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τ zx = a + bz + cz 2 τ xz z =0 = τ zx 0 = a
2
t t t t2
τ zx z =t 2 = τ zx z =−t 2 = a−b +c = a+b +c ⇒b=0
2 4 2 4
t2 4 (6.5)
τ zx = τ zx 0 + c ⋅ z 2 ; τ zx z =t 2 = τ zx 0 + c = 0 ⇒ c = − 2 τ zx 0 ⇒
4 t
z 2 z 2
τ zx = τ zx 0 1 − z ∈ (− t 2 , t 2) , analog τ yz = τ yz 0 1 −
t 2 t 2
t 2 z 2 t 2 1
Tx = ∫ τ zx dz = τ zx 0 ∫ 1 −
t 2
t
dz = τ zx 0 ∫ 1 − ζ 2 dζ ⇒
2 −1
( )
−t 2 −t 2
(6.6)
3 Tx T 3 Ty Ty
τ zx 0 = = 1,5 x , analog τ yz 0 = = 1,5
2 t t 2 t t
de unde obţinem:
Tx z z 2
2
T
τ zx = 1,5 1 − şi τ yz = 1,5 y 1 − (6.7)
t t 2 t t 2
∂u ∂v ∂2w
γ xy = + = −2 z = −2 z ⋅ w'xy
∂y ∂x ∂x∂y
∂u ∂θ ∂v ∂θ y ∂u ∂v ∂θ ∂θ y
ε xx = = −z x ε yy = = −z γ xy = + = − z x +
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
(6.14)
∂w ∂w
γ yz = − θy ≠ 0 γ zx = − θx ≠ 0
∂y ∂x
Teoria plăcilor Mindlin ţine cont de deformaţiile de forfecare transversale,
reprezentând cazul elementului de placă groasă (thick plates elements).
σ xx
1 ν 0 ε xx
E
σ yy = 2
ν 1 0 ε yy
τ 1− ν 1 − ν
0 0 γ xy
2
xy
(6.15)
ε xx w'xx σ xx Mx
z
(6.10) ⇒ ε yy = − z w' yy (6.4) ⇒ σ yy = 3 M y
γ 2 w τ t 12 M
xy 'xy xy xy
de unde rezultă:
{M }= −[Dk ]{χ} , {M } = M x { My M xy }T
, {χ} = {w'xx w' yy 2 w'xy }
T
(6.16)
1 ν 0 3
[Dk ] = D ν 1 0 , D = Et 2 (6.17)
1− ν 12(1 − ν )
0 0
2
unde D este rigiditatea la încovoiere a câmpului de placă izotrop.
Capitolul 6 Elemente finite de placă. Elemente finite de placă şi membrană 183
σ xx =
E
(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν)
[ ( )]
(1 − ν)ε xx + ν ε yy + ε zz , σ yy = E
(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν)
[ ]
(1 − ν)ε yy + ν(ε zz + ε xx )
σ zz = 0 =
E
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
[ ]
(1 − ν )ε zz + ν(ε xx + ε yy ) ⇒ ε zz = − ν (ε xx + ε yy ) ⇒
1− ν
σ xx =
E
2
(ε xx + νε yy ) , σ yy = E 2 (νε xx + ε yy ) , τ xy = 2(1E+ ν) γ xy = E 2 1 −2 ν γ xy
1− ν 1− ν 1− ν
E E
τ yz = γ yz = G ⋅ γ yz , τ zx = γ zx = G ⋅ γ zx
2(1 + ν ) 2(1 + ν )
de unde rezultă:
σ xx
1 ν 0 ε xx
E τ yz 1 0 γ yz
σ yy = ν 1 0 ε yy = G (6.18)
τ zx 0 1 γ zx
2
τ 1− ν 1 − ν
0 0 γ xy
2
xy
Din relaţiile (6.4),(6.7) obţinem:
σ xx Mx
z
σ yy = 3 My (6.19)
τ t 12 M
xy xy
Vom înlocui distribuţia parabolică a tensiunilor tangenţiale τ yz , τ zx cu o
distribuţie uniformă, din condiţia energiei interne de deformaţie echivalente a unui
element dxdy = dA .
2
1
t 2
1
t 2 2
τ yz 2
1 1 3 Ty
2 z 2
t 2
1 Ty
2
2 −t∫ 2
τ yz γ yz dz = ∫ dz = ∫ 1 − t 2 dz = 2G t 2 1,2t
2 −t 2 G 2 G 2 t2 −t 2
t 2 2 2
1 τ yz 1 2 Ty
∫
2 −t 2 G
dz =
2G
τ yz t ⇒ τ 2yz = 1,2 2 ⇒
t
Ty Ty Tx T
τ yz ≅ 1,1 = , analog τ zx ≅ 1,1 = x (6.20)
t t 1,1 t t 1,1
şi considerând distribuţia echivalentă uniformă a tensiunilor tangenţiale τ yz , τ zx putem scrie:
τ yz 1 Ty
= (6.21)
τ zx t 1,1 Tx
184 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
1
t 2
Ty z 2
t 2
Ty T
τ yz = ∫ τ yz dz = 1,5 2 ∫2 1 − t 2 dz = t , analog τ zx = tx
t −t 2 t −t
0 0
[D ] 0 0 (6.23.a)
k
de unde: [DM ] = 0 0
0 0 0 Gt 0
0 0 0 0 Gt
6.1.6 OBSERVAŢII
Pot apare forţe de membrană apreciabile dacă săgeata ( w > t 10 ) este mai
mare decât câteva zecimi din valoarea grosimii plăcii. Aceasta poate apare chiar şi
când condiţiile de margine nu induc forţe de membrană, deoarece obţinerea deformatei
plăcii necesită scurtarea sau întinderea plăcii în planul median. Se ajunge ca pentru
săgeată egală cu grosimea plăcii ( w = t ), teoria liniară a plăcilor să supraestimeze
deplasările cu aproape 50% (Cook).
1
t 2
{χ}T [E ]{χ}dA = 1 {χ}T t [E ]{χ}dA ⇒
3
1
{ } [ ]{ }
2 (V∫ ) 2 −t∫ 2 ∫ 2 (∫A )
2 T 2
U= z χ E χ dV = z dz 12
( A )
(6.25)
1
U = ∫ {χ} [Dk ]{χ}dA
T
2 (A)
Funcţia de interpolare a săgeţii în câmpul de placă poate fi pusă sub forma:
w(x, y ) = [N (x, y )]{u k } (6.26)
unde: [N (x, y )] este matricea funcţiilor de formă şi
{uk } = {w1 w'x1 w' y1 ... wn w'xn }T
w' yn este vectorul gradelor de libertate
nodale.
w'xx ∂ 2 w ∂x 2
{χ} = w' yy = ∂ 2 w ∂y 2 = [∆][N (x, y )]{uk } = [B ]{u k }
2 w 2 ∂ 2 w ∂x∂y
'xy
T
(6.27)
2 2 2
[∆] = ∂ 2 ∂ 2 2 ∂
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
[B] = [∆][N (x, y )]∈ M 3×3n
186 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
∂2 ∂ 2 N1 ∂2 N2 ∂ 2 Ni ∂ 2 N 3n
[N (x , y )] 2
... ...
∂x2
2
∂2x ∂x 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2
2 2 2
[B] = ∂ 2 [N (x, y )] = ∂ N2 1 ∂ N2 2 ... ∂ N2 i ... ∂ N23n ∈ M 3×3n
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y
2
2 2 2 2
2 ∂ 2 ∂ N ∂ N ∂ N ∂ N 3n
[N (x , y )] ∂x∂y
1
2 2
... 2 i
... 2
∂x∂y
∂x∂y ∂x∂y ∂x∂y
[N (x, y )] = [N1 N 2 ... N i ... N 3n ]∈ M 1×3n
1
U= {u k }T ∫ [B]T [Dk ][B]dA {u k }= 1 {u k }T [K ]{u k } (6.28)
2 2
( A)
respectiv matricea de rigiditate a elementului placă subţire este:
[K ] = ∫ [B]T [Dk ][B]dA ∈ M 3n×3n (6.29)
( A)
Obs. La subcapitolul 6.2. vom determina matricele de rigiditate [K ] pentru
câteva tipuri de elemente de placă subţire.
2 1 ν
0 0 0
z E
t 2 1 − ν 2 ν 1 0 0 0
1 1− ν 1
{ }
U= ∫ χ ∫ dz {χ}dA = 2 ∫ {χ} [DM ]{χ}dA (6.32)
T T
0 0 0 0
2 (A) −t 2 2 ( A)
0 0 0 1 0
0 G
0 0 0 1
0 0
[DK ] 0 0
[DM ] = 0 0 (6.33)
0 0 0 Gt 0
0 0 0 0 Gt
Cum în fiecare nod avem cele 3 grade de libertate w, θ x , θ y , atunci se pot
folosi aceleaşi funcţii de formă N i , i = 1, n , n = numărul de noduri:
n n n
w = ∑ N i ⋅ wi , θ x = ∑ N i ⋅ θ xi , θ y = ∑ N i ⋅ θ yi ⇒ (6.34)
i =1 i =1 i =1
w Ni 0 0 wi
n
θ x = ∑ 0 Ni 0 θ xi ⇒ {u}= [N (x, y )]{u k }
θ i =1 0 (6.35)
y 0 N i θ yi
{u k }= {w1 θ x1 θ y1 ... wn θ xn θ yn }
T
θ x 'x 0 ∂ ∂x 0
θ 0 0 ∂ ∂y
y'y (6.36)
{χ}= θ x ' y + θ y 'x = [∆]{u} unde [∆ ] = 0 ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂x
θ −w
y 'y
− ∂ ∂y 0 1
θ x − w'x − ∂ ∂x 1 0
[B ] = [∆][N (x, y )] =
0 N1'x 0 0 N 2'x 0 ... 0 N n 'x 0
0 0 N1' y 0 0 N 2' y ... 0 0 N n ' y
(6.38)
0 N1' y N1'x 0 N 2' y N 2'x ... 0 N n'y N n 'x ∈ M 5×3n
− N1' y 0 N1 − N 2' y 0 N2 ... − N n ' y 0 Nn
− N1'x N1 0 − N 2 'x N2 0 ... − N n 'x Nn 0
Din relaţiile (6.32) , (6.37) obţinem:
1
U={u k }T ∫ [B]T [DM ][B]dA {u k } ⇒ U = 1 {uk }T [K ]{u k } (6.39)
2 2
( A)
respectiv matricea de rigiditate a elementului de placă groasă este:
[K ] = ∫ [B]T [DM ][B]dA ∈ M 3n×3n (6.40)
(A)
Obs. Placa groasă model Mindlin reprezintă un caz special al elementelor de
volum la care σ z ≅ 0 şi respectiv ε zz ≅ 0 se neglijează. Din considerente de economie
de memorie şi stabilitate numerică nu este indicat utilizarea de elemente de volum
pentru modelarea plăcilor groase.
Obs. Putem nota:
0 N1'x 0 0 N 2'x 0 ... 0 N n 'x 0
0 0 N1' y 0 0 N 2' y ... 0 0 N n ' y
[Bb ] = 0 N1' y N1'x 0 N 2' y N 2'x ... 0 N n' y N n'x (6.41.a)
0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
asociată cu ε xx , ε yy , γ xy ;
0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
[Bs ] = 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 (6.41.b)
− N1' y 0 N1 − N 2' y 0 N2 ... − N n ' y 0 Nn
− N1'x N1 0 − N 2'x N2 0 ... − N n 'x Nn 0
asociată cu γ yz , γ zx .
[B ] = [Bb ]+ [Bs ] ⇒
[K ] = ∫ [Bb ]T [DM ][Bb ]dA + ∫ [Bb ]T [DM ][Bs ]dA + ∫ [Bs ]T [DM ][Bb ]dA + ∫ [Bs ]T [DM ][Bs ]dA (6.41.c)
(A) (A) (A) (A)
A A
w'x (x, y ) =
∂w
∂x
= α 2 + 2α 4 x + α 5 y + 3α 7 x 2 + α 8 2 xy + y 2 ( )
(6.45)
w' y (x, y ) =
∂w
∂y
(
= α 3 + α 5 x + 2α 6 y + α 8 x 2 + 2 xy + 3α 9 y 2 )
Din relaţia (6.26)-(6.29) matricea de rigiditate este:
[K ] = ∫ [B]T [Dk ][B]dA , [B ] = [∆ ][N ] , w(x, y ) = [N (x, y )]{u k }= [ f (x, y )]{α}
( A)
{u k }= [A]{α}⇒ {α}= [A−1 ]{u k }⇒ [N (x, y )] = [ f (x, y )][A−1 ]⇒ [B ] = [B * ][A −1 ] (6.46)
[B* ]= [∆][ f (x, y )]
[∆] = {∂ 2 ∂x 2 ∂ 2 ∂y 2 2 ∂ 2 ∂x∂y}T
de unde rezultă:
[K ] = [A−1 ]T ∫ [B* ]T [Dk ][B* ]dA [A−1 ]= [A−1 ]T [K * ][A−1 ] (6.47)
(A)
Nucleul matricei de rigiditate are expresia:
[K ]= ∫ [B ] [D ][B ]dA
* * T
k
*
(6.48)
( )A
∂2
2
[ f (x, y )]
∂x2 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 x 2y 0
[ ]
*
B =
∂
∂y 2
[ f (x, y )] = 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2x 6 y (6.50)
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4(x + y ) 0
2 ∂ [ f (x, y )]
2
∂x∂y
Din relaţia (6.17) avem:
1 ν 0
Et 3
[Dk ] = D ν 1 0 D=
1− ν (
12 1 − ν 2 ) (6.51)
0 0
2
0 0 0 2 0 2ν 6 x (2 y + ν 2 x ) ν6 y
[ ]
[Dk ] B = D 0 0 0 2ν 0 2 ν6 x (ν 2 y + 2 x ) 6 y
*
(6.52)
0 0 0 0 1 − ν 0 0 2(1 − ν )(x + y ) 0
[B ] [D ][B ]=
* T
k
*
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 4 0 4ν 12x 4(νx + y ) 12νy
D 0 0 0 0 2(1 − ν ) 0 0 4(1 − ν)(x + y ) 0
0 0 0 4ν 0 4 12νx 4(x + νy ) 12 y
0 0 0 12x 0 12νx 36x 2
12x(νx + y ) 36νxy
0 0 0 4(νx + y ) 4(1 − ν )(x + y ) 4(x + νy ) 12x(νx + y ) χ 12(x + νy )y
0 0 0 12νy 0 12 y 36νxy 12(x + νy )y 36 y 2
unde χ = (12 − 8ν )(x + y ) − 8(1 − ν )xy
2
de unde:
x1 + x2 + x3 y + y2 + y3
I1 = ∫ dA = A∆ , I2 = ∫ xdA = 3
A∆ = ψ1 A∆ , I 4 = ∫ ydA = 1
3
A∆ = ψ3 A∆
( A) ( A) ( A)
I3 = ∫ x dA =
2 A∆ 2
6
( )
x1 + x22 + x32 + x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3 = ψ 2 A∆
( )
A
I5 = ∫ y dA =
2 A∆ 2
6
( )
y1 + y22 + y32 + y1 y 2 + y1 y3 + y2 y3 = ψ 4 A∆
( A)
A
I6 = ∫ xydA = 12∆ (2 x1 y1 + 2 x2 y2 + 2 x3 y3 + x1 y2 + x2 y1 + x1 y3 + x3 y1 + x2 y3 + x3 y2 ) = ψ 5 A∆
( A)
şi pe baza relaţiilor (6.54) nucleul matricei de rigiditate K * pentru elementul de [ ]
placă subţire cu 3 noduri are expresia:
[K ] = 12Et(1 −Aν ) ⋅
3
* ∆
2 (6.55.a)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 4 0 4ν 12ψ1 4(νψ1 + ψ 3 ) 12νψ3
0 0 0 0 2(1 − ν ) 0 0 λ1 0
0 0 0 4ν 0 4 12νψ1 4(ψ1 + νψ 3 ) 12ψ 3
0 0 0 12ψ1 0 12νψ1 36ψ 2 12(νψ 2 + ψ 5 ) 36νψ 5
0 0 0 4(νψ1 + ψ 3 ) λ1 4(ψ1 + νψ 3 ) 12(νψ 2 + ψ 5 ) λ2 12(ψ 5 + νψ 4 )
0 0 0 12νψ 3 0 12ψ 3 36νψ 5 12(ψ 5 + νψ 4 ) 36ψ 4
unde: λ1 = 4(1 − ν )(ψ1 + ψ 3 ) λ 2 = (12 − 8ν )(ψ 2 + 2ψ 5 + ψ 4 ) − 8(1 − ν )ψ 5
Matricea de rigiditate are expresia:
[K ] = [A−1 ]T [K * ][A−1 ] (6.55.b)
Obs1 Pentru funcţia de formă (6.43), prin calcul direct, rezultă că pentru
anumite poziţionări ale nodurilor elementului nu se poate calcula A−1 şi matricea de [ ]
rigiditate [K ] nu poate fi definită.
Obs.2 Pentru funcţia de interpolare a câmpului deplasărilor se poate folosi şi
următoarea formulare:
w(x, y ) = α1 + α 2 x + α 3 y + α 4 x 2 + α 5 y 2 + α 6 x 3 + α 7 x 2 y + α 8 xy 2 + α 9 y 3 (6.56)
la care lipseşte termenul xy şi în consecinţă nu poate modela răsucirea de unghi
constant (rigid).
Obs.3 Prezenţa a 3 linii şi 3 coloane nule în relaţia (6.55) indică faptul că
formularea elementului de placă include şi cele 3 grade de corp rigid, deplasarea pe z
şi două rotiri pe x şi y.
Capitolul 6 Elemente finite de placă. Elemente finite de placă şi membrană 193
w(x, y ) = α1 + α 2 x + α 3 y + α 4 x 2 + α 5 xy + α 6 y 2 + α 7 x 3 + α 8 x 2 y + α 9 xy 2 + α10 y 3
(6.57)
w(x, y ) = [ f (x, y )]{α} {α}= {α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 α7 α8 α9 α10 }T
[ ]−1
unde matricea A se calculează printr-o procedură numerică tip Gauss de inversare
matrice.
Matricea deformaţiilor specifice are expresia:
∂2
2
[ f (x, y )]
∂x2 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 x 2 y 0 0
[ ]
*
B =
∂
∂y 2
[ f (x, y )] = 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 x 6 y (6.62)
2
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 x 4 y 0
2 ∂ [ f (x, y )]
∂x∂y
Din relaţiile (6.17) şi (6.62) obţinem:
ν
1 0
Et 3
[Dk ] = D ν 1 0 D= (6.63)
1− ν 12(1 − ν 2 )
0 0
2
0 0 0 2 0 2ν 6 x 2y 2 xν 6 yν
[ ]
[Dk ] B = D 0 0 0 2ν
*
0 2 6 xν 2 yν 2x 6 y (6.64)
0 0 0 0 (1 − ν ) 0 0 2 x(1 − ν ) 2 y (1 − ν ) 0
[B ] [D ][B ] =
* T
k
*
(6.65)
Capitolul 6 Elemente finite de placă. Elemente finite de placă şi membrană 195
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 4 0 4ν 12 x 4y 4νx 12νy
0 0 0 0 2(1 − ν ) 0 0 8x 8y 0
D
0 0 0 4ν 0 4 12νx 4νy 4x 12 y
0 0 0 12 x 0 12νx 36 x 2
12 xy 12νx 2 36νxy
0 0 0 4y 8x 4νy 12 xy 4 y + 8 x 2 (1 − ν )
2
4 xy (2 − ν ) 12νy 2
0 0 0 4νx 8y 4x 12νx 2
4 xy (2 − ν ) 4 x + 8 y 2 (1 − ν )
2
12 xy
0 0 0 12νy 0 12 y 36νxy 12νy 2 12 xy 36 y 2
Analog elementului din (fig.6.5) cu 3 noduri, folosind coordonatele de
suprafaţă L1 , L2 , L3 din relaţiile (6.53)-(6.54) obţinem:
I1 = ∫ dA = A∆ , I2 = ∫ xdA = x4 A∆ , I4 = ∫ ydA = y4 A∆
( A) ( A) ( A)
I3 = ∫ x dA =
2 A∆ 2
6
(
x1 + x22 + x32 + x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x2 x3 = µ1 A∆ ) (6.66)
(A)
I5 = ∫y
2
dA =
A∆ 2
6
(
y1 + y22 + y32 + y1 y 2 + y1 y3 + y 2 y3 = µ 2 A∆ )
( )
A
A
I6 = ∫ xydA = 12∆ (2x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + 2x3 y3 + x1 y2 + x2 y1 + x1 y3 + x3 y1 + x2 y3 + x3 y2 ) = µ3 A∆
( A)
Din relaţiile (6.61),(6.65),(6.66) nucleul matricei de rigiditate are expresia:
[K ] = 12Et(1 −Aν ) ⋅
3
* ∆
2 (6.67)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 4 0 4ν 12x4 4 y4 4νx4 12νy4
0 0 0 0 2(1 − ν ) 0 0 8 x4 8 y4 0
0 0 0 4ν 0 4 12νx4 4νy4 4 x4 12 y4
0 0 0 12 x4 0 12νx4 36µ1 12µ3 12νµ1 36νµ3
0 0 0 4 y4 8 x4 4νy4 12µ3 4µ 2 + 8µ1 (1 − ν ) 4µ3 (2 − ν ) 12νµ 2
0 0 0 4νx4 8 y4 4 x4 12νµ1 4µ3 (2 − ν ) 4µ1 + 8µ 2 (1 − ν ) 12µ3
0 0 0 12νy4 0 12 y4 36νµ3 12νµ 2 12µ3 36µ 2
Obs.1 Relaţia (6.67) arată că rangul matricei K * este 7 şi deci include în [ ]
modelare cele 3 grade de libertate de corp rigid.
196 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
(6.68)
{P }= {P P P P P P P P P }
k
r
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
T
0 [k ] k
=
k k
d 9 x9 ij
w 10 ,10 4 (6.69)
[k ]= {k k ... k } [k ]= {k k ... k }= [k ]
s
1,10 2 ,10 9 ,10
T d
10 ,1 10 , 2 10 ,9
s T
0 = [k ]{u }+ k w
d r 4 10 ,10 k k k
k 10 ,10 4
[K ]= [K ] − k [k ] [k ] r
9 x9
−1
10 ,10
d T d
(6.70)
Relaţia (6.70) se obţine din (6.67),(6.61) prin calcul numeric direct.
Din relaţiile (6.72),(6.73), vectorul gradelor de libertate nodale are expresia de calcul:
{uk } = {w1 w2 w3 (− s w
4 'x 4 + c4 w' y 4 ) (− s w
5 'x5 + c5 w' y 5 ) (− s w
6 'x 6 + c6 w' y 6 )}
T
(6.74)
Folosind coordonatele nodale şi relaţiile (6.71),(6.74) obţinem matricea de
transformare: {u k } = [A]{α}
∂w ∂w
= w'x = α 2 + 2α 4 x + α 6 y = w' y = α 3 + 2α 5 y + α 6 x (6.75)
∂x ∂y
1 x1 y1 x12 y12 x1 y1
1 x2 y2 x22 y 22 x2 y 2
x32 y32
[A] = 1 x3 y3 x3 y3
(6.76)
0 − s 4 c4 − 2 s 4 x4 2c 4 y 4 − s 4 y 4 + c4 x4
0 − s c5 − 2 s5 x5 2c5 y5 − s5 y5 + c5 x5
5
0 − s6 c6 − 2 s 6 x6 2c6 y 6 − s6 y6 + c6 x6
unde inversa matricei [A] este realizată printr-o procedură numerică de tip Gauss.
Matricea deformaţiilor specifice din relaţiile (6.46),(6.71) are expresia:
∂2
2
[ f (x, y )]
∂x2 0 0 0 2 0 0
[ ]
* ∂
B =
∂y 2
[ f (x, y )] = 0 0 0 0 2 0 (6.77)
0 0 0 0 0 2
2 ∂ [ f (x, y )]
2
∂x∂y
198 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
[ ]
Nucleul matricei de rigiditate K * se determină cu relaţia (6.48):
1 ν 0
[K ] = ∫ [B ] [D ][B ]dA
3
* * T
k
*
[Dk ] = D ν 1 0 , D = Et 2 (6.78)
( A) 1− ν 12(1 − ν )
0 0
2
0 0 0 2 2ν 0
[ ]
[Dk ] B = D 0 0 0 2ν 2
*
0 (6.79)
0 0 0 0 0 (1 − ν )
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
[ ] T
[ ]
B * [Dk ] B * = D
0 0 0 0
0 4 4ν
de unde rezultă: (6.80)
0 0 0
0 0 0 4ν 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 2(1 − ν )
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Et 3 A∆ 0 0
[ ] *
K =
12(1 − ν 2 ) 0
0
0
0 0 0
0 4 4ν 0
[K ] = [A−1 ]T [K * ][A−1 ] (6.81)
0 0 0 4ν 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 2(1 − ν )
[ ]
Obs. Din relaţia (6.81), rangul matricei K * este 3 şi deci în modelare au fost
incluse cele 3 grade de mişcare corp rigid (o translaţie şi două rotiri).
∂w
w'x = = α 2 + 2α 4 x + α 5 y + 3α 7 x 2 + 2α 8 xy + α 9 y 2 + 3α11 x 2 y + α12 y 3
∂x
(6.83)
∂w
w' y = = α 3 + α 5 x + 2α 6 y + α 8 x 2 + 2α 9 xy + 3α10 y 2 + α11 x 3 + 3α12 xy 2
∂y
Pentru a uşura calculul matriceal, vom utiliza coordonatele liniare
adimensionale:
x y
ξ= ∈ [0,1] ; η = ∈ [0,1] (6.84)
a b
şi funcţiile de interpolare devin:
w(ξ, η) = β1 + β 2 ξ + β3η + β 4 ξ 2 + β5 ξη + β 6 η2 +
(6.85)
+ β7 ξ3 + β8ξ 2 η + β9 ξη2 + β10 η3 + β11ξ3η + β12 ξη3
∂w ∂w ∂ξ ∂w ∂η 1 ∂w ∂w ∂w ∂ξ ∂w ∂η 1 ∂w
= + = = + =
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x a ∂ξ ∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y b ∂η
∂w 1
(
= β 2 + 2β 4 ξ + β5 η + 3β 7 ξ 2 + 2β8 ξη + β9 η2 + 3β11ξ 2 η + β12 η3
∂x a
) (6.86)
∂w 1
(
= β3 + β5 ξ + 2β6 η + β8 ξ 2 + 2β9 ξη + 3β10 η2 + β11ξ3 + 3β12 ξη2
∂y b
)
β1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 w1
β 0
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 aw'x1
β3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 bw' y1
β4 − 3 − 2 0 3 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 w2
β5 − 1 − 1 − 1 1 0 1 −1 0 0 1 1 0 aw'x 2
β6 − 3 0 − 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 − 1 bw' y 2
=
β7 2 1 0 −2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 w3
β8 3 2 0 −3 1 0 3 − 1 0 − 3 − 2 0 aw'x 3
β9 3 0 2 −3 0 −2 3 0 −1 − 3 0 1 bw' y 3
β 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 −2 0 1 w4
10
β11 − 2 − 1 0 2 −1 0 − 2 1 0 2 1 0 aw'x 4
β − 2 0 − 1 2 0 1 −2 0 1 2 0 − 1 bw' y 4
12
Capitolul 6 Elemente finite de placă. Elemente finite de placă şi membrană 201
= b[η − ξη − 2η − ξη ] = bη(1 − η) (1 − ξ )
2 2
N3 + 2ξη2 + η3 3
[ ]
N8 = a − ξ 2 η + ξ3η = −aξ 2 η(1 − ξ )
N9 = b[− ξη 2
+ ξη ] = −bξη (1 − η)
3 2
[ ]
N12 = b − η2 + ξη2 + η3 − ξη3 = −bη2 (1 − ξ )(1 − η) , ξ, η ∈ [0,1]
[K II , I ]
12 x12 II , I I , II (6.92)
II , II
1 1 1 1
1 1
∫0 (1 − ξ) dξ = 3 = ∫0 (1 − η) dη , ∫0 ξ (1 − ξ) dξ = 30 = ∫0 η (1 − η) dη
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
∫0 ξ(1 − ξ)dξ = 6 = ∫0 η(1 − η)dη , ∫0 (2 − 3ξ)(1 − 2ξ)dξ = 2 = ∫0 (2 − 3η)(1 − 2η)dη
204 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
1 1 1 1
1 1
∫ (2 − 3ξ)(1 − ξ)dξ = 2 = ∫ (2 − 3η)(1 − η)dη , ∫ ξ (2 − 3ξ)(1 − ξ)dξ = 60 = ∫ η (2 − 3η)(1 − η)dη
2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1
∫0 ξ (1 − ξ)dξ = 12 = ∫0 η (1 − η)dη , ∫0 (1 − 3ξ)(1 − 2ξ)dξ = 2 = ∫0 (1 − 3η)(1 − 2η)dη
2 2
1 1 1 1
1
∫ ξ (1 − ξ)dξ = = η3 (1 − η)dη ,
20 ∫0 ∫ (2 − 3ξ) dξ = 1 = ∫ (2 − 3η) dη
3 2 2
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
∫ (1 − 4ξ + 3ξ ) dξ = 15 = ∫ (1 − 4η + 3η ) dη , ∫ (1 − 4ξ + 3ξ )dξ = 0 = ∫ (1 − 4η + 3η )dη
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1
∫0 ξ(1 − 2ξ)dξ = − 6 = ∫0 η(1 − 2η)dη , ∫0 ξ(2 − 3ξ)dξ = 0 = ∫0 η(2 − 3η)dη
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2
∫0 (1 − 3ξ)(1 − ξ)dξ = 0 = ∫0 (1 − 3η)(1 − η)dη , ∫0 ξ (2 − 3ξ) dξ = 15 = ∫0 η (2 − 3η) dη
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1
∫ ξ (1 − ξ)(2 − 3ξ)dξ = = η2 (1 − η)(2 − 3η)dη ,
60 ∫0 ∫ (1 − 3ξ) dξ = 1 = ∫ (1 − 3η) dη
2 2 2
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1
∫0 (1 − 3ξ)(2 − 3ξ)dξ = 2 = ∫0 (1 − 3η)(2 − 3η)dη , ∫0 ξ(1 − 3ξ)dξ = − 2 = ∫0 η(1 − 3η)dη
1 1 1 1
(
∫ ξ(2 − 3ξ) 1 − 4ξ + 3ξ dξ =
2
)1
30 0
1
(
= ∫ η(2 − 3η) 1 − 4η + 3η2 dη , ∫ ξdξ = = ∫ ηdη
2 0
)
0 0
Din relaţiile (6.90)-(6.93) prin calcul direct rezultă:
(6.94)
( 1
4 β + β + 5 (14 − 4ν )
2 −2
) 1
a 2β 2 + (1 + 4ν )
5
1
b 2β −2 + (1 + 4ν )
5
2 1 2 4 2 4
a 2β + (1 + 4ν ) a β + (1 − ν ) νab
5 3 15
1 4 4
3
b 2β −2 + (1 + 4ν ) νab b 2 β −2 + (1 − ν )
[K I ,I ] = Et 5 3 15
( )
12 1 − ν 2 ab − 2 2β 2 − β −2 + 1 (14 − 4ν ) − a 2β 2 + 1 (1 − ν )
( ) −2 1
b β − (1 + 4ν )
5 5 5
2 1 22 2 1
a 2β + (1 − ν ) a β − (1 − ν ) 0
5 3 15
1 2 4
b β −2 − (1 + 4ν ) 0 b 2 β −2 − (1 − ν )
5 3 15
Capitolul 6 Elemente finite de placă. Elemente finite de placă şi membrană 205
( 1
)
− 2 2β 2 − β −2 + (14 − 4ν )
5
1
a 2β 2 + (1 − ν )
5
1
b β −2 − (1 + 4ν )
5
2 1 2 2 2 1
− a 2β + (1 − ν ) a β − (1 − ν ) 0
5 3 15
1 2 4
b β −2 − (1 + 4ν ) 0 b 2 β −2 − (1 − ν )
5 3 15
( )1
4 β 2 + β −2 + (14 − 4ν )
5
1 1
− a 2β 2 + (1 + 4ν ) b 2β −2 + (1 + 4ν )
5 5
2 1 2 4 2 4
− a 2β + (1 + 4ν ) a β + (1 − ν ) − νab
5 3 15
−2 1 2 4 −2 4
b 2β + (1 + 4ν ) − νab b β + (1 − ν )
5 3 15
(6.95)
2
( )−2 1 2 1
− 2 β + β + 5 (14 − 4ν ) − a β − 5 (1 − ν )
1
b − β −2 + (1 − ν )
5
− a − β 2 + 1 (1 − ν ) 2 1 2 1
a β + (1 − ν )
0
5
3 15
1 1 1
3
b β −2 − (1 − ν ) 0 b 2 β −2 + (1 − ν )
[K II ,I ] = Et 5 3 15
( )
12 1 − ν 2 ab 2 β 2 − 2β −2 − 1 (14 − 4ν ) − a − β 2 + 1 (1 + 4ν ) − b 2β −2 + 1 (1 − ν )
( ) 5 5 5
2 1 2 2 2 4
− a − β + (1 + 4ν ) a β − (1 − ν ) 0
5 3 15
b 2β −2 + 1 (1 − ν ) 0
2 1
b 2 β −2 − (1 − ν )
5
3 15
(
2 β 2 − 2β −2 −) 1
5
(14 − 4ν ) − a β 2 − 1 (1 + 4ν ) − b2β −2 + 1 (1 − ν )
5 5
2 1 2 4
− a β − (1 + 4ν ) a β − (1 − ν )
2 2
0
5 3 15
1 2 1
b 2β −2 + (1 − ν ) 0 b 2 β −2 − (1 − ν )
5 3 15
( 1
5
) 1
− 2 β 2 + β −2 + (14 − 4ν ) − a − β 2 + (1 − ν )
5
1
b − β −2 + (1 − ν )
5
2 1 2 1 2 1
− a β − (1 − ν ) a β + (1 − ν ) 0
5 3 15
−2 1 2 1 −2 1
b β − (1 − ν ) 0 b β + (1 − ν )
5 3 15
206 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
(6.96)
( 1
4 β + β + 5 (14 − 4ν )
2 −2
) 1
5
1
− a 2β 2 + (1 + 4ν ) − b 2β − 2 + (1 + 4ν )
5
− a 2β 2 + 1 (1 + 4ν ) 2 4 2 4
a β + (1 − ν )
νab
5
3 15
− b 2β − 2 + 1 (1 + 4ν ) νab
4 4
b 2 β − 2 + (1 − ν )
Et 3
[K ] =
5 3 15
II , II
( 2
)
( 1
12 1 − ν ab − 2 2β 2 − β − 2 + (14 − ν )
)
1
a 2β 2 + (1 − ν )
1
− b β − 2 − (1 + 4ν )
5 5 5
2 1 2 2 2 1
− a 2β + (1 − ν ) a β − (1 − ν ) 0
5 3 15
1 2 4
− b β −2 − (1 + 4ν ) 0 b 2 β − 2 − (1 − ν )
5 3 15
( ) 1 1 1
− 2 2β 2 − β −2 + (14 − 4ν ) − a 2β 2 + (1 − ν ) − b β −2 − (1 + 4ν )
5 5 5
2 1 2 2 2 1
a 2β + (1 − ν ) a β − (1 − ν ) 0
5 3 15
1 2 4
− b β −2 − (1 + 4ν ) 0 b 2 β −2 − (1 − ν )
5 3 15
( ) 1
4 β + β + (14 − 4ν )
2 −2
5
2 1 −2 1
a 2β + (1 + 4ν ) − b 2β + (1 + 4ν )
5 5
2 1 4 4
a 2β + (1 + 4ν ) a β + (1 − ν )
2 2
− νab
5 3 15
1 4 4
− b 2β −2 + (1 + 4ν ) − νab b 2 β −2 + (1 − ν )
5 3 15
cu funcţiile de formă:
1
N i (x, y ) = (ai + bi x + ci y ) i = 1,2,3 (6.103)
2 A∆
Din relaţiile (6.36),(6.38) matricea deformaţiilor specifice are expresia:
0 N1'x 0 0 N 2'x 0 0 N 3' x 0
0 0 N1' y 0 0 N 2' y 0 0 N 3' y
[B] = 0 N1' y N1'x 0 N 2' y N 2'x 0 N 3' y N 3' x
(6.104)
− N1' y 0 N1 − N 2' y 0 N2 − N 3' y 0 N3
− N1'x N1 0 − N 2'x N2 0 − N 3' x N3 0
⇒ [B ] = [Bb ] + [Bs ] unde:
0 b1 0 0 b2 0 0 b3 0
0 0 c 0 0 c2 0 0 c3
1
[Bb ] = 1 0 c1 b1 0 c2 b2 0 c3 b3 (6.105)
2 A∆
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(6.106)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[Bs ] = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2A∆
−c1 0 a1 +b1x+c1y −c2 0 a2 +b2x+c2y −c3 0 a3 +b3x+c3y
−b1 a1 +b1x+c1y 0 −b2 a2 +b2x+c2y 0 −b3 a3 +b3x+c3y 0
Matricea de rigiditate pe baza relaţiei (6.42) are expresia:
[K ] = [K b ] + [K s ]
[K b ] = ∫ [Bb ] [DM ][Bb ]dA [K s ] = ∫ [Bs ]T [DM ][Bs ]dA
T (6.107)
(A) (A)
0 0
[Dk ] 0 0 1 ν 0
[DM ] = 0 0 ∈ M 5 x5 [Dk ] = D ν 1 0
1− ν
0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 [G ]
Capitolul 6 Elemente finite de placă. Elemente finite de placă şi membrană 209
Et 3
[G ] = Gt
1 0
D= 2
12(1 − ν ) 0 1
Obs. Putem face unele simplificări de calcul în relaţiile (6.107).
[b ] [D ] [0]3 x 2 [0]3 x 9
[Bb ] = b 3 x9 , [DM ] = k 3 x3 , [Bs ] =
[0]2 x 9 [0]2 x 3 [G ]2 x 2 [bs ]2 x 9
[D ] [0]3x2 [bb ]3x9 [D ] [b ]
[Kb ] = ∫ [[bb ]T3x9 [0]T2 x9 ] k 3x3 dA = ∫ [[bb ]T3 x9 [0]T2 x9 ] k 3x3 b 3 x9 dA
( A) [0]2 x3 [G]2 x 2 [0]2 x9 ( A) [0]2 x9
( A) [0]2 x3 [G]2 x 2 s 2 x9 ( A) 2 x 2 s 2 x9
0 0 0 0 0 0
1− ν 1− ν 1− ν 1− ν
0 b1b2 + c1c2 νb1c2 + c1b2 0 b1b3 + c1c3 νb1c3 + c1b3
2 2 2 2
1− ν 1− ν 1− ν 1− ν
0 νb2 c1 + c2 b1 c1c2 + b1b2 0 νb3c1 + c3b1 c1c3 + b1b3
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
1− ν 2 1− ν 1− ν 1− ν
0 2
b2 + c2 νb2 c2 + c2 b2 0 b3b2 + c2 c3 νb2 c3 + c2 b3
2 2 2 2
1− ν 1 − ν 1 − ν 1 − ν
0 νb2 c2 + c2 b2 c22 + b22 0 νb3c2 + c3b2 c3 c2 + b2 b3
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
1− ν 1− ν 1− ν 2 1− ν
0 b3b2 + c3 c2 νb3 c2 + c3b2 0 b32 + c3 νb3 c3 + c3b3
2 2 2 2
1− ν 1− ν 1− ν 2 1− ν 2
0 νb2 c3 + c2 b3 c3 c2 + b3b2 0 νb3c3 + c3b3 c3 + b3
2 2 2 2
Pentru determinarea matricei [K s ] , trebuie să realizăm următorul produs:
1
[bs ]T [bs ] = ⋅ (6.112.a)
4 A∆2
c12 + b12 − b1 (a1 + b1 x + c1 y ) − c1 (a1 + b1 x + c1 y)
− b1 (a1 + b1 x + c1 y) (a1 + b1x + c1 y)2 0
− c1 (a1 + b1 x + c1 y) 0 (a1 + b1x + c1 y)2
c1c2 + b1b2 − b2 (a1 + b1 x + c1 y ) − c2 (a1 + b1 x + c1 y)
− b (a + b x + c y ) (a1 + b1x + c1 y)(a2 + b2 x + c2 y) 0
1 2 2 2
( )
A
şi obţinem expresia:
1
[bs ]T [bs ] = ⋅ (6.112.b)
2 A∆
c12 +b12 c1c2 +b1b2 c1c3 +b1b3
−b1L1 −c1L1 −b1L2 −c1L2 −b1L3 −c1L3
2A∆ 2A∆ 2A∆
−b1L1 2A∆L12 0 −b2L1 2A∆L1L2 0 −b3L1 2A∆L1L3 0
−c1L1 0 2A∆L12 −c2L1 0 2A∆L1L2 −c3L1 0 2A∆L1L3
c1c2 +b1b2 c22 +b22 c c +b b
−b L
2 1 − c L
2 1 −b2L2 −c2L2 2 3 2 3 −b2L3 −c2L3
2A∆ 2A∆
2
2A∆
−b1L2 2A∆L1L2 0 −b2L2 2A∆L2 0 −b3L2 2A∆L2L3 0
−c1L2 0 2A∆L1L2 −c2L2 0 2A∆L22 −c3L2 0 2A∆L2L3
c1c3 +b1b3 c2c3 +b2b3 c32 +b32
− b L
3 1 − c L
3 1 −b L
3 2 −c L
3 2 −b3L3 −c3L3
2A∆ 2A∆ 2A∆
−b1L3 2A∆L1L3 0 −b2L3 2A∆L2L3 0 −b3L3 2A∆L23 0
−c1L3 0 2A∆L1L3 −c2L3 0 2A∆L2L3 −c3L3 0 2A∆L23
Gt
[K s ] = ⋅ (6.114)
4 A∆
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c1 + b1 − b1 A∆ − c1 A∆ c1c2 + b1b2 − b1 A∆ − c1 A∆ c1c3 + b1b3 − b1 A∆ − c1 A∆
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
− b1 A∆ A∆ 0 − b2 A∆ A∆ 0 − b3 A∆ A∆ 0
3 3 3 3 3 3
−2 2 2 2
− c2 A∆
1 2 2
− c3 A∆
1 2
3 c1 A∆ 0 A∆ 0 A∆ 0 A∆
3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
c1c2 + b1b2 − b2 A∆ − c2 A∆ c22 + b22 − b2 A∆ − c2 A∆ c2c3 + b2b3 − b2 A∆ − c2 A∆
3 3 3 3 3 3
− 2b A 1 2
A∆ 0
2
− b2 A∆
2 2
A∆ 0
2
− b3 A∆
1 2
A∆ 0
3 1 ∆ 3 3 3 3 3
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
− c1 A∆ 0 A∆ − c2 A∆ 0 A∆ − c3 A∆ 0 A∆
3 3 3 3 3 3
c c + b b − 2 b A − 2 c A c c + b b − 2 b A − 2 c A c3 + b3
2 2 2 2
− b3 A∆ − c3 A∆
13 13 3
3 ∆
3
3 ∆ 2 3 2 3
3
3 ∆
3
3 ∆
3 3
2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
− b1 A∆ A∆ 0 − b2 A∆ A∆ 0 − b3 A∆ A∆ 0
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
− cA 1 2 1 2 2 2
1 ∆ 0 A 2
∆ − c A
2 ∆ 0 A 2
∆ − c A
3 ∆ 0 A∆
3 3 3 3 3 3
(6.121)
1 1 1 1
0 a
N1'ξ 0 0
b
N2'ξ 0 0
a
N3'ξ 0 0
a
N4'ξ 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 N1'η 0 0 N2'η 0 0 N3'η 0 0 N4'η
b b b b
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
[B] = 0 N1'η N1'ξ 0 N2'η N2'ξ 0 N3'η N3'ξ 0 N4'η N4'ξ
b a b a b a b a
1 1 1 1
− N1'η 0 N1 − N2'η 0 N2 − N3'η 0 N3 − N4'η 0 N4
b b b b
− 1 N N1 0
1
− N2'ξ N2 0
1
− N3'ξ N3 0
1
− N4'ξ N4 0
a
1'ξ
a a a
de unde rezultă:
1 1
0 − (1 − η ) 0 0 (1 − η ) 0
a a
1 1
0 0 − (1 − ξ ) 0 0 − ξ
b b
1 1 1 1
[B ] = 0 − (1 − ξ ) − (1 − η ) 0 − ξ (1 − η )
b a b a
1 1
(1 − ξ ) 0 (1 − ξ )(1 − η ) ξ 0 ξ (1 − η )
b b
1 (1 − η ) (1 − ξ )(1 − η ) 0 −
1
(1 − η ) ξ (1 − η ) 0
a a
1 1 (6.122)
0 − η 0 0 η 0
a a
1 1
0 0 (1 − ξ) 0 0 ξ
b b
1 1 1 1 [bb ]
0 (1 − ξ) − η 0 ξ η =
b a b a [bs ]
1 1
− (1 − ξ) 0 (1 − ξ)η − ξ 0 ξη
b b
1 1
η (1 − ξ)η 0 − η ξη 0
a a
Matricea de rigiditate din încovoiere ( ε xx , ε yy , γ xy ) [K b ] (6.108) se obţine din relaţiile:
1 0
ν 3
[Kb ] = ∫ [bb ]T [Dk ][bb ]dA ; [Dk ] = Dν 1 0 ; D = Et ; [Dk ][bb ] = D ⋅ (6.123)
( A) 1− ν 12(1 − ν)
0 0
2
1 ν 1 ν 1 ν ν
0 − (1− η) − (1− ξ) 0 (1− η) − ξ 0 − η (1− ξ) 0 1 η ξ
a b a b a b a b
ν ν ν 1
0 − (1− η)
1
− (1− ξ) 0 (1− η)
1
− ξ 0 − η
1
(1− ξ) 0 ν η ξ
a b a b a b a b
(ν −1) (1− ξ) (ν −1) (1− η) 0 (ν −1) ξ (1− ν) (1− η) 0 (1− ν) (1− ξ) (ν −1) η 0 (1− ν) ξ (1− ν) η
0 2b 2a 2b 2a 2b 2a 2b 2a
Capitolul 6 Elemente finite de placă. Elemente finite de placă şi membrană 215
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 (6.125)
1 1
∫0 ξ dξ = 3 = ∫0 η dη , ∫0 (1 − ξ)ξdξ = 6 = ∫0 (1 − η)ηdη , ∫0 dξ = 1 = ∫0 dη
2 2
0 0 0 0
b 2a a 2b
kb 4, j = 0 j = 4,12 , kb57 = 0 , kb5,10 = 0 , kb 6,7 = 0 , kb 6,10 = 0 , kb 7, j = 0 j = 7,12
11 11
ν 1− ν 1 1− ν
kb56 = Dab∫∫ − ξ(1 − η) − ξ(1 − η)dξdη , kb58 = Dab∫∫ − 2 η(1 − η) − 2 ξ(1 − ξ)dξdη
0 0 ab 2 ab 0 0 a 2b
1 1 1 1
ν 1− ν 1 1− ν
k b59 = Dab ∫ ∫ (1 − ξ )(1 − η) − ξηdξdη , k b 5,11 = Dab ∫ ∫ 2 η(1 − η) − 2 ξ 2 dξdη
0 0
ab 2ab 0 0
a 2b
1 1 1 1
ν 1− ν 1 1− ν
k b5,12 = Dab ∫ ∫ ξ(1 − η) − ξηdξdη , k b 66 = Dab∫ ∫ 2 ξ 2 + 2
(1 − η)2 dξdη
0 0
ab 2 ab 0 0
b 2a
216 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
1 1 1 1
ν 1− ν
k b 68 = Dab∫∫ ξη + (1 − ξ)(1 − η)dξdη , kb69 = Dab∫ ∫ − 12 ξ(1 − ξ) − 1 − 2ν η(1 − η)dξdη
0 0
ab 2 ab 0 0
b 2a
1 1 1 1
ν 1− ν 1 1− ν
k b 6,11 = Dab∫ ∫ − ξη + ξ(1 − η)dξdη , k b 6,12 = Dab ∫ ∫ − 2 ξ 2 + 2
η(1 − η)dξdη
0 0 ab 2 ab 0 0 b 2 a
1 1 1 1
1− ν
1
k b88 = Dab ∫ ∫ 2 η 2 + 2
(1 − ξ)2 dξdη , k b89 = Dab∫ ∫ − ν η(1 − ξ ) − 1 − ν η(1 − ξ)dξdη
0 0 a 2b 0 0
ab 2ab
1 1 1 1
1 1− ν ν 1− ν
k b8,11 = Dab ∫ ∫ − 2 η 2 + 2 ξ(1 − ξ )dξdη , k b8,12 = Dab ∫ ∫ − ηξ + η(1 − ξ )dξdη
0 0 a 2b 0 0 ab 2 ab
1 1 1 1
1 1− ν 2 ν 1− ν
k b99 = Dab∫ ∫ 2 (1 − ξ ) + η dξdη , k b 9,11 = Dab ∫ ∫ η(1 − ξ ) −
2
ηξ dξdη
0 0
b 2a 2
0 0
ab 2ab
1 1 1 1
1 1− ν 2 1 1− ν 2
k b9,12 = Dab ∫ ∫ 2 ξ(1 − ξ ) − 2
η dξdη , k b11,11 = Dab ∫ ∫ 2 η 2 + ξ dξdη
0 0
b 2a 0 0
a 2b 2
1 1 1 1
ν 1− ν 1 1− ν 2
k b11,12 = Dab ∫ ∫ ξη + ξηdξdη , k b12,12 = Dab ∫ ∫ 2 ξ 2 + η dξdη
0 0
ab 2 ab 0 0
b 2a 2
kb8,10 = 0 , kb9,10 = 0 , kb10, j = 0 j = 10,12
Prin calcul direct obţinem forma finală a matricei [K b ] :
Et 3 [K bI ,I ] [K ]
[K b ] = bI , II
[K ] = [K ] T
β=b a
12(1 − ν ) [K bII ,I ] [K ]
2 bII , I bI , II (6.127)
bII , II
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 − ν −1 1+ ν 1 1 − ν −1 3ν − 1
0 3 β + 2 β 0 − β + β
8 3 4 8
0
1 + ν 1 −1
β +
1− ν
β 0
1 − 3ν 1 −1
( )
β − (1 − ν )β
[K ]
bI ,I =
0
8
0
3
0
2
0
8
0
6
0
1 − ν − 3ν 1 − ν −1 1+ ν
0 1 − 1 1 1
− β + β 0 β + β −
3 4 8 3 2 8
1 −1 1 − ν
0
3ν − 1
8
1 −1
6
(
β − (1 − ν )β ) 0 −
1+ ν
8 3
β + β
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
(
0 6 β − (1 − ν )β
−1
)
1 − 3ν
8
0
1
− β +
6
1 − ν −1
2
β −
1+ ν
8
0 3ν − 1 1 −1 1− ν 1+ ν 1 −1 1 − ν
− β + β 0 − − β + β
2
[K ]
bI ,II =
0
8
0
3
0
4
0 0
8 6
0
1
0 − β +
6
1 −
2
ν −
β 1 1 +
8
ν
0
1
6
(
β − (1 − ν )β−1 ) 3ν − 1
8
1+ ν 1 −1 1 − ν 1 − 3ν 1 −1 1 − ν
0 − β + β 0 − β + β
8 6 2 8 3 4
Capitolul 6 Elemente finite de placă. Elemente finite de placă şi membrană 217
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 − ν −1 1+ ν 1 1 − ν −1 1 − 3ν
0 3 β + 2 β −
8
0 − β +
3 4
β
8
0
−
1+ ν 1 −1 1 − ν
β + β 0 −
1 − 3ν
(
1 −1
)
β − (1 − ν )β
[K bII ,II ] =
0 0
8 3
0
2
0 0
8 6
0
1 − ν − 3ν 1 − ν −1 1+ ν
0 1 −1 1 1
− β + β − 0 β + β
3 4 8 3 2 8
1 −1 1 − ν
0
1 − 3ν
8
1 −1
6
(
β − (1 − ν )β ) 0
1+ ν
8 3
β + β
2
Conform relaţiei (6.109) avem expresia:
1 1 11
[K s ] = Gt ∫ [bs ]T [bs ]dA = Gt ∫∫ [bs ]T [bs ]det(J )dξdη = Gtab ∫∫ [bs ]T [bs ]dξdη (6.128)
( A) 00 00
00
b a 0 0
a
11 11
1 1 1 2
k s13 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ ) (1 − η) dξdη , k s14 = Gtab ∫∫ 2 (1 − ξ )ξ − 2 (1 − η) dξdη
2
0 0
b 00
b a
1 1 11
1 2 1
k s15 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ(1 − η) dξdη , k s16 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ )ξ(1 − η)dξdη
00
a 0 0
b
11 11
1 1 1
k s17 = Gtab∫∫ − 2 (1 − ξ) + 2 η(1 − η)dξdη , k s18 = Gtab∫∫ (1 − ξ)η(1 − η) dξdη
2
00
b a 00
a
11 1 1
1 2 1 1
k s19 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ ) η dξdη , k s1,10 = Gtab ∫∫ − 2 (1 − ξ)ξ − 2 η(1 − η)dξdη
00
b 00
b a
1 1 11
1 1
k s1,11 = Gtab ∫∫ ξη(1 − η) dξdη , k s1,12 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ)ξηdξdη
00
a 00
b
[ ]
11 11
1 2
k s 22 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ ) (1 − η) dξdη , k s 24 = Gtab ∫∫ − (1 − ξ )(1 − η) dξdη
2 2
00 0 0
a
[ ]
11 1 1
1
k s 25 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ(1 − ξ )(1 − η) dξdη , k s 27 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ )η(1 − η)dξdη
2
00 00
a
[ ]
11 1 1
1
k s 28 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ ) (1 − η)η dξdη , k s 2,10 = Gtab ∫∫ − (1 − ξ)η(1 − η)dξdη
2
00 00
a
218 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
[ ]
1 1 1 1
k s 2,11 = Gtab ∫∫ [ξ(1 − ξ )η(1 − η)]dξdη , k s 33 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ) (1 − η) dξdη
2 2
00 00
[ ]
11 11
1
k s 34 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ(1 − ξ )(1 − η) dξdη , k s 36 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ )ξ(1 − η) dξdη
2
00
b 0 0
[ ]
11 11
1
k s 37 = Gtab ∫∫ − (1 − ξ ) (1 − η) dξdη , k s 39 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ ) η(1 − η)dξdη
2 2
00
b 0 0
11 1 1
1
k s 3,10 = Gtab ∫∫ − ξ(1 − ξ )(1 − η) dξdη , k s 3,12 = Gtab ∫∫ [ξ(1 − ξ )η(1 − η)]dξdη
00
b 00
11 11
1 1 2 1 2
k s 4, 4 = Gtab ∫∫ 2 ξ 2 + 2 (1 − η) dξdη , k s 45 = Gtab ∫∫ − ξ(1 − η) dξdη
00
b a 00
a
11 11
1 1 1
k s 46 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ 2 (1 − η)dξdη , k s 47 = Gtab ∫∫ − 2 ξ(1 − ξ ) − 2 η(1 − η) dξdη
00
b 0 0
b a
11 11
1 1
k s 48 = Gtab ∫∫ − (1 − ξ )(1 − η)η dξdη , k s 49 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ(1 − ξ )ηdξdη
00
a 0 0
b
11 1 1
1 1 1
k s 4,10 = Gtab ∫∫ − 2 ξ 2 + 2 η(1 − η) dξdη , k s 4,11 = Gtab ∫∫ − ξη(1 − η)dξdη
0 0
b a 00
a
[ ]
11 11
1
k s 4,12 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ 2 η dξdη , k s 55 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ 2 (1 − η) dξdη
2
0 0
b 0 0
1 1 11
1
k s 57 = Gtab ∫∫ ξη(1 − η) dξdη , k s 58 = Gtab ∫∫ [ξ(1 − ξ)η(1 − η)]dξdη
00
a 0 0
[ ]
11 11
1
k s 5,10 = Gtab ∫∫ − ξη(1 − η) dξdη , k s 5,11 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ 2 η(1 − η) dξdη
0 0
a 00
[ ]
11 11
1
k s 66 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ 2 (1 − η) dξdη , k s 67 = Gtab ∫∫ − ξ(1 − ξ)(1 − η) dξdη
2
0 0 0 0
b
11 11
1
k s 69 = Gtab ∫∫ [ξ(1 − ξ )η(1 − η)]dξdη , k s 6,10 = Gtab ∫∫ − ξ 2 (1 − η) dξdη
00 00
b
[ ]
11 11
1 1
k s 6,12 = Gtab ∫∫ ξ 2 (1 − η)η dξdη , k s 77 = Gtab ∫∫ 2 (1 − ξ ) + 2 η2 dξdη
2
00
0 0
b a
11 11
1 1 2
k s 78 = Gtab ∫∫ (1 − ξ )η(1 − η)dξdη , k s 79 = Gtab∫∫ − (1 − ξ ) η dξdη
00 00
a b
Capitolul 6 Elemente finite de placă. Elemente finite de placă şi membrană 219
11 11
1 1 1
k s 7 ,10 = Gtab ∫∫ 2 ξ(1 − ξ) − 2 η2 dξdη , k s 7 ,11 = Gtab ∫∫ ξη2 dξdη
00 00
b a a
[ ] [ ]
11 11 11
1
k s 7,12 = Gtab∫∫ − ξ(1 − ξ)ηdξdη, k s88 = Gtab∫∫ (1 − ξ) η2 dξdη, k s12,12 = Gtab∫∫ η2 ξ 2 dξdη
2
00 b 00 00
[ ] [ ]
11 11 11
1
ks8,10 = Gtab∫∫ − (1− ξ)η2 dξdη, ks8,11 = Gtab∫∫ ξ(1− ξ)η2 dξdη, ks99 = Gtab∫∫ (1− ξ) η2 dξdη
2
00
a 00 00
[ ]
11 11 11
1 1 1
ks9,10 = Gtab∫∫ − ξ(1− ξ)ηdξdη, ks9,12 = Gtab∫∫ ξ(1− ξ)η2 dξdη, ks10,10 = Gtab∫∫ 2 ξ2 + 2 η2 dξdη
00 0 0
b 00
b a
[ ]
11 11 11
1 1
k s10,11 = Gtab∫∫ − ξη2 dξdη, k s10,12 = Gtab ∫∫ − ξ 2 η dξdη, k s11,11 = Gtab∫∫ ξ 2 η2 dξdη
00 a 00 b 00
1
( −1
6 − 2β + β ) b
12
a
6
−
1 −1
6
(
β +β ) b
12
a
12
b ab b ab
0 − 0
12 18 12 36
a ab a ab
− 0 − 0
[K ] = 6 18 12 36
a
( ) ( )
sI , II
1 −1 b a 1 b
− β +β − − 2β −1 + β −
6 12 12 6 12 6
b ab b ab
0 − 0
12 36 12 18
a ab a ab
− 0 − 0
12 36 6 18
220 Metoda elementului finit în construcţii navale
( 1 −1
3 β +β) b
12
−
a
6 6
(
1 −1
β − 2β ) b
6
−
a
12
b ab b ab
0 − 0
12 9 6 18
−
a ab
−
a ab
0 0
[K sII , II ] = 1 −1 6 9 12 18
a
( β − 2β ) −
b
−
a
(
1 −1
β +β ) −
b
−
6 6 12 3 6 6
b ab b ab
0 − 0
6 18 6 9
a ab a ab
− 0 − 0
12 18 6 9
Din relaţiile (6.127) şi (6.130) matricea de rigiditate are expresia:
[K ] = [K b ] + [K s ] (6.131)
Vectorul gradelor de libertate ale elementului finit de placă şi membrană are expresia:
{u k } = {u1 u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 θ z1 θ z 2 θ z 3
w1 w2 w3 θ x1 θ x 2 θ x 3 θ y1 θ y 2 θ y 3 }
(6.132)
{u }= {w w w θ θ θ θ θ θ }
k
p
1 2 3 x1 x2 x3 y1 (6.134)
y2 y3
T
M z1 1 − 1 2 − 1 2 θ z1
M z 2 = αEtA∆ − 1 2 1 − 1 2 θ z 2 = [K θz ]{θ z } (6.137)
M − 1 2 − 1 2 1 θ z 3
z3
astfel încât în mod corespunzător fiecărui unghi de rotaţie θ zi , i = 1,2,3 i se poate
asocia un moment de rotaţie M zi , i = 1,2,3 (după axa z normală la planul elementului
xy). În relaţia (6.137) am notat A∆ aria elementului, t grosimea elementului, E
modulul de elasticitate Young, iar α este un parametru numeric α ≤ 0,3 .
Din relaţiile (6.136),(6.137) obţinem expresia matricei de rigiditate corectată
pentru elementul de placă şi membrană:
[K m ]6×6 [0]6 x 3 [0]9×9
[ ]* c
K mp
= [0]3×6 [K θz ]3×3
(6.138)
[ ]
18×18
[0]
K p 9×9
9×9
Noua expresie a matricei de rigiditate (6.138) asigură pentru fiecare grad de
libertate rotaţie θ zi , i = 1,2,3 un coeficient de rigiditate fictiv şi care nu împiedică
modelarea gradelor de libertate corp rigid:
θ z1 = θ z 2 = θ z 3 ⇒ [K θz ]3×3 {θ z }= 0 (6.139)