Empatie si altruism II

Deficite ale empatiei

Personalitate

Alte forme de
psihopatologie
Psihopatia – conceptualizari
timpurii
1. Accent pe componenta violenta,
antisociala (ex. Pinel, 1806; Prichard, 1835)

2. Farmec, siguranta de sine, dominanta

interpersonala

3. Brutalitate, raceala emotionala,

exploatarea celorlalti
Hervey Cleckley

The Mask of Sanity (1941)
Criterii Cleckley
1. Superficial charm and good intelligence
2. Absence of delusions and other signs of
irrational thinking
3. Absence of “nervousness” or
psychoneurotic manifestations
4. Unreliability
5. Untruthfulness and insincerity
6. Lack of remorse or shame
7. Inadequately motivated antisocial behavior
Criterii Cleckley
8. Poor judgement and failure to learn from
experience
9. Pathologic egocentricity and incapacity for
love
10.General poverty in major affective
reactions
11.Specific loss of insight
12.Unresponsiveness in general interpersonal
relations
Criterii Cleckley
13.Fantastic and uninviting behavior with
drink and sometimes without
14.Suicide rarely carried out
15.Sex life impersonal, trivial and poorly
integrated
16.Failure to follow any life plan

McCord & McCord (1964) – The Psychopath:

An Essay on the Criminal Mind:
dezinhibitie, raceala, periculozitate
PCL(-R) (Hare, 1980, 1991, 2003)

Elaborat initial pe si pentru populatie cu
infractionalitate

Factorul 1: interpersonal-afectiv:
corelatie + cu dominanta sociala si – cu
empatia si afectivitatea negativa

Factorul 2: antisocial – corelatie cu

impulsivitate, cautare de senzatii, consum
de alcool si droguri, agresivitate si
comportament infractional
PCL-R, Factorul 1
Interpersonal

Glibness/superficial charm

Grandiose sense of self-worth

Pathological lying

Cunning/manipulative

Afectiv

Lack of remorse or guilt

Shallow affect

Callousness/lack of empathy

Failure to accept responsibility for own actions
PCL-R, Factorul 2
Stil de viata

Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom

Parasitic lifestyle

Lack of realistic long-term goals

Impulsivity

Irresponsibility

Antisocial

Poor behavioral controls

Early behavioral problems

Promiscuous sexual behaviour
PCL-R, Factorul 2

Many short term marital relationships

Juvenile delinquency

Revocation of conditional release

Criminal versatility
 Modelul triarhic (Patrick et al., 2009)

1. Dezinhibitie/externalizare

Probleme de controlul impulsului

Reglare emotionala si comportamentala
deficitare

Urmarirea gratificarii imediate

Nu asociata neaparat/doar cu psihopatia

Ex. Legata si de afectivitate negativa (Verona et
al., 2004)

Disfunctii cortex prefrontal

Modelul triarhic (Patrick et al., 2009)

2. Curaj/indrazneala (boldness) – calm

sub presiune sau amenintare,
autoeficacitate scazuta, toleranta crescuta
pentru pericol

Posibil substrat: lipsa fricii (fearlesness)
– predispozitie genetica caracterizata prin
sensibilitatea scazuta a sistemelor
motivationale din creier la semnale de tip
frica si pedeapsa

Disfunctii amigdaliene
 Modelul triarhic (Patrick et al., 2009)

3. Rautate (meanness) – lipsa empatiei,

detasare emotionala, exploatarea altora,
intarire prin cruzime

La nivel de personalitate: dominanta crescuta

+ afiliere scazuta + neuroticism scazut

Asociata cu agresivitate, delincventa si

criminalitate

Posibil rol al fricii reduse ca trasatura

Deficite in procesarea emotionala
2 perspective (Brook et al., 2013):

1. Deficit emotional general

2. Deficite emotionale specifice

Low fear hypothesis (Lyken, 1957, 1995)

Violence inhibition mechanism

hypothesis (Blair, 1995; 2005)
 Cauze?

Interactiune gene-mediu - heritabilitate
moderata

Mediul
neimpartasit
Cauze – factori de mediu

Cambridge Study in Delinquent

Behavior – studiu prospectiv 40 ani
(N=411 baieti)

Pittsburg Youth Study – studiu

longitudinal 18 ani (N=500 baieti)
Cauze? – factori de mediu

Disciplinarea punitiva
Ex. Newson et al. (1989) – 700 baieti;
bataia la 7 & 11 ani prezice condamnarile
ulterioare: 40% dintre delincventi batuti vs.
14% non-delincventi batuti

Parinti distanti si reci

Parinti antisociali

Abuz si neglijare
Ex. Widom (1989) – 900 copii
Cauze? – factori de mediu

Maughan & Cicchetti (2002): N = 88 – abuz

fizic, neglijare & control:

- probleme reglare undercontrolled/

ambivalent
- probleme reglareovercontrolled/
unresponsive (Cummings et al., 1987)
 Cauze? – factori de mediu

Kim & Cicchetti (2010): N = 421 – abuz emotional

(76%), fizic (41%), sexual (14%) si control

- niveluri reduse de reglare emotionala

- niveluri crescute de probleme de internalizare si
externalizare
- mai multe forme de abuz (3-4), impact mai
mare decat mai putine (1-2)
- impact mai mare al abuzului timpuriu

Psihopatie primara vs. secundara

Diferente de gen

Psihopatia la copii – debut copilarie

sau adolescenta
Psihopatie la copii?
Dimensiuni similare cu cele de la adult in
studiile pe copii/tineri (Frick & White, 2008):

1. Trasaturi de tip callous unemotional

2. Stil interpersonal caracterizat prin

aroganta, narcisism, manipulare\

3. Comportament impulsiv si iresponsabil

Psihopatie la copii?
Stabilitatea in timp copil-adolescent-adult

Trasaturi non-patologice: moderata copi-

adolescent; crescuta – 30 ani; foarte crescuta
50-70 ani (Andershed, 2010)

Trasaturi de tip psihopat: moderata – crescuta

din copilarie/adolescenta in peiroada adulta

Importanta variatii individuale si intelegerea

factorilor care duc la schimbare