V (V )
f1h1dV = ∫ b1 1 + b2 1 + b3 1 d1 1 + d 2 1 + d 3 1 dV
V (V ) ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3
ν 3
= b1d1 ∫ (4 L1 − 1) dV = νb1d1
2
V (V ) 5
ν ν ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N
ν11 = ∫
V (V )
g1h1dV = ∫ c1 1 + c2 1 + c3 1 d1 1 + d 2 1 + d 3 1 dV
V (V ) ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3
ν 3
= c1d1 ∫ (4 L1 − 1) dV = νc1d1
2
V (V ) 5
10 ∂Ni ∂Ni ∂N i 10 ∂N i ∂N ∂N 10
∑ i 1
u c + c 2 + c3 + ∑ vi b1 + b2 i + b3 i ∑(ui g i + vi f i )
i=1 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 i =1 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3
10
i =1
1 10
∂Ni ∂N ∂N 10
∂N ∂N ∂N 1
= ∑vi d1 + d 2 i + d 3 i + ∑ wi c1 i + c2 i + c3 i = ∑ i i (v h + w g )
i i
3V i=1 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 i=1 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 3V
i10=1
10 ∂N ∂N ∂N 10
∂N ∂N ∂N (u h + w f )
∑ui d1 i + d 2 i + d 3 i + ∑ wi b1 i + b2 i + b3 i ∑ i i i i
i=1 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 i=1 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 i=1
şi pe baza notaţiilor din relaţia (7.54) obţinem:
g 1 f1 0 g2 f2 0 g3 f3 0 g4 f4 0 g5 f5 0
1
[Bτ ] = 0 h1 g1 0 h2 g2 0 h3 g3 0 h4 g4 0 h5 g5
3V
h1 0 f1 h2 0 f2 h3 0 f3 h4 0 f4 h5 0 f5
(7.62)
g6 f6 0 g7 f7 0 g8 f8 0 g9 f9 0 g10 f10 0
0 h6 g6 0 h7 g7 0 h8 g8 0 h9 g9 0 h10 g10
h6 0 f6 h7 0 f7 h8 0 f8 h9 0 f9 h10 0 f10
Componenta din tensiunile tangenţiale [K τ ] a matricei de rigiditate rezultă din
următoarele relaţii:
1 0 0
E E
[Eτ ] = 0 1 0 = [I 3 ] (7.63)
2(1 + ν ) 2(1 + ν )
0 0 1
E
[K τ ] = ∫ [Bτ ]T [Eτ ][Bτ ]dV = ∫ [Bτ ]T [Bτ ]dV (7.64)
(V ) 2(1 + ν ) (V )
qij =
1
∫
V (V )
[ ] 1
V (V )
[ 1
]
g i g j + hi h j dV , pij = ∫ f i f j + hi h j dV , sij = ∫ g i g j + f i f j dV
V (V )
[ ]
(7.65)
1 1 1
ψ ij = ∫
V (V )
f i g j dV , µij = ∫ f i h j dV , νij = ∫ g i h j dV
V (V ) V (V )
qij ψ ji µ ji
[ ]
χ ij = ψ ij pij
ν ji i, j = 1,10 (7.66)
µ ij ν ij sij
Termenii din relaţiile (7.65) se pot calcula folosind o metodă numerică de
integrare sau pe baza formulei (7.34) obţinând relaţii algebrice exacte. Datorită
numărului mare de termeni (30x30) ai matricei [K τ ] , vom exemplifica doar pentru
termenii i = j = 1 din relaţia (7.65).
1 ∂N1 ∂N1
2 2
q11 =
1
[
V (V∫ )
g1
2
+ h1
2
]
dV =
V (V∫ ) ∂L1
c1 + c 2
∂N1
∂L2
+ c 3
∂N1 ∂N1
+
∂L3 ∂L1
d1 + d 2
∂N1
∂L2
+ d 3
∂L3
dV =
=
c12 + d12
V ∫ (
16 L12 − 8 L1 + 1 dV = 1)
c 2 + d12
V
2! 1! 0! 3
6V 16 − 8 + = c12 + d12
5! 4! 3! 5
( )
(V )
1 ∂N1 ∂N1
2 2
p11 =
1
V (V∫)
[f 2
1 + 1
h 2
dV ]
= ∫ 1 b
V (V ) ∂L1
+ 2
b
∂N1
∂L2
+ 3
b
∂N1 ∂N1
+ 1d
∂L3 ∂L1
+ 2d
∂N1
∂L2
+ 3
d
∂L3
dV =
( ) ( )
2 2
b + d1 3 2
∫( )16L1 − 8L1 + 1 dV = 5 b1 + d1
2 2
= 1
V V
1 ∂N1 ∂N1
2 2
s11 =
1
V (V∫)
[g1
2
+ f1
2
dV]=
V (V∫) ∂L1
c1 + c2
∂N1
∂L2
+ c3
∂N1 ∂N1
+
∂L3 ∂L1
b1 + b2
∂N1
∂L2
+ b3
∂L3
dV =
=
c12 + b12
V (V∫ )
( 3
16L12 − 8 L1 + 1 dV = c12 + b12
5
) ( ) (7.67)
1 1 ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N
ψ11 = ∫
V (V )
f1 g1dV = ∫ b1 1 + b2 1 + b3 1 c1 1 + c2 1 + c3 1 dV =
V (V ) ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3
bc
V (V )
( 3
= 1 1 ∫ 16 L12 − 8L1 + 1 dV = b1c1
5
)
1 1 ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N
V (V∫ )
µ11 = f1h1dV = ∫ b1 1 + b2 1 + b3 1 d1 1 + d 2 1 + d 3 1 dV =
V (V ) ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3
∫( )
bd 3 1
= 1 1 16 L12 − 8L1 + 1 dV = b1d1 ; ν11 = ∫ g1h1dV =
V (V ) 5 V (V )
=
1 ∂N1
∫ c1
V (V ) ∂L1
∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N ∂N cd 3
+ c2 1 + c3 1 d1 1 + d2 1 + d3 1 dV = 1 1 ∫ 16L12 − 8L1 + 1 dV = c1d1
∂L2 ∂L3 ∂L1 ∂L2 ∂L3 V (V ) 5
( )
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 247
x1
x= [1 + ξ − η − ζ − ξη + ηζ − ξζ + ξηζ ] + x2 [1 − ξ − η − ζ + ξη + ηζ + ξζ − ξηζ ] +
8 8
x3 x4
+ [1 − ξ − η + ζ + ξη − ηζ − ξζ + ξηζ ] + [1 + ξ − η + ζ − ξη − ηζ + ξζ − ξηζ ] +
8 8
(7.73)
x5 x6
+ [1 + ξ + η − ζ + ξη − ηζ − ξζ − ξηζ ] + [1 − ξ + η − ζ − ξη − ηζ + ξζ + ξηζ ] +
8 8
x x
+ 7 [1 − ξ + η + ζ − ξη + ηζ − ξζ − ξηζ ] + 8 [1 + ξ + η + ζ + ξη + ηζ + ξζ + ξηζ ]
8 8
analog pentru y şi z.
Funcţiile de formă au expresiile ξ, η, ζ ∈ (− 1,1) :
1
N1 (ξ, η, ζ ) = [1 + ξ − η − ζ − ξη + ηζ − ξζ + ξηζ] = 1 (1 + ξ)(1 − η)(1 − ζ )
8 8
1 1
N 2 (ξ, η, ζ ) = [1 − ξ − η − ζ + ξη + ηζ + ξζ − ξηζ ] = (1 − ξ )(1 − η)(1 − ζ )
8 8
1 1
N 3 (ξ, η, ζ ) = [1 − ξ − η + ζ + ξη − ηζ − ξζ + ξηζ] = (1 − ξ )(1 − η)(1 + ζ )
8 8
1 1
N 4 (ξ, η, ζ ) = [1 + ξ − η + ζ − ξη − ηζ + ξζ − ξηζ ] = (1 + ξ)(1 − η)(1 + ζ )
8 8
(7.74)
1 1
N 5 (ξ, η, ζ ) = [1 + ξ + η − ζ + ξη − ηζ − ξζ − ξηζ ] = (1 + ξ )(1 + η)(1 − ζ )
8 8
1 1
N 6 (ξ, η, ζ ) = [1 − ξ + η − ζ − ξη − ηζ + ξζ + ξηζ ] = (1 − ξ )(1 + η)(1 − ζ )
8 8
1 1
N 7 (ξ, η, ζ ) = [1 − ξ + η + ζ − ξη + ηζ − ξζ − ξηζ ] = (1 − ξ )(1 + η)(1 + ζ )
8 8
1 1
N 8 (ξ, η, ζ ) = [1 + ξ + η + ζ + ξη + ηζ + ξζ + ξηζ ] = (1 + ξ)(1 + η)(1 + ζ )
8 8
Funcţiile de interpolare ale geometriei elementului de volum tetraedru au expresiile:
8 8 8
x = ∑ N i xi y = ∑ N i yi z = ∑ N i zi (7.75)
i =1 i =1 i =1
{uk } = {u1 v1 w1 u 2 v2 w2 u3 v3 w3 u 4 v4 w4
w5 u6 v6 w6 u 7 v7 w7 u8 v8 w8 }
T
u5 v5
N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0 N4 0 0
[N u ] = 0 N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0 N4 0
0 0 N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0 N4
N5 0 0 N6 0 0 N7 0 0 N8 0 0
0 N5 0 0 N6 0 0 N7 0 0 N8 0
0 0 N5 0 0 N6 0 0 N7 0 0 N 8
Matricea Jacobiană pentru transformarea de coordonate (x, y , z ) → (ξ, η, ζ ) se
determină din expresiile:
∂ ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂z ∂ ∂
= + + ∂ξ
∂ ξ ∂ x ∂ ξ ∂y ∂ξ ∂ z ∂ ξ ∂x
∂ ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂z ⇒ ∂ = [ ] ∂
= + + J (7.78)
∂ η ∂x ∂ η ∂y ∂η ∂z ∂ η ∂η ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂z ∂ ∂
= + + ∂ζ ∂z
∂ ζ ∂ x ∂ζ ∂y ∂ζ ∂z ∂ζ
8 ∂N i ∂N i
8 8
∂N i
∑ xi ∑= yi ∑= zi
i =81 ∂ ξ i 1 ∂ξ i 1 ∂ξ J 11 J 12 J 13
[J ] = ∑ ∂N i xi ∂N ∂N i
8 8
∑= ∂ηi y i ∑= ∂η z i = J 21 J 22 J 23 = [D ]⋅ [X ] = (7.79)
∂η
i =81 i 1 i 1 J J 32 J 33
∂N i x
8
∂N 8
∂N i 31
∑ ∂ζ i ∑= ∂ζi y i ∑= ∂ζ z i
i =1 i 1 i 1
T
N1'ξ N 2'ξ N 3'ξ N 4'ξ N 5'ξ N 6'ξ N 7'ξ N8'ξ x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8
= N1'η N 2'η N 3'η N 4'η N 5'η N 6'η N 7'η N8'η y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8
N1'ζ
N 2'ζ N 3'ζ N 4'ζ N 5'ζ N 6'ζ N 7'ζ N8'ζ z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z8
det (J ) = J 11 (J 22 J 33 − J 32 J 23 ) − J 12 (J 21 J 33 − J 31 J 23 ) + J 13 (J 21 J 32 − J 31 J 22 ) (7.80)
{u 'ξ u'η u'ζ v'ξ v'η v'ζ w'ξ w'η w'ζ } = [DN ]{u k }
T
(7.84)
{ε}= [Q ][DN ]{uk } ⇒ [B ] = [Q ][DN ]∈ M 6×24
252 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
1 − ν ν ν 0 0 0
ν 1− ν ν 0 0 0
E ν ν 1− ν 0 0 0
[E ] = (7.89)
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) 0 0 0 (1 − 2ν ) 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 (1 − 2ν ) 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 (1 − 2ν ) 2
Putem descompune matricea de rigiditate în două părţi:
[K ] = [K σ ] + [K τ ] (7.90)
1 1 1
(1 − ν ) f1i f1 j νf1i f 2 j νf1i f 3 j
[ ]
ψ ij = ∫ ∫ ∫ νf 2i f1 j (1 − ν ) f 2i f 2 j
νf 2i f 3 j ∆ J dξdηdζ ∈ M 3×3
(7.92)
−1−1−1
νf 3i f1 j νf 3i f 2 j (1 − ν ) f 3i f 3 j
i, j = 1,8
[ ]
Calculul termenilor din submatricele ψ ij i, j = 1,8 se realizează prin metode
numerice de integrare, datorită complexităţii funcţiilor de integrare.
1 1 1
f 2i f 2 j + f 3i f 3 j f 2i f1 j f 3i f1 j
[µ ]
ij = ∫ ∫ ∫
f1i f 2 j f1i f1 j + f 3i f 3 j f 3i f 2 j
∆ J dξdηdζ ∈ M 3×3 (7.95)
−1 −1 −1
f1i f 3 j f 2i f 3 j f 2i f 2 j + f1i f1 j
Calculul termenilor din submatricele µ ij [ ] i, j = 1,8 , datorită complexităţii
funcţiilor de integrare, se realizează prin metode numerice de integrare.
Forma finală a matricei [K τ ] este:
[µ11 ] [µ12 ] [µ13 ] [µ14 ] [µ15 ] [µ16 ] [µ17 ] [µ18 ]
[µ ] [µ 22 ] [µ 23 ] [µ 24 ] [µ 25 ] [µ 26 ] [µ 27 ] [µ 28 ]
21
[µ 31 ] [µ 32 ] [µ 33 ] [µ 34 ] [µ 35 ] [µ 36 ] [µ 37 ] [µ 38 ]
E [µ 41 ] [µ 42 ] [µ 43 ] [µ 44 ] [µ 45 ] [µ 46 ] [µ 47 ] [µ 48 ]
[K τ ] = (7.96)
2(1 + ν ) [µ 51 ] [µ 52 ] [µ 53 ] [µ 54 ] [µ 55 ] [µ 56 ] [µ 57 ] [µ 58 ]
[µ 61 ] [µ 62 ] [µ 63 ] [µ 64 ] [µ 65 ] [µ 66 ] [µ 67 ] [µ 68 ]
[µ ] [µ 72 ] [µ 73 ] [µ 74 ] [µ 75 ] [µ 76 ] [µ 77 ] [µ 78 ]
71
[µ 81 ] [µ 82 ] [µ 83 ] [µ 84 ] [µ 85 ] [µ 86 ] [µ 87 ] [µ 88 ]
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 255
α 5 = u1 − u 2 + u3 − u 4 , α 6 = u1 − u 2 − u5 + u 6
α 7 = u1 − u 4 − u5 + u8 , α 8 = −u1 + u 2 − u3 + u 4 + u5 − u6 + u7 − u8
u = u1 (1 − ξ − η − ζ + ξη + ηζ + ξζ − ξηζ ) + u 2 (η − ξη − ηζ + ξηζ ) + u3 (ξη − ξηζ ) +
+ u 4 (ξ − ξη − ξζ + ξηζ ) + u5 (ζ − ηζ − ξζ + ξηζ ) + u 6 (ηζ − ξηζ ) + u 7 (ξηζ ) + u8 (ξζ − ξηζ )
de unde funcţiile de interpolare au expresiile:
8 8 8
u = ∑ N i ui v = ∑ N i vi w = ∑ N i wi ξ, η, ζ ∈ [0,1]
i =1 i =1 i =1
(7.100)
N1 = (1 − ξ)(1 − η)(1 − ζ ) , N 2 = (1 − ξ )η(1 − ζ ) , N 3 = ξη(1 − ζ ) , N 4 = ξ(1 − η)(1 − ζ )
N 5 = (1 − ξ )(1 − η)ζ , N 6 = (1 − ξ )ηζ , N 7 = ξηζ , N 8 = ξ(1 − η)ζ
Vectorul deplasărilor nodale şi matricea funcţiilor de formă au expresiile:
{u k } = {u1 v1 w1 u 2 v2 w2 u3 v3 w3 ... ... u8 v8 w8 }
T
u
v = [N u ]{uk }
w
N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0 N4 0 0
[N u ] = 0 N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0 N4 0 (7.101)
0 0 N1 0 0 N2 0 0 N3 0 0 N4
N5 0 0 N6 0 0 N7 0 0 N8 0 0
0 N5 0 0 N6 0 0 N7 0 0 N8 0
0 0 N5 0 0 N6 0 0 N7 0 0 N 8
Din relaţiile Cauchy avem pentru matricea deformaţiilor specifice expresia:
{ε}= [∆][N u ]{u k }= [B ]{u k }
∂ 1 ∂ 0 0
∂x 0 0
a ∂ξ
∂ 1 ∂
0 0 0 0
∂y b ∂η
∂ 1 ∂
0 0 0 0
c ∂ζ (7.102)
[∆] = ∂ ∂z =
∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
0 0
∂y ∂x
b ∂η a ∂ξ
∂ ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
0 0
∂z ∂y c ∂ζ b ∂η
∂ ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
∂z 0 0
∂x c ∂ζ a ∂ξ
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 257
1 ∂N1 1 ∂N 2 1 ∂N 3
a ∂ξ 0 0 0 0 0 0
a ∂ξ a ∂ξ
0 1 ∂N1 1 ∂N 2 1 ∂N1
0 0 0 0 0
b ∂η b ∂η b ∂η
1 ∂N1 1 ∂N 2 1 ∂N1
0 0 0 0 0 0
c ∂ζ c ∂ζ c ∂ζ
[B] = 1 ∂N 1 ∂N1 1 ∂N 2 1 ∂N 2 1 ∂N 3 1 ∂N 3
1
b ∂η 0 0 0
a ∂ξ b ∂η a ∂ξ b ∂η a ∂ξ
0 1 ∂N1 1 ∂N1 1 ∂N 2 1 ∂N 2 1 ∂N 3 1 ∂N 3
0 0
c ∂ζ b ∂η c ∂ζ b ∂η c ∂ζ b ∂η
1 ∂N 1 ∂N1 1 ∂N 2 1 ∂N 2 1 ∂N 3 1 ∂N 3
1
0 0 0
c ∂ζ a ∂ξ c ∂ζ a ∂ξ c ∂ζ a ∂ξ
1 ∂N 4 1 ∂N 5 1 ∂N 6
0 0 0 0 0 0
a ∂ξ a ∂ξ a ∂ξ
1 ∂N 4 1 ∂N 5 1 ∂N 6
0 0 0 0 0 0
b ∂η b ∂η b ∂η
1 ∂N 4 1 ∂N 5 1 ∂N 6
0 0 0 0 0 0
c ∂ζ c ∂ζ c ∂ζ
1 ∂N 4 1 ∂N 4 1 ∂N 5 1 ∂N 5 1 ∂N 6 1 ∂N 6 (7.103)
0 0 0
b ∂η a ∂ξ b ∂η a ∂ξ b ∂η a ∂ξ
1 ∂N 4 1 ∂N 4 1 ∂N 5 1 ∂N 5 1 ∂N 6 1 ∂N 6
0 0 0
c ∂ζ b ∂η c ∂ζ b ∂η c ∂ζ b ∂η
1 ∂N 4 1 ∂N 4 1 ∂N 5 1 ∂N 5 1 ∂N 6 1 ∂N 6
0 0 0
c ∂ζ a ∂ξ c ∂ζ a ∂ξ c ∂ζ a ∂ξ
1 ∂N 7 1 ∂N 8
0 0 0 0
a ∂ξ a ∂ξ
1 ∂N 7 1 ∂N 8
0 0 0 0
b ∂η b ∂η
1 ∂N 7 1 ∂N 8
0 0 0 0
c ∂ζ c ∂ζ [Bσ ]
=
1 ∂N 7 1 ∂N 7 1 ∂N 8 1 ∂N 8 [ ]
0 0 Bτ
b ∂η a ∂ξ b ∂η a ∂ξ
1 ∂N 7 1 ∂N 7 1 ∂N 8 1 ∂N 8
0 0
c ∂ζ b ∂η c ∂ζ b ∂η
1 ∂N 7 1 ∂N 7 1 ∂N 8 1 ∂N 8
0 0
c ∂ζ a ∂ξ c ∂ζ a ∂ξ
Matricea elastică pentru starea 3D de deformaţie şi tensiuni are expresia:
[E ]
[E ] = σ
0
(7.104)
0 [Eτ ]
258 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
1 − ν ν ν 1 0 0
E E
[Eσ ] = ν 1− ν ν [Eτ ] = 0 1 0
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
2(1 + ν )
ν ν 1 − ν 0 0 1
Matricea de rigiditate are expresia:
[K ] = [K σ ] + [K τ ] [K σ ] = ∫ [Bσ ]T [Eσ ][Bσ ]dV [K τ ] = ∫ [Bτ ]T [Eτ ][Bτ ]dV
(V ) (V )
1 11 111
[K σ ] = ∫∫∫ [Bσ ]T [Eσ ][Bσ ]∆ J dξdηdζ = abc ∫∫∫ [Bσ ]T [Eσ ][Bσ ]dξdηdζ (7.105)
00 0 00 0
1 1 1
E
[K τ ] = ∫ [Bτ ]T [Bτ ]dV = Eabc ∫ ∫ ∫ [Bτ ]T [Bτ ]dξdηdζ
2(1 + ν ) (V ) 2(1 + ν ) 0 0 0
Pentru a uşura scrierea relaţiilor facem notaţiile:
1 ∂N i 1 ∂N i 1 ∂N i
fi = gi = hi = i = 1,8 (7.106)
a ∂ξ b ∂η c ∂ζ
1 1 1 1
f1 = − f 4 = − (1 − η)(1 − ζ ) f 2 = − f 3 = − η(1 − ζ ) f 3 = η(1 − ζ ) f 4 = (1 − η)(1 − ζ )
a a a a
1 1 1 1
f 5 = − f 8 = − (1 − η)ζ f 6 = − f 7 = − ηζ f 7 = ηζ f 8 = (1 − η)ζ
a a a a
1 1 1 1
g1 = − g 2 = − (1 − ξ )(1 − ζ ) g 2 = (1 − ξ )(1 − ζ ) g 3 = ξ(1 − ζ ) g 4 = − g 3 = − ξ(1 − ζ )
b b b b
1 1 1 1
g 5 = − g 6 = − (1 − ξ )ζ g 6 = (1 − ξ )ζ g 7 = ξζ g 8 = − g 7 = − ξζ
b b b b
1 1 1 1
h1 = −h5 = − (1 − ξ )(1 − η) h2 = − h6 = − (1 − ξ )η h5 = (1 − ξ )(1 − η) h6 = (1 − ξ )η
c c c c
1 1 1 1
h3 = − h7 = − ξη h4 = −h8 = − ξ(1 − η) h7 = ξη h8 = ξ(1 − η)
c c c c
Din relaţiile (7.103),(7.106) obţinem:
− f 4 0 0 − f3 0 0 f3 0 0 f4 0 0
[Bσ ] = 0 − g2 0 0 g2 0 0 g3 0 0 − g3 0
0 0 − h5 0 0 − h6 0 0 − h7 0 0 − h8
(7.107)
− f8 0 0 − f7 0 0 f7 0 0 f8 0 0
0 − g6 0 0 g6 0 0 g7 0 0 − g7 0
0 0 h5 0 0 h6 0 0 h7 0 0 h8
− g 2 − f4 0 g2 − f3 0 g3 f3 0 − g3 f4 0
[Bτ ] = 0 − h5 − g2 0 − h6 g2 0 − h7 g3 0 − h8 − g3 (7.108)
− h5 0 − f4 − h6 0 − f3 − h7 0 f3 − h8 0 f4
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 259
− g6 − f8 0 g6 − f7 0 g7 f7 0 − g7 f8 0
0 h5 − g6 0 h6 g6 0 h7 g7 0 h8 − g 7
h5 0 − f8 h6 0 − f7 h7 0 f7 h8 0 f 8
E A11 A12
[Bσ ]T [E σ ][Bσ ] = [A21 ] = [A12 ]T (7.110)
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) A21 A22
[A11 ] = (7.111.a)
(1 − ν ) f 42 νf 4 g 2 νf 4 h5 (1 − ν ) f 3 f 4 − νf 4 g 2 νf 4 h6
νg 2 f 4 (1 − ν ) g 22 νg 2 h5 νf 3 g 2 − (1 − ν ) g 22 νg 2 h6
νf h νg 2 h5 (1 − ν )h52 νf 3 h5 − νg 2 h5 (1 − ν )h5 h6
4 5
(1 − ν ) f3 f4 νf 3 g 2 νf 3 h5 (1 − ν ) f 32 − νf 3 g 2 νf 3 h6
− νf g − (1 − ν )g 22 − νg 2 h5 − νf 3 g 2 (1 − ν )g 22 − νg 2 h6
4 2
νf 4 h6 νg 2 h6 (1 − ν )h5 h6 νf 3 h6 − νg 2 h6 (1 − ν )h62
− (1 − ν ) f 3 f 4 − νf 3 g 2 − νf 3 h5 − (1 − ν ) f 32 νf 3 g 2 − νf 3 h6
− νg 3 f 4 − (1 − ν )g 2 g 3 − νg 3 h5 − νf 3 g 3 (1 − ν )g 2 g 3 − νg 3h6
νf 4 h7 νg 2 h7 (1 − ν )h5 h7 νf 3 h7 − νg 2 h7 (1 − ν )h6 h7
− (1 − ν ) f 2 − νf 4 g 2 − νf 4 h5 − (1 − ν ) f 3 f 4 νf 4 g 2 − νf 4 h6
4
νf 4 g 3 (1 − ν )g 2 g 3 νg 3h5 νf 3 g 3 − (1 − ν )g 2 g 3 νg 3 h6
νf h νg 2 h8 (1 − ν )h5 h8 νf 3 h8 − νg 2 h8 (1 − ν )h6 h8
4 8
260 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
− (1 − ν ) f 3 f 4 − νf 4 g 3 νf 4 h7 − (1 − ν ) f 42 νf 4 g 3 νf 4 h8
− νf 3 g 2 − (1 − ν )g 2 g 3 νg 2 h7 − νf 4 g 2 (1 − ν )g 2 g 3 νg 2 h8
− νf 3 h5 − νg 3 h5 (1 − ν )h5 h7 − νf 4 h5 νg 3 h5 (1 − ν )h5 h8
− (1 − ν ) f 32 − νf 3 g 3 νf 3 h7 − (1 − ν ) f 3 f 4 νf 3 g 3 νf 3 h8
νf 3 g 2 (1 − ν )g 2 g 3 − νg 2 h7 νf 4 g 2 − (1 − ν )g 2 g 3 − νg 2 h8
− νf 3 h6 − νg 3 h6 (1 − ν )h6 h7 − νf 4 h6 νg 3 h6 (1 − ν )h6 h8
(1 − ν ) f 32 νf 3 g 3 − νf 3 h7 (1 − ν ) f 3 f 4 − νf 3 g 3 − νf 3 h8
νf 3 g 3 (1 − ν )g 32 − νg 3 h7 νf 4 g 3 − (1 − ν )g 32 − νg 3 h8
− νf 3 h7 − νg 3 h7 (1 − ν )h72 − νf 4 h7 νg 3 h7 (1 − ν )h7 h8
(1 − ν ) f 3 f 4 νg 3 f 4 − νh7 f 4 (1 − ν ) f 42 − νf 4 g 3 − νf 4 h8
− νf 3 g 3 − (1 − ν )g 32 νg 3 h7 − νf 4 g 3 (1 − ν )g 32 νg 3 h8
− νf 3 h8 − νg 3 h8 (1 − ν )h7 h8 − νf 4 h8 νg 3 h8 (1 − ν )h82
[A12 ] = (7.111.b)
(1 − ν ) f 4 f8 νg 2 f8 νh5 f8 (1 − ν ) f3 f8 − νg 2 f 8 νh6 f8
νf 4 g6 (1 − ν )g 2 g6 νh5 g 6 νf 3 g6 − (1 − ν )g 2 g 6 νh6 g 6
− νf 4 h5 − νg 2 h5 − (1 − ν )h52 − νf 3h5 νg 2 h5 − (1 − ν )h6 h5
(1 − ν ) f 4 f 7 νg 2 f 7 νh5 f 7 (1 − ν ) f3 f 7 − νg 2 f 7 νh6 f 7
− νf g − (1 − ν )g 2 g6 − νh5 g 6 − νf 3 g6 (1 − ν )g 2 g 6 − νh6 g 6
4 6
− νf 4 h6 − νg 2 h6 − (1 − ν )h5 h6 − νf 3 h6 νg 2 h6 − (1 − ν )h62
− (1 − ν ) f 4 f 7 − νg 2 f 7 − νh5 f 7 − (1 − ν ) f 3 f 7 νg 2 f 7 − νh6 f 7
− νf 4 g 7 − (1 − ν )g 2 g 7 − νh5 g7 − νf 3 g 7 (1 − ν )g 2 g 7 − νh6 g7
− νf 4 h7 − νg 2 h7 − (1 − ν )h5 h7 − νf 3h7 νg 2 h7 − (1 − ν )h6 h7
− (1 − ν ) f f − νg 2 f8 − νh5 f8 − (1 − ν ) f 3 f 8 νg 2 f8 − νh6 f8
4 8
νf 4 g 7 (1 − ν )g 2 g7 νh5 g7 νf 3 g 7 − (1 − ν )g 2 g7 νh6 g7
− νf h − νg 2 h8 − (1 − ν )h5 h8 − νf 3h8 νg 2 h8 − (1 − ν )h6 h8
4 8
− (1 − ν ) f 3 f 8 − νg 3 f 8 ν h7 f 8 − (1 − ν ) f 4 f 8 νg 3 f 8 ν h8 f 8
− νf 3 g 6 − (1 − ν )g 3 g 6 ν h7 g 6 − νf 4 g 6 (1 − ν )g 3 g 6 ν h8 g 6
ν f 3 h5 ν g 3 h5 − (1 − ν )h7 h5 ν f 4 h5 − ν g 3 h5 − (1 − ν )h8 h5
− (1 − ν ) f 3 f 7 − νg 3 f 7 ν h7 f 7 − (1 − ν ) f 4 f 7 νg 3 f 7 ν h8 f 7
νf 3 g 6 (1 − ν )g 3 g 6 − ν h7 g 6 νf 4 g 6 − (1 − ν )g 3 g 6 − ν h8 g 6
ν f 3 h6 ν g 3 h6 − (1 − ν )h7 h6 ν f 4 h6 − ν g 3 h6 − (1 − ν )h8 h6
(1 − ν ) f 3 f 7 νg 3 f 7 − ν h7 f 7 (1 − ν ) f 4 f 7 − νg 3 f 7 − ν h8 f 7
νf 3 g 7 (1 − ν )g 3 g 7 − ν h7 g 7 νf 4 g 7 − (1 − ν )g 3 g 7 − ν h8 g 7
ν f 3 h7 ν g 3 h7 − (1 − ν )h72 ν f 4 h7 − ν g 3 h7 − (1 − ν )h8 h7
(1 − ν ) f 3 f 8 νg 3 f 8 − ν h7 f 8 (1 − ν ) f 4 f 8 − νg 3 f 8 − ν h8 f 8
− νf 3 g 7 − (1 − ν )g 3 g 7 ν h7 g 7 − νf 4 g 7 (1 − ν )g 3 g 7 ν h8 g 7
ν f 3 h8 ν g 3 h8 − (1 − ν )h7 h8 ν f 4 h8 − ν g 3 h8 − (1 − ν )h82
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 261
[A22 ] = (7.111.c)
(1 − ν ) f 82 νg 6 f 8 − νh5 f 8 (1 − ν ) f 7 f 8 − νg 6 f 8 − νh6 f 8
νf 8 g 6 (1 − ν ) g 62 − νh5 g 6 νf 7 g 6 − (1 − ν ) g 62 − νh6 g 6
− νf h − νg 6 h5 (1 − ν ) h52 − νf 7 h5 νg 6 h5 (1 − ν )h6 h5
8 5
(1 − ν ) f 7 f8 νg 6 f 7 − νh5 f 7 (1 − ν ) f 72 − νg 6 f 7 − νh6 f 7
− νf g − (1 − ν ) g 62 νh5 g 6 − νf 7 g 6 (1 − ν ) g 62 νh6 g 6
8 6
− νf 8 h6 − νg 6 h6 (1 − ν )h5 h6 − νf 7 h6 νg 6 h6 (1 − ν )h62
− (1 − ν ) f 8 f 7 − νg 6 f 7 νh5 f 7 − (1 − ν ) f 72 νg 6 f 7 νh6 f 7
− νf 8 g 7 − (1 − ν )g 6 g 7 νh5 g 7 − νf 7 g 7 (1 − ν )g 6 g 7 νh6 g 7
− νf 8 h7 − νg 6 h7 (1 − ν )h5 h7 − νf 7 h7 νg 6 h7 (1 − ν )h6 h7
− (1 − ν ) f 2 − νg 6 f 8 νh5 f 8 − (1 − ν ) f 7 f 8 νg 6 f 8 νh6 f 8
8
νf 8 g 7 (1 − ν )g 6 g 7 − νh5 g 7 νf 7 g 7 − (1 − ν )g 6 g 7 − νh6 g 7
− νf h − νg 6 h8 (1 − ν )h5 h8 − νf 7 h8 νg 6 h8 (1 − ν )h6 h8
8 8
− (1 − ν ) f 7 f 8 − νg 7 f 8 − νh7 f 8 − (1 − ν ) f 82 νg 7 f 8 − νh8 f 8
− νf 7 g 6 − (1 − ν )g 7 g 6 − νh7 g 6 − νf 8 g 6 (1 − ν )g 7 g 6 − νh8 g 6
νf 7 h5 νg 7 h5 (1 − ν )h7 h5 νf 8 h5 − νg 7 h5 (1 − ν )h8 h5
− (1 − ν ) f 72 − νg 7 f 7 − νh7 f 7 − (1 − ν ) f 8 f 7 νg 7 f 7 − νh8 f 7
νf 7 g 6 (1 − ν )g 7 g 6 νh7 g 6 νf 8 g 6 − (1 − ν )g 7 g 6 νh8 g 6
νf 7 h6 νg 7 h6 (1 − ν )h7 h6 νf 8 h6 − νg 7 h6 (1 − ν )h8 h6
(1 − ν ) f 72 νg 7 f 7 νh7 f 7 (1 − ν ) f 8 f 7 − νg 7 f 7 νh8 f 7
νf 7 g 7 (1 − ν ) g 72 νh7 g 7 νf 8 g 7 − (1 − ν )g 72 − νh8 g 7
νf 7 h7 νg 7 h7 (1 − ν )h72 νf 8 h7 − νg 7 h7 (1 − ν )h8 h7
(1 − ν ) f 7 f 8 νg 7 f 8 νh7 f 8 (1 − ν ) f 82 − νg 7 f 8 νh8 f 8
− νf 7 g 7 − (1 − ν ) g 72 − νh7 g 7 − νf 8 g 7 (1 − ν )g 72 − νh8 g 7
νf 7 h8 νg 7 h8 (1 − ν )h7 h8 νf 8 h8 − νg 7 h8 (1 − ν )h82
Folosim următoarele integrale ajutătoare: (7.112)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
∫∫∫
0 0 0
f 32 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫∫ f 42 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫∫ f 72 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫∫ f 82 dξdηdζ =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9a 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
∫∫∫ g 2 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫∫ g 3 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫∫ g 6 dξdηdζ = ∫∫∫ g 7 dξdηdζ = 2
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9b
11 1 11 1 111 1 11
1
∫∫∫ h5 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫∫ h6 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫∫ h7 dξdηdζ = ∫∫∫ h8 dξdηdζ =
2 2 2 2
0 00 000 00 0 000
9c 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
∫∫∫
0 0 0
f 3 f 4 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫∫ f 3 f 7 dξdηdζ = ∫∫∫ f 7 f 8 dξdηdζ =
0 0 0 0 0 0 18a 2
262 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
∫∫∫ f 3 f 8 d ξd η d ζ = ∫ ∫ ∫ f 4 f 7 d ξd η d ζ = ∫ ∫ ∫ f 4 f 8 d ξd η d ζ =
36 a 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
∫ ∫ ∫ g 2 g 3 d ξd η d ζ = ∫ ∫ ∫ g 2 g 6 d ξd η d ζ = ∫ ∫ ∫ g 3 g 7 d ξ d η d ζ = ∫ ∫ ∫ g 6 g 7 d ξd η d ζ = 18b 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫
000
g 2 g 7 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ g3 g 6 dξdηdζ =
000
36b 2 ∫∫∫
;
000
g7 h7 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ g 7 h8dξdηdζ =
000
12bc
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
∫ ∫ ∫ h5 h6 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫ ∫ h5 h8 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫ ∫ h6 h7 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫ ∫ h7 h8 dξdηdζ = 18 c 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
111 111 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
∫∫∫ h5h7 dξdηdζ = ∫∫∫ h6 h8dξdηdζ = 36c 2 ; ∫ ∫ ∫ g 7 h5 dξdηdζ = ∫ ∫ ∫ g 7 h6 dξdηdζ = 24bc
000 000 0 0 0 0 0 0
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫
000
f 3 g 2 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 3 g 3 dξdηdζ =
000
12ab
; ∫∫∫ f 3 g 6 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 3 g 7 dξdηdζ =
000 000
24ab
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫
000
f 3 h6 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 3 h7 dξdηdζ =
000
; ∫∫∫ f 3 h5 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 3 h8 dξdηdζ =
12ac 0 0 0 000
24ac
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫ f 4 g2 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 4 g3dξdηdζ =
000 000
; ∫∫∫ f 4 g 6 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 4 g7 dξdηdζ =
12ab 0 0 0 000
24ab
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫
000
f 4 h5 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 4 h8 dξdηdζ =
000
; ∫∫∫ f 4 h6 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 4 h7 dξdηdζ =
12ac 0 0 0 000
24ac
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫ f 7 g6 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 7 g7 dξdηdζ =
000 000
; ∫∫∫ f 7 g 2 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 7 g 3 dξdηdζ =
12ab 0 0 0 000
24ab
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫ f 7 h6 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 7 h7 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 7 h8dξdηdζ =
000 000 000
; ∫∫∫ f 7 h5 dξdηdζ =
12ac 0 0 0 24ac
111 111 111 1 11
1 1
∫∫∫ f8 g2dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f8 g3dξdηdζ =
000 000
24ab
; ∫∫∫
00 0
f 8 g 6 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 8 g 7 dξdηdζ =
00 0
12ab
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫
000
f 8 h5 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f8 h8 dξdηdζ =
000
12ac
; ∫∫∫ f8 h6 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ f 8 h7 dξdηdζ =
000 000
24ac
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫ g2h5dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ g2h6dξdηdζ =
000 000
12bc
; ∫∫∫ g 2 h7 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ g 2h8dξdηdζ =
000 000
24bc
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫
000
g3 h7 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ g3 h8 dξdηdζ =
000
12bc
; ∫∫∫ g3h5 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ g3h6 dξdηdζ =
000 000
24bc
111 111 111 111
1 1
∫∫∫ g6 h5dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ g6 h6 dξdηdζ =
000 000
12bc
; ∫∫∫ g6h7 dξdηdζ =∫∫∫ g6h8dξdηdζ =
000 000
24bc
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 263
8 6 6
(1 − ν ) a 2 ν ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
6
ν
3
ab ac a ab ac
6
ν (1 − ν ) 82 ν
6
ν
6
− (1 − ν )
8
ν
6
ab b bc ab b2 bc
6 6
ν ν (1 − ν ) 82 ν
3
−ν
6
(1 − ν ) 42
ac bc c ac bc c
4 6 3
(1 − ν ) 2 ν ν (1 − ν ) 82 −ν
6
ν
6
a ab ac a ab ac
6 8 6 6
− ν ab − (1 − ν ) −ν −ν (1 − ν ) 82 −ν
6
b2 bc ab b bc
3 6
ν ν (1 − ν ) 42 ν
6
−ν
6
(1 − ν ) 82
[K ]
σ11 =
ac
4
bc
6 3
c ac
8 6
bc
6
c
− (1 − ν ) a 2 −ν
ab
−ν
ac
− (1 − ν )
a2
ν
ab
−ν
ac
6 4 3 6
−ν − (1 − ν ) −ν −ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
3
ab b2 bc ab b bc
3 3
ν ν (1 − ν ) 22 ν
6
−ν
3
(1 − ν ) 42
ac bc c ac bc c
− (1 − ν ) 82 −ν
6
−ν
6
− (1 − ν )
4
ν
6
−ν
3
a ab ac a2 ab ac
6
ν (1 − ν ) 42 ν
3
ν
6
− (1 − ν ) 2
4
ν
3
ab b bc ab b bc
6 3
ν ν (1 − ν ) 42 ν
3
−ν
3
(1 − ν ) 22
ac bc c ac bc c
(7.114.a)
4 6 3 8 6 6
− (1 − ν ) 2 −ν ν − (1 − ν ) ν ν
a ab ac a2 ab ac
6 4 3 6 4 3
−ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν
ab b bc ab b bc
−ν
3
−ν
3
(1 − ν ) 22 −ν
6
ν
3
(1 − ν ) 42
ac bc c ac bc c
8 6 6 4 6 3
− (1 − ν ) 2 −ν ν − (1 − ν ) ν ν
a ab ac a2 ab ac
6 3
ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
3
ν
6
− (1 − ν ) 2
4
−ν
ab b bc ab b bc
6 3
−ν −ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
3
ν
3
(1 − ν ) 22
ac bc c ac bc c
3
(1 − ν ) 82 ν
6
−ν
6
(1 − ν ) 42 −ν
6
−ν
a ab ac a ab ac
6 6
ν (1 − ν ) 82 −ν
6
ν
6
− (1 − ν ) 2
8
−ν
ab b bc ab b bc
−ν
6
−ν
6
(1 − ν ) 82 −ν
3
ν
6
(1 − ν ) 42
ac bc c ac bc c
6
(1 − ν ) 42 ν
6
−ν
3
(1 − ν ) 82 −ν
6
−ν
a ab ac a ab ac
6 8 6 6 6
−ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν (1 − ν ) 82 ν
ab b bc ab b bc
3 6
−ν −ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
6
ν
6
(1 − ν ) 82
ac bc c ac bc c
264 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
2 3 6
(1 − ν ) a 2 ν ν (1 − ν ) 22 −ν
3
ν
3
ab ac a ab ac
3
ν (1 − ν ) 42 ν
6
ν
3
− (1 − ν )
4
ν
6
ab b bc ab b2 bc
6 6 8 3 6 4
− ν ac −ν − (1 − ν ) 2 −ν ν − (1 − ν )
bc c ac bc c2
2 3 3
(1 − ν ) 2 ν ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
3
ν
6
a ab ac a ab ac
3 4 6 3
− ν ab − (1 − ν ) 2 −ν −ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
6
b bc ab b bc
3 6 4 6 6 8
−ν −ν − (1 − ν ) 2 −ν ν − (1 − ν )
[K σ12 ]= ac
2
bc
3 3
c ac
4
bc
3 6
c2
− (1 − ν ) a 2 −ν
ab
−ν
ac
− (1 − ν ) 2
a
ν
ab
−ν
ac
3 2 3 3
−ν − (1 − ν ) 2 −ν −ν (1 − ν ) 22 −ν
3
ab b bc ab b bc
3 3 2 6 3 4
− ν ac −ν − (1 − ν ) 2 −ν ν − (1 − ν )
bc c ac bc c2
− (1 − ν ) 2 −ν
3
−ν
6
− (1 − ν ) 2
2
ν
3
−ν
3
a2 ab ac a ab ac
3
ν ab (1 − ν ) 22 ν
3
ν
3
− (1 − ν ) 2
2
ν
3
b bc ab b bc
−ν 6 −ν
3 4
− (1 − ν ) 2 −ν
3
ν
3
− (1 − ν )
2
ac bc c ac bc c2
(7.114.b)
2 3 3 2 3 6
− (1 − ν ) 2 −ν ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν ν
a ab ac a ab ac
3 2 3 3
−ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν (1 − ν ) 22 ν
3
ab b bc ab b bc
3 3 2 6 3 4
ν ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν − (1 − ν ) 2
ac bc c ac bc c
4 3 6 2 3 6
− (1 − ν ) 2 −ν ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν
a ab ac a ab ac
3 3
ν (1 − ν ) 22 −ν
3
ν
3
− (1 − ν ) 2
2
−ν
ab b bc ab b bc
6 3 4 3 3 2
ν ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν − (1 − ν ) 2
ac bc c ac bc c
6
(1 − ν ) 42 ν
3
−ν
6
(1 − ν ) 22 −ν
3
−ν
a ab ac a ab ac
3 6
ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
6
ν
3
− (1 − ν ) 2
4
−ν
ab b bc ab b bc
6 6 8 3 6 4
ν ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν − (1 − ν ) 2
ac bc c ac bc c
6
(1 − ν ) 22 ν
3
−ν
3
(1 − ν ) 22 −ν
3
−ν
a ab ac a ab ac
3 4 6 3
−ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν (1 − ν ) 42 ν
6
ab b bc ab b bc
3 6 4 6 6 8
ν ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν − (1 − ν ) 2
ac bc c ac bc c
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 265
8 6 6
(1 − ν ) a 2 ν −ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
6
−ν
3
ab ac a ab ac
6
ν (1 − ν ) 82 −ν
6
ν
6
− (1 − ν ) 2
8
−ν
6
ab b bc ab b bc
6 6
− ν ac −ν (1 − ν ) 82 −ν
3
ν
6
(1 − ν ) 42
bc c ac bc c
4 6 3
(1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν (1 − ν ) 82 −ν
6
−ν
6
a ab ac a ab ac
6 8 6 6
− ν ab − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν (1 − ν ) 82 ν
6
b bc ab b bc
3 6
−ν −ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
6
ν
6
(1 − ν ) 82
[K ]
σ 22 =
ac
4
bc
6 3
c ac
8
bc
6 6
c
− (1 − ν ) a 2 −ν
ab
ν
ac
− (1 − ν ) 2
a
ν
ab
ν
ac
6 4 3 6
−ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν (1 − ν ) 42 ν
3
ab b bc ab b bc
3 3 2 6 3
− ν ac −ν (1 − ν ) 2 −ν ν (1 − ν ) 42
bc c ac bc c
− (1 − ν ) 8 − ν
6
ν
6
− (1 − ν ) 2
4
ν
6
ν
3
a2 ab ac a ab ac
6
ν ab (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
3
ν
6
− (1 − ν ) 2
4
−ν
3
b bc ab b bc
−ν 6 −ν
3
(1 − ν ) 42 −ν
6
ν
3
(1 − ν ) 22
ac bc c ac bc c
(7.114.c)
4 6 3 8 6 6
− (1 − ν ) 2 −ν −ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν
a ab ac a ab ac
6 4 3 6 3
−ν − (1 − ν ) 2 −ν −ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
ab b bc ab b bc
ν
3
ν
3 2
(1 − ν ) 2 ν
6
−ν
3
(1 − ν ) 42
ac bc c ac bc c
8 6 6 4 6 6
− (1 − ν ) 2 −ν −ν − (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν
a ab ac a ab ac
6 3
ν (1 − ν ) 42 ν
3
ν
6
− (1 − ν ) 2
4
ν
ab b bc ab b bc
6 3
ν ν (1 − ν ) 42 ν
3
−ν
3
(1 − ν ) 22
ac bc c ac bc c
8 6 6 6
(1 − ν ) 2 ν ν (1 − ν ) 42 −ν
6
ν
a ab ac a ab ac
6 6
ν (1 − ν ) 82 ν
6
ν
6
− (1 − ν ) 2
8
−ν
ab b bc ab b bc
ν
6
ν
6
(1 − ν ) 82 ν
3
−ν
6
(1 − ν ) 42
ac bc c ac bc c
4 6 3 6
(1 − ν ) 2 ν ν (1 − ν ) 82 −ν
6
ν
a ab ac a ab ac
6 8 6 6 6
−ν − (1 − ν ) 2 −ν −ν (1 − ν ) 82 −ν
ab b bc ab b bc
6 6 4 6 6
ν −ν (1 − ν ) 2 ν −ν (1 − ν ) 82
ac bc c ac bc c
Din relaţiile (7.108),(7.105), pentru componenta matricei de rigiditate din
tensiuni tangenţiale avem următoarele etape de calcul:
266 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
[B ] [B12 ]
[Bτ ]T [Bτ ] = 11 [B21 ] = [B12 ]T (7.115)
[B21 ] [B22 ]
g 22 + h52 g2 f4 h5 f 4 − g 22 + h5 h6 g2 f3 h5 f 3
g2 f 4 f 42 + h52 g 2 h5 − f4g2 f 3 f 4 + h5 h6 − g 2 h5
h5 f 4 g 2 h5 g 22 + f 42 f 4 h6 g 2 h6 − g 22 + f 3 f 4
2
− g 2 + h5 h6 − f4g2 f 4 h6 g 22 + h62 − f3 g2 f 3 h6
g2 f3 f 3 f 4 + h5 h6 g 2 h6 − f3 g2 f 32 + h62 − g 2 h6
− g 22 + f 3 f 4 g 22 + f 32
[B11 ] = h5 f 3 − g 2 h5 f 3 h6 − g 2 h6
− g 2 g 3 + h5 h7 − f 4 g3 f 4 h7 g 2 g 3 + h7 h6 − f3 g3 f 3h7
− g2 f3 − f 3 f 4 + h5 h7 g 2 h7 g2 f3 − f 32 + h6 h7 − g 2 h7
− f 3 h5 − g 3 h5 − g 2 g3 − f3 f 4 − f 3 h6 − g 3 h6 g 2 g 3 − f 32
g g +h h f 4 g3 f 4 h8 − g 2 g 3 + h6 h8 f3 g3 f 3 h8
2 3 5 8
− g2 f4 − f 42 + h5 h8 g 2 h8 g2 f4 − f 3 f 4 + h6 h8 − g 2 h8
−f h g 3 h5 g 2 g 3 − f 42 − f 4 h6 g 3h6 − g 2 g3 − f3 f 4
4 5
− g 2 g 3 + h5 h7 − g2 f3 − f 3 h5 g 2 g 3 + h5 h8 − g2 f4 − f 4 h5
− f 4 g3 − f 3 f 4 + h5 h7 − g 3 h5 f 4 g3 − f 42 + h5 h8 g 3 h5
f 4 h7 g 2 h7 − g 2 g3 − f3 f 4 f 4 h8 g 2 h8 g2 g3 − f4 2
g 2 g 3 + h7 h6 g2 f3 − f 3h6 − g 2 g 3 + h6 h8 g2 f4 − f 4 h6
− f3 g3 − f 32 + h6 h7 − g 3 h6 f3 g3 − f 3 f 4 + h6 h8 g 3 h6
f 3 h7 − g 2 h7 g 2 g 3 − f 32 f 3 h8 − g 2 h8 − g2 g3 − f3 f4
g 3 + h72
2
g3 f3 − f 3 h7 2
− g 3 + h7 h8 g3 f 4 − f 4 h7
g3 f3 f 32 + h72 − g 3 h7 − f3 g3 f 3 f 4 + h7 h8 g 3 h7
− f 3 h7 − g 3 h7 g 32 + f 32 − f 3 h8 − g 3 h8 2
− g3 + f3 f 4
− g 32 + h7 h8 − f3 g3 − f 3 h8 g 32 + h82 − g3 f 4 − f 4 h8
g3 f4 f 3 f 4 + h7 h8 − g 3 h8 − g3 f 4 f 42 + h82 g 3 h8
− f 4 h7 g 3 h7 − g 32 + f 3 f 4 − f 4 h8 g 3 h8 g 32 + f 42
(7.116)
g 6 g 2 − h52 g2 f8 h5 f 8 − g 2 g 6 − h5 h6 g2 f7 h5 f 7
f4 g6 f 4 f 8 − h52 g 6 h5 − f 4 g6 f 7 f 4 − h5 h6 − g 6 h5
−h f − g 2 h5 g2 g6 + f 4 f8 f 4 h6 − g 2 h6 − g2 g6 + f7 f4
5 4
2 6 − h5 h6
− g g − f8 g 2 f 8 h6 g 2 g 6 − h62 − f7 g2 f 7 h6
g6 f3 f 3 f 8 − h5 h6 g 6 h6 − f3 g6 f 3 f 7 − h62 − g 6 h6
− h5 f 3 g 2 h5 − g2 g6 + f8 f3 − f 3 h6 g 2 h6 g2 g6 + f3 f7
[B12 ] =
− g 6 g 3 − h5 h7 − f8 g3 f 8 h7 g 6 g 3 − h7 h6 − f7 g3 − f 3 h7
− g6 f3 − f 3 f 8 − h5 h7 − g6 g3 g6 f3 − f 3 f 7 − h6 h7 − g 6 h7
f 3 h5 g 3 h5 − g6 g3 − f8 f3 f 3 h6 g 3 h6 g6 g3 − f3 f 7
g g −h h f8 g 3 f 8 h8 − g 6 g 3 − h6 h8 f7 g3 f 7 h8
6 3 5 8
− g6 f4 − f 4 f 8 − h5 h8 g 6 h8 g6 f 4 − f 7 f 4 − h6 h8 − g 6 h8
f 4 h5 − g 3 h5 g6 g3 − f 4 f8 f 4 h6 − g 3 h6 − g6 g3 − f7 f 4
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 267
− g 2 g 7 − h5 h7 − g2 f7 − f 7 h5 g 2 g 7 − h5 h8 − g 2 f8 − f 8 h5
− f 4 g7 − f 7 f 4 − h5 h7 − g 7 h5 f 4 g7 − f 4 f 8 − h5 h8 g 7 h5
− f 4 h7 − g 2 h7 − g 2 g7 − f 7 f 4 − f 4 h8 − g 2 h8 g 2 g7 − f 4 f8
g 2 g 7 − h7 h6 g2 f 4 − f 7h6 − g 2 g 7 − h6 h8 g 2 f8 − f 8 h6
− f3 g7 − f 3 f 7 − h6 h7 − g 7 h6 f3 g7 − f 3 f 8 − h6 h8 g 7 h6
− f 3 h7 g 2 h7 g 2 g7 − f3 f7 − f 3 h8 g 2 h8 − g 2 g 7 − f 3 f8
g 3 g 7 − h72 g3 f7 − f 7 h7 − g 3 g 7 − h7 h8 g3 f8 − f 8 h7
g7 f3 f 3 f 7 − h72 − g 7 h7 − f3 g7 f 3 f 8 − h7 h8 g 7 h7
f 3 h7 g 3 h7 g3 g7 + f 3 f 7 f 3 h8 g 3 h8 − g3 g7 + f 3 f8
− g 3 g 7 − h7 h8 − f 7 g3 − f 7 h8 g 3 g 7 − h82 − g3 f8 − f 8 h8
g7 f 4 f 7 f 4 − h7 h8 − g 7 h8 − g7 f 4 f 4 f 8 − h82 g 7 h8
f 4 h7 − g 3 h7 − g3 g 7 + f 7 f 4 f 4 h8 − g 3 h8 g 3 g 7 + f 4 f 8
g 62 + h52 g 6 f8 − h5 f 8 − g 62 + h5 h6 g6 f7 − h5 f 7
g 6 f8 f 82 + h52 − g 6 h5 − f8 g 6 f 8 f 7 + h5 h6 g 6 h5
− h5 f 8 − g 6 h5 g 62 + f 82 − f 8 h6 − g 6 h6 − g 62 + f 8 f 7
2
− g 6 + h5 h6 − f8 g6 − f 8 h6 g 62 + h62 − f7 g6 − f 7 h6
g6 f7 f 8 f 7 + h5 h6 − g 6 h6 − f7 g6 f 72 + h62 g 6 h6
− h5 f 7 g 6 h5 − g 62
+ f8 f 7 − f 7 h6 g 6 h6 g 62 + f 72
[B22 ] =
− g 6 g 7 + h5 h7 − f8 g 7 − f 8 h7 g 6 g 7 + h7 h6 − f7 g7 − f 7 h7
− g6 f7 − f 8 f 7 + h5 h7 − g 6 h7 g6 f 7 − f 72 + h6 h7 g 6 h7
f 7 h5 g 7 h5 − g6 g7 − f8 f 7 − f 7 h6 g 7 h6 g 6 g 7 − f 72
g g +h h f8 g7 − f 8 h8 − g 7 g 6 + h7 h8 f7 g7 − f 7 h8
6 7 5 8
− g 6 f8 f 82
− + h5 h8 − g 6 h8 g 7 f8 − f 7 f 8 + h6 h8 g 6 h8
f 8 h5 g 7 h5 g 6 g 7 − f 82 − f 8 h7 − g 7 h6 − g7 g6 − f 7 f8
− g 6 g 7 + h5 h7 − g6 f7 f 7 h5 g 6 g 7 + h5 h8 − g 6 f8 f 8 h5
− f8 g 7 − f 8 f 7 + h5 h7 g 7 h5 f8 g7 − f 82 + h5 h8 − g 7 h5
− f 8 h7 − g 6 h7 − g6 g7 − f8 f7 − f 8 h8 − g 6 h8 g 6 g 7 − f 82
g 6 g 7 + h7 h6 g6 f7 f 7h6 − g 7 g 6 + h7 h8 g 7 f8 f 8 h7
− f7 g7 − f 72 + h6 h7 − g 7 h6 f7 g7 − f 7 f 8 + h6 h8 − g 7 h6
− f 7 h7 g 6 h7 g 6 g 7 − f 72 − f 7 h8 g 6 h8 − g 7 g 6 − f 7 f8
g 72 + h72 g7 f7 f 7 h7 − g 72 + h7 h8 g 7 f8 f 8 h7
g7 f7 f 72 + h72 g 7 h7 − f7 g7 f 8 f 7 + h7 h8 − g 7 h7
f 7 h7 g 7 h7 g 72 + f 72 f 7 h8 g 7 h8 − g 72 + f 7 f 8
2
− g 7 + h7 h8 − f7 g7 f 7 h8 g 7 + h82
2
− g 7 f8 f 8 h8
g 7 f8 f 8 f 7 + h7 h8 g 7 h8 − g7 f8 f 82 + h82 − g 7 h8
f 8 h7 − g 7 h7 − g 72 + f 7 f8 f 8 h8 − g 7 h8 2
g 7 + f8 2
Din relaţiile (7.105), (7.115), (7.116), (7.112), matricea de rigiditate
corespunzătoare tensiunilor tangenţiale [K τ ] are expresia finală:
(7.118.a)
8 8 6 6 8 4 6 3
b2 + c2 ab ac
−
b2 c2
+
ab ac
6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6
2
+ 2 − 2
+ 2 −
ab a c bc ab a c bc
6 6 8 8 3 6 8 4
+ − 2 + 2
ac bc b2 a2 ab bc b a
8 4 6 3 8 8 6 6
− 2 + 2 − + −
b c ab ac b2 c2 ab ac
6 4 4 6 6 8 8 6
2
+ 2 − 2
+ 2 −
ab a c bc ab a c bc
3 6 8 4 6 6 8 8
− − 2 + 2 − +
[K τ11 ] = 4 2 ac bc
6
b
3
a
4
ac
4
bc
6
b2 a2
6
− b 2 + c 2 −
ab ac b2 c2
+ −
ab ac
6 4 2 3 6 8 4 3
− − 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 −
ab a c bc ab a c bc
− 3 −
3 4
− 2 − 2
4
−
6
−
3 4
−
8
ac bc b a ac bc b2 a2
4 4 6 6 4 2 6 3
2 + 2 − 2 + 2
b c ab ac b c ab ac
− 6 8
− 2 + 2
4 3 6 4
− 2 + 2
2
−
3
ab a c bc ab a c bc
6 3 4 8 3 3 4 4
− − − − 2 − 2
ac bc b2 a2 ab bc b a
4 2 6 3 4 4 6 6
− 2 + 2 − − + − −
b c ab ac b2 c2 ab ac
6 4 2 3 6 8 4 3
− − 2 + 2 − − 2 + 2
ab a c bc ab a c bc
3 3 4 4 6 3 4 8
− 2 − 2 −
ac bc b a ac bc b 2 a 2
4 4 6 6 4 2 6 3
+ − − 2 + 2 −
b2 c2 ab ac b c ab ac
6 8 4 3 6 4 2 3
− − 2 + 2 − − 2 + 2
ab a c bc ab a c bc
6 3 4 8 3 3 4 4
− 2
− 2 − − 2 − 2
ac bc b a ac bc b a
8 8 6 6 8 4 6 3
+ 2 − − 2 + 2 −
b 2
c ab ac b c ab ac
6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6
+ − − + 2
ab a2 c2 bc ab a 2
c bc
6 6 8 8 3 6 8 4
− − 2
+ 2 − − − 2 + 2
ac bc b a ac bc b a
8 4 6 3 8 8 6 6
− 2 + 2 − − + 2 − −
b c ab ac b 2
c ab ac
6 4 4 6 6 8 8 6
+ − − +
ab a2 c2 bc ab a2 c2 bc
3 6 8 4 6 6 8 8
− − 2 + 2 − + 2
ac bc b a ac bc b 2
a
Capitolul 7 Elemente finite de volum 269
(7.118.b)
4 8 3 6 4 4 3 3
b2 − c2 ab ac
−
b2 c2
−
ab ac
3 2 8 6 3 2 4 6
2
− 2 − 2
− 2 −
ab a c bc ab a c bc
6 6 4 2 3 6 4 2
− ac −
bc b 2
+ 2
a
−
ac
−
bc
− 2 + 2
b a
4 4 3 3 4 8 3 6
− 2 − 2 − − −
b c ab ac b2 c2 ab ac
3 2 4 6 6 4 8 6
− − − −
ab a2 c2 bc ac a2 c2 bc
− 3 6 4
− 2 + 2
2
−
6 6 4
+ 2
4
[K ]
τ12 =
2
ac
2
bc
3
b
3
a
2
ac
4
bc
3
b 2
4
a
b2 − c2
− −
ab ac b2 c2
− −
ab
−
a2
− 3 2
− 2 − 2
2
− 2
2 3 4
− 2 − 2
4
−
3
ab a c b ab a c bc
3 3 2 2 6 3 2 4
− 2 − 2 2
− 2
ac bc b a ac bc b a
2 4 3 6 2 2 3 6
− − − 2 − 2
b2 c2 ab ac b c ab ac
3 2 4 3 3 2 2 3
− ab − 2 − 2
a c bc ab
− 2 − 2
a c
−
bc
6 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
− − 2 − − 2 − 2
ac bc b 2
a ac bc b a
2 2 3 3 2 4 3 6
− 2 − 2 − − 2
− 2 − −
b c ab ac b c ab ac
3 2 2 3 3 2 4 3
− − 2 − 2 − − 2 − 2
ab a c bc ab a c bc
3 3 2 2 6 3 2 2
− − − 2 − 2 − − −
ac bc b a ac bc b 2 a 2
2 4 6 6 2 4 3 3
− 2 − − 2 − 2 −
b 2
c ab ac b c ab ac
3 4 4 3 3 2 2 3
− − 2 − 2 − − 2 − 2
ab a c bc ab a c bc
6 3 2 4 3 3 2 2
− − − − 2 − 2
ac bc b2 a2 ac bc b a
4 8 3 6 4 4 3 3
− 2 − − 2 − 2 −
b 2
c ab ac b c ab ac
3 4 8 6 3 2 4 6
− 2 − − −
ab a 2
c bc ab a2 c2 bc
6 6 4 4 3 6 4 2
+ − 2 + 2
ac bc b2 a2 ac bc b a
4 4 3 6 4 8 3 6
− 2 − 2 − − − − −
b c ab ac b2 c2 ab ac
3 2 4 6 3 2 8 6
2
− 2 − − 2
− 2
ab a c bc ab a c bc
3 6 4 2 6 6 4 2
− − 2 + 2 − + 2
ac bc b a ac bc b 2
a
270 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
(7.118.c)
8 8 6 6 8 4 6 3
b2 + c2 ab
−
ac
− 2 + 2
b c ab
−
ac
6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6
2
+ 2 − − 2
+ 2
ab a c bc ab a c bc
6 6 8 8 3 6 8 4
− ac −
bc b 2
+ 2
a
−
ac
−
bc
−
b 2
+ 2
a
8 4 6 3 8 8 6 6
− 2 + 2 − − + − −
b c ab ac b2 c2 ab ac
6 4 4 6 6 8 8 6
2
+ 2 − − +
ab a c bc ab a2 c2 bc
− 3 6 8
− 2 + 2
4
−
6 6 8
+ 2
8
[K ]
τ 22 =
4
ac
2
bc
6
b
3
a
4
ac
4
bc
6
b 2
6
a
−
b2 c2 + − − 2
+ 2
− −
ab ac b c ab ac
− 6 4
− 2 + 2
2
−
3 6 8
− 2 + 2
4 3
ab a c bc ab a c bc
3 3 4 4 6 3 4 8
− 2 − 2 2
− 2
ac bc b a ac bc b a
4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6
+ − + −
b2 c2 ab ac b2 c2 ab ac
6 8 4 3 6 4 2 3
− ab − 2 + 2
a c
−
bc ab
− 2 + 2
a c bc
6 3 4 8 3 3 4 4
− − 2 − − 2 − 2
ac bc b 2
a ac bc b a
4 2 6 3 4 4 6 6
− 2 + 2 − 2
+ 2 −
b c ab ac b c ab ac
6 4 2 3 6 8 4 3
− − 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 −
ab a c bc ab a c bc
3 3 4 4 6 3 4 8
− − − 2 − 2 − −
ac bc b a ac bc b 2 a 2
4 4 6 6 4 2 6 3
+ 2 − 2 + 2
b 2
c ab ac b c ab ac
6 8 4 3 6 4 2 3
− − 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 −
ab a c bc ab a c bc
6 3 4 8 6 3 4 4
− − − − 2 − 2
ac bc b2 a2 ac bc b a
8 8 6 6 8 4 6 3
2
+ 2 − 2 + 2
b c ab ac b c ab ac
6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6
+ − + 2 −
ab a2 c2 bc ab a 2
c bc
6 6 8 8 6 6 8 4
+ − 2 + 2
ac bc b2 a2 ac bc b a
8 4 6 6 8 8 6 6
− 2 + 2 − + −
b c ab ac b2 c2 ab ac
6 4 4 6 6 8 8 6
2
+ 2 − 2
+ 2 −
ab a c bc ab a c bc
3 6 8 4 6 6 8 8
− − 2 + 2 − + 2
ac bc b a ac bc b 2
a